UTRAN overview for radio access network

UTRAN
UTRAN
U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview
UTRAN
Contents and Session Aims

UTRAN RNS, RNC and Node-B Handover in UMTS Admission Control Load Control Radio Resource Management Transmit Diversity Cell Search and Synchronisation Power Control
This session aims to explain the

roles and procedures behind UTRAN
!
To describe in detail the entities comprising the UTRAN To examine the role of UTRAN in Soft Handover To look at Call Admission, Congestion control and Radio Resource Management Algorithms To look at how the air interface is affected by power control algorithms
UTRAN
UTRAN

UTRAN is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network For any network UTRAN consists of:
!
One or more RNSs with their associated RNCs, Node Bs and Cells
The functions of UTRAN (as described above) are:

! ! ! !
System access control Security and privacy Handover Radio resource management and control
UTRAN
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

A Radio Network Subsystem
consists of:
! ! !
Iu RNC Iur
A single RNC One or more Node Bs Cells belonging to Node Bs
The UMTS equivalent of the GSM

BSS
Node B
Cell
Node B
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Uu
UTRAN
Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Responsible for the use and
integrity of the radio resources within the RNS
Iu RNC
Node B
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Responsible for the handover

decisions that require signalling to the UE
Iur
Node B
Cell Cell
Provides a combining/splitting
function to support macro diversity between different Node Bs
Uu
UTRAN
Node B
Logical node responsible for radio
transmission / reception in one or more cells to/from the UE
Iu RNC
Node B
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Dual mode Node B can support

FDD and TDD mode
Iur
Node B
Cell Cell
Not necessarily a single site

according to the standards
!
Most current implementations use a single site
Uu
UTRAN
Cell
A cell is an area of radio coverage
serviced by one or more carriers
Iu RNC
Node B
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Iur
Node B
Cell Cell
Uu
UTRAN
UTRAN Security and privacy

Use of temporary identifier Encryption for radio channel Decryption for radio channel
UTRAN
Use of Temporary Identifier

There are a number of different types of equipment and user identifiers used by UMTS They have been taken directly from GSM to provide some backwards compatibility
! ! ! ! !
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI) Mobile Station ISDN (MSISDN) International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
UTRAN
IMSI and TMSI

IMSI is a unique 15 digit identifier
for each user and serves as the primary identifier
The TMSI is used to add a level of

security to the Subscriber Identity
It consists of:
!
The TMSI is 32 bits long It may be allocated by either an

MSC/VLR or an SGSN
!
Mobile Country Code (MCC), 3 digits Mobile Network Code (MNC), 2/3 digits Mobile Subscriber Identity Number (MSIN), 9/10 digits
If it is allocated by an SGSN it is known as a P-TMSI It is only valid within the network domain that it has been awarded by and both types may be simultaneously allocated
MCC
3 bits
MNC
2/3 bits
MSIN
9/10 bits
10
UTRAN
UTRAN Handover

Radio environment survey Handover decision Macro diversity control Handover control Handover execution Handover completion SRNS relocation Inter-system handover
11
UTRAN
Handover in UMTS
There are three basic types of handover

!
Intra frequency handovers

" Handovers between 2 UMTS carriers at the same frequency " These can be soft handovers
Inter frequency handovers

" Handovers between 2 UMTS carriers at different frequencies " These are hard handovers
Inter system handovers

" Handovers between UMTS and GSM carriers " These are hard handovers
12
UTRAN
Handover Sets in UMTS

Active Set
!
Cells forming a soft handover connection to the mobile Cells not presently used in soft handover but who qualify for soft handover
Candidate Set
!
Neighbour Set
!
Those cells which are continuously monitored but do not yet qualify for the Candidate Set
13
UTRAN
Handover Decisions in UMTS

Active set = 1 Pilot Ec/Io
Cell A Window_ADD
=2
Cell A and Cell B
=2
Cell A and Cell C Window_DROP
Window_REPLACE Direction of Travel
Add Time Delay
Replace Time Delay
Drop Time Delay
14
UTRAN
If an active set consists of two
Macrodiversity between Cells on the Same Node B Iu

connections to cells parented to the same Node B then the combining of the two channels occurs at the Node B
RNC
Iur
This is known as a softer

handover
Node B
Cell Cell Cell
Node B
Cell Cell Cell
This has no transmission

implication if cells are collocated.
Uu
15
UTRAN
Macrodiversity between Node Bs I

u
If an active set consists of two

connections to cells parented to different Node Bs then the combining of the two channels occurs at the RNC
RNC
Iur
This is known as a soft

handover
Node B
Cell Cell Cell
Node B
Cell Cell Cell
This doubles the transmission

cost of the call
Uu
16
UTRAN
Macrodiversity between RNSs

Iu Serving RNS
RNC
Iur
RNC
Iu Drift RNS
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Uu
17
UTRAN
Macrodiversity between RNSs

SRNS provides link between the Core Network and the UE SRNS also provides the selection function for the different channels DRNS relays frames to SRNS through Iur As the UE moves then some diversity paths may be dropped and others established When the DRNS has more paths than the SRNS the two can exchange function
!
Reduces traffic on Iur
18
UTRAN
Site selection diversity transmit power control (SSDT) is an optional macro diversity method in soft handover mode. The UE selects one of the cells from its active set to be primary, all other cells are classed as non primary. The main objective is to only transmit data on the downlink from the primary cell
!
Site Selection Diversity Transmit Power Control
Reducing the interference caused by multiple transmissions in a soft handover mode.
A second objective is to achieve fast site selection without network intervention

!
Maintaining the advantage of the soft handover.
19
UTRAN
SSDT
Non-Primary Cell
Each cell is assigned a temporary

identification (ID) and UE periodically informs the primary cell ID to the connecting cells.
Primary Cell
The non-primary cells selected by

UE switch off the transmission power for the downlink data.
UE
The primary cell ID is delivered by

UE to the active cells via uplink FBI field
The cell with the highest CPICH

RSCP is the primary cell.
Non-Primary Cell
Control Data
20
UTRAN
Hierarchical Cell structures
Cell Layers in UMTS work on a per carrier basis
Microcell/Macrocell Scenario
Frequency 1
Hotspot Scenario
Frequency 2 Frequencies 1 & 2
21
UTRAN
Hierarchical Cell Structures

Typically operators will be awarded
2 or 3 carriers
If they are awarded 3 carriers it is

then possible to implement HCS by
!
Macro Micro
FDD
Using 2 paired carriers for the macrocell layer Using 1 paired carrier for the microcell layer Using any unpaired spectrum allocated for the picocell layer using TDD mode
FDD
Picro
Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 4
TDD
22
UTRAN
Inter Frequency Measurements at the UE

GSM: Discontinuous transmission
!
Room for measurements required for Mobile Assisted Hand Off TX RX

Idle time for measurements
Uplink Downlink
TX RX
UMTS FDD: Continuous transmission

!
No idle time for measurements required for MAHO TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX
Uplink Downlink
23
UTRAN
Compressed Mode

In Compressed Mode a Transmission Gap is created This allows inter-frequency and inter-system measurements Probably only required for inter-frequency handover and intermode handover to GSM1800
!
GSM900 dual mode terminals will probably have separate receivers
Spanning two frames One Frame, 10ms Spanning a single frame
24
UTRAN
Compressed Mode
The Transmission Gap is created
by not transmitting for a number of slots
Other slots in the frame impacted

are then forced to transmit at a higher bit rate, a lower spreading factor and a higher power to maintain the user bit rate
It is possible to have gaps of 3, 4,

7, 10 and 14 slots
12 13 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
It is only possible to have gaps of 10 or 14 slots by using two frames 4 slot gap
25
UTRAN
Radio Environment Survey

Received Signal Code Power
!
The received code power of the pilot The total in-band signal strength of the carrier
Received Signal Strength Indicator

!
Ec/Io can be derived from these two items
26
UTRAN
UTRAN System Access Control

Admission control Congestion control System information broadcasting
27
UTRAN
Admission Control

If loading is allowed to increase excessively then the coverage area of the cell reduces below that planned - Admission Control aims to avoid this Admission Control functionality is located at the RNC to take the impact on multiple cells into account The Admission Control algorithm estimates the impact of adding an additional bearer on both uplink and downlink
!
Only if both pass is the call admitted
There are two broad categories of algorithm

! !
Wideband Power Based Admission Control algorithms Throughput based Admission Control algorithms
28
UTRAN
Wideband Power Based Admission Control
Uplink Algorithm: Itotal_old +Itotal > Ithreshold

Interference Ithreshold Max Planned Noise Rise Itotal_old Itotal L load
Downlink Algorithm: Ptotal_old +Ptotal > Pthreshold
29
UTRAN
Throughput Based Admission Control
Uplink Algorithm
UL+L > UL_threshold
Downlink Algorithm
DL+L > DL_threshold
30
UTRAN
Congestion (Load) Control

Admission control should ensure that the system is not overloaded If it is then congestion control returns the system back to the targeted load Possible actions include
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Downlink fast load control (deny downlink power up commands) Uplink fast load control (reduce uplink Eb/No target) Reduce packet data traffic throughput Handover to another WCDMA carrier Handover to GSM Decrease bit rates for real time users (e.g. AMR bit rates) Drop calls in a controlled fashion
31
UTRAN
UTRAN Radio Resource Management

Radio bearer set up and release Reservation and release of physical radio channels Allocation and release of physical radio channels Allocation of downlink channelisation codes Packet data transfer over radio function Radio channel coding and control Initial access detection and call handling Power control
32
UTRAN
Packet Data Transfer

Packet Access is controlled in UMTS by a Packet Scheduler (PS) The tasks of the PS are to:
! ! !
Divide the available air interface capacity between packet users Decide which transport channels to use for each users packet data Monitor the packet allocations and the system load
The PS is typically located at the RNC
33
UTRAN
Common Transport channels for packet data
The Common Transport channels that can be used for packet access are:
! !
Bitrate
RACH FACH User 6 User 5 User 4 User 7 User 2 User 3 User 1
Low setup time Link level performance worse than that of dedicated channels due to lack of closed loop power control and soft handover Most Suitable for small individual packets
! ! !
SMS Text only email Web Page request
Time Time based packet scheduling is the mechanism employed when using the common and shared channels
34
UTRAN
Dedicated Transport channels for packet data

Slow setup time Link level performance better than
that of common channels due to fast closed loop power control and ability to use soft handover
Bitrate
User 5 User 4 User 3 User 2 User 1 Time Code/Transmit based packet scheduling is the mechanism employed when using the dedicated channels
Most Suitable for medium or large

amounts of data
35
UTRAN
Shared Transport channels for packet data
The shared Transport channels that can be used for packet access are
! !
DSCH CPCH
Targetted at bursty packet data Share a code amongst many users Can use fast power control Cannot use soft handover Suitable for medium amounts of data
36
UTRAN
Packet scheduling in UMTS

In reality the packet scheduler
users a combination of time and code based packet scheduling
Bitrate
The packet scheduler will work with

the admission control algorithm to achieve the target load at a cell
User 5
User 7
User 4
User 6
User 2
User 3
User 1
User E User D User C User B User A
Load
Target Load
Time
Free Capacity
Non Controllable Real Time Load
37
UTRAN
Downlink Multiplexing and Channel Coding Chain

CRC Attachment Insertion of DTX Indication (fixed Positions only)
Insertion of DTX indication (With Flexible Positions only)
Transport Block Concatenation/ Code Block Segmentation
First Interleaving (20, 40 or 80ms)
Physical Channel Segmentation
Channel Coding Other Transport Channels Rate Matching
Radio Frame Segmentation
Second Interleaving (10ms)
Transport Channel Multiplexing
Physical Channel Mapping
DPDCH DPDCH #1 #2
DPDCH #n
38
UTRAN
Uplink Multiplexing and Channel Coding Chain

CRC Attachment First Interleaving (20, 40 or 80ms)
Transport Block Concatenation/ Code Block Segmentation
Radio Frame Segmentation
Physical Channel Segmentation
Channel Coding Other Transport Channels
Rate Matching
Second Interleaving (10ms)
Radio Frame Equalisation
Transport Channel Multiplexing
Physical Channel Mapping
DPDCH DPDCH #1 #2
DPDCH #n
39
UTRAN
CRC Attachment

The Cyclic Redundancy Check is used to detect errors in the transport blocks at the receiving end There are five lengths of CRC that can be inserted
!
0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits
The more bits the CRC contains the lower the probability of undetected error
40
UTRAN
Code Block Concatenation/Segmentation

The received transport block is either concatenated to other transport blocks or segmented to allow it to fit into an appropriate block size for the channel coding scheme chosen It is typically better to concatenate as:
! !
It reduces the encoder tail bits overhead It can improve the performance of channel coding to have larger block sizes
However over a certain limit segmentation is required to limit complexity
41
UTRAN
Channel Coding
In UTRA two channel coding method are used

! !
1/2 and 1/3 rate convolutional coding 1/3 turbo coding

" 8 state Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code
42
UTRAN
Interleaving
Two different levels of interleaving are used:

!
Inter Frame interleaving

" When the delay budget allows more than 10ms of interleaving " It is possible to have interleaving over 20, 40 and 80ms time periods
Intra Frame Interleaving

" Over a 10ms time period
43
UTRAN
DTX Indication for Fixed and Flexible Positions

The use of fixed positions means
that a given transport channel always occupies the same positions when multiplexed with others
!
Fixed Positions: A and B Full Rate TFCI TrCH A TPC TrCH B Pilot
Fixed Positions: B Full Rate and A 1/3 Rate TFCI A DTX TPC TrCH B Pilot
If there is no data DTX indication symbols are inserted
The use of flexible positions means

that bits unused by one service can be used by another
TFCI
Flexible Positions Positions: A Full Rate and B 1/3 Rate TrCH A TPC A B Pilot
Fixed Positions: A 1/3 Rate and B 2/3 Rate TFCI A B

DTX
TPC
TrCH B
Pilot
44
UTRAN
Downlink Transmit Diversity

UMTS explicitly allow the use of transmit diversity from the base station However it is not possible to simply transmit simultaneously form two close
antennas as this would cause an interference pattern - the following methods negate this issue
Transmit Diversity Method TSTD STTD Closed Loop Mode 1 Closed Loop Mode 2
Description Time Switched Transmit antenna Diversity (open loop) Space Time block coding Transmit antenna Diversity (open loop) Different Orthogonal Pilots Same Pilot
45
UTRAN
Channels Using Downlink Transmit Diversity

Physical channel type
P-CCPCH SCH S-CCPCH DPCH PICH PDSCH AICH CSICH
Open loop mode TSTD

X
STTD
X X X X X X X
Closed loop Mode

X X
46
UTRAN
Time Switched Transmit antenna Diversity (TSTD)
Even numbered slots transmitted on Antenna 1, odd numbered slots on Antenna 2
Slot #0
P-SCH
Slot #1
P-SCH S-SCH
Slot #2
P-SCH S-SCH
Slot #14
Antenna 1
S-SCH
Antenna 2
P-SCH S-SCH
47
UTRAN
Space Time block coding Transmit antenna Diversity (STTD)

STTD encoding is optional in UTRAN. STTD support is mandatory at the UE Channel coding, rate matching and interleaving is done as in the nondiversity mode.
STTD encoding is applied on blocks of 4 consecutive channel bits The bit bi is real valued {0} for DTX bits and {1, -1} for all other channel bits.
b0 b1 b2 b3 b0 b1 b2 b3 -b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2 Channel bits Antenna 1
STTD encoded channel bits for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
48
UTRAN
Closed Loop Mode

Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in nondiversity mode The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight factors w1 and w2 The weight factors are complex valued signals in general. The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled using the D-bits of the FBI field of uplink DPCCH.
49
UTRAN
Closed Loop Mode

w1 Spread/scramble CPICH1 Ant1
Tx
DPCCH DPDCH
DPCH
Ant2
w2 CPICH2 Rx w1 w2 Rx
Tx
Weight Generation
Determine FBI message from Uplink DPCCH
50
UTRAN
Cell Search and Synchronisation

In UMTS base stations are not tightly synchronised (s-level) to a common
reference, e.g. GPS
Makes for easier deployment, e.g. in indoor environments

!
All cells transmit different scrambling codes plus common synchronisation code Synchronises to new cell and acquires time slot clock Identification of new cell Radio frame synchronisation
UE searches for primary synchronisation code with matched filter

!
UE decodes secondary synchronisation code

! !
Can now find cells scrambling code from the CPICH to decode the Primary
CCPCH
51
UTRAN
Power Control
Two Levels of Power Control

!
Outer Loop
" The RNC sets the target Eb/No based upon the BER of the received data
Inner loop
" Open loop based upon estimating the path loss from the pilot " Fast closed loop Power control on both the uplink and the downlink
Based upon TPC bits 2 algorithms
Every received bit causes an adjustment in transmit power, either up or down A set of commands is sent starting with a sequence of 4 0s. Only if all 5 command the bits indicate up is the power increased, all the bits down is the power decreased. Otherwise power remains the same
52
UTRAN
Power Control in Soft Handover

In Soft Handover multiple power control measurements might be received In this case a simple rule is used
! !
If any command says power down, then power down If all commands say power up, then power up
53
UTRAN
Questions

What is the difference between load control and congestion control? How does handover for UMTS differ from that in cdmaOne? If we are continuously receiving data, how do we take measurements for MAHO?
54
UTRAN
Session Summary

In this session we have discussed the major elements and procedures for UTRAN In the next session we are going to look at the Core Network
55

UTRAN overview for radio access network

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UTRAN

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Contents and Session Aims

This session aims to explain the

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

The functions of UTRAN (as described above) are:

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

A single RNC One or more Node Bs Cells belonging to Node Bs

The UMTS equivalent of the GSM

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Responsible for the handover

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Dual mode Node B can support

Not necessarily a single site

Most current implementations use a single site

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

UTRAN Security and privacy

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Use of Temporary Identifier

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

IMSI and TMSI

The TMSI is used to add a level of

The TMSI is 32 bits long It may be allocated by either an

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

There are three basic types of handover

Intra frequency handovers

Inter frequency handovers

Inter system handovers

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Handover Sets in UMTS

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Handover Decisions in UMTS

Window_REPLACE Direction of Travel

Add Time Delay

Replace Time Delay

Drop Time Delay

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

If an active set consists of two

Macrodiversity between Cells on the Same Node B Iu

This is known as a softer

This has no transmission

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Macrodiversity between Node Bs I

If an active set consists of two

This is known as a soft

This doubles the transmission

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Macrodiversity between RNSs

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Macrodiversity between RNSs

Reduces traffic on Iur

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Site Selection Diversity Transmit Power Control

Reducing the interference caused by multiple transmissions in a soft handover mode.

A second objective is to achieve fast site selection without network intervention

Maintaining the advantage of the soft handover.

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Each cell is assigned a temporary