Book About KNDO Major General Mahn Kyaw Thoung

Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif; b0tpdwt

f ydik ;f rsm;
u&ifah wmfveS af &;[m rSeu

f efwhJ awmfveS af &;jzpfw,f?
rSeu
f ef+yD; w&m;wJah wmfveS af &;[m wae@rmS atmify&JG rSmyJ?
1
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
pmtkyfrSwfwrf;
pkpnf;wifjyol
cdik rf mausmaf Zm
yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0
a'gufwmpifo,
D marmif
uGefjyLwm pmpD/ pmdkuf
u&ifowif;pOf tzGJ ot
l zGJ om;rsm;
tkyfa&
(2000)
xkwaf 0onfh ckEpS f
rwfv/ 2007 ckEpS f
qufo,
G &f ef
cdik rf mausmaf Zm
pmwdu
k af owWm (22)
wmcfch dik /f rJaqmuf/
63110
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
aus;Zl;wif&jdS cif;
Tpmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf awGuHausmjf zwfc&hJ onfrsm;udk
tm;wufoa&m jyefvnfajymjyay;cJo
h nfh tzd;k Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfausmaf omif;
Tpmtkyf xkwaf 0jzefcsad &;twGuf tm;ay;ulncD o
hJ nfh
udak usm[
f ed ;f ESihf a'guw
f mpifo,
D marmif
uufpufacGrsm; ulnjD znfay;cJo
h nfh aemfuay:ap;ESihf aemfap;vsmazm
pmdu
k pf mpD/ pmjyifqifjcif;rsm;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;vkyaf qmifay;cJo
h nfh u&ifowif;pOf
rS eef;azma*/ eef;xl;xl;pH/ aemfazm0g;/ apmacgiaf omif/h apmt,faumf
pmrl=urf;rsm; zwfa_ y;onfh Adv
k rf LS ;apmvSaiGEiS hf erf0h g0gp;kd ode;f
trSmpm a&;om;ay;onfh autJe,
f l taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
y'drk ef;&Smvm;zef;/ u&iftrsK;d om;umuG,af &;wyfrawmfrS
Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfref;ausmaf zESiw
hf uG aus;Zl;wifxu
kd o
f t
l m;vH;k udk
aus;Zl;txl;wif&ydS gonf?
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
pkpnf;wifjyol. trSmpum;
u&ifawmfveS af &;twGi;f ESp(f 50)ausm=f um jzwfoef;vmcJw
h hJ acgi;f aqmif}uD;
wOD;&J b0jzwfoef;r_rsm;eJ@ trsK;d om;awmfveS af &; vlrsK;d pHak oG;pnf;nD!w
G af &;tay: wpdu
k f
pdu
k rf wfrwfay;qyfcw
hJ hJ acgi;f aqmif}u;D wOD;&J cH,cl su/f oabmxm;udk rSww
f rf;wifEikd zf @kd t
wGuf usr tawmfu
h kd vufweG f aecJ&h ygw,f?
tck usr pkpnf;wifjyvdu
k w
f hJ tzd;k ausmaf omif;&J awmfveS af &; cH,cl su/f ,H=k unf
csurf sm;ESihf b0jzwfoef;r_rsm;[m +yD;jynfph jkH cif; r&Syd g? tzd;k emruse;f jzpfaepOf tcsed w
f kd
umvtwGi;f uwdu
k u
f du
k ef @J [dw
k p/ 'Dwp tzd;k ajymjyor#ukd pkpnf;wifjy&jcif; jzpfygw,f?
'DZifbmv(19)&uf/ r,fawmfaq;cef;rSm yvkyw
f hJ u&ifouU&mZf (2746) oav;
xdik af cguzf kd u&ifEpS o
f pfu;l ae@tcrf;tem;rSm ouf}u;D &G,t
f akd wGukd ylaZmfuefawmhwhJ tpD
tpOfwck ygygw,f? a'guw
f mpifo,
D marmifro
d m;pkeJ twlwuG aexdik w
f hJ tzd;k eJ tzGm;udk
'Dtcrf;tem;rSm rawG@&wJt
h wGuf q&mrudk ar;=unfah wmh tzd;k aeraumif;vd@k rvmEdik b
f ;l
vd@k q&mru ajymygw,f?
usr &ifxJ tawmfav; v_yv
f y_ cf wfcwf jzpfomG ;ygw,f? tzd;k ta=umif;udk pmtkyf
wtkyjf zpfatmif a&;zd@k twGuf usr pdik ;f jyif;aewm =umyg+y?D [dw
k p 'Dwp ar;jref;xm;cJw
h m
av;awGukd tcsed t
f m;&So
d a&G pmtkyw
f tkyjf zpfatmif usr twwfEikd q
f ;kH ud;pm;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'aD e@u tzd;k &S&d mudk usroGm;awmh tay:xyftcef;xJu jcifaxmifwvH;k xJrmS
tzd;k eJtzGm; wa,mufwzufvn
S +hf yD; auG;auG;av; acGtyd af ewmudk awG@&ygw,f? tzd;k eJ@
tzGm; touft&G,&f vmumrS pG,af wmf&u
G v
f kd ESpv
f m$ w&Gub
f 0eJ@ cspcf spcf ifcif az;az;rr
&Sad ecJw
h m =umyg+y?D tzd;k eJ@ tzGm;udk apmif=h unfah y;wJh use;f rma&; q&mrav;u usr vmwm
udk today;awmh tzd;k u jymjymovJe@J jcifaxmifukd zwfz@kd ajymygw,f?
usr twefwefwm;wJh =um;uyJ tzd;k u uke;f ke;f xzd@k ud;pm;ygw,f? ol@qu
D kd
vmawG@whJ {nfo
h nfawGvmwdik ;f vnf; tzd;k u rwwfEikd w
f =hJ um;u tm;wif; uke;f ke;f +y;D awmh
t+rJ xxdik w
f wfygw,f?
tzd;k ezl;udk usr udik =f unfah wmh ylaEG;aeygw,f? tzd;k tpmrpm;Edik w
f m wywf
avmuf&ydS g+yD? pm;csipf w
d v
f nf; r&Sb
d ;l vd@k ajymygw,f? a'guw
f mpifo,
D marmifu EGm;Ed@k yyl l
av;udak wmh 0ifatmifaomufygv@kd rSmxm;vd@k EGm;Ed@k awmh enf;enf;aomufw,fv@kd ajymyg
w,f?
4
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tzd;k u tenf;i,fr@kd aewJh ol@&J &ifbwf}u;D udk yGwo
f yf+y;D awmh tzd;k &ifacgi;f xJu
atmifah tmifah ew,f orD;&,f? wcsuw
f csuv
f nf; t&rf;emw,f? cGzJ @kd pw
d zf @kd vnf; tzd;k qEN
r&Sad wmhb;l ? aocsiv
f nf; aoygapawmh b,fo@l urkd S 'kurQ ay;csiaf wmhb;l vd@k ajymygw,f?
tzd;k u ol&J a&m*gtajctaeudk udoad eyH&k ygw,f?
tJ'aD e@u tzd;k eJ@ =um=umpum;rajymawmhbJ usr tdru
f kd tajy;jyefcyhJ gw,f?
vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawGukd twif;t"rR tultnDawmif;+y;D tzd;k ajymcJq
h ckd w
hJ hJ [dw
k p 'Dwpudk
jyefvnfppk nf;cJyh gw,f?
tck pmzwforl sm;&J vuf0,fa&muf&adS ewJh pmtkyif ,f[m tzd;k Adv
k cf sKyfausmf
aomif;&J b0 wpdww
f a'or#om jzpfygw,f? u&ifawmfveS af &; tpjzpfwhJ tif;pdew
f u
kd yf /JG
jrpf0u|e;f ay:/ yJc;l d;k reJ@ aumfo;l av ta&Swdik ;f / rme,fyavm/ rme,fyavm A[dXk mecsKyu
f s
+yD;aemuf wyfr[m(6)a'otxd tzd;k Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;&J awmfveS af &;jzwfoef;r_awG
[m aoaocsmcsm pkpnf;wifjyr,fq&kd if usr;f wapmifpmavmuf &Syd gvrd rhf ,f?
tckawmh [dw
k p 'DwpeJ@ use;f rma&;raumif;wJ=h um;u tzd;k ajymEdik cf o
hJ r#avmuf
udo
k m usr wifjycGi&hf jcif;jzpfygw,f? tzd;k u ol aeomxdik o
f m&Sw
d hJ tcsed w
f ikd ;f rSm usrudk
vSr;f vSr;f rSm+y;D orD;ar;csiw
f mawGar;/ tzd;k ajzr,fv@kd ajymayr,fh tzd;k armaewmud=k unfh
+yD; tcsed u
f mv aemufusc+hJ yDqw
kd hJ todukd usr cJyh gw,f?
usr&J aemufus&vm'fuawmh tckpmtkyrf mS tzd;k &J i,fb0eJ@ tzd;k &J awmfveS f
a&;umvta&Sydik ;f jzwfoef;r_rsm;om usrvuf0,f use&f adS ewmudk jyaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh
vnf; tckpmtkyif ,fukd Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;vd@k usr trnfay;&
jcif;jzpfygw,f?
pmtkyyf g ta=umif;t&mrsm;eJ tcsuv
f ufrsm;[m tzd;k Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;
rarmEdik /f ryrf;Edik f ajymjycJw
h hJ ta=umif;t&mrsm;jzpf+yD; usru qDavsmaf tmif pkpnf;wifjy
jcif;omjzpfygw,f? 'Dpmtkyrf mS tm;enf;csu/f csK@d ,iG ;f csurf sm;&Syd gu pkpnf;wifjyol usr&J
tm;enf;csuo
f m jzpfygw,f?
'Dpmtkyrf mS yg&w
dS hJ Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;&J u&ifah wmfveS af &;tay: ,H=k unfcsu/f
cH,cl su/f vkyaf qmifcsuaf wGukd zwf&_ wJh pmzwfoal wG&J &ifrmS wpHw
k &m pGx
J ifuse&f pfr,fqkd
&ifyJ usrtaeeJ@ pkpnf;wifjy&usK;d eyfygw,f?
cd k i f r mausmf a Zm
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
y'drk ef;&Smvm;zef;. trSmpm

Adv
f ydik ;f rsm; pmtkyif ,ftwGuf trSmpma&;&ef
pmrlukd t=urf;avhvm=unf&h m trSeyf if ol@b0. [dw
k p 'Dwp tpdwt
f ydik ;f i,fav;rsm;udk
awG@&ygonf? od@k &mwGif ta&;}u;D aom tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;udk ay:vGiaf tmif xnfo
h iG ;f xm;Edik f
jcif; r&S[
d k jrifygonf? xdo
k @kd jzpf&jcif;rSm ol ud,
k w
f ikd t
f csed ,
f I
l rajymjyEdik jf cif;/ ypkou
l
tcsed ,
f l rpkpnf;Ekid jf cif;a=umifh jzpfayvdrrhf nf?
Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;onf pifppfordik ;f 0if u&ifah wmfveS af &;orm;}uD;wOD; jzpfyg
onf? olwiG f cdik cf ef@onfh ordik ;f aemufcH &Syd gonf? olonf acwfynmwwfwa,muf r[kwf
aomfvnf; trsK;d udck spI
f / jynfou
l ckd spI
f / vGwv
f yfrE_ iS hf w&m;r#wr_uckd spI
f awmfveS af &;
twGi;f a&muf&v
dS mol jzpfygonf? ol. d;k om;ajzmifrh wfr/_ ol. opPm&Srd /_ ol. pGe@f vw
$ t
f epf
emcHr/_ ol. ol&owW/d ol. u;d pm;r_a=umifyh if wyfprk LS ;b0rS Adv
k cf sKyftqifo
h @kd a&mufvmcJh
oljzpfonf?
usaemfEiS hf ol rd@e,fwe,fwnf;wGiaf e+yD; usaemf&h mG udk t+rJa&mufcahJ omfvnf;
usaemfEiS hf qufqb
H ;l jcif; r&Scd ahJ cs? 1963 ckEpS af &mufrS usaemfEiS hf xdawG@qufqb
H ;l jcif;
jzpfonf? xdpk Ofu olonf wyfr Edik if aH &;rSL;/ Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfausmaf omif; jzpfae+yD jzpfonf?
xdpk Ofu jrpf0u|e;f ay:wdik ;f wGif OuUXtjzpf Adv
k cf sKyjf r&if/ wdik ;f twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;pd;k atmif/ wyfr
rSL; Adv
k rf LS ;csKyx
f eG ;f at;/ wyfrEdik if aH &;rSL; Adv
k rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf omif; polrsm;rSm A[dak umfrwD0if
rsm;/ t&H A[dak umfrwD0ifrsm;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif jrpf0u|e;f ay:wdik ;f wGif ref;bapmonfvnf;
A[dak umfrwD0ifwOD;tjzpf jrpf0u|e;f ay:wdik ;f udk OD;pD;v#u&f o
dS nf?
Adv
k cf sKyaf usmaf omif;onf tif;pdew
f u
kd yf w
JG iG f yg0ifc+hJ y;D tif;pderf q
S w
k +f y;D aemuf wyf
rsm;udk jyefvnfppk nf;xde;f odr;f &mwGif tjcm;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESit
hf wl yg0ifco
hJ nf? if;.
vkyaf zmfuikd b
f ufrsm;rSm Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmif/ Adv
k u
f siaf z/ Adv
k 0f if;/ Adv
k rf LS ;pvG,/f Adv
k rf LS ;pHvif;/
Adv
k w
f ifO;D polrsm;jzpfonf? Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmif OD;pD;+y;D if;wd@k yg0ifco
hJ nfh wyf&if;(1) aemufyikd ;f
KPLA wyf&if;(1)onf rdcifwyf&if;jzpfI u&ifah wmfve
S af &;acgi;f aqmif trsm;tjym;/
wyfrLS ;aumif;trsm;tjym;udk arG;xkwaf y;Edik cf o
hJ nfh wyf&if;jzpfonf?
6
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;taeESihf jrpf0u|e;f ay:twGi;f txl;ausm=f um;onfh wmw
aygx;kd ppf}uD;udv
k nf;aumif;/ qifrif;/ atmifppfonf/ rd;k [de;f / a$vif;,kef ppfqifa&;}uD;
rsm;udv
k nf; &ifqikd jf zwfoef;cJo
h nfh wyfrLS ;wOD;jzpfonf? 1972 ckEpS f yJc;l d;k rrS jyefqw
k +f yD;
onfah emufwiG v
f nf; tvm;wl xd;k ppf}uD;rsm;udk awmufav#muf&ifqikd cf o
hJ nf?
1974 ckEpS f ESpu
f ek yf ikd ;f wGif yJc;l d;k rrS taSw
ikd ;f tajccHa'ood@k ul;&efppD OfpOf wdu
k yf JG
tjyif;txefjzpfymG ;&m '%f&m& wyfzufaq;rSL;wOD;udk ausmwGiyf ;kd I awmifxyd t
f xd wufchJ
ol jzpfonf? xdpk Ofu ol.toufrmS (55)ESpcf ef@&+dS yjD zpfonf? taSw
ikd ;f awmfveS af &; tajccH
a'ood@k a&muf+y;D aemuf aSw
ef;cHuwkww
f ckjzpfonfh 0rf;cpcef;wGif 1995 ckEpS t
f xd &yfwnf
I &Jabmfrsm;ESit
hf wl wdu
k yf 0JG ifco
hJ jl zpfonf?
acwfynm tajccHenf;cJah omfvnf; awmfveS af &;udk wuUov
kd t
f jzpfxm;I pdwf
"mwft&/ Edik if aH &;t&/ ppfa&;t&/ pnf;H;k a&;t& ynm&SmcJo
h /l }uD;jyif;&ifu
h suv
f mcJ=h uol
awmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif trsm;tjym;teuf Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;vnf; wOD;tygt0if jzpf
onf? olonf trsK;d om;tusK;d / jynfot
l usK;d / awmfveS af &;tusK;d twGuf ud,
k u
f sK;d udk trSef
wu,fpeG @f co
hJ jl zpfonf?
ol@pmtkyu
f zkd wfv#if ol@b0 tpGe;f tpav;rsm; wcsK@d ay:Edik pf &m&Syd gonf? Tod@k
wpGe;f wpav;r#aom ol@b0. tpteav;rsm;onf vGwv
f yfr/_ w&m;r#wr_ukd av;pm;jrwf
Ed;k olrsm;twGuf awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;twGuf tm;tifjzpfaprnf[k qENyvdu
k &f ygonf?
ref ; S m vm;zef ;
rwfv(16)&uf/ 2007 ckESp f
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
t+idrf;pm; AdkvfcsKyfausmfaomif;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfref;ausmfaz
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
Akv
d rf LS ;csKyfref;ausmaf z trSmpm
Akv
d cf sKyaf usmaf omif;. b0ESiyhf wfoufI pmtkyx
f w
k rf nf[k od&I usaemf txl;
0rf;omrdygonf? 0rf;om&onfh ta=umif;&if;rSm Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf omif;onf usaemf tvGef
av;pm;&aom u&ifah wmfveS af &; acgi;f aqmiftawmfrsm;teuf wa,muf tygt0if jzpf
onf? trSeyf if kad ooif/h kad oxku
d I
f av;pm;oif/h av;pm;xku
d af om acgi;f aqmifaumif;
wa,mufjzpfonf? Armjynf vGwv
f yfa&;tudumv u&ift
h rsK;d om;Ekid if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_
tcef;ujzpfonfh 1948 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v
D (11)&ufae@ rd@awmf&efuek Ef iS hf tcsK@d rd@}uD;rsm;
wGif u&ifjynf csucf si;f ay; u&ifwusyf Armwusyf csucf si;f jy vlrsK;d a&; t"duk%;f
tvkrd &Sd jynfwiG ;f ppf tvkrd &Sd [laom auG;a=umfoH (4)&yfjzifh +idr;f csr;f pGm toHww
d f
qENjyyG}J u;D wGif wufupG mG yg0ifco
hJ jl zpf+y;D tif;pdew
f u
dk yf JG (111)&ufwiG v
f nf; &Gy&f yG cf |cH |H wku
d yf JG
0ifco
hJ l jzpfonf?
tif;pdew
f u
dk yf JG (111)&uft+yD;wGif rtlyifta&Sj crf; jrpf0u|e;f ay:wkid ;f wav#muf
Ekid if aH &;/ ppfa&;rsm;ukd jywfjywfom;om; aqmif&u
G v
f mcJ&h mY txuftrde@f qv
dk #if wjym;
om;rS tav#mrh ay; qef@usiaf oGzjD cif; tvsO;f r&S/d rsK;d cspf wyfrawmfom;yDyD pnf;urf;}u;D rm;
jcif;/ rsK;d csppf w
d "f mwf cH,cl sujf yif;xefjcif;/ u&ifw
h rsK;d om;vk;H b0vGwaf jrmufa&;/ vuf
eufawmfveS af &; tcef;uukd w&m;r#wpGm owW&d &dS dS toufay;aqmif&u
G cf jhJ cif;a=umifh
u&ifwrsK;d om;vk;H ESihf jrpf0u|e;f ay:&Sd vlrsK;d pkrsm;. ,k=H unfav;pm;jcif;ukd cHc&hJ ygonf?
1959-74 ckEpS t
f xd }uD;rm;onfh &efo.
l ppfqifa&;'%fudk rsK;d cspw
f yfrLS ;aumif;
wa,mufyyD D aoG;aomuf&aJ bmf&b
J ufrsm;ESihf &Gw&f w
G cf |cH |H ckcaH wmfveS f wku
d cf u
dk cf &hJ mrS &efol
. ydw0f idk ;f xd;k ppfqifra_ =umifh rdrt
d vGecf spv
f o
S nfh &ifaoG;i,fav;rsm;ukyd if eD;pyf&m aqGrsK;d
rsm;ESihf tyfEcHS +hJ yD; uk,
d u
f sK;d pGe@f tepfemcHjcif;tjynfjh zifh if;cspjf rwfE;dk onfh u&ift
h rsK;d om;
awmfveS af &;}uD;ESit
hf wl yJc;l k;d rwkid ;f ok@d tcuftcJudk z,f&mS ;+yD; qkwcf mG a&$ajymif;cJ=h u&
onf? aemufwzef 1974 ckEpS f &efol jzwfav;jzwf ydw0f idk ;f ppfqifa&;}uD; pvmjyefojzifh
yJc;l k;d rrS wzef ta&Sw
idk ;f ok@d vm&m c&D;vrf;wav#muf &efo.
l jzwfawmuf wku
d cf u
kd af csre_ ;f
jcif;ukd wqif+h y;D wqifh ckczH ,f&mS ;&if;jzifh rdcifautJe,
f l tpnf;tk;H }u;D ESihf yl;aygi;f Ekid o
f nf
txd ud;yrf;cJ&h onf? ok@d &mwGif rdcifautJe,
f l tpnf;tk;H }uD;xH jyefvnfowif;yk@d Eidk f
9
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
onfEiS hf rdrt
d ay:usa&mufonfh wm0eftay: opPm&S&d EdS iS hf ZG}J uD;pGm xrf;aqmifvmcJo
h nfh
Akv
d cf sKyaf usmaf omif;. *k%o
f wif;onf u&ift
h rsK;d om;rsm;t=um; ysH ES@H ausm=f um; vlord sm;
cJ&h onf?
1981-82 ckEpS f rme,fyavmwGif zGiv
hf pS o
f nfh Ekid if aH &;oifwef;ok@d usaemf wuf
a&mufcphJ Of Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf omif;ESihf yxrOD;pGm odu|r;f cJI
h tav;ycGi&hf &Scd o
hJ nf? rme,f
yavmA[kXd mecsKyf}uD;wGif usi;f yonfh wyfrLS ; tpnf;ta0;rsm;Y if;. Ekid if aH &;/ ppfa&;
ok;H oyfcsu/f ppfa&;r[mAsL[m csrw
S cf surf sm; wifoiG ;f aqG;aEG;&mY wyfrLS ;aumif; (0g) acgi;f
aqmifaumif; t&nftcsi;f ESihf jynfph aHk =umif; ok;H oyfEidk cf o
hJ nf? 1991 ckEpS f (10)}urd af jrmuf
A[kn
d v
D mcHwiG f nDvmcH. qk;H jzwfcsut
f & ckid f (7)ckid t
f wGi;f &Sd autJe'f t
D dk wyf&if; (7)&if;
ukd tkycf sKyf&aom autJe'f t
D dk Akv
d cf sKyfwm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&ojzifh =unf!akd v;pm;&aom
acgi;f aqmifwOD;/ usaemft
h m; wku
d f u
dk t
f yk cf sKyfaom acgi;f aqmiftjzpfo@dk a&muf&v
dS mjcif;
a=umifh usaemfrsm;pGm yDwjd zpfc&hJ onf? usaemft
h jrifudk k;d om;pGm 0efc&H v#if Akv
d cf sKyfausmf
aomif;. *k%o
f wif;onf usaemfavhvmod&cdS &hJ onfxuf ydI
k yif cspcf if=unf!dk av;pm;
oifah om acgi;f aqmifaumif; }uHtifvuQ%mESihf rsm;pGmnD!w
$ af ea=umif; awG@&&dS ygonf?
Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf omif;onf r[kwrf cH rSew
f majymwwfaom yk*Kd~ vfrsK;d jzpfI txuf
acgi;f aqmifrsm;ukd =unf!adk v;pm;r_}uD;rm;jcif;/ trde@f emcHwwfjcif;/ rltay: vku
d af vsmr_
ryjcif;/ rltay: qef@usiaf jymqkv
d molrsm;ukd &J0jhH ywfom;pGm axmufjyajymqdw
k wfjcif;/
uk,
d u
f sK;d pGe@f tepfemcHjcif;ESihf tcsed &f o
dS a&G@ trsK;d om;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;rsm; aqG;aEG;ajymqdjk cif;/
autJe,
f l rlvrf;pOftay: Ek;d =um;wufuGjcif;/ vkyaf zmfuidk zf uf txufatmufqufqrH _
vku
d af vsmnDaxGr&_ jdS cif;/ vufatmuf wyfrLS ;wyfom;rsm;tay: oem;!mwmwwfjcif;/
rnfoEl iS rhf qkd &if;&if;ES;D ES;D qufqw
H wf+y;D vmygpm;ygaomufyg ponfjzifh {nf0h wfywwfjcif;/
vufatmuf &JabmfwyfrLS ;wyfom;rsm; vlxq
k ef@usirf /_ jypfr_ wpkw
H &m usL;vGeyf guvnf;
pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;t& jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,laqmif&u
G w
f wfjcif;a=umifh wyfrLS ;wyfom;
rsm;wd@k cspaf =umufadk o=u&onf? xdo
k @dk wdusjywfom;onfh a&Sa qmifra_ tmufY wyfrLS ;
wyfom; trsm;pkonf trde@f emcHwwfaom rsK;d cspw
f yfrLS ;wyfom;aumif;rsm;tjzpfo@dk w
jznf;jznf;a&muf&v
dS m=uonf?
Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf omif;onf ,cktcg touf(80)ausm(f 84)ESp0f ef;usiw
f iG f &Sv
d rd hf
rnf? usaemf ol@xH oGm;a&mufuefawmh *g&0ywkid ;f wGif ref;ausmaf z rif; a&'D,kd em;axmif
yg? owif;pmzwfyg? jynfwiG ;f jynfy tajctae avhvmyg? us&mwm0efudk owW&d &dS dS vkyyf g?
10
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
awmfveS af &;ukd awmfveS w
f hJ rsK;d cspo
f abmw&m;ESihf &if;+yD;vkyyf g? igw@dk [m Ekid if aH &;todEiS hf
awmfveS v
f mcJjh cif; jzpfw,f? autJe,
f rl el @J uif;uGmwJh tvkyrf eS o
f r# bmrSrvkyef @J ? igw@dk e@J
twl rukecf rf;Ekid w
f t
hJ m;[m awmfveS w
f hJ jynfov
l x
l &k w
dS ,f? vlrsK;d pk r[mrdw&f w
dS ,f? igw@kd
trsK;d om;tay: pmemaxmufxm;wJh urBmEh idk if aH wG&w
dS ,f? 'ga=umifh awmfveS af &;tay:
opPm&S&d dS vkyo
f mG ;&if atmifyyJG ef;wkid f rkcsa&mufr,f? awmfveS af &;ukd opPm&S&d q
dS ufvyk yf g?
ig touf}uD;+yD? ig rv_y&f mS ;Ekid af wmhb;l ? uk,
d x
f v
d ufa&muf rvkyEf idk v
f nf; t}uHOm%fudk
aowJh txday;oGm;r,f? rif;wk@d udk ig,=Hk unfw,f? awmfveS af &; atmifycJG w
H t
hJ xd vky=f u
yg[lI }udrzf efrsm;pGm ajymqkq
d ;Hk r =o0g'ay;jcif;a=umifh awmfveS af &;. zdcifzcifozG,f
cspcf if=unf!dk av;pm;&jcif;rsm; jzpf&ygonf?
ok@d jzpfygI Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf omif;. b0jzwfoef;r_ta=umif; pmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;
u;d yrf;r_onf u&ift
h rsK;d om;awmfveS af &; orkid ;f ESihf rsm;pGm qufpyfr&_ adS v&m xdk u;d yrf;csuf
onf rsm;pGmtusK;d jzpfxeG ;f rnfjzpfonf[k ar#mv
f ifrh yd gonf?
Akv
d cf sKyfausmaf omif;. b0jzwfoef;r_ pmtkyu
f kd zwfa_ vhvm=u&aom pmzwf
y&dowfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ rsK;d qufopf vli,fv&l ,
G rf sm;onfvnf;aumif;/ autJe,
f rl l
vrf;pOfatmufY Akv
d cf sKyaf usmaf omif;. b0jzwfoef;r_/ uk,
d u
f sK;d pGe@f tepfemcHrr_ sm;ukd twk
,lI if;tqkt
d rde@f =o0g'rsm;tm; vufc,
H I
l vnf;aumif; rdrw
d @dk . u&ifwrsK;d om;vk;H
b0vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf }uD;rm;aom pdw"f mwfceG t
f m;rsm;jzpf=uvdrrhf nf[k ,k=H unfyg
onf?
Ad k v f c sKyf r ef ; ausmf a z
u&if t rsKd ; om;umuG , f a &;wyf r awmf (autJ e f ' D t d k )
11
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
12
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;. ud,
k af &;tusO;f
trnf & if ;
ref;ausmaf omif;/
awmf v S e f a &;trnf
atmifaZOD;
bmomudk;uG,fr_
tzd;k tzGm;/ rdbrsm; Ak'o
< mom
usaemf c&pf,mefu;kd uG,o
f nf?
arG ; ouU & mZf
1285 ckEpS /f jymokv
d qkyf (11)&uf/ wevFmae@?
Zmwd
rtlyifcdik /f yef;waemfrd@e,f/ xdeu
f v
k m;uke;f aus;&Gm
rd b ES i f h arG ; csif ; rsm;
tz ref;eef;&if/ trd@k eef;!$ef
arG;csi;f armifErS (3)OD;
om;orD; (8)OD;teuf ,ck (2)OD;use&f dS
ynmoif = um;r_
bke;f }uD;ausmif;/ r*Fvmokwrf S y&dw}f uD;txd
twef;ausmif; (4)wef;txdom oifc&hJ ?
acwfysuI
f rda&mawmyg ausmif;rsm;ydwI
f ynmqufvuf roif&awmh?
ausmif;aepOf Om%faumif;+y;D oli,fwef;rS av;wef;txd tqif(h 1) t+r&J onf?
awmfvSefa&;rvkyfrSD tvkyftudkif
v,f,mudik ;f u|e;f
13
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
awmf v S e f a &;orm;jzpf & onf h ta=umif ; t&if ;
awmfveS af &;xJ 0ifa&mufonfu
h mvwGif ocifacwfjzpfonf?
xdu
k mvwGif jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'owGif u&if-Arm t"duk%;f jyif;xefaeonf?
Armrsm;u u&if&mG rsm;udk rD;_@d zsuq
f ;D / awG@&mjrif&m u&ifvrl sK;d rsm;udk "m;rsm;jzifh
ckwx
f pfowfjzwf/ u&ifrsm;uvnf; Armrsm;udk ckwo
f wf=uonfh tajctaeqd;k
}uD;jzpfonf? xdt
k xJwiG f usaemfah qGrsK;d wcsKd towfc&H onf?
ajrmif;jrr@d wzufurf; vlacgi;f u|e;f / cavmufqu
kd /f uGi;f v,fwiG f u&ifEiS hf Armrsm;
"m;rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSef ckw&f mY &Gmvl}uD;aemufvu
kd o
f mG ;+yD; xdjk rifuiG ;f rsm;udk
jrif&onft
h cg u&ifwOD;jzpfonft
h wGuf u&ifvrl sK;d rsm;bufu rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfum
xdt
k "duk%;f wGif yg0ifco
hJ nf?
xd@k aemuf u&ifrsK;d csprf sm;u OD;aqmifum u&ifawmfveS af &;vkyif ef;rsm; pwif&ef
usaemfw@kd &Gmrsm;od@k a&muf&v
dS mcsed w
f iG f cHpm;csujf yif;xef+yD; awmfveS af &;orm;
wa,muftjzpf vdu
k yf gco
hJ nf?
awmfvSefa&;xJudk a&muf&SdonfhckESpf
1947 ckEpS /f tif;pdef
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;wGif; xrf;aqmifcJhonfh wm0efrsm;
tif;pdew
f u
kd yf w
JG iG f wyfpw
d rf LS ;
jrpf0u|e;f ay:ajymufusm;wyf&if;(1)wGif wyfprk LS ;
ajymufusm;wyfr[m(3) wyf&if;(6) (7)ESihf u&iftrsK;d om; jynfol vw
G f
ajrmufa&;wyfrawmf wyf&if;(2) Edik if aH &;rSL;
rdcifwyf&if;(1) Edik if aH &;rSL;wm0ef/ ajymufusm;wyfr[m(3) wyf&if;(6) (7)ESihf
u&iftrsK;d om; jynfol vw
G af jrmufa&; wyfrawmfwyf&if;(2) wyfr[mrSL;?
jrpf0u|e;f ay:wdik ;f wyfr(2) Edik if aH &;rSL;wm0efEiS hf wdik ;f aumfrwD0if
yJc;l d;k rwdik ;f ppfa=umif;rSL;/ ta&Swdik ;f a&mufvmaomtcg A[dak umfrwD0if/
txl;wyf&if;trSw(f 101). t}uHay;t&m&Sd
u&iftrsK;d om;umuG,af &;wyfrawmf(autJe'f t
D )kd Adv
k cf sKy/f autJe,
f u
l &if
trsK;d om;tpnf;tH;k A[dak umfrwD0if
u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tH;k *k%x
f ;l aqmif em,utzG@J 0ifwOD;tjzpf aemuf
qH;k wm0ef,x
l rf;aqmifco
hJ nf?
14
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tydik ;f (1)
u&ift
h rsK;d om;awmfveS af &;tay:
tjrifEiS hf &yfwnfcsuf
trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}u;D apmbOD;}u;D onf awmfveS af &;w&yf rqifEcJ$ ifrmS jynf
wGi;f jynfyESihf rdrt
d rsK;d om; tajctaersm;udk avhvmpdppf+yD;rS awmfveS af &;tajctae
ay;tyfvmonft
h ay:rSm 1947 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v
D (5)&ufaewiG f u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t
H;k (autJe,
f )l udk zGJ pnf;wnfaqmufco
hJ nf?
autJef,l zGJpnf;&jcif; &nf&G,fcsufrSm
u&iftrsK;d om; tzdEydS cf b
H 0rS vGwaf jrmufa&;
u&iftrsK;d om;rsm; ud,
k u
hf =H urRm ud,
k zf efw;D cGihf &&Sad &;
u&ifjynfe,f &&Sad &;wdk jzpfygonf?
T&nf&,
G cf suu
f kd autJe,
f u
l rlvrf;pOftjzpf cH,x
l m;ygonf?
autJe,
f rl S arG;zGm;oefpifay;cJah om u&iftrsK;d om;umuG,af &;wyfrawmf
(autJe'f t
D )kd tm; 1947/ Zlvikd v
f (16)&ufaewiG f zGJ pnf;wnfaqmufcyhJ gonf?
autJef'Dtdk. zGJpnf;&jcif;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm
autJe,
f El iS hf u&iftrsKd ;om;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&efjzpfonf?
xdk a=umifh u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tH;k }u;D jzpfaom (autJe,
f )l / autJe'f t
D Ekd iS hf
u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;onf cGjJ cm;Ir&atmif waoG;wnf;/ wom;wnf;/ wpnf;wvH;k wnf;
jzpfcyhJ gonf? autJe,
f .
l ordik ;f rSww
f ikd o
f nf u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;. ordik ;f rSww
f ikd v
f nf;jzpfyg
onf? u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tH;k }u;D rSm 1947 ckEpS rf S ,ae@txd ESpaf ygi;f 50ausmf 60wdik f
wnf&adS eonfrmS u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;. rsK;d csppf w
d /f vGwv
f yfvpkd w
d Ef iS hf pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ rf w
_ @kd
a=umifh jzpfygonf?
15
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
autJe,
f .
l acgi;f aqmifro
_ nf/ u&iftrsK;d om;tm;vH;k vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf
jzpf+yD; trsK;d om;vuQ%maqmifaom awmfveS af &;jzpfygonf? vlwef;pm; awmfveS af &;
r[kwyf g? trsK;d om;tawG;tac: cH,cl su/f rsK;d csppf w
d "f mwfEiS hf oabmw&m;vufawGukd
cH,x
l m;ygonf?
u&ifrsK;d cspf acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf vuf0/J vusmf pmayrsm;udk avhvm+y;D u&ifah wmf
vSeaf &; tajctaeESiu
hf u
kd n
f o
D nfh tcsurf sm;ud,
k u
l m u&ift
h rsK;d om; awmfveS af &;vrf;pOf
tjzpf cH,u
l sio
hf ;kH aqmif&u
G cf yhJ gonf? xdo
k kd usio
hf ;kH &mwGiv
f nf; ud,
k u
f sK;d pD;yGm;udk pGef vw
$ f
jcif;ESihf tcGix
hf ;l cH tcGit
hf a&;udk qefusiI
f u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;. b0vGwaf jrmufa&;ESihf
b0wlwikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf csp=f unf&if;ES;D a&;udo
k m tajccHygonf?
autJe,
f l zGJ pnf;wnfaxmifpOfumvu xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf txl;
pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ =f uonf? atmufajcaumfrwD0ifrsm;/ acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ &Jabmf/ &Jarrsm;/
autJe'f t
D kd wyfAv
kd w
f yfrLS ;ESihf &Jabmftm;vH;k onf txl;yif pnf;vH;k =uygonf?
autJe,
f t
l wGi;f &Jabmf/ wyfAv
kd w
f yfrLS ;ESihf tkycf sKyaf &;ydik ;f qdik &f m tqifq
h ifah om
acgi;f aqmifEiS hf tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf autJe,
f .
l OD;aqmifra_ tmufwiG f waoGrwdr;f cH,v
l yk f
aqmifomG ;=uonf? autJe,
f al cgi;f aqmifonfh pnf;H;k a&;onf u&iftrsK;d om;xkw&yf
vH;k udk Ed;k =um;wufuaG pcJo
h nf?
autJe,
f pl nf;tH;k }u;D jzpfay:vm+y;D aemuf 1948ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v
D (11)&ufae@
te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS u&ifvx
l k (4)ode;f ausmyf g0ifonfh trsK;d om;qENjyyG}J u;D wckay:aygucf hJ
onf? xdq
k ENjyyG}J uD;wGif
(1) u&ifjynf csucf si;f ay;/
(2) u&ifwpfusyf Armwpfusyf csucf si;f jy/
(3) jynfwiG ;f ppf tvdrk &S/d
(4) vlrsK;d a&;t"duk%;f tvdrk &Sd ponfh ydpk wm (4)csuu
f kd pGu
J ikd I
f u&ifvrl sK;d wd@k .
qENreS u
f kd azmfxw
k cf =hJ uonf?
vGwv
f yfa&;wef;wla&;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ nD!w
G af &;oabmxm;rsm;udk jyoI +ird ;f +ird ;f
csr;f csr;f awmif;qdw
k u
kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uonf? xdq
k ENjyyG}J u;D onf u&ifah wmfveS af &;ordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;
onfh Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf jJG zpf+yD; u&ifvrl sK;d wdk . orkid ;f rSww
f ikd w
f pfcv
k nf; jzpfonf?
xdkEikd if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_wu
kd yf }JG uD; ay:aygu+f yD;aemuf 1949 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v
D 28 &uf
ae@naewGif zqyvwyfrsm;u &efuek f r@d v,f&dS prf;acsmif;/ u&if&yfuu
G u
f kd 0dik ;f Iwdu
k cf u
kd cf hJ
16
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
+y;D tdrt
f csK@d ukd rD;_@d zsuq
f ;D um ypPn;f rsm;udk vk,uf,il ifI u&iftrsK;d orD;tcsK@d ukd rk'rd ;f usihf
cJ=h uonf?
1949 ckEpS f Zefe0g&D (30)&ufae@wiG f zqyvtpk;d &u autJe,
f u
l kd rw&m;toif;
a=unmcJ+h yD; 1949 ckEpS /f Zef0g&v
D (3)&ufae@ tif;pde&f dS autJe'f t
D kd XmecsKyfukd wdu
k cf u
kd cf hJ
onf? xdt
k ajctaersm;a=umifh wjynfv;kH &Sd u&ifrsm;u zqyvudk qefusiu
f m jyefveS f
ckcw
H u
kd cf u
kd rf r_ sm; jzpfymG ;cJ&h onf? xdk a=umifh autJe,
f o
l nf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ wdu
k yf q
JG rD S
zqyv tpd;k &udk qef@usiaf om/ awmfveS af om vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; ckcpH pfyu
JG kd rvGrJ
a&Smifom qifEcJG &hJ +y;D ,if;.tusK;d qufum; ,ae@xd qufvufwnf&dS &Sio
f efaeqJjzpfonf?
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;twGi;f rsK;d cspu
f &iftajrmuftrsm; usq;kH cJ&h ovdk u&if
trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;vnf; tmZmenfyo
D pGm usq;kH cJ&h onf?
autJe,
f .
l acgi;f aqmifrt
_ ydik ;f wGif OuUX apmbOD;}u;D usq;kH oGm;+y;D aemufyikd ;f Y
rkq;kd aumfuqmESihf ref;bZefwkd qufvufO;D aqmifc=hJ uonf? xdt
k csed w
f iG f Edik if aH &; r+idrrf
oufrr_ sm; jzpfay:vm+yD; autJe,
f l acgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ rf _ avsm&h v
J mcJh
onf? vusmf u|H vuf0u
J s/ vuf0u
J |H vusmf us+y;D aemufq;kH rSm vusmf wapmufuef;/ vuf0J
oli,femjzpfae=uaoma=umihf trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ af &; yu
d svm+y;D autJe,
f t
l wGi;f
tuGt
J +yrJ sm;jzpfc&hJ onfrmS autJe,
f t
l wGuf 0rf;enf;p&m ordik ;f tcsK;d tauGwpfck jzpfvm
cJ&h onf?
autJe,
f El iS hf wyfO;D ygww
D kd onf trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ af &;twGuf v_y&f mS ;pnf;
H;k =u&mwGif OuUX}uD;ref;bZef/ 'kOuUX Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk rESihf Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmif ponfh acgi;f
aqmif}u;D (3)OD;wd@k u OD;aqmifc=hJ uonf? if;wdk o;kH OD;rSm trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ af &; jyef
vnfwnfaqmufay;Edik o
f rl sm; jzpfonft
h wGuv
f nf; ordik ;f rSww
f rf;wif&ygrnf? *k%,
f 0l rf;
ajrmuf&rnf jzpfonf?
autJe,
f t
l wGi;f trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ af &; wnfaqmuf+y;D aomtcg autJef
,l xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f rSm qH;k jzwfxm;aom rlvrf;pOfukd cH,w
l nfaqmuf=u&m
wGiv
f nf; rwln=D uyg? rsK;d csppf w
d "f mwfc,
H &l rnfh tcsuf (11)csuu
f v
kd nf; av;eufr_ r&S=d uyg?
rsK;d cspo
f abmw&m;ESihf vufawGc,
H =l u&mrSmvnf; E_wt
f m;jzifah vmufom oabmw&m;
&S=d u+yD; vufawGusi}hf uH vkyaf qmifrt
_ ydik ;f wGif tm;enf;aeygonf?
autJef,lu csrSwfxm;onfh tcsuf(11)csufygonfh awmfvSefaomrsKd;cspf
vuQ%m&yfrsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf?
17
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
1? rdrt
d rsK;d om;udk cspjf rwfE;kd ovdk tjcm;trsK;d om;rsm;udv
k nf; vlrsK;d pHk csp=f unfa&;
oabmt& cH,cl sp=f unfjrwfE;kd jcif;?
2? rdrt
d rsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf wrsK;d om;vH;k tusK;d udk t"duxm;+yD; t
&m&mY pHerlemtjzpf &yfwnfvyk af qmifjcif;?
3? autJe,
f .
l vrf;pOfEiS hf oabmxm;qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk tmrcH+yD; usa&muf
aom wm0ef&yfrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&mwGif pnf;urf;&Sjd cif;?
4? trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ af &;udk OD;xdyyf ef+y;D trsK;d om;&eforl w
S o
f r#ukd emusn;f
+yD; trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf tywfwukwf ud;yrf;aqmif&u
G jf cif;?
5? vlrsK;d a&;u|ef yr_EiS hf vlvcl si;f vuf0g;}uD;tkyf aoG;pkyt
f jrwfxw
k rf u
_ kd G&H mS rke;f
wD;+yD; jywfom;pGm qef@usiw
f u
kd cf u
kd jf cif;?
6? wpfO;D aumif;/ wpfu,
kd af umif;0g'udk a&SmifusO+f y;D pkaygi;f acgi;f aqmifr_ tajccH
w&m;ay:wGif wm0ef,v
l yk af qmifjcif;?
7? trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;udk t+rJwap ar#mv
f ifah pmifph m;aeonft
h wGuf xdk
ar#mv
f ifch surf sm; taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf t+rw
J ap xd;k xGi;f }uq
H jcif;/
a&SaqmifEikd &f ef ud;yrf;tm;xkwjf cif;?
8? wm0efusvyk if ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmif&mwGif rjywfrom;vkyjf cif;/ ord;k usvyk f
aqmifjcif;xuf rdrw
d m0efEiS hf usa&mufaom vufawG@vyk if ef;rsm;tay:wGif
wufwufuGuG vkyaf qmifjcif;?
9? ZGo
J wW&d jdS cif;/ &Jabmf&b
J ufpw
d "f mwf&jdS cif;/ bufrvdu
k jf cif;/ *d%
k ;f *%rqefjcif;/
trSm;udk 0efc&H jJ cif;?
10? tacsmiform;qefaom vkyif ef;rsm;udk a&SmifusO+f y;D / awmfveS af &;usus acgi;f
aqmifjcif;? vufawG@vyk af qmifjcif;?
11? awmfveS af &;udk qH;k cef;wdik f wdu
k yf 0JG ifvyk af qmifrnfh cH,cl suEf iS hf tcuftcJ
aygi;f pHu
k kd ausmv
f m$ ;+yD; atmify&JG ,lrnfh cH,cl su&f jdS cif;wdk jzpfonf?
od@k aomf autJe,
f t
l zGJ tpnf;twGi;f / u&iftrsK;d om;awmfveS af &;wm0efukd xrf;
aqmifae=uonfrmS pdw"f mwft& rdrt
d rsK;d om;rsm;udk csp=f uaomfvnf;/ vufawGt&
wud,
k af umif; ud,
k u
f sK;d pD;yGm;udo
k m a&Swef;wifae=uygonf? autJe,
f t
l wGi;f tcGix
hf ;l
cH=uonf? tkypf o
k abm&So
d nf? Edik if w
H umtultnDrsm;udk ar#m=f uonf? tESpcf sKyfajym&
v#if autJe,
f t
l tzGJ tpnf; Xmeqdik &f mwcsKd onf 'Dru
kd a&pD A[kcd sKyfuikd rf u
_ kd qefusiaf e
=uonf?
18
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
Tjzpf&yfrsm;onf qENygonfjzpfap/ rygonfjzpfap/ tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ mS u&if
trsK;d om;awmfveS af &;udk a&Swef;wif&rnft
h pm; aemufjyefqcJG saeovdjk zpfaeonf? xdv
k yk f
&yf/ xdck ,
H cl suf oabmxm;rsm;onf u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;. vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf }u;D rm;
aom tE &W m,fEiS hf taESmuft,Su/f twm;tqD;}uD; jzpfygonf?
Todk jzpfae&jcif;rSm A[dak cgi;f aqmifrt
_ m;enf;jcif;/ atmufajc&Sd Xmewm0efcw
H kd
rSmvnf; A[du
k kd 0ef;&HyyhH ;kd r_ enf;yg;aejcif;tjyif qefusirf r_ sm; jzpfaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
Todk jzpf&jcif;rSm autJe,
f t
l zGJ tpnf;t0ifrsm; Edik if aH &;/ pnf;H;k a&;/ ppfa&;tm;enf;aejcif;
a=umifh jzpfonf?
TtusKd ;qufrsm;a=umifh autJe,
f Al [dXk mecsKyf rme,fyavm/ aumhr;l &m vuf
v$wv
f u
kd &f aom tcsed Ef iS hf qufE,
G +f yD; A[d/k cdik /f wyfr[mtwGi;f rSm tcsKd trsK;d om;acgi;f
aqmifwdk onf tkypf zk JG +y;D twif&h pJ mG (11)}urd af jrmuf qH;k jzwfcsuv
f rf;pOfukd qefusiv
f m=u
onf?
Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf EJG iS hf ppfa&;wdu
k yf u
JG kd tajctaejzpfay:r_EiS hf ay;tyfvmr_tay:
rlwnfI wdu
k yf 0JG ifomG ;rnfh &yfwnfr?_
a'oppfycJG sKy+f ird ;f oGm;+y;D vuf&u
dS mvtajctaerSm ppfa&;wdu
k yf JG rvdt
k yfawmh
ojzifh Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf EJG iS o
hf m wdu
k &f rnf[al om &yfwnfr?_
t"du ppfa&;wdu
k yf EJG iS hf wdu
k &f rnf? ,if;ESiw
hf zJG ufI Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf u
JG v
kd nf;
qifEo
JG mG ;rnfh &yfwnfr?_
ponfh tawG;tac: cH,cl sut
f m;vH;k wdk rmS autJe,
f t
l wGi;f ay:ayguv
f mcJo
h nfh
oabmxm;rsm; jzpfygonf? Tod@k jzifh autJe,
f l u&ift
h rsK;d om;awmfveS af &;twGi;f tawG;
tac:/ cH,cl suEf iS hf oabmw&m;&yfwnfcsuf rwlnrD r_ sm; jzpfvmonf? xdrk wlnrD r_ sm;onf
awmfveS af &;twGi;f jzpfay:wwfaom oabmobm0jzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh autJe,
f .
l
(11)}urd af jrmuf vrf;pOfq;kH jzwfcsuu
f kd 0dik ;f &Haom trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf qefusiaf om
trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk wwef;wnf;xm;I r&onfukd awG@vm&onf?
xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifwcsK@d . tawG;tac:cH,rl _ rsKd ;csppf w
d "f mwf &yfwnfrr_ cdik rf mbJ
wcsK@d r;D pif=unfu
h aeonfrmS u&ifah wmfveS af &;udk taxmuftulryonft
h jyif taESmuf
t,Suf jzpfapygonf?
autJef,l u&iftrsdK;om;rsm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmfvSefa&;tarGudk
qufcrH nfh awmfveS af &;ordik ;f ay;tarGukd qufcrH nfh acwfynmwwf/ bGJ &vli,f/ vlvwfrsm;
udk usaemft
h aejzifh tm;ud;k tm;xm;yygonf? autJe,
f o
l dk a&mufvm=uaom vli,fyikd ;f /
19
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
vlvwfyidk ;f / vl}u;D ykid ;f wkd u/kd A[dXk me}u;D rsm;rSvI
JG atmufajc&SXd mersm;wGif wm0efay;ygonf?
if;wd@k . Edik if aH &;avhvmr_EiS hf Ed;k =um;wufurG w
_ @kd jzifh A[du
k csrw
S x
f m;onfh rlvrf;pOfrsm;t
wdik ;f cH,v
l yk af qmifapygonf?
autJe,
f l u&ift
h rsKd ;om;awmfveS af &;udk qefusiaf usmcdik ;f +y;D Edik if &H yfjcm;odk xGuf
cGmoGm;=uonfh tzG@J 0ifwcsKd &ydS gonf? xdv
k yk &f yfonf rdrt
d rsK;d om;rsm;tay: rsuu
f ,
G f y&m
usygonf? tcsKd@rSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;odk oGm;a&muftajccsaeEdkifa&;twGuf/ autJef,l
raumif;a=umif; trsK;d rsK;d tykycf s *k%o
f u
d mQ cs=uonf? Tvky&f yfrsm;onf autJe,
f t
l ay:
&ufpufveG ;f &musonft
h wGuf usaemfEh v
S ;kH om;rsm; emusi&f ygonf?
xdo
k @kd autJe,
f u
l kd ykwcf wfapmfum; xGucf mG oGm;=uolrsm;ae&mwGif vlpm;xd;k &ef
vdt
k yfygonf? if;wdk r&Sv
d #if autJe,
f l b,fvjkd zpfomG ;rvJqo
kd nfh olw@kd .tjrifrsm; rSm;,Gi;f
onfukd jyo&ef vdt
k yfygonf? xd@k twGuf usaemfwkd A[d/k cdik /f wyfr[mrsm;wGif Ed;k =um;
wufuGaom/ wd;k wufaom tawG;tac:/ cH,cl suaf umif;aom/ OD;aqmifru
_ kd cH,al om
acwfynmwwfvil ,f/ vlvwf/ vl}u;D rsm;&Syd gonf?
usaemft
h jrifoabmxm;rSm vli,f/ vlvwf/ vl}u;D rsm;udk autJe,
f .
l rloabm
xm;ESihf vkyif ef;vrf;pOfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;jyyg? ynmay;yg? wnfaqmufyg? wm0ef&&J aJ y;yg?
xdw
k m0efrsm; xrf;aqmifEikd &f eftwGuv
f nf; tm;ay;tm;ajrm ufyyg? Tenf;jzifh autJe,
f l
u&ifah wmfveS af &; rsK;d qufrsm;ud/k arG;xkw/f aoG;xkw&f ygonf? Todk rvkyEf ikd =f uygu/
usaemfwkd tm;vH;k uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;v#if awmfveS af &;rsK;d qufjywf+yD;/ tvHjzL/ tvHe(D Auy)
b0rsKd ; jzpfomG ;Edik yf gonf?
autJe,
f /l u&ift
h rsKd ;om;awmfveS af &;/ trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif=uD; apmbOD;}uD;
rusq;kH cif Edik if aH &;/ pnf;H;k a&;/ ppfa&;/ acgi;f aqmifr_ tzufzufwiG f wd;k wufatmifjrifrr_ sm;
&&Scd yhJ gonf? awmfveS af &;rsKd ;qufrsm;udv
k nf; arG;xkw/f aoG;xkwaf y;Edik cf yhJ gonf? autJe,
f l
u&ift
h rsKd ;om;awmfveS af &;rsKd ;qufrmS (3)quf&adS eyg+yD;? eHygw(f 2)rsKd ;qufonf ausmrf
aumif; =um;raumif; tykyef H waxmif;axmif;ESihf ordik ;f ed*;kH csKyfcyhJ gonf?
,ckrsKd ;qufeyH gwf (3)xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifwkd onf acgi;f aqmifr/_ jrefrmjynf awmf
vSeaf &; tzGJ tpnf;/ ygwrD sm;ESihf txl;nD!w
$ cf sp=f unfpmG aygi;f pnf;v#u&f ydS gonf? rdrw
d kd .
awmfveS af &;pHukd jri w
hf if+y;D &yfwnfaeygonf? acgi;f aqmif}u;D apmbOD;}u;D awmfveS cf ahJ om
tarGtESpf aoG;/ owW/d opPmudk qufc+H yD;cH,+l yD; tm%m&Sif tpd;k &tqufqufudk tnHrh cH
20
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
t_;H ray;aom rsK;d csppf w
d Ef iS &hf yfwnf+yD; awmfveS af eygonf? atmifyrJG &rcsi;f awmfveS =f u
rnfjzpfygonf?
autJe,
f l xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifr.
_ taumif;qH;k tcdik rf mqH;k &yfwnfro
_ nf vuf
eufcspum; tvsi;f rajym& [laomtcsuu
f kd t"duxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?
u&iftrsK;d om; tpnf;tH;k onf u&ift
h rsK;d om;tvHawmfukd tjrifrh m;qH;k v$ix
hf l
um/ jrefrmjynfov
l x
l w
k &yfv;kH udk rw&m;zdEydS f tkycf sKyaf eaom tkycf sKycf ahJ om tpd;k & tquf
qufukd ckcu
H muG,f wdu
k yf 0JG ifaeonfh tzGJ tpnf;}uD;wckjzpfygonf?
u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tH;k }u;D &Sad eonht
f wGuf &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyu
kH mvu
awmcdx
k u
G =f uaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESihf Edik if aH &;ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;rsm;udk zGJ pnf;
wnfaxmifay;Edik o
f nfrmS vnf; rnforl jS iif;y,fI r&Edik o
f nfh jrefrmjynfawmfveS af &;
ordik ;f rSww
f ikd jf zpfygonf?
autJe,
f /l u&ift
h rsK;d om;awmfveS af &;udk jynfwiG ;f vlx}k u;D rS pdw"f mwfa&;&mt&
axmufct
H m;ay;ae=uygonf? jynfyEdik if rH sm;/ tpd;k &r[kwaf om Edik if w
H um tzGJ tpnf;rsm;
rSvnf; enf;vrf;aygi;f pHjk zifh tm;ay;axmufcaH e=uygonf?
u&ift
h rsK;d om;awmfveS af &;udk qifEaJG eonfh autJe,
f o
l nf uGe*f &ufrsm;udk
usi;f ycJo
h nfrmS (13)}urd af jrmuf&adS e+yD jzpfygonf? xdu
k eG *f &ufrsm;rS qH;k jzwfcsucf srw
S af om
Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf /JG ppfa&;wdu
k yf /JG rlvrf;pOfwkd onf rnfonft
h cgrS crf;ajcmufomG ;rnf r[kwyf g?
autJe,
f al cgi;f aqmifonfh u&iftrsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu
k yf o
JG nf rSeu
f efonfh vrf;pOf/
vkyif ef;pOfEiS hf trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf wdu
k yf 0JG ifaeonft
h wGuf atmifjrifr&_ rnf
rSmvnf; ajr}uD;vufcwf rvGyJ g?
(u&ift
h rsK;d om;awmfveS af &;tay: tjrifEiS hf &yfwnfru
_ kd a&;ydk &mrSm jzpf&yf/ vky&f yfrsm;udk tusO;f csKy+f y;D
oHo,uif;uif;/ tmCmwuif;uif;ESihf d;k om;yGiv
hf if;pGmjzifh u&ifah wmfveS af &;tay: usaemft
h jrifoabmxm;udk
wifjyjcif;omjzpfygonf? usaemfwkd trsK;d om;awmfveS af &;twGi;f &Sd acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf tm;enf;csu/f tm;omcsuf
trsK;d rsK;d &S=d uygonf? xdt
k csurf sm;udk usaemf. tawG;tac:/ cH,cl suEf iS hf rsKd ;csppf w
d "f mwfukd tajccH+y;D a&;om;ay;ydk jcif;
jzpfonf)?
Ad k v f c sKyf a usmf a omif ;

autJef'Dtdk AdkvfcsKyf
autJ e f ' D t d k ( A[d k ) XmecsKyf ?
21
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tydik ;f (2)
vuf&t
dS rsK;d om;awmfveS af &; tajctaetay:tjrif
trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf/ w&m;Oya'abmiftwGi;f rSm (e0w/ etz)udk tHwk
tmcHwhJ 'Dru
kd a&pDwu
kd yf JG tqifjh rifv
h mw,f? tpDtpOf qH;k jzwfcsu&f x
dS m;wJt
h wdik ;f a&S@w;kd +y;D
tqifq
h ifh wdu
k yf 0JG ifomG ;r,f? aemufjyefqw
k w
f hJ rl r&Syd g? aysmah jymif;oifw
h ahJ e&mrSm aysmh
ajymif;+yD; wif;rmoifw
h ahJ e&mrSm wif;r,f? av#mrh ay;yg?
trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrmS OD;aqmifaewJh acgi;f aqmif}uD; (3)a,muf/ OuUX
OD;atmifa&$ (Adv
k cf sKyfa[mif;)/ 'kOuUX OD;wifO;D (Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;a[mif;)/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
(ocifatmifqef;Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;orD;) zcif}uD;awmfveS cf w
hJ hJ aoG;owWyd gvmw,f?
acgi;f aqmif}uD; (3)a,mufu (e0w/ etz)xHukd oDvawmif;cHwmrsK;d / Oykox
f ikd af pmifh
wmrsK;d / w&m;xdik u
f siahf ewmrsKd ; vkyaf ewm r[kwyf g? (e0w/ etz)udk wdu
k af ew,f? 'Dru
kd a&
pDatmifyJG &atmifwu
kd rf ,f? wdu
k yf JG yxrtqifjh zpfw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf wdu
k yf JG
tajctae aumif;w,f?
tzG@J csKyfe@J wdu
k yf t
JG ajctaeaumif;aevd@k ppftm%m&Si/f ppfAv
kd cf sKyf}uD;wkd u t
a=umuf}uD;a=umufae=u+yD; v$waf wmftrwfrsm;eJ tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk Oya'rJh zrf;xm;w,f?
zrf;xm;wJt
h xJu pdw"f mwfc,
H cl suf tm;enf;aeolrsm;udk zdtm;wGe;f tm;ay;+y;D awmfveS w
f hJ
aoG;owWt
d ar$;awGukd qGEJ w
_ ,
f x
l m;+y;D jyefvw
$ w
f ,f? jrefrmjynf 'Dru
kd a&pDwu
kd yf JG atmify&JG
bdk twGuf v_y&f mS ;pnf;H;k aewJh &Jabmf&aJ rrsm; tzrf;cH&+y;D axmifusaewm !i;f yrf;ESyd pf uf
r_ 'kut
Q rsK;d rsK;d udk cHpm;ae&+yD; &Jabmf&aJ rtcsK@d uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;w,f? touf&iS f useaf ewJh
&Jabmf&aJ rrsm;udk usaemf cH,x
l m;wJh pdw"f mwfe@J tm;ay;ygw,f? 'kuaQ ygi;f pHk cHpm;ae&wm
udk rdrt
d wGuf }u;D rm;wJch eG t
f m;tjzpf cH,=l uyg? touf&iS +f y;D axmifxrJ mS &Sad e=uwJh &Jabmf
rsm;&Jarrsm; axmifwiG ;f rSm uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;wJh &Jabmfrsm;/ &Jarrsm;udk csp=f unfav;pm;pGmeJ@
awmfveS w
f hJ aoG;opPmeJ@ *k%f yygw,f?
autJe,
f t
l ay:tjrif
ypfwikd ;f axmifaumif;w,f? trsK;d om;awmfveS af &;rSm trsK;d om;tvHawmfukd
vufrv$ww
f rf; qkyu
f ikd x
f m;+yD; ESpaf ygi;f ig;q,fausmf tkypf ;kd ol tpd;k &tqufqufukd
22
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
wdu
k yf 0JG ifvmcJw
h hJ tawGturH sm;/ oifcef;pmrsm;eJ@ oabmw&m;a&;ydik ;f / vufawG@yikd ;f wdk rmS
yd+k y;D &ifu
h suv
f mw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; od@k r[kwf typftcwf&yfpJ
a&; +ird ;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufb@kd twGuf a=unmcsuu
f x
kd w
k jf yef+y;D tpd;k &tqufqufukd urf;
vSr;f cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh tm%m& tpd;k &tqufqufu 'Djy\emudk t&if;cHusus udik w
f ,
G f
ajz&Si;f wke@f jyefwm r&Scd ahJ o;bl;?
tpd;k &u awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; urf;vSr;f zdwaf c:&if autJe,
f u
l 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
pGmeJ@ udq+kd yD; tpd;k &udk oGm;awG@w,f? aqG;aEG;=uwJt
h cg autJe,
f u
l trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;
jy\emudk trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;enf;vrf;eJ@ tajz&Sm=u+yD; ajz&Si;f bdk twGuf wifjyaqG;aEG;
wmudk tpd;k &tqufqufu y,fcs+y;D tnHch cH ikd ;f w,f? tnHch aH &;udk autJe,
f u
l vH;k 0 vuf
rcHyg? rl0g' r&Syd g? tnhcH cH ikd ;f vdk r&wJt
h wGuf aqG;aEG;yGrJ ysucf if udwifjyifqifxm;wJh ppf
tiftm; ESpaf omif;ausm/f oH;k aomif;eJ@ xd;k ppf}u;D qif+y;D autJe,
f u
l kd 0ifwu
kd w
f ,f? autJef
,luvnf; rv$o
J mra&Smifomvd@k ckcw
H u
kd cf u
kd af e&w,f? tpd;k &qufquf xd;k ppf}u;D eJ wdu
k f
wmudk autJe,
f u
l vufwkH jyef+y;D ckcw
H u
kd cf u
kd af ewm trsK;d om;a&;/ 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;/ jynfwiG ;f
ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufz@kd twGuf tajccHjzpfygw,f? autJe,
f t
l aeeJ@
trsK;d om;a&;/ vlrt
_ cGit
hf a&;/ 'Dru
kd a&pDa&; pwJh wdik ;f &if;om;awG&J arG;&myg ud,
k yf ikd f tcGihf
ta&;awGukd 'Dwikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d awG&J vufxu
J kd jyefay;tyfzkd jzpfygw,f? 'DtcGit
hf a&;
&wJt
h xd trsK;d om;awmfveS af &;vrf;pOftay: tcdik t
f rm &yfwnf+yD; wdu
k yf 0JG ifomG ;r,f?
r[mrdwaf wmfveS af &; tzGJ tpnf;rsm;tay:tjrif
rdrw
d @kd tzG@J tpnf;wdik ;f yHrk eS v
f yk if ef;rsm; wm0ef&x
dS m;=uwJt
h wdik ;f aqmif&u
G af e=uyg
w,f? ta&;}uD;wJh udp}P uD;i,f jzpfay:vm&if awmfveS af &; tzG@J tpnf; acgi;f aqmifrsm;
awG@qpkH pk nf;=u+y;D / aqG;aEG;yG/J pnf;a0;yGx
J ikd =f u+y;D wm0ef&x
dS m;=uwJt
h wdik ;f aqmif&u
G af e=u
wJt
h wGuf tajctaeaumif;w,f?
awmfveS af &;e,fajrtwGi;f &Sd vlxt
k ajctaetay:tjrif
autJe,
f el ,fajrtwGi;f rSm &Sad e=uwJh u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;/ vlxrk sm; r@d e,frsm;t
wGi;f ESpaf ygi;f ig;q,fausmf &efox
l ;kd ppf}u;D / vwf/ i,f wdu
k yf t
JG awG@tu/H oifcef;pmrsm;eJ@
tcgaygi;f rsm;pGm &ifqikd x
f ad wG@ae=uw,f? ppfab;ppf'%fukd t}udr}f udrcf aH e&wJt
h wGuf
opfjrefrmtpd;k & ppfwyfawGukd pdwt
f em}uD; emae=uygw,f? u&iftrsK;d om; vlxt
k aeeJ@
&efo@l xd;k ppfrsm;a=umifh qef&u
d mQ jywfw,f? pm;p&m vH;k 0r&Sb
d ;l ? &&m pm;yifaomufyif/
23
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
t&Gu/f opfOopfzrk sm;udk pm;ae=u+y;D ud,
k w
f ck0wfwxnfe@J vl}u;D cav;yg use;f rma&; xd
cdu
k v
f mw,f? pm;0wfaea&;/ use;f rma&;ab;'ku}Q uD;udk awG@xcd pH m;&ayrJh (e0w/ etz)
ajymif;a&$@cikd ;f wJah e&mudk roGm;=ubl;? pdwef musn;f aew,f? tqdyaf omuf+y;D aocsi=f uvdk
tqdyaf q;udak wmif;w,f? aoewfe@J toD;awmif;w,f? 'DtawG;tac:/ cH,cl suf pdw"f mwf
&Sad e=uwJt
h wGuf u&iftrsK;d om;eJ@ vlxpk w
d "f mwf tajctae tvGeaf umif;ygw,f?
jrefrmjynfwikd ;f &if;om; jynfov
l x
l t
k ajctaetay:tjrif
wdik ;f &if;om;trsK;d om;taygi;f wdk u Oya'wGi;f trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDwu
kd yf eJG J awm
wGi;f autJe,
f el J awmfveS af &;tzGJ tpnf;rsm;/ e,fpyfEiS hf jynfya&muf 'Dru
kd a&pDwu
kd yf 0JG if
v_y&f mS ;olrsm;udv
k nf; pdw"f mwfa&;&mt& tm;ay;axmufc=H uw,f? ud,
k af &mpdwyf g vuf
awG@tm;ay; axmufcrH _ tenf;pk &Syd gw,f? trsm;pku a&S@w;kd aemufqw
k jf zpfaeao;w,f?
txl;ojzifh rday:&Sd trsK;d om;wdk rmS &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD; wdu
k yf rJG mS &uf&ufpufpuf
acsre_ ;f cHc&hJ wJh tawG@tuHa=umifh a=umuf&@HG ae=uygw,f?
e0w/ etz tay:tjrif
1962/ rwfv(2)&ufae Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;u ppftm%modr;f ,lwahJ e@up+y;D ppftyk pf k
u ppftm%mudk wnfaqmufw,f? awmfveS af &;aumifp/D rqv/ e0w/ etz wav#muf
vH;k rSm ppftm%m&Si/f ppfAv
kd cf sKyf}uD;wd@k u ppftm%mudk qufcgqufcgw;kd jri+hf yD; t=uifem
w&m;uif;rJph mG wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyfvmcJw
h m (36)ESpt
f wGi;f udk a&mufaeyg+yD? jrefrmjynf
t&yf&yfrmS ppfwyftm%meJ &rf;csiw
f ikd ;f &rf;/ =urf;csiw
f ikd ;f =urf; ESyd u
f yG af ewJv
h yk &f yfrsm;udk
=unf&h if ya'o&mZf ajru|e,
f mu|eaf cwf e,fcs@J uv
kd ekd aD cwf/ zufqpfacwfuxuf =urf;
uwf&ufpufygw,f?
ppfAv
kd cf sKy}f u;D awG[m tjypfrjhJ ynfov
l x
l u
k kd du
k o
f wfw,f? ypfowfw,f/ ay:wm
qG&J mrSma&m/ vkyt
f m;ay;&mrSmyg 0efxyk 0f efy;kd rxrf;Edik &f if tvkyrf vkyEf ikd &f if !i;f yrf;ESyd pf uf
w,f? trsK;d orD;awGukd rk'rd ;f usiw
hf ,f? owfypfw,f? tjypfrhJ uav;awGukd ypfcwfowfjzwf
w,f? bmrSrodwu
hJ av;awGukd &efov
l kd oabmxm;+y;D rD;yHx
k rJ mS ypfcsw,f? v,fuiG ;f awG/
O,smOf+cHajrawGrmS rdik ;f axmifw,f? pyg;cif;awG/ v,f,mpdu
k cf if;awGukd zsuq
f ;D aew,f?
ppftm%m&Si}f u;D pd;k aewma=umifh awma&m r@d rmS yg jynfoal wG[m use;f rma&;bufu=unf/h
ynma&;bufu=unf=h unf/h pD;yGm;a&;bufuyJ=unf=h unfh bufpkH qif;&J'u
k aQ &mufae=u
24
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ygw,f? taeacsmifwmu ppfAv
kd cf sKyf}uD;awG&J rdom;pkawG/ aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awGe@J olw@kd
yHyh ;kd ay;xm;wJh vufa0cHawGavmufyJ jzpfygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sif Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D wd@k u jynfov
l x
l &k J &ydik cf iG t
hf cGit
hf a&;awGukd vH;k 0ray;
yg? vkyif ef;Xmetm;vH;k udk csKyu
f ikd x
f m;+y;D Xmewdik ;f rSm ypPn;f rsm; csK@d w&hJ mS ;yg;aew,f? txl;o
jzifh ynma&;/ use;f rma&; jzpfygw,f? pmayavmurSmvnf; owif;pm/ *sme,f/ owif;xkwf
jyefcsurf sm;udk t+rpJ pd pfwnf;jzwfaewJt
h wGuf vGwv
f yfrr_ &Syd g? wif;=uyfpmG ydwyf ifxm;w,f?
'Dvyk &f yf[m jynfov
l x
l }k uD;&J rsupf /d yg;pyf/ em;udk ydwq
f @kd xm;w,f? pD;yGm;a&;avmurSm
vnf; ppftyk pf pk ;D yGm;a&;udk vky&f mrSm ajray:ajratmuf/ a&ay:/ a&atmuf/ o,HZmw
ypPn;f rsm;udk pnf;rJu
h rf;rJh xkw,
f al &mif;pm;aevd@k wdik ;f jynfo,HZmwawG crf;ajcmufvmyg+y;D ?
wdik ;f &if;om; trsK;d om; jynfov
l x
l }k u;D wd@k rmS zGwaf usmjympk/ ckqu
H |waf ewJh ab;'kuQ b0
qd;k }uD;udk cHpm;ae&ygw,f? ajymvdk rukeEf ikd yf g? csKyf+yD;ajymyg&ap? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m
raumif;wJh 'kpdu
k /f tukov
kd t
f vkyrf sm;udk tm;vH;k vkyw
f ,f? xGe;f um;a&;udk aESmuf,u
S f
zsuq
f ;D aew,f? jzpfEidk af jc&S&d if tmumoavmu}uD;udak wmif rD;wuf@_d rmS jzpfw,f?
1962 rwfv(2)&ufae@up+yD; ,cktxd ppftyk pf u
k vkycf w
hJ hJ tukov
kd 'f pk du
k f
rSeo
f r#twGuf ppftm%m&SiAf v
kd cf sKyf}uD;wdk rmS t"duwm0ef&w
dS ,f? atmufajcrSm&Sw
d hJ
t&m&S/d t&mcH t=uyfwyfom;rsm;&J t"dutrSm;r[kwyf g? xrif;eyfreS f pm;&a&;/ b0&Sio
f ef
a&;twGuf a=u;pm;ppfrx
_ rf;b0udk olw@kd vkyaf e&wmyg? a=u;pm;ppfrx
_ rf;&if ppftm%m&Si/f
ppfAv
kd cf sKyf}u;D wd@k trde@f ay;wJt
h wdik ;f cdik ;f wmrsm;udv
k yk af e&w,f? ppftm%m&Sif ppfAv
kd cf sKyf
}u;D / ppftyk pf u
k vlom;udpk m;+y;D 0g;rsKad e=uwma=umifh atmufajcu t&m&S/d t&mcH/ t=uyf/
wyfom;taygi;f wd@k taeeJ@ ppfbv
D ;l tm%ml;/ ppfAv
kd cf sKyf}uD;rsm;&J ppftyk pf ek @J vrf;cGaJ usm
cdik ;f +yD; wdik ;f jynftm%mudk rlvydik &f iS jf zpfwhJ rdbjynfov
l x
l }k uD;xH tyfEu
HS m &ifaoG;rsm;yDyD
rdb&ifciG x
f u
J kd jyef0if=uyg? rdbjzpfwhJ jynfov
l x
l }k u;D u oifw@kd ukd aEG;axG;pGm 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
om zufvw
JS uif; uq
d rkd mS jzpfw,f?
'Drt
kd zGJ csKyfrS a':atmifqef;pk-unfEiS hf (e0w/ etz) ppfAv
kd cf sKyf}uD;tay:tjrif
etzwd@k [m ,ckae0ifcsed af &mufae+yD? urf;em;opfyifvkd tcsed rf a&G; ydusysupf ;D
oGm;Ekid w
f ,f? qd;k oGr;f wJph pftm%m&Sit
f jzpfe@J olw@kd b0udk ed*;kH rcsKycf si&f if bufaygi;f pHk ysupf ;D
,d,
k iG ;f aewJh wdik ;f jynf}uD;udk jyefvnftzwfq,f u,fwifvv
kd #if a':pk acgi;f aqmifwhJ a&G;
aumufyJG rJtEkid &f / tJet
f ,fv'f aD cgi;f aqmifawGe@J aqG;aEG;!Ed id_ ;f tajz&Sm&r,f? ocifatmif
qef;u e,fcs@J uv
kd ekd aD cwfrmS tkypf ;kd olawGukd taxGaxGoydww
f u
kd yf eJG @J &ifqikd t
f w
H o
k vdk
25
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'Duae@ jynfov
l x
l u
k vnf; wdu
k yf 0JG ifoifw
h ,f? 'gukd tJet
f ,fv'f aD cgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;u
axmufco
H ifw
h ,f? etzppfwyfawGu qENjyvlxu
k kd ypfowfr,fq&kd if tJet
f ,fv'f D acgi;f
aqmifrsm;u vlxak &S@rmS rm;rm;rwfrwf&yf+y;D etzppfwyfukd rvkyo
f ifw
h mrvkyzf @kd wm;jrpf&
r,f? 'gukd vufrcHbJ etzwyfawGu tJet
f ,fv'f aD cgi;f aqmifawGuakd &m a':pkyg rusef
olw@kd ukd qef@usio
f rl eS o
f r# acsre_ ;f r,fq&kd if wjynfv;kH rSm vlx}k u;D &J a'gorD; awmufavmif
oGm;rSmyJ? etzwyfawGu tJ'v
D kd owf&rJ ,fv@kd awmh usKyf rxifb;l ? bmyJjzpfjzpf ppftm%m
&Sif rif;qd;k rif;npfawG urBmo
h rdik ;f rSm b0ed*;kH csKyf raumif;cJ=h uovdk vuf&dS etzawGvnf;
ordik ;f trdu
_ jf cif;awmif;xJ a&mufomG ;=u&rSm aocsmw,f? etzwd@k u 'Dvykd J qufvuf+y;D
acgi;f rmwif;cHaer,fq&kd if jzpfay:vmor# aemufqufwJG qd;k usK;d rSeo
f r#twGuf olw@kd om
wm0efc&H rSmjzpfw,fv@kd xifjrif,q
l ygw,f?
u&iftrsK;d om;eJ jynfov
l x
l u
k kd ajymvdo
k nfph um;
usaemfwkd u&iftrsK;d om;ordik ;f t&/ tif;0acwf/ uke;f abmifacwf/ udv
k ekd aD cwf
zufqpfacwfe@J zqyv/ awmfveS af &;aumifp/D rqv/ e0w/ etz/ acwftqufqufrmS
zdEydS !
f i ;f yrf;owfjzwfcv
H m&wm? u|ejf zpfcv
H m&wJh b0qd;k }u;D u vGwaf jrmuf+y;D vGwv
f yfcsif
ygw,f? xdek nf;wlpmG usaemfw@kd u&iftrsK;d om;awGe@J b0wljzpfae=uwJh jrefrmjynfzmG ; wdik ;f
&if;om;rsm;uvnf; vGwaf jrmuf+yD; vGwv
f yfwmudk vdck si=f uygw,f? rdrw
d kd qH;k _;H ae&wJh
arG;&myg ud,
k yf ikd t
f cGit
hf a&;jzpfwhJ vltcGit
hf a&;eJ@ 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;udk jyef&bdk twGuf Edik if H
a&;wdu
k yf t
JG & tpd;k &tqufqufukd qENjy+yD; awmif;qdck =hJ uwmudk tpd;k &tqufqufu
vlrt
_ cGit
hf a&; 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;udk jyefray;bJ twif;t"rR vk,x
l m;+yD; aoewfe@J
ypfowfaewmudk cHae&wJt
h wGuf tqH;k cHxm;&wJh tcGit
hf a&;udk jyefr&rcsi;f jyef&atmif
jrefrmjynfwidk ;f &if;om; trsK;d om;jynfov
l x
l }k u;D eJ@ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ awmfveS af &;tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;u ac|;/ aoG;/ toufay;+y;D wdu
k yf 0JG ifvmcJ=h uwm OyrmeJ@ wifpm;+y;D ajym&ygu
toufaygi;f axmifaomif;ru qH;k _;H cJ&h yg+y?D aoG;rsm;vnf; yifv,fa&jyif}u;D vdk jzpfaeyg+y?D
td;k rsm;vnf; awmifvykd akH eyg+y?D 'Dtouf/ 'DaoG;/ 'Dtd;k rsm;udk awmfveS w
f hJ aoG;om;/ cGet
f m;
tjzpf arG;jrLcH,x
l m;=u+yD ; wAdv
k u
f s/ wAdv
k w
f uf/ aoG;owWed @J awmfveS v
f mcJ=h uwm/ vlt
cGit
hf a&;eJ@ 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;a&SarSmufrmS qdu
k af &mufvm+y;D jzpfygw,f? 'DtcGit
hf a&;udk
vufrv$ww
f rf; ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f qGu
J ikd +f yD; ,lxm;=ur,fvm;? ppftm%m&SiAf v
kd cf sKyf}uD;wdk ukd
ta=umuf}u;D a=umufae&vdk tqH;k cHxm;&wJh tcGit
hf a&;udk jyef,&l w
J hJ aoG;owWrd &S=d uygu
ta=umufw&m;eJ xrif;tiwfc+H y;D b0udk tqH;k cH&if jzpfav&mb0rSm tiwfc+H y;D a=umuf
26
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ae&wJh ta=umufw&m; oHo&m0J*,ufxrJ mS usaemfw@kd b,faomtcgrS vGwaf jrmuf=u
rSmr[kwyf g? ta=umufw&m;rsm;udk usaemfw@kd aoG;om;xJrmS pGu
J yfrxm;=ubJ Ed;k =um;wuf
upG mG eJ@ pdwaf &mud,
k yf g wdu
k yf 0JG if=ubd@k toif&h adS e=uyg? &[ef;&Siv
f l jynfov
l x
l t
k aygi;f eJ@
(e0w/ etz)=um;rSm vl@tcGit
hf a&;/ 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&; a&mufaeygjyD;?
ppftm%m&Sif Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D wk@d u tm%mudk vH;k 0ray;csib
f J ajcaxmufukd usm;uef
xm;+y;D rsupf u
d pkd rkH w
Sd /f tHu}kd uw
d +f y;D qGx
J m;w,f? qGx
J m;vdk vH;k 0 r&awmhyg? usaemfwkd vl
om;wdik ;f pm;0wfaea&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk rmS vlom;rsm; b0&yf
wnfEikd af &;ESihf &Sio
f efz@HG zd;wd;k wufa&;[m r&Srd jzpfwhJ udp}P uD;qdw
k mudk d;k d;k av; em;vnf
od&x
dS m;=uvdk taocH+yD; wdu
k yf 0JG ifae=uwmyg?
'Dru
kd a&pDukd vuf0g;jzef@awmif;vd@k r&Edik o
f vdk wdu
k yf aJG cgi;f aqmifrr_ &Syd gu vH;k 0
r&Edik yf g? trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGJ csKyf acgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;jzpf=uwJh OuUX OD;atmifa&$ (Adv
k cf sKyf
a[mif;)/ 'kOuUX OD;wifO;D (Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;a[mif;)/ ocifatmifqef; ac: Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
qdw
k hJ zcif}uD;&J awmfveS w
f hJ aoG;owWyd gvmwJh jrefrmjynf'rD u
kd a&pD/ acgi;f aqmif}uD; a':
atmifqef;pk=unfwkd e@J vufwrJG zwf/ pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ rf e_ @J wdu
k yf t
JG m;rmeftjynft
h 0 cH,=l u
+yD; etz ppftm%m&Si/f ppfbv
D ;l ppfAv
kd cf sKyf}uD;/ ppftyk pf w
k kd ukd &J&}J uD;wdu
k yf g? &J&}J uD; xd;k
azmufyg? &J&}J uD; ausmjf zwfomG ;+yD; 'Dru
kd a&pDukd t&,l=uyg?
ajr}uD;vufcwfrvG&J w,f? usaemfwkd tm;vH;k b0qd;k }uD;xJu vGwaf jrmuf+yD;
+idr;f csr;f vGwv
f yf=uygap?
autJ e f ' D t d k a cgif ; aqmif (Ad k v f c sKyf )
autJ e f ' D t d k ( A[d k ) XmecsKyf
27
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
u&iftrsK;d om;awmfveS af &;rSm tzd;k av;pm;wJh acgi;f aqmif}uD; (2)OD;&Sw

d ,f?
tJ'gu OuUX}uD; apmbOD;}uD;eJ@ OuUX}uD; ref;bZefyJ
28
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif; av;pm;wJh
u&iftrsK;d om;acgif;aqmif}uD; (2)OD;
u&iftrsK;d om;awmfveS af &;rSm tzd;k av;pm;wJh acgi;f aqmif}uD; (2)OD;&Sw
d ,f?
tJ'gu OuUX}uD; apmbOD;}uD;eJ@ OuUX}uD; ref;bZefy?J apmbOD;}uD;vdk acgi;f aqmifrsK;d u
tckvnf; &SmrawG@b;l ? aemufvnf; &Smvdk awGrmS r[kwb
f ;l ? olu 0wfvakH wmfb@JG & olaX;
om;? 'gayr,fh pdwx
f m;ESrd chf sw,f?
ol@&J tawG;tac: t,ltq/ ol@&J cH,cl suu
f r[mArm vlrsK;d a&;0g'udk ol ruu
d f
wm trSeyf ?J vlrsK;d pHk csp=f unfaoG;pnf;a&;0g'/ wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k wef;wla&;0g' 'gukd ol
oabmusw,f?
Edik if aH &;pum;eJ@ ajymr,fq&kd if wd@k u&iftrsK;d om;awG&J acgi;f aqmif}u;D wa,muf
jzpfw,f? vlwef;pm;taeeJ@ajymr,fq&kd if ol@rmS ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; tawG;tac: &Sw
d ,f?
acgi;f aqmifwahJ e&mrSm csichf sichf sed cf sed /f pOf;pOf;pm;pm;eJ@ vlwikd ;f vufcEH ikd af tmif/ wdik ;f &if;om;
wdik ;f vufcEH ikd af tmif olu vkyw
f ,f? 'g odyaf umif;wJh tcsuyf ?J ol awmcdv
k m+y;D oxHb
k uf
udak &mufa&m? oxHb
k ufrmS vnf; ol@ oli,fcsi;f awG/ ol todrw
d af qGawG &Sw
d mud;k ? ol@ukd
xrif;zdwaf u|;wmayg?h ol@&aJ bmfawGuvnf; [if;aumif;pm;&+yDvkd xifwmayg?h
reufr;kd vif;awmh apmbOD;}u;D u roGm;bl;? &JabmfawGaxmif;wJh iyfo;D axmif;eJ@yJ
olu pm;wm? ol@a=umifh olrsm;0efyrkd mS udk ol pd;k &drw
f mvnf; jzpfr,f? &mxl;&mcHqw
kd hJ *k%f
udjk y+y;D rpm;csiw
f mvnf; ygr,f? olu [ef}u;D yef}u;D vnf; r&Sb
d ;l ? tm;vH;k eJ@ tqifajyw,f?
ol acgi;f aqmifcw
hJ u
hJ mvrSm autJe,
f al cgi;f aqmiftwGi;f rSm pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ rf _
&Sw
d ,f? ol OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;!Ed id_ ;f wmudk tm;vH;k u vufc=H uw,f? olu pnf;H;k a&;vnf;
aumif;w,f? wyfaygi;f pkrmS vnf; acgi;f aqmifvyk cf w
hJ ,f?
[dw
k ek ;f u jynfbufrmS (3)ygw&D w
dS ,fav? tvHjzL/ tvHe/D jynfo@l &aJ bmf&w
dS ,f?
tJ'u
D kd olomG ;+yD; pnf;H;k a&;vkyif ef;awG vkycf ahJ o;w,f? tJ'D wyfaygi;f pkxrJ mS (3)ygwu
D
bmajymvdu
k v
f q
J &kd if cifAsm;wd@k ukd usaemfw@kd vufrcHEikd b
f ;l wJ?h cifAsm;wd@k u e,fcsJ aemuf
vdu
k af wG/ e,fcsJ vufuikd w
f w
k af wG/ tJ'v
D akd jymwm?
'gayr,fh apmbOD;}uD;&J tawG;tac:u vGwv
f yfw,f? olu b,fo@l vuf
atmufrS rcHb;l ? ol@rmS xufjrufwhJ tawG;tac:eJ@ Om%f&nf&w
dS ,f? 'ga=umifv
h nf; tzd;k wd@k
29
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'Dae@xd apmbOD;}uD;&J tawG;tac:/ ol@&J vrf;!$ecf su/f ol@&J rl0g'awGukd ajymajymae&
wmaygh?
tck tzd;k wd@k vkyaf e=uwmvnf; apmbOD;}uD; csrw
S o
f mG ;wJh rlawG/ vrf;!$ecf suf
awGy?J apmbOD;}u;D OuUjzpfwek ;f uqdk wdk autJe,
f t
l wGi;f rSm txl;pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ rf _ &Sw
d ,f?
trsK;d om;twGi;f rSmvnf; pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ rf &_ w
dS ,f? tjcm;vlrsK;d awGe@J vnf; pnf;vH;k nD!w
$ rf &_ dS
w,f? apmbOD;}uD;&JtawG;tac:awG/ apmbOD;}uD;&J rl0g'vrf;pOfawGukd tzd;k u erlem
,lw,f?
autJe,
f x
l rJ mS 'Dvt
kd awG;tac:eJ@ cH,cl su&f w
dS hJ aemufwa,mufu OuU}uD;
ref;bZefy?J 'Dacgi;f aqmifEpS af ,mufukd tzd;k u av;pm;w,f? todtrSwf yw,f? olw@kd u
awmfw,f? xufjrufw,f? enf;rSev
f rf;rSeef @J rl0g'vrf;pOfe@J vkyif ef;pOftwdik ;f udk vkyo
f mG ;
=uw,f? rodb;l qd&k if oGm;ar;/ odatmif &Si;f jyw,f? em;vnfatmif ajymjyw,f? 'Dacgi;f
aqmif}uD;ESpaf ,mufu ajzmifrh wfw,f?
txl;ojzifah wmh apmbOD;}uD; usq;kH +yD;aemufyikd ;f rSm odyrf =umbl;? rkq;kd aumfu
qm &efoel @J aygi;f oGm;w,f? OuU}u;D ref;bZef jyefwufvmw,f? aemufawmh 1974 ckEpS f
autJe,
f l ESpjf crf;uGw
J ,f? wzufrmS qd&k if Adv
k cf sKyfausmjf roef;(ac: )aumfx;l eJ@ Adv
k cf sKyf
jrarmif? olwkd u Adv
k cf sKyfjreJ@ rwnfb
h ;l ? Adv
k cf sKyfjru 'Dacgi;f aqmifawGukd uGejf rLepfv@kd pGyf
pGw
J ,f?
'Dacgi;f aqmifawGu b,fvu
kd eG jf rLepfjzpfrvJ? uGejf rLepfq&kd if ta&Sa jrmufyikd ;f
oGm;+yDayg?h olwkd u rsK;d cspu
f &ify?J trsK;d om;a&; pdw"f mwfy&J w
dS m? 'ge@J wd@k txJrmS !=d u/
E_id ;f =u/ vky=f u&wmayg?h apmbOD;}uD; csrw
S o
f mG ;wJh vrf;pOf&w
dS myJ? 1974 ckEpS rf mS ref;bZef
a&mufomG ;awmh nDvmcH xdik =f uw,f? ta&Sw
ikd ;f rSmyJ? nDvmcHq;kH jzwfcsuu
f kd Adv
k cf sKyfjr
armifqD yd@k vu
kd w
f ,f? tJ't
D csed u
f tzd;k u a&Swef;rSm? Adv
k cf sKyjf rarmifu tzd;k udk a=u;eef;eJ@
jyefvmOD;vd@k vSr;f rSmw,f? tajctaetm;vH;k udak wmh tzd;k u Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifqu
D wqifh
od&wmayg?h
Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifu tzd;k udk ajymw,f?
rif;wd@k awG wcgwcg ig tawmftoJ,m;w,fuG
bmjzpfv@kd v?J usaemf bmvkyv
f @kd v?J bmtrSm;&Sv
d @kd vJ
rif;uawmh rrSm;bl;? rif; vkyyf u
kH ikd yf akH wGu ig wcgwcg tawmftoJ,m;w,f?
ajym&r,fqkd pm;&rSmvnf; oJw&Sy&f yS ef @J / ypf&rSmvnf; qDw0if;0if;eJ@u?G rif;udk ig b,fvrkd S
rvkyw
f wfb;l ? ta&Sw
ikd ;f udak &mufawmh igv
h x
l rJ mS rif;wa,mufwnf;yJusew
f m? wa,muf
30
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
rS toH;k rusb;l ? awmf=um vufeufcsvu
kd /f awmf=um wdu
k yf rJG mS usomG ;vdu
k ef @J ? wdk rmS
tvkyaf wG trsm;}uD;vky&f OD;rSm? rif;qufvyk f vd@k olu tzd;k udk 'Dvakd jymwm?
1975 ckEpS rf mS tzd;k ta&Sw
idk ;f udk a&mufvmcJw
h ,f? rme,fyavmayg?h Adv
k cf sKyf
jrarmife@J ref;bZef olw@kd wynfah wGu H;k atmufuq
kd if;+y;D vmu=d uwmayg?h tzd;k u om,m
0wD ykvyd f ;kH udk oGm;wdu
k w
f ek ;f u &xm;wJh umuDa&mifabmif;bD}u;D udk 0wfv@kd ? 'gyJ &Sw
d mud;k ?
ref;bZefu xGuv
f m+yD;awmh Adv
k af usmaf omif;qd+k yD;awmh rsu&f nfawGuswm olrsm;awG
0dik ;f =unf=h uw,f?
tzd;k vnf; rsu&f nfuswmayg?h ud,
k q
hf &morm;/ ud,
k rhf b
d vdak ewmud;k ? 'Dacgi;f
aqmif}uD;ESpaf ,mufuakd wmh tzd;k txl;av;pm;w,f? todtrSwf yw,f? olw@kd &J pGef
v$wrf /_ ay;qyfre_ @J olwkd b0 jzwfoef;r_awGukd *k%v
f nf;,lw,f? 'Duae u&ifvil ,fawGukd
vnf; 'Dvrkd sK;d cspaf cgi;f aqmif}uD;awG&J pGef vw
$ af y;qyfr/_ tepfemcHra_ wGukd *k%,
f al pcsif
w,f?
31
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
zl;wmt,f(uG,v
f eG )f / Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif; ZeD; erfw
h ifwifEiS hf a'gufwmpifo,
D marmif
Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif; ZeD; erfw
h ifwifEiS hf ajr;rsm;
32
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk r. arG;aeyo
JG kd wufa&mufpOfu trSww
f &
ESpv
f m$ w&Guf Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;ESihf ZeD; erfw
h ifwif
33
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifr;kd (uG,v

f eG )f / zl;wmt,f(uG,v
f eG )f wdk EiS hf pmaypum;0dik ;f
touft&G,}f uD;&ifah omfvnf; pmtky/f pmapmifrsm;udk zwf_+rJ
34
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
zl;wmt,f/( Adv
k w
f ifO;D ) Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;ESihf OD;atmifapmOD; trSww
f &
ajr;jzpfol erf0h g0gpd;k ode;f / erfrh ;D rD;cdik w

f kd EiS hf trSww
f &
35
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tdy,
f m0ifyjkH yifrsm;eJ rsK;d csppf w
d f
tzd;k i,fi,fu tzk;d &J tbd;k / tbGm;awGu tdy,
f m0ifwikd ;f olw@kd acwfu t
a=umif;awGukd ajymajymjyw,f? olw@kd ajymwJt
h a=umif;awGukd tzd;k u odypf w
d 0f ifpm;wm?
tzd;k &J tbd;k u igw@kd use&f pfcw
hJ m yke;f aevd@k ? ryke;f &if aouke+f yD? 'ga=umifh rif;
wdk rsK;d qufukd awG@&wmayg?h [dw
k ek ;f u vlvw
G af wG rajymeJ@? Adu
k }f u;D onfawGuakd wmif Adu
k u
f kd
"m;eJ@ xd;k cGw
J m? uav;awGukd tjrifah y:ajrmufwif atmufuae "m;eJ@ axmufxm;+yD;
"m;wrf;/ vSw
H rf; upm;ovdrk sK;d vkyw
f m tbd;k u ajymjywm trsm;}uD;yJ?
tzd;k u tem;rSm&Sad ewJh tzGm;udk tzd;k ajymwmawG[w
k o
f vm; tzGm;vd@k
ar;awmh tzGm;u [kww
f maygh wJ?h tzd;k rcHr&yfEikd f awmfawmfjzpfw,f?
bma=umifh igw@kd u&ifawGukd 'Dvv
kd yk &f wmvJ? wd@k rmS bmtjypf&v
dS @kd vJ
'Dvkd tzd;k u pOf;pm;w,f? tJ'w
D ek ;f u tzd;k toufu i,fi,fyJ &Sad o;wmud;k ?
Edik if aH &;awGbmawG b,fem;vnft;kH rSmvJ? uav;wa,mufvykd J awG;wmayg?h
nbufawGqkd tbd;k awG/ tbGm;awG ajymjywmudk tzd;k rsuv
f ;kH xJrmS jrifa,mif
=unfw
h ,f? tzd;k awmfawmfe@J tdyrf aysmb
f ;l ? 'Dt&G,x
f u
J ud,
k v
hf rl sK;d awG cHpm;&wmawG
=um;&awmh tzd;k &ifxrJ mS rcHcsipf w
d jf zpfrw
d ,f?
rsu&f nfaygufaygufuswhJ ae
tbd;k tbGm;awG tdy,
f m0ifcsed rf mS ajymajymjywJh ta=umif;t&mawGu tzd;k pdwf
xJrmS awmfawmfpw
JG ,f? pdwv
f nf; pdw0f ifpm;w,f? pdwv
f nf; raumif;bl;? tzd;k &ifxrJ mS
vnf; wEHk EHk e@J ? tarqH;k awmh tzd;k u tbd;k tbGm;awGe@J ae&wmayg?h ausmif;aewmu
awmh ta':&Sw
d &hJ mG rSm aew,f? wcgwavvnf; tbd;k tbGm;awG&w
dS hJ &Gmudk jyefw,f? odyf
rS ra0;yJ?
tJ'n
D u tbd;k awG tbGm;awG ajymjywJh ta=umif;awGukd em;axmif+yD;awmh
tzd;k wnvH;k tdyv
f @kd r&bl;? t=um}uD;aerS tzd;k tdyaf ysmo
f mG ;wm?
36
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
reufr;kd vif;wmeJ@ rsuEf mS opf+yD; &Sw
d x
hJ rif;=urf;cJukd pm;+yD;/ tzd;k [db
k uf&mG udk
jyefomG ;w,f? tdraf &mufwmeJ@ vG,t
f w
d ,
f +l yD; ausmif;oGm;wmyJ?
tJ'w
D ek ;f u tzd;k yxrwef;ayg?h tzd;k tdraf &S@wpH uf+rdw0f ta&mufrmS ta':u
ausmif;oGm;awmhrvm;vd@k vSr;f ar;wmudk [kwu
f hJ vd@k wvH;k xJajym+yD; acgi;f }uD;iHk +yD;
pdu
k pf u
kd ef @J ausmif;udw
k ef;oGm;wmyJ? t&ifu ausmif;oGm;&if awmfawmfe@J ausmif;udrk
a&mufb;l ? oli,fcsi;f tdraf wG wtdr+f yD;wtdr0f if+yD;rS ausmif;udak &mufwm? wcgwav
vnf; ausmif;aemufuswmayg?h ausmif;vnf;a&mufa&m b,fajymaumif;rvJ? Armuav;
wa,mufukd jrifwmeJ@ eyrf;0ifv;kH +yD; xd;k awmhwmyJ?
tzd;k wd@k ausmif;rSmu Armuav;wtky/f u&ifuav;wtkyf tJ'h v
D &kd w
dS m? yxr
awmh tzd;k u atmufu? olu tzd;k &Jvnfyif;udk !px
f m;w,f? 'Daumifu tzk;d xuf
t&yftarmif;aumif;w,f? aemuf xd;k &if;xd;k &if;eJ@ tzd;k u ol@tay:a&mufomG ;w,f? tJ'h D
tcsed rf mS yJ ausmif;acgi;f avmif;xd;k oH=um;&w,f? wjcm;uav;awG ausmif;cef;xJ ajy;0if
uke=f u+yD;? tzd;k wd@k u r0ifao;bl;? qufx;kd ae=uw,f?
ig aoatmifowfr,f? eifw@kd ArmawGukd tzd;k u 'Dv}kd udr;f wm?
ausmif;cef;xJ0ifomG ;wJh ausmif;om;awGu
ausmaf omif;wd@k xd;k ae=u+yD? ausmaf omif;wd@k xd;k ae=u+yDvd@k q&mudk oGm;wdik f
wmayg?h q&ma&mufvm+y;D a[h ausmaf omif; acgi;f avmif;xd;k wmr=um;bl;vm;vd@k toH
cyfrmrmeJ@ ar;awmhrS tzd;k wd@k x;kd wm &yfomG ;w,f? q&mu vm vmqd+k y;D ausmif;cef;xJ
ac:oGm;w,f? tzk;d wd@k EpS af ,muf q&maemufu ukyu
f yk ef @J vdu
k o
f mG ;w,f? q&mu Arm
uav;udk t&ifar;w,f?
rif;wd@k bmjzpfwmvJ
Armuav;u rodb;l q&m? ol ausmif;0if;xJa&mufwmeJ@ usaemfukd pxd;k wmyJ
tzk;d udk q&mu [kwv
f m;vd@k ar;awmh tzd;k u rvdrb
f ;l ? [kww
f ,fq&mvdk jyefajz
w,f? q&mu rif; bmjzpfv@kd xd;k wmvJ
usaemf pdwef mvd@k
rif;bmjzpfv@kd pdwef mwmvJ
'gawmh usaemf rodb;l
rodv@kd &rvm;uG
'ge@J q&mu }udrv
f ;kH ,l+yD;awmh tzd;k ajcovH;k eJ@ aygiu
f kd w0D;0D;eJ@ csawmhwmyJ?
tJ't
D csed rf mS tzd;k rsu&f nfwaygurf S rusao;bl;? q&mu ar;vdu
k f u
kd v
f u
kd ef @J (15)rdepf
37
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
avmuf =umw,f? tzd;k u wcGe;f rS rajymbl;?
twef;xJrmS tzd;k ae&mu aSenf;enf;usw,f? taemufrmS &Sw
d hJ Armuav;udk
vSn=hf unf+h y;D awmhrS tzd;k rsu&f nfayguaf yguu
f svmw,f? tzd;k udk u
kd w
f hJ q&mu u&ify?J
paumu&if? q&m apmoDwJ?h q&mu tzd;k udk awmfawmfcspw
f ,f? tzd;k u Om%f
aumif;+y;D pmawmfwmud;k ? tJ'aD e@u tzd;k tdu
k cf &H wmudk tbGm;odomG ;wmayg?h tbGm;u
tzd;k udk awmfawmfcspw
f m?
tbGm;u rif; 'Davmufawmif pdw}f u;D &vm; zd;k cGm;&,fvd@k ajym+y;D tzd;k ajco
vH;k u '%f&mawGukd eEGi;f vdr;f ay;w,f? tJ'aD e@u tbGm;u tzd;k udk qH;k rw,f?
&efjzpfwm raumif;bl;? aemuf &efrjzpf&bl;wJ?h
tzd;k u usaemf &efrjzpfcsiyf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh usaemf ArmawGukd pdwef mw,fvd@k
ajymawmh tbGm;u rif;oGm;xd;k wJh Armuav;rSm bmtjypf&v
dS @kd v?J rif;oGm;xd;k awmh b,f
aumif;rvJvd@k tzd;k udk qH;k rw,f?
tcsed ef nf;enf;=umoGm;awmh tbGm;ajymwm rSew
f myJv@kd tzd;k pdwaf jyoGm;w,f?
tzd;k u Armuav;udk rke;f vd@k awmh r[kwyf gb;l ? tzd;k pdwx
f rJ mS rcHcsiw
f phJ w
d /f ud,
k t
hf rsK;d om;
awGux
kd &d if rcHcsiw
f phJ w
d u
f i,fi,fav;xJu &Sw
d m? rw&m;wmudk tzd;k u acgi;f iHk rcHwwf
bl;? 'Dpw
d af wGa=umifv
h nf; tzd;k awmfveS af &;xJ a&mufwmayg?h awmfveS af &;xJrmS rw&m;
wm&S&d ifvnf; tzd;k u acgi;f iHk rcHb;l ? tzd;k u jyefajymwmyJ?
r*Fvmokwf ausmuke;f ykwf

tzd;k u twef;ausmif;raecif bke;f }u;D ausmif;aew,f? tzd;k wdk uo
kd ifwhJ bke;f }u;D
u tnmom;? &Gmom;wcsK@d u ol@udk (yvefuidk ;f )vk@d ac:w,f? yvefuidk ;f qkw
d m tzd;k wdk
u&ifvq
dk &kd ifawmh ykvif;uGaJ yg?h tzd;k wd@k vnf; ol@ukd yvefuidk ;f vk@d yJ ac:w,f?
bmjzpfv@dk qakd wmh bke;f }u;D u tm;}u;D yJu
kd w
f muk;d ? ykvif;uGv
J ykd J &Swmayg?h tzd;k wdk
r*Fvokwu
f w
dk ufawmh r*Fvokwf ausmuke;f ykwq
f o
dk vdk a&a&vnfvnf tdu
k cf &H wm?
du
k w
f mrS }urd w
f w
k ef @J ukd u
kd w
f m? olu pmcsay;&if yDatmifzwf? ryD&if aqmf+y?D wd@k uvnf;
38
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
u&ifawGu;kd uG? ygVad wGudk yDatmif rzwfwwfb;l ? bke;f }uD;u ryDyaD tmif zwfcikd ;f w,f?
ryD&if cswmyJ?
r*Fvokww
f ufwt
hJ csed u
f awmfawmftdu
k cf &H w,f? tzd;k wdk tm;vH;k ausmif;om;
tm;vk;H (20)avmuf&rdS ,f? wk@d nDtuk0d rf;uGaJ wGvnf; ygw,f? tm;vk;H xJrmS tzk;d u ti,f
qk;H yJ? tzk;d i,fi,fu awmfawmfpw
d q
f wfw,f? bke;f }u;D du
k af wmh tbGm;udk jyefajymwmayg?h
tJ't
D csed rf mS tzk;d u tarrS r&Sad wmhwm?
rwwfEkdifawmhbl; tbGm;a&? 'DrSm=unfhprf;ygOD;? wifyg;awG ausmukef;awG
du
k x
f m;wm? r*Fvokwf ausmuke;f ykwq
f o
dk vkyd ?J usaemf raecsiaf wmhb;l
tbGm;u ausmif;rae&if pmb,fvw
kd wfrvJ
ausmif;aeawmhvnf; bke;f }uD;du
k w
f m t&rf;yJ? =um&if usaemf bke;f }uD;udk
du
k rf rd ,f
tzGm;u eif i&J}uD;r,f? eif tJ'v
D rkd vkyef @J vd@k qlwmayg?h
tzd;k pdwx
f rJ mS awmh 'Dbek ;f }u;D eJ@ ige@J awmh rjzpfb;l ? 'Dvo
kd m du
k af e&if w}urd }f urd f
awmh bkek ;f }uD; ige@J jy\emjzpfawmhrmS yJv@kd awG;wm? tdu
k cf &H wmursm;awmh tzd;k u
wk@d nt
D ukjd zpfwhJ zm;uGe;f wk@d / Avpde/f armifoef;/ vSarmif/ iaumif;wk@d ukd ajymw,f? olw@kd u
tzd;k xuf touf}u;D w,f? taumifawGvnf; xGm;w,f?
bke;f }u;D u wk@d udk 'Dvcdk sn;f yJ du
k af e&if b,feh @J vyk rf vJ ? igawmh rcHEidk af wmhb;l
at;uG? wk@d vnf; wk@d tarudak jymw,f? r&bl;uG? eifw@dk ausmif;rxGuef @J ?
ausmif;ae? ausmif;aerS pmwwfrmS vk@d ajymw,f? bke;f }uD;ukd wk@d u pdwq
f ;dk w,fajymawmh
[m pdwrf qk;d eJ@? pdwq
f ;dk &if i&J}uD;r,fvk@d ajymw,f?
at;uG? igu
h v
dk nf; tbGm;u 'Dvydk aJ jymw,f? 'gayr,fh igawmh rcHEidk af wmhb;l
rif;rcHEidk &f if rif; b,fvv
dk yk rf vJ
ig bke;f }uD;udk du
k cf siw
f ,f? rif;wkd bke;f }uD; ajcaxmufuq
dk +JG yD; vSaJ y;? ig csr,f?
ausmif;rSm armif;wkw&f w
dS ,f? armif;xkwhJ armif;wkwu
f t0wfe@J ywfxm;wm tJ'ge@J ig
xkr,f
tzd;k tukw
d a,mufu a[haumif rvkyef @J ? rif; 'Dvrdk vkyef @J
[muGm? rvkyef @J q&dk if ig b,fuakd jy;&rvJ rodb;l uG? ig ausmif;raecsiaf wmhb;l
wk@d vnf; raecsib
f ;l ? raevk@d vnf; rjzpfb;l
bmyJjzpfjzpf rif;wk@d igu
h dk qGx
J m;ay;? ig du
k rf ,f
39
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tzd;k b,fvykd aJ jymajym olw@kd u a=umufw,f? !v
d @kd r&bl;? ausmif;wufvkd r*Fvokwf
vnf;wufa&m bke;f }uD;u csawmhwmyJ? r&wJv
h l tukev
f ;Hk udk du
k w
f m? wbke;f bke;f eJ@?
yDatmifqv
kd @dk oifayr,f?h b,fyrD vJ? u&ifawGqakd wmh toHu 0Jwmayg?h
r*Fvokwq
f &dk if tzk;d rSwrf ad o;w,f? ,Hr*FvH 'Gg'o[d/ ,Hr*Fvq
H &dk if tzk;d wk@d u
,mr*FvH 'gq&kd if cs+yD?
bke;f }u;D u taotcsmawmh oifw,f? pdwrf &Snw
f m wcky?J c%c% du
k w
f ,f?
'Gg'o[dq&dk if tJ'guv
dk nf; ryDb;l ? ' ' eJ@jzpfaewm? tJ'gqdk cs+yD?
ausmif;rSm armifaX;atmifqw
kd hJ Armausmif;om;u tzk;d xuf Av}uD;w,f?
ol@uckd swm azmuf azmufeJ@ vdrahf ewmyJ?
tJ'rD eufu tzd;k uvnf; pdwu
f wkad ewm? bke;f }u;D ukd cscsiaf ewmuk;d ? aX;atmif
tvSn+hf yD;vdk tzd;k tvSnahf &mufa&m xH;k pHtwdik ;f ryDb;l ? ryDawmh cs+yDayg?h bke;f }uD;}udru
f kd
ajrmufvu
kd w
f meJ@ tzd;k u ausmif;ay:uae ajy;qif;awmhwmyJ?
tzd;k ausmif;ay:u qif;ajy;awmh bke;f }uD;u pdww
f w
kd mayg?h ausmif;ay:uae
}urd v
f ;kH }u;D qG+J y;D tzd;k aemufukd vdu
k v
f mw,f? ausmif;a&Sr mS u +cpH nf;d;k wkid af wG&w
dS ,f? tzd;k
vnf; +cHpnf;d;k wkid u
f dk qGx
J w
k +f yD;awmh owW&d &dS ifvmcJq
h +dk yD; bke;f }uD;udak c:awmh bke;f }uD;u
}udrv
f ;Hk qG+J yD; vmwmyJ?
vmav vm? eif acgi;f uGaJ tmif igu
kd rf ,f tzd;k u bke;f }uD;udk 'Dvakd jymwm?
tzd;k 'Dvakd jymawmh bke;f }u;D u tH=h oaew,f? tzd;k tem;udk ruyf&b
J ;l ? a=umif+y;D
awmh rwfwwf}uD;&yf+yD; =unfhaew,f? tpfukd0rf;uGJawGeJ@ ausmif;om;awGuvnf;
ausmif;ay:uae vSr;f =unfah e=uwmayg?h enf;enf;=umawmh bke;f }u;D u vSnjhf yefomG ;w,f?
bke;f }u;D jyefomG ;awmhrS tzd;k u +cpH nf;k;d wkid u
f dk ol@ae&mrSm jyefpu
dk x
f m;vdu
k w
f ,f? bke;f }u;D
uawmh ausmif;ay: jyefa&mufomG ;+yD? tzd;k uawmh b,fomG ;vd@k omG ;&rSe;f rodb;l ?
tdrv
f nf; jyefr&Jb;l ? tdrjf yef&ifawmh tku
d cf aH wmhrmS yJ?
rku
d &f ifvnf; tbGm;u bke;f }uD;qD vmjyeftyfO;D rSmyJ?
wa,mufxJ bke;f }uD;ausmif;a&Su opfyifatmufrmS xkid +f yD;awmh pdwn
f pfaewmayg?h
tpfuadk wGuvnf; ausmif;rv$waf o;bl;? olw@dk u ausmif;rSmyJ?
tJ't
D csed rf mS rif;wk@d aumifawG ig 'Davmufoifwm ryDb;l bke;f }uD;toHukd
tus,}f u;D yJ =um;&w,f? }urd v
f ;kH oHvnf; wbke;f bke;f yJ? bke;f }u;D pdww
f akd e+y?D tzd;k tpfudk
awG oli,fcsi;f awG tdu
k cf &H awmh pdwv
f nf;raumif;bl;?
'Dbek ;f }u;D igwufu
dk &f if b,fEh ,
S ahf ervJ? 'Dvv
kd nf; tzd;k u awG;vdu
k af o;w,f?
40
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
aemufawmh rvkyaf wmhygb;l avqd+k yD x+yD;xGuv
f mw,f?
wcgjyef+yD; &Gmv,fu opfyifatmufrmS xkid pf Of;pm;w,f? ig b,fomG ;rvJayg?h
[db
k uf&mG rSm tzd;k ta':taxG;wa,muf&w
dS ,f?
ol@qu
D o
kd mG ;zd@k tzd;k t}uH&oGm;w,f?
olaewmu iSuu
f s&mG eJ@ a&uGi;f uke;f &Gm=um;rSm aew,f?
tzd;k ta':qDomG ;wmayg?h [dv
k nf;a&mufa&m ta':u qD;ar;awmhwmyJ?
a[h wlav; eif b,fvjdk zpfwmvJ
rk[m;(ta': )&,f ig rwwfEidk af wmhb;l ? ausmif;aewm bke;f }uD;ku
d w
f mav?
rwwfEidk af wmhb;l ? usaemf ausmif;raecsiaf wmhb;l ? usaemf xGuaf jy;vmwm? 'DrmS =unfph rf;
ygO;D ? usaemhaf usmuke;f ukd tzd;k u ta':udk ajymvnf;ajym? tzk;d ausmuke;f u '%f&mawG
udv
k nf; jyayg?h
[m 'Dbek ;f }u;D u w,fq;dk ygvm;? w,fu
dk yf gvm; igw
h u
l dk ta':vnf; awmfawmf
pdwrf aumif;jzpfomG ;w,f? aemufawmh eEGi;f r_e@f ,+l yD; tzd;k '%f&mawGukd vdr;f ay;w,f?
emvnf;em/ pyfvnf;pyfawmh tzd;k u rsu&f nfawGusw,f? tzk;d rsu&f nfusawmh
eif bmjzpfv@dk rsu&f nf&wmvJ
usaemf tarhudk tm;}uD; owd&w,f? tar&S&d if ig 'Dvjdk zpfrmS r[kwb
f ;l vk@d
ajym+yD; 0rf;enf;+yD; tzd;k idw
k mayg?h
tzk;d idak wmh ta':u tzd;k udk acsmw
h ,f?
riked @J ? riked @J awmh ta':qDukd a&mufae+yDyJ
ta': eEGi;f r_ef vdr;f ay;aewJt
h csed rf mS yJ OD;av;vnf; a&mufvmw,f?
a[haumif rif;a&mufaeygvm;? rsu&f nfawGe@J bmjzpfv@dk vJ
ta':u eifw
h u
l kd bke;f }uD;ku
d v
f @dk r*Fvokwf ryDv@dk u
dk w
f mwJ?h ku
d cf &H wm
olwa,mufxJ r[kwb
f ;l ? [krd mS eifw
h al wGvnf; tku
d cf aH e&w,f
OD;av;u bke;f }u;D u bmbke;f }u;D vJumG ? 'Davmufawmifu
dk w
f m OD;av;vnf;
tzd;k udk =unf+h yD; pdwrf aumif;bl;?
rif; tdrrf jyefcsi&f if 'DrmS yJae? rif;tbGm;udk ta=umif;=um;ay;r,f OD;av;u
'Dvakd jymawmh tzd;k vnf; tbGm;tdru
f kd rjyefawmhb;l ?
tbGm;uawmh ausmif;v$wcf sed f tzd;k jyefrvmawmh pdwyf +l yD;&Smwmayg?h aemuf
awmhrS b,fub,fvkd owif;&oGm;vJrodb;l ? ta':tdru
f kd a&mufcsvmw,f? tzd;k udv
k nf;
jyefac:wmaygh?
41
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
[m rjyefb;l ? jyef&if bke;f }uD;ausmif;yJ jyefxm;rSm? tku
d cf &H OD;rSmyJ
tbGm;u ausmif;raevk@d &&dS if eif pmwwfrvm;
rwwf&if aeygap tbGm;u trsK;d rsK;d acsmah c:w,f? tzd;k u rvdu
k b
f ;l ?
'ge@J ta':u ol 'DrmS aeygapOD;? 'DrmS bke;f }uD;ausmif;vnf;&Sw
d ,f? pmoifausmif;vnf;&Sd
w,f? olaysmw
f ahJ usmif;wufygapvd@k ajymawmhrS tbGm;u jyefomG ;w,f?
ta':tdrrf mS tzd;k aewmayg?h ausmif;awmhrwufao;bl;? aemufawmh ta':u
ajymw,f?
igw
h l eif 'Dvadk e&if pmwwfrmS r[kwb
f ;l wJ?h
[m raecsib
f ;l ? tku
d cf &H rSm tzd;k u 'Dvakd jymawmh?
ta':u tckausmif;u bke;f }u;D ausmif;r[kwb
f ;l ? eift
h pfrawGaewJh c&pf,mef
ausmif;rSm xm;rSm? 'Dausmif;u q&m/ q&mrawGu odypf nf;urf;aumif;w,f? uav;awGukd
wcgrS rku
d b
f ;l
tzd;k u r,Hb
k ;l ? ta': tzd;k udk acsmah rmhajymaewmyJv@kd xifw,f? tzk;d uawmh
bl;yJ cHaewmyJ? OD;av;uvnf;ajymw,f?
rif; aeygumG ? rif;[krd mS rjyef&if 'DrmS ausmif;ae? 'Dausmif;u du
k v
f nf; rdu
k b
f ;l ?
uav;awGvnf; t+rJaysmaf ewmyJvd@k ajymw,f?
'gqkd usaemf =unfOh ;D r,fvd@k tzd;k uajym+y;D ta':wdk OD;av;wdk ajymwJah usmif;udk
ra,mifrvnfe@J oGm;oGm;acsmif;wmayg?h ausmif;eJ@trd u
f odyrf a0;bl;? ta':orD;awG
ausmif;oGm;&if tzk;d u ra,mifrvnfe@J vdu
k v
f u
kd o
f mG ;+y;D em;axmif=unfw
h ,f? ku
d rf sm;ku
d f
vm;vk@d ? ESp&f ufo;Hk &ufomG ; em;axmif=unfw
h ,f? qlov
H nf; r=um;bl;? ku
d o
f v
H nf;
r=um;bl;?
'DawmhrS tzd;k u 'Dausmif;uawmh aumif;r,fxifw,f? 'Dausmif;rSmae&ifawmh
tdu
k cf &H rSm r[kwb
f ;l vd@k awG;vdu
k w
f ,f? tdraf &mufawmh ta':u tzd;k udk qD;+y;D ar;w,f?
igw
h l b,fu jyefvmwmvJ?
pmoifausmif; oGm;=unfw
h m
du
k w
f mawG@vm;
du
k w
f m rawG@b;l ? uav;awGvnf; aysmaf ewmyJ
at;av? eifu
h kd igajymw,fr[kwv
f m;? 'Dausmif;u rdu
k yf gb;l vdk ? b,fvv
dk ?J
eifausmif;aer,f r[kwv
f m;
[kwu
f hJ
42
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tJ'ge@J ta':wdk &mG u c&pf,mefausmif;rSm aejzpfomG ;w,f? twef;ausmif;qkd
awmh pmtkyaf v;awGxw
k +f yD; tzd;k ukad y;wmayg?h oli,fwef;pmtky/f yxrwef;pmtky/f 'kwd
,wef;pmtkyaf wG tzk;d zwf=unfah wmh zwfwwfwmayg?h [krd mS u r*Fvokwaf wmif a&muf
aewmyJ? q&mawGu tzd;k udk pmawG zwfcikd ;f w,f? tzd;k uvnf; zwfjywmyJ? olw@kd
zwfcikd ;f wm tzk;d tukezf wfwwfw,f? 'ge@J q&mawGu tzd;k udk yxrwef;up+y;D wufcikd ;f
w,f?
yxrwef;aewm ESp0f ufavmufawmif rukeb
f ;l ? tzk;d ukd wcgwnf; 'kw,
d wef;ukd
wifay;w,f? tzd;k u pmawG tuke&f aewmud;k ? bke;f }uD;ausmif;rSmaewke;f u ocsmF vnf;
oifawmh tzd;k u ocsmF qd&k ifvnf; aumif;aumif;&w,f? ta':u tzd;k udk cs;D rGr;f w,f?
igw
h u
l pmawmfw,fwJ?h
tJ'ED pS rf mS pmar;yGpJ pfawmh tzd;k yxr&w,f? t&ifwek ;f u yxr&wJh rde;f uav;&Sd
w,f? ol@emrnfu erf@a&$&nfv@dk ac:w,f? tzd;k yxr&awmh erf@a&$&nfu tzd;k udk rauseyf
bl;?
tzd;k a&mufvmawmh ol yxr r&awmhb;l ? 'gukd oli,fcsi;f awGu jyefajymjywm
ayg?h erf@a&$&nfu eifu
h kd rauseyfb;l ? t&ifu twef;xJrmS olu t+rJ yxr &aewm eif
vmawmh ol r&awmh eifu
h kd olu rauseyfb;l oli,fcsi;f awGu 'Dvakd jymawmh tzk;d uvnf;
jyefajymwmaygh?
rauseyf&if igv
h dk olpmzwfayg?h iguvnf; ol@ukd *krpdu
k yf gb;l
erf@a&$&nfuvnf; pmawmfawmfusuw
f ,f? 'gayr,fh wwd,wef;rSmvnf; tzd;k yJ
yxr&w,f? tzd;k pwkww
ef;a&mufawmh ti,fwef;awGukd tzd;k u jrefrmpm oifay;&w,f?
ausmif;rSm q&m rvm&if q&mhu,
kd pf m; tzd;k u oifay;&wm?
q&mu tzd;k jrefrmpmoifwm aumif;w,fv@kd ajymw,f? q&muvnf; tzk;d udk
awmfawmfcspw
f ,f? av;wef;a&mufawmh ta':u tzd;k udk pmud;pm;wJ?h pmawmf&if
paumvm;&Spzf f &r,fwJ?h tzk;d u em;rvnfb;l ?
paumvm;&Spzf q
f w
dk m bmvJ ta':
ta':u qk&w,f? yku
d q
f &H w,fav? olw@dk u ausmif;yk@d ay;w,fav? igw
h l yxr
&atmifvyk af emf
[m aocsmw,fvd@k tzd;k uajym+y;D pmusuw
f mayg?h nqd&k if awmfawmfe@J rtdyf
bl;? erfa&$&nfuvnf; tzd;k eJ@tyid f pmusuw
f myJ? olw@kd trd u
f rD;cGuu
f vnf; awmfawmfe@J
rrSw
d b
f ;l ? olpmusu&f if tzd;k wd@k trd u
f ae vSr;f jrif&w,f? aemufawmh awma&mrd@yg acwf
43
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ysuaf wmh ausmif;awGyw
d v
f u
dk af &m? pmar;yGaJ jzcge;D rSm ausmif;awGyw
d v
f u
kd af wmh tzd;k awmf
awmf0rf;enf;oGm;w,f?
{&m0wDjrpfurf;rSm 'dik Af ifawG xd;k -u_yD

tzd;k wdk aewJh wke;f vSaJ csmif;&GmrSm acsmif;wacsmif;&Sw
d ,f? &Gmemrnfuvnf; tJ'D
acsmif;udk tpGJ y+yD;ac:wm? 'Dacsmif;u {&m0wDjrpfxJ pD;0ifw,f? wke;f vSaJ csmif;u {&m0wD
jrpfe@J odyrf a0;bl;? omvnf; awmfawmfom,mw,f?
tzd;k wdk acwfu ky&f iS rf if;om;awGu cspaf qGw@dk / wifaiG/ a&$bwk@d ayg?h a&$bu
ykord o
f m;vk@d ajymw,f? rif;orD;eHrnfawGu ar emrnfawG rsm;w,f? aropf/ ar&Si/f arcspf
wkd@acwfaygh?
tzk;d wk@d u vlysKad yguaf v;awGyJ &Sad o;w,f?
ky&f iS o
f mG ;=unf&h if usKrH ai;rd@rmS oGm;=unf&h w,f?
0g;c,freJ@ usKrH ai;rSm oGm;oGm;=unf=h uwmayg?h
usKrH ai;u rd@i,fw,f? 0g;c,fru rd@y}kd uD;+yD; ydv
k nf;pnfw,f?
wk@d usKrH ai;rSmyJ oGm;oGm;=unf+h yD; jyefvm&if Zmwfvu
dk rf if;om;awG emrnfac:ac:+yD;awmh
wke;f vSaJ csmif;xJrmS *|r;f awGx;dk / 'dik Af ifawGypfayg?h
vl}u;D awG vpf+y;D qd&k if tzd;k wd@k nDtudw
k odu
k f {&m0wDjrpfxu
J wkeu
f if;}u;D awG&J
uGww
f ikd x
f yd zf sm;txdwuf+yD; cspaf qGuG wifaiGuG a&$buG atmfatmf+yD; a&S* |r;f /
aemuf*|r;f / 'dik Af ifawG xd;k =uwm?
a&xJ um;ueJ? um;ueJ xd;k xd;k usomG ;wm? 0ke;f 0ke;f eJ@ aysmv
f nf; t&rf;aysmf
w,f? 'dik Af ifx;kd wm =umvmawmh tzd;k tudk 0rf;uGJ armifoef;uajymw,f?
a[h wk@d 'ikd Af ifx;dk vk@d 0+yD? vwmjyifrmS *|r;f xk;d r,f a&S* |r;f / aemuf*|r;f xk;d r,f
tm;vH;k uvnf; nDw,f? jrpfxu
J wufvm+y;D vwmjyifxrJ mS *|r;f xd;k =uwmayg?h
tzk;d u t&ifrxk;d bl;? olw@kd b,fvx
kd ;kd w,fqw
kd m =unfw
h ,f?
44
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
urf;pyfrmS vwmawGu enf;enf;yJ&w
dS mud;k ? vwmqkw
d mu acsmif;urf;em;rSm&Sw
d hJ E_;H awG
AGuaf wGayg?h 'DaumifawG a&S* |r;f xk;d awmh [efukd usaewmyJ? tzk;d u xkid yf =J unfah ewmyJ?
rxk;d awmhb;l ?
aemuf*|r;f xk;d awmh [kad umifawGu vnfvnfusomG ;w,f?
tzd;k tud0k rf;uGw
J a,mufq&kd if acgi;f }uD;vnf+yD; vwmjyifxJ xk;d usomG ;wm
tzd;k u olw@kd ukd =unf+h yD; &Dr&S yD ?J
olu bm&,fwmvJ? vmav? 'DrmS vmul+yD; qGx
J w
k Of ;D
olacgi;f }uD;xGuv
f mawmh ol toufawmfawmfeJ SLvd@k r&bl;?
ESmacgi;f xJ AGuaf wGvnf; renf;0dik ;f +yD; uavmfxw
k &f w,f?
tzd;k uawmh 'DaumifawGukd =unf=h unf+h yD; &DwmyJ?
oef;armifukd tzd;k u ajymw,f?
jzpfcsiOf ;D av? wifaiGw@dk / cspaf qGw@dk
olu rif;uvnf; igwa,mufxrJ S r[kww
f m
tzk;d wk@d tyk pf k av;ig;q,fa,mufavmuf&rdS ,f? nDtuk0d rf;uGaJ wG rsm;w,f?
'DaumifawG AGuaf wG/ E_;H awGe@J vl;aewmudk tzd;k xkid &f w
D m awmfawmf=umw,f?
tzd;k tudw
k a,mufu rif;u igu
h kd roem;bJ &DEikd w
f ,faemfwJ?h
aemufawmh olu tzd;k udk ajymw,f?
rif; 'Dta=umif; tdraf &muf&if tarhukd jyefrajymeJaemf? 'DrmS vnf; awmfawmfc&H
ae+yD? tdrjf yefa&muf&if wcgxyftku
d cf aH e&OD;r,f? tardu
k rf mS iga=umufw,f
tzd;k u rajymygb;l uGm rif;uvnf;
ajym&ifawmh rif;taoyJrw
S f wJh olu tzd;k ud}k udr;f w,f?
tzd;k u b,fjyefajymrvJ? ajym&if tzd;k vnf; tdu
k cf &H rSmayg?h
tudak cgif;udk du
k _f yD
tzd;k i,fi,fu awmfawmfq;kd w,f? olrsm;awGukd du
k w
f mvnf; c%c%yJ?
i,fi,fuwnf;u r[kww
f mvky&f if rcHcsib
f ;l ?
45
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
r[kww
f mvkyw
f v
hJ u
l kd tzd;k u ku
d w
f myJ?
nDtpfut
kd csi;f csi;f vnf; ku
d w
f myJ?
tzd;k wdk nDtpfu0kd rf;uGaJ wG avmufpmvH;k vdrw
hf rf;upm;=uwm?
tzd;k _;H awmh ol@ukd tzd;k ay;&w,f? tvSnw
fh ikd ;f 'DaumifyJ Edik w
f mrsm;w,f? tzd;k u
acsmif;xJ &G@H ap;awG E_u
d Ef u
d_ +f y;D vH;k &w,f? ud,
k u
f _;H awmh ol@ukd ay;&wmayg?h ol _;H wJt
h vSnhf
usawmh tzd;k udk ray;bl;? tzd;k u pdww
f w
kd mayg?h
tJ'ge@J tudak cgi;f udk tem;u aygujf crf;xif;eJ@ tzd;k ku
d x
f nfv
h u
kd w
f m? wcgwnf;
ol idak &m? ol@tazu tzd;k OD;av; t}u;D qH;k ayg?h OD;av;tdru
f qif;vm+y;D rif;wd@k nDtpfawG
b,fvjkd zpf=uwmvJ? bmvJar;+y;D ol@om;udk aq;awGbmawG xnfah y;w,f? tzd;k OD;av;
u tzk;d udk ar;w,f?
kd yk w
f mvJ? rif;tpfuu
kd kd
a[h ZmwdyKd vf rif; b,fvv
tzd;k udk tdrrf mS ZmwdyKd vfv@kd ac:=uwmud;k ? OD;av;u tzd;k udk odycf spw
f m?
avmufpmvH;k uJwm? usaemf _;H &if ol@ukd cgwikd ;f ay;&w,f? tckwcgawmh usaemf
Edik w
f ,f? ol usaemfu
h kd jyefay;&rSm olray;bl;? usaemfajymw,f ay;ygumG ? ig;H_ awmh eifu
h kd
ay;wmyJ? ray;bl;uGm? rif;bmjzpfcsiv
f nf;qdak wmh aygujf crf;eJ@ ku
d v
f u
kd w
f m
'Dawmh OD;av;u [m 'Daumif olrsm;_;H awmh ay;&w,f? ol;H_ awmh ray;bl;?
'Daumif 'Dvx
kd rd S rSwrf ,f
tzd;k u tJ'v
D q
kd ;kd wm? r[kw&f ifvnf; rcHwwfb;l ?
tukov
kd t
f vkyf tusK;d ray;
tzd;k wdk &mG em;w0du
k rf mS acsmif;awGtrsm;}u;D &Sw
d ,f? xD;orDqw
dk hJ acsmif;u a&enf;
enf;wdrw
f ,f? &GmuvlawG ig;&Sm&if tJ'aD csmif;rSm ig;oGm;&Sm=uwmrsm;w,f?
aqmif;awGe@J ig;awG oGm;oGm;+yD; aqmif;=uw,f?
tzd;k toufu q,fih g;ESpf q,fah jcmufEpS o
f m; t&G,af vmuf&+dS yD?
tudak wGu a[h wk@d ig;oGm;aqmif;r,f 'Dvkd toHay;vdu
k &f if tzd;k uvnf;
aqmif;wvk;H / oDww
H cke@J olw@kd aemufvu
kd w
f myJ?
46
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
[dak &mufv@kd a&xJqif;/ aqmif;awGe@J ig;aqmif;=u&if [kad umifawGuawmh rdjyef+yD; ig;&H/
ig;yaemf/ ig;z,fatmif;/ ig;ywf?
tzk;d uvnf; tm;usrcH aqmif;wmyJ? wcgrS r0ifb;l ? rrdb;l ?
aemufusawmh xda&ma[h? xdawmh tzk;d 0rf;omwmayg?h
aqmif;udk zdxm;+yD;awmh prf;=unfw
h ,f? xkwv
f u
dk af wmh ig;ajyr ao;ao;av;
vufEpS v
f ;Hk omomavmufyJ &Sw
d ,f?
olrsm;awGu 0dik ;f &,f=uw,f? tzd;k uawmh igvnf; ig;&wmyJ? oDwrH mS csw
d x
f m;
vdu
k w
f ,f? xyf+yD;aqmif;w,f? wae@v;Hk aqmif;wm tJ'w
D aumifyJ &w,f?
tdrjf yefa&mufawmh tbGm;uar;w,f
eif ig;&vm;?
waumify&J w,f tzGm;?
b,frmS vJ eifih g;?
[krd mS av tbGm;u =unf+h yD;awmh &Dw,f? w[d[d eJ@?
r[kwb
f ;l wk@d trd af &Su
jzwfomG ;wm oDwaH wG oDxm;vdu
k w
f m? ig; av;ig;ajcmuf
aumif t}uD;}uD;awG eif b,fvv
dk yk af qmif;vJ? eifu
h sawmh ao;ao;av;
rodb;l tbGm;? olrsm;aqmif;ovkd aqmif;wmyJ? &rSr&wm?
tbGm;u &Dw,f? tbGm; bmjzpfv@dk &v
D J
r[kwb
f ;l ? eifu ig;awG zm;awG&mS vk@d &wJh trsK;d tpm; r[kwb
f ;l wJh tbGm;u
ajymw,f?
bmjzpfv@dk vJ tbGm;
bmjzpf&rvJ? eifuu
dk ig;&Smzm;&Sm r&bl;? vlawGudk xk;d &ESu&f ku
d &f r,fqdk eif
awmfawmfjzpfw,fwJ?h
tbGm;udk bmrS jyefrajymawmhb;l ? tbGm;ajymwm [kww
f ,f?
aemufae@ olrsm;awG ig;&SOo
hf mG ;xk;d a&m? tzd;k vnf; ig;&SOphf ;l wacsmif;eJ@ vdu
k w
f mayg?h
tzd;k nD armifxeG ;f a&$vnf;ygw,f? ig;&SOx
hf ;dk wm olrsm;awGu [m xd+yD;uG? E_u
d v
f u
dk &f if
ig;&SOt
hf aumif t}uD;}uD;awG?
tzd;k nDvnf; awmfawmfxw
d ,f? taumif}u;D awGy?J tzd;k vnf; xd;k wmyJ? rdvu
kd &f if
ao;ao;av;? tm;pdu
k +f yD;xd;k w,f? tzd;k em;xJrmS u|u
d eJtoH=um;awmh tm;&
0rf;omeJ@ tzd;k xatmfw,f?
xd+yD; nDav;a&?
47
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tzd;k E_u
d =f unfah wmh vufromomavmufyJ &Sw
d ,f?
tcsed w
f efawmh vlawGu olw@kd &wJh ig;&SOahf wGukd oDwaH wGe@J oDwmayg?h
wreufv;Hk xk;d wm uk;d em&D q,fem&Davmuf &Srd mS ayg?h
jyefr,f jyefr,f xrif;qm+yD
jyefr,fqadk wmh olrsm;awGa&m tzd;k nDa&m ig;&SOahf wG wa,mufudk av;ig;q,f
aumifpD &=uw,f? tzk;d u taumifao;ao;av; ESpaf umifx?J
'ge@J tzd;k vnf; t}ux
H w
k w
f ,f? &Gmjyef&rSm &Gmzsm;uae [db
k ufxyd x
f jd yef&rSmud;k ?
a[h nDav; eifih g;&SOhf igu
h adk y;xrf;ygvm;
[m tpfuu
dk vnf; igih g;&SOhf igxrf;rSmaygh
r[kwyf gb;l uGm? ig &Suv
f @dk yg
'ge@J olu a&mh tpfudk qd+k y;D ig;&SOhf ESpaf umifzwfay;w,f? olrsm;awG jyefomG ;+y;D
tzd;k wdk u aemufrS vdu
k jf yefw,f? ta&Su
jyef&if twlwx
l ;kd wJah umifawGu ol@nq
D u
D
awmif;w,fajymrSmpk;d vk@d tzd;k u Om%f&w
dS ,f?
tzd;k u wk@d p&mawG/ uefZeG ;f &Gu/f ueazmh&u
G af wG cl;+y;D awmh jyefr,fv@kd tzd;k nDukd
ajymw,f? olu ,Hw
k mayg?h tdraf &mufawmh tbGm;u cgwidk ;f vkad r;w,f?
eif ig;&SOo
hf mG ;xk;d wm b,fEpS af umif&vJ?
vufravmuf waumify&J w,f? tJ'geJ &Suv
f @dk nDav;pDu zwf+yD; xrf;vmcJh
wm
awmfawmh eifig;vnf; oGm;raqmif;eJ@? ig;&SOv
hf nf; oGm;rxk;d eJ@? eifu tukov
dk f
tvkyq
f dk eifr&bl;? eif&wmu xk;d zk@d ? ku
d zf @dk y&J w,f 'Dpum;yJ tbGm;u ajymw,f?
v,fuawmh tzk;d vkyw
f wfw,f? x,fx;dk wm tzd;k OD;av;u oifxm;wmuk;d ?
jrifjrifor# tukeyf ;kd

tzd;k i,fi,fu rde;f raemufy;dk odyo
f efw,f? uk,
d t
fh rsK;d xJu r[kww
f v
hJ al wGqdk
tukeyf ;dk wmyJ? q,fah jcmuf/ q,fch eG t
f &G,q
f adk wmhvnf; aysmv
f nf; odyaf ysmw
f wfw,f?
tzd;k tudk armifoef;atmifu olwkd &mG rSm &Sif y&Sad wmh tzd;k udk vSr;f rSmw,f?
48
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
oGm;OD;rSyq
J +dk y;D tzd;k oGm;w,f? &Siaf vmif;awG trsm;}u;D yJ? tysKad wGqv
dk nf; trsm;
}uD;yJ? &Siaf vmif;wyg;qk&d if rde;f uav;u ESpaf ,mufo;Hk a,muf? &Siaf vmif;awGq&kd ifvnf;
ol@xufigvaS tmif yid q
f if=uwm? vufpyG /f em;uyf/ qGJ u;d awGa&m olw@dk qifwm? &Siaf vmif;
vSnahf wmh tk;d pnf/ 'd;k ywf? aAsmwk@d ygwmayg?h
tJ'yD rJG mS tzd;k u pdr&f nfaomufw,f?
pdr&f nfqw
dk mu aumuf!i ;f eJ@prd x
f m;wm t&ufawmh r[kwb
f ;l ?
tJ'gudk ESpcf u
G o
f ;Hk cGuf aomufvu
dk &f if &Dw&D w
D aD v;?
&Siaf vmif;vSnw
hf muvnf; w&GmeJ@w&Gm ta0;}u;D oGm;&w,f?
tzd;k tukd armifoef;atmifu tzd;k udk ajrm ufay;w,f? ign
h D tysKad wGtrsm;}u;D
rif; wa,mufavmuf pGaH tmify;kd uGm? tzd;k uvnf; pdr&f nfav;avmuf+y;D ajrm ufuaG jrm uf
uGe@J &Siaf vmif;twef;&Sn}f uD;xJu uGr;f awmif;ukid /f yef;awmif;ukid af wGukd p+yD;yd;k wmayg?h
wa,mufrsuEf mS ykyo
f mG ;wmeJ@ aemufwa,mufayg?h wcsK@d usawmh E_wcf rf;ukd zd
uku
d x
f m;w,f? tysKad wGu tzk;d wk@d &mG ua&m wjcm;&GmawGua&m ygw,f?
&nf;pm;pum;ajymwm [db
k ufxyd f 'Dbufxyd f wa,muf+yD;wa,mufajymwm?
wa,mufrS r=unfjzLbl;? b,f=unfjzLrvJ? tzd;k wd@k u pdr&f nfav;awG qGwq
f w
G f
+yD; oGm;wmqdak wmh tysKrd awG ESmacgi;f awG _H _@H omG ;=uwmayg?h
wacguef @J r&awmh aemufujyef+yD; xdyt
f xd jyefpw,f? wa,mufrS r&bl;?
rde;f uav;awGu a'gyw
G ,f? wcsK@d red ;f uav;awGu vuf0g;jyw,f?
tzd;k uvnf; vufo;D jyefjywmayg?h tzd;k u aysmv
f @kd pwm?
&Gma&mufawmh a&rk;d csK;d =uwmayg?h iSuu
f s&mG u acsmif;usO;f av;wcky&J w
dS ,f? tzd;k
wd@k a&csK;d qif;awmh rde;f uav;awGu a&csK;d +yD; =uufoeG af wG *si;f awGv;SD aew,f?
a&csK;d rvk@d qyfjymcGuaf v;ukid +f yD;awmh a&csK;d qdyq
f if;awmh
a[h ausmaf omif; c%vmcJOh ;D ?
ac:wmu trsK;d orD;acgi;f tzd;k xuf touftrsm;}uD; }uD;w,f?
olac:awmh tzd;k oGm;wmayg?h eif[m w,fq;dk ygvm;?
ig bmqk;d vk@d vJ ?
eif qd;k wm eif rodb;l vm;
ig bmrSrqk;d bJ? ig b,ford mS vJ?
&Siaf vmif;vSnw
hf ek ;f u eiftysKyd ;kd wm a&S@uaeaemuf/ aemufuae+yD; [d;k ta&S
a&muftxd acguw
f Hk acgujf yef yd;k w,fqkd
49
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tzd;k u tJ'h aD vmufy;dk wmawmif wa,mufrrS &bl;
olwkd wcgwnf; a'gy+G yD;awmh olw@dk v;DS xm;wJh *si;f awG =uufoeG af wGe@J tzd;k rsupf u
d kd 0dik ;f +yD;
okw=f uwm/ pyfwm rcHEikd b
f ;l ?
aemufwcg vkyOf ;D rvm; ar;awmh tzd;k u bmrSjyefrajzbl;? rajzav olw@kd u
okwaf vyJ?
[m ao+yD? rvkyaf wmhygb;l ? aemuf rvkyaf wmhygb;l tzd;k atmfwmayg?h
wcsK@d uvnf; ausmuke;f ukx
d w
k ,f? aemufwcg 'Dvv
dk yk Of ;D rvm; olw@kd u
ar;w,f? tJ'rD ed ;f uav;tzG@J u b,forl eS ;f awmh rodawmhb;l ?
tzd;k u [Jh aemufwcgqw
dk m b,fajymwwfrvJ?
ig rde;f r ryk;d &bl;qk&d if ig rde;f r&OD;rvm;
tzd;k u ajymawmh olw@kd u xkwmyJa[h?
tdraf &mufawmh ta':u eif bmjzpfvmwmvJ
rsuv
f ;Hk emw,f
bmjzpfv@dk emwmvJ
olrsm;awG *si;f awGe@J =uufoeG u
f idk w
f hJ vufawGe@J okwv
f w
$ v
f u
kd w
f m
eifu 'Dvdk xdwmawmif enf;ao;w,f?
tzd;k rsuv
f ;kH }u;D a&mifvmwm =uufOvk;H avmuf&rdS ,fxifw,f?
aemufawmh olw@dk ajymw,f? Ek@d &nfomG ;!pcf idk ;f w,f?
Ek@d &nf!pS +f y;D rsupf if;cwfay;w,f? Ek@d &nfu at;w,f? Ek@d &nfcyfay;+y;D awmh olw@kd u
tzd;k udk ar;w,f? b,fEh ,
S v
hf J oufomvm;
at; enf;enf;oufomvmw,f
eifw@dk igukd vm=unfw
h m aus;Zl;wifw,f[m
olw@kd u rvdyk gb;l ? igw@kd uvnf; pwm enf;enf;rsm;oGm;w,f
olw@kd pwmodawmh tzd;k u bmajymovJ rSwv
f ?J
at;[m ttkrd Ek@d &nfu 'Davmufat;&if tysKrd Ek@d &nfqdk ykad t;r,faemf
tJ'aD wmh olw@kd tzd;k udk 0kid ;f csawmhwmyJ? xkwahJ umifuxk? qdww
f ahJ umifuqdw?f aemuf
wcg ajymOD;rvm;? aemufwcg ajymOD;rvm;? wbke;f bke;f eJ@ xkwmyJ?
awmf=uygawmh? ig rajymawmhb;l ? rajymawmhygb;l
tzd;k u tJ'v
D kd aysmw
f wfw,f? tysKrd awGuvnf; tzd;k udk cifw,f?
50
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tzd;k trawGq&kd ifvnf; tzd;k udk awmfawmfcspw
f ,f? tarvdyk ?J olw@kd armifav;ukd t&dyf
w=unf=h unfeh @J ?
tJ'n
D aerSm tzd;k a&rk;d csK;d +yD; ykq;dk opf tuso
pfv+J yD; acgi;f +zD;/ tpfr oeyfcg;awG
vdr;f +yD; qif;oGm;wm? tzd;k tpfru armifav; eifu w,f[w
k w
f ,fygvm;
b,fomG ;rvd@k vJ
usaemf tysKrd oGm;yk;d rvk@d
b,frmS oGm;yk;d rSmvJ
&GmxJrmS b,fo@l udk yk;d &rvJ rodao;bl;
tzd;k oGm;wm? rm*&ufqw
dk hJ trsK;d orD;tdraf &Sa&mufawmh olu tzd;k udv
k rS ;f ar;w,f?
a[h ausmaf omif; tck eifred ;f r yk;d awmhrmS aygah v
'gayg?h 'gaygh
'Dvq
dk &dk if eifigu
h adk &m yk;d rvm;
[m yk;d r,f tzd;k rm*&ufw@kd tdrx
f 0J ifomG ;w,f? tdrrf mS tzd;k eJ@ ol ESpaf ,muf
xJ&w
dS ,f? ol@tartaz nDtpfuadk rmifErS awG wa,mufrS r&Sb
d ;l ?
olu tzd;k ukd pajymw,f? uJ eif b,fvv
dk yk yf ;dk rvJ
[m yk;d wmu vG,v
f ,
G af v;? ig eifu
h dk cspw
f ,f? uduw
f ,f
olu eif[
h mu w,fv,
G yf gvm;
orD;&nf;pm;pum;ajymwm tJ'v
D dk rajym&if b,fvadk jymrvJ? ig eifu
h cdk spw
f ,f
wu,f igajymwm tzk;d uvnf; ol@udk uduw
f muk;d ?
tJ'ge@J olu eif igu
h dk udu&f if eif t&ufjzwf/ =uufwu
dk f zJu
dk jf zwf/ avSyaGJ wG
EGm;yGaJ wGavmif;wm tukejf zwfw?hJ jzwf&ifawmh igeifu
h dk vufcrH ,f? igeifu
h dk udurf ,f?
eifrjzwf&if igeifu
h dk rudub
f ;l wJ?h
[m eifuvnf; tckrjzwf&if aemufawmh wjznf;jznf;jzwfrmS ayg?h t&ufu
igt+rJaomufwm r[kwb
f ;l vk@d tzd;k u ajymw,f?
olu oljzwfcikd ;f wmawG rjzwf&if vufrcHb;l wJ?h 'ge@J tzd;k vnf; ol@trd af y:u
qif;+yD; bke;f }uD;ausmif;bufukd oGm;wmayg?h vrf;rSmawGwhJ oli,fcsi;f awGu a[h ausmf
aomif; tdrfvmvnfavac:awmh tzdk;oGm;vnfwmaygh? pum;at;at;aq;aq;yJ
ajymw,f? ol@tar taz ol@armifawG&w
dS mud;k ? olw@kd vpfwmeJ@ ig eifu
h dk uduw
f ,f?
eif bmajymwmvJ? eifhtusifhukdu raumif;bl;? eift&ufaomuf zJkduf/
=uufwu
dk f eifu
h dk b,fou
l uu
d rf mS vJ
51
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
[m igwoufv;Hk vkyrf mS rS r[kww
f m
b,fvrkd S ajymvdk r&bl;? oli,fcsi;f vdyk J cifr,fw?hJ
r&awmh aemufwtdro
f mG ;wmayg?h trsK;d vGww
f t
hJ rd af wG ukeo
f avmufy?J tukev
f u
dk af jym
wm? cifvnf;cifwmuk;d ? tzk;d u awmfawmf tyk;d oefw,f? tzd;k u aysmw
f wfvkd 'Dvkd pwm
aemufwm? olrsm;om;orD;awGukd apmfum;armfum;vkyw
f mawmh tzd;k oabmrusb;l ?
rwifwifukd yd;k enf;

tzd;k eJ@ tzGm;eJ@ pawG@awm tzd;k toufu ESpq
f ,favmufawmh&+dS yD?
tzGm;toufu q,f&h pS Ef pS af vmuf&rdS ,fxifw,f?
tzd;k u ol@ukd uduw
f ,f? uduaf wmh ol@w0rf;uGt
J pfr rat;&Siu
f kd ar;cdik ;f w,f?
ar;cdik ;f awmh olu ajymw,f?
a[h ausmaf omif; olu igu
h kd ajymw,f? eifv
h ifeifyJ udu?f igu rudub
f ;l wJh
[ w,f=urf;ygvm;? 'gqkd b,fvv
kd yk &f rvJ? t}uHav;bmav; xkwyf gt;kH
tzd;k uvnf; rwifwifuakd wmh wu,fuu
d w
f mud;k ? tzd;k udk uu
d w
f v
hJ al wGvnf;
&Sw
d ,f? tzd;k u rudub
f ;l ? rwifwifuykd J uduw
f ,f?
olu tzd;k udk qd;k vdk ruduw
f m? tzd;k odwmayg?h
tzd;k u t&ufaomufw,f? vlawGuv
kd nf; ku
d w
f ,fqakd wmh ol rudub
f ;l ?
tzd;k u ol@ 0rf;uGt
J pfrudk t}uHawmif;wJt
h cgusawmh olu ajymw,f?
reufjzefus&if igwkd xif;ckwo
f mG ;r,f? eif pum;vdu
k af jymwJ?h
[m [kw+f yDayg?h reuf xrif;pm;aomuf+yD;awmh tzd;k tdru
f ae apmifw
h ,f? 'DnD
tr b,fawmh xif;ckwo
f mG ;rvJayg?h (9)em&Dausmaf usmaf vmufawmh olwkd nDtr tdru
f
xGuv
f mwmyJ? "m;wa,mufwacsmif;pDeJ ?
olwkd xif;ckww
f J ae&mu &GmeJ odyrf a0;bl;? &Gmpyfu udik ;f awmxJrmS ? olwkd
udik ;f awmxJu0kd if+yD; aysmufomG ;w,f? tzd;k uvnf; "m;wacsmif; cg;=um;xd;k +yD; rodrom
vdu
k o
f mG ;wmayg?h udik ;f awmpyfem;a&mufawmh tzd;k toHem;axmifw,f?
'kwf 'kwf eJ@ xif;ckwo
f =H um;w,f? toH=um;wJah emuf tzd;k vdu
k w
f mayg?h
udik ;f awmuxlawmh ajceif;vdu
k &f if u|wf u|wf eJ@ toHjrnfw,f?
52
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tzd;k u tzd;k ajcoHukd =um;rSmpd;k vdk
olwkd wcsucf w
k v
f kd 'kwf ueJq&kd if ajcwvSr;f csvu
kd ?f 'kwf ueJqkd ajcwvSr;f
csvu
kd f 'Dvekd if;oGm;wm? tJ'rD mS toHu ESpo
f x
H u
G af ew,f?
tJ't
D csed rf mS rat;&Siu
f oDcsi;f av;nnf;w,f? tzd;k odvu
kd +f yD? 'gq&kd ifawmh
[db
k ufu rwifwify?J at;&Sief J tzd;k u tcsw
d t
f qufvyk x
f m;wmud;k ? tzd;k vmr,fqw
kd m
at;&Siu
f odaew,f?
'ge@J tzd;k vnf; rwifwif&rdS ,fh wae&mudk wvSr;f csi;f vSr;f oGm;wmayg?h
tzd;k ol@em;a&mufomG ;wm ol rodb;l ?
aemufrS oload wmh eif bmvmvkyw
f mvJ
ig eifeJ pum;ajymp&m&Sv
d kd
eifeh J ig bmrS ajymp&mpum; r&Sb
d ;l ? eifjyef rjyef&if ig"m;eJ@ ckwx
f v
hJ u
kd rf ,f
[m 'Dvrkd vkyyf ge@J
tzd;k u ol@"m;rudk vk,v
l u
dk w
f ,f? +yD;awmh tzd;k u olukd uduw
f t
hJ a=umif;
ajymwmaygh?
igeihu
f kd uu
d w
f ,f wifwif
eifh uduaf yr,fh igrudub
f ;l ? eifjyefawmh
tzd;k u olvufuq
kd v
JG u
kd +f yD; eifuvnf; xdik yf gt;kH [m olu ke;f wmayg?h
'geJ tzd;k u ol@xbDpudk tomav; qGx
J m;vdu
k w
f ,f?
eif 'g bmvkyw
f mvJ
eif rxdik &f if eifx
h bDukd ig qGcJ |wv
f u
kd rf ,f 'DawmhrS olu rvkyef J ? rvkyef J vkd
ajym+yD; xdik cf svu
kd w
f ,f? tzd;k uvnf; ol@ukd tajzawmif;wmayg?h oluvnf; rudub
f ;l yJ
ajymw,f? oltr at;&Siu
f kd ol atmfac:w,f? at;&Siu
f vnf; oDcsi;f qd+k y;D xif;ckwaf ew,f?
ola'goawGxu
G +f yD; ol@tpfrudk olqw
J mayg?h
tzd;k uvnf; olukd cspw
f ,fajym? oluvnf; ruu
d b
f ;l yJ ajymaewmyJ? naeu
apmif;vm+yD;?
igjyefr,f rd;k csKyfawmhr,f
eif igu
h kd jyefrudu&f if ray;jyefb;l ? wcgwnf; eifu
h kd ac:xm;vdu
k rf ,f tzd;k u
'Dvakd jymawmh ol a=umufomG ;w,f? tJ't
D csed rf mS ol OD;av; t&ufr;l +y;D jyefvmwJt
h oH=um;
w,f?
igOh ;D av;od&if eif rvG,b
f ;l
53
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ol@O;D av;u t&uform;? awmfawmfvnf;qd;k w,f? &GmrSmqdk ol OD;av;udk vlawG
u a=umuf=uw,f? tzd;k uawmh ra=umufb;l ?
eifOh ;D av;avmufawmh igra=umufb;l ? igvnf; rdu
k w
f myJvd@k ajymawmh ol t}uH
tdu
k o
f mG ;w,f? naeydik ;f vnf; apmif;vm+y;D qdak wmh oltr at;&Siu
f vnf; jyef=updk q+kd y;D
toHay;w,f? tzd;k uvnf; ol xbDpudk rv$waf y;bl;?
'geJ olu at; igeifu
h kd uduw
f ,f? igx
h bDpudk v$waf wmhvdk ajymw,f?
tzd;k u eif igu
h kd wu,fuduw
f m r[kwyf gb;l
uu
d w
f ,f[m? uu
d w
f ,f
wu,fuu
d w
f ,fqkd eifused rf vm;
igu b,fvu
kd sed &f rSmvJ
ig wdik af y;r,f? eifvu
kd q
f akd ygh 'geJ ov
l nf; vdu
k q
f rkd ,fq+kd y;D tzd;k wdik af y;wmudk
vdu
k q
f w
kd mayg?h
tzd;k u igu
h kd rudub
f eJ @J wjcm;wa,mufa,mufe@J ,&l if uav;uef@vef@ arG;yg
apvd@k used cf ikd ;f wm? olvnf; vku
d q
f w
kd myJ?
tJ'g+yD;awmh tzd;k vnf; ol@yg;udk wcsuef rf;+yD; ol xbDpudk v$waf y;vdu
k w
f ,f?
w&GmvH;k udk vdu

k af jymr,f
rd;k vif;awmh at;&Sif tzd;k tdru
f kd a&mufcsvmwmyJ?
a[h ausmaf omif;? wifwifu eifu
h kd ajymcdik ;f vdu
k w
f ,f? eifu
h kd ol ruduaf wmh
bl;wJh
tzd;k u odw,f? at; at; olruu
d &f if aeygap? eif rwifwifukd jyefajymvdu
k ?f
ol igu
h kd rudu&f if ol@yg;udk igerf;wmudk w&GmvH;k igvu
dk af jymr,fvdk ?
at;&Siu
f vnf; jyefajymwmayg?h
'DawmhrS rwifwifu tJ'v
D adk wmh rajymygeJ [m? olukd ig uduyf gw,f? tJ'v
D kd
tzd;k wdk uu
d o
f mG ;=uwm?
uu
d o
f mG ;=uawmh rwifwiftrd f tzd;k oGm;oGm;vnfwmayg?h olw@kd trd u
f tzd;k udk
oabmawmhusw,f? tzd;k u r[kw&f ifom rcHwm? pdw&f if;uaumif;wmud;k ? ol@taz
54
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tar/ tzd;k tzGm;awGu tzd;k udk csp=f uw,f? rwifwifuawmh odyo
f abmrusb;l ayg?h tzk;d
u t&ufaomufw,f? olrsm;awGukd du
k w
f ,f? 'gukd olu oabmruswm?
rwifwiftrd f tzd;k oGm;vnf&if ol@trd u
f acG;u odyq
f ;kd wm? tzd;k vm&if xd;k
a[mifawmhwmyJ? tzd;k uvnf; rde;f raemufy;kd wmqdak wmh nbufawGrmS vnfwm rsm;wm
ayg?h 'gq&kd if acG;u a[mif+yD? aemufawmh tzk;d t}uHxw
k &f w,f? 'DacG;udk b,fvakd ygi;f &r
vJaygh?
aemufawmh xef;vsucf w
J @kd ? xrif;=urf;cJw@kd tzd;k ,l,o
l mG ;wmayg?h tzd;k udak wG@v@kd
xd;k a[mifwmeJ@ xef;vsucf aJ v; ypfau|;vdu
k /f xrif;cJ ypfau|;vdu
k f 'Dvv
kd yk af wmh aemuf
tzd;k vm&if acG;u b,fa[mifawmhrvJ? tzd;k udk jrifwmeJ t+rD;av;wES@H E@HS e@J ? rwifwifu
tzd;k udk ajymw,f?
eifu awmfawmfOm%frsm;w,fwJ?h
ulyg u,fyg
aemufawmh tzd;k u rwifwifukd ,lr,fayg?h rwifwifu ajymw,f?
igu
h dk ,l&if vl}uD;awGukd vmajymwJ?h
tzd;k u oli,fcsi;f wa,mufe@J wdik yf ifwmayg?h
ig rwifwifukd ,lcsiw
f ,fu?G tJ'g ol@trd u
f kd rif; oGm;ajymay;ygvm;
[muGm rif;uvnf;uGm rwifwifu,
kd rl mS rif;yJ? rif;ud,
k w
f ikd o
f mG ;ajymaygh
[m ig rajym&Jb;l uG? 'ga=umifh rif;udk oGm;ajymcdik ;f wm
rif;u awmif;awmh awmif;udu+f yD; 'gusawmh rajym&Jb;l vm;
rajym&Jvkd ajymckid ;f wmaygu
h mG ? awmif;uduw
f mu ole@J ige@J ESpaf ,mufx/J
tck[mu ol@rb
d awG/ trsK;d awGukd today;&rSm
oluvnf; odyrf oGm;&Jb;l ? tzd;k u olukd r&ru twif;cdik ;f wmyJ? tzd;k u olukd
t&ufEpS cf u
G af vmuf wdu
k v
f u
kd w
f ,f? ol enf;enf;&JomG ;w,f? wGe@f qw
k w
f eG @f qw
k ef @J ol
oGm;wmyJ? c%=umawmh 'Daumif jyefvmwmyJ? yH;yH; yH;yH;eJ@?
ol@rsuEf mS =unf+h yD; tzd;k u odvu
kd +f yD;?
55
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
b,fvv
kd J a[haumif tqifajyvm;
tqifajyw,f? igu
h kd ol@rb
d awGu b,fvakd jymvJ rif;odvm;
b,fvakd jymvJ a[haumif
ol@tzGm;udk oGm;ar;vd@k ajymw,f
tJ'ge@J rwifwiftzGm;udk oGm;ar;&jyefwmayg?h oli,fcsi;f udyk J tzd;k oGm;ar;cdik ;f
w,f? 'Daumifu
h kd tzd;k t&ufEpS cf u
G f xyfwu
kd v
f u
kd w
f ,f? ol oGm;ar;wmyJ?
[drk mS awmh olw@kd EpS af ,mufuawmh uu
d af e=u+y;D ? ol@ taztarudk oGm;ar;awmh
tzGm;udk oGm;ar;vd@k ajymw,f? tzGm;u b,fvo
kd abm&vJayg?h
rwifwif tzGm;uvnf; olw@kd vli,ftcsi;f csi;f yJ uu
d =f u&if,=l uygapvdk jyefajym
w,fw?hJ 'Dvekd J tqifajyoGm;w,f? ol@tarawG tpfrawGu bmrSrajymbl;? ol@tazu
tzd;k udk odycf spw
f m? 'Dvekd @J yJ tzd;k wd@k tdraf xmifuswm b,forl S rodb;l ?
&Gmu umvom;awGu r*FvmaqmifawG/ &Sif yawGqkd ydu
k q
f aH wG odyaf wmif;w,f?
t&ufawGbmawG awmif;aomuf=uw,f? tzd;k udak wmh b,fawmif;aomuf&rJ vJ? tzd;k u
qd;k wmud;k ? olw@kd tzd;k udk a=umufw,f?
-uufvnf;wdu
k f zJvnf;du
k f
tzk;d u =uufaumif;aumif; wdu
k w
f wfw,f? tzk;d rSm wku
d =f uuf 3-4aumif&w
dS ,f?
=uuf0idk ;f awGrmS awmh tzd;k u b,fawmhrS &efrjzpfb;l ?
=uuf0ikd ;f rSm oGm;+yD;&efjzpfae&if tvum; odumQ usw,f?
tzd;k u zJvnf; du
k w
f ,f? tzGm;u rodb;l ? ck;d ku
d w
f m?
ck;d ku
d af wmh rE aW v;vkcH snq
f w
kd m [kw
d ek ;f u av;usycf aJG wmifay;&w,f? zJ;H_ wm
uk;d ? ykq;dk ukd aygiw
f mawmif r[kwb
f ;l ? wcgwnf; a&mif;pm;cJw
h ,f?
aygi[
f ,f a&G;[,f? tvum; pm&if;_ww
f ,f?
zJ;H_ awmh 'DrmS uG igyh q
k ;dk av;usyyf J ay;uGm? ig;rl;av#mrh ,f
[kw
d ek ;f u yku
d q
f u
H wefz;dk &Sw
d muk;d ? zJ;H_ awmh ykq;dk c|wv
f u
dk w
f ,f? abmif;bDwedk @J yJ cswmyJ?
'gvnf; _;H wmyJ? _;H +yD? uke+f yDq&kd ifawmh tdrjf yefwmyJ?
56
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
abmif;bDwadk v;eJ@ jyefvm&wmayg?h
tdref m;a&mufawmh [kad csmif;'Dacsmif;eJ@ayg?h tdru
f vlawG awG@rmS pk;d vk@d ?
0wfvmwke;f u olw@dk awG@wmuk;d ? olw@dk tvpfrmS wufvm+yD; aemufxyf ykq;kd wxnf0wf
vku
d w
f ,f? ykq;dk topfuadk wmh tzd;k odr;f xm;w,fv@dk olw@dk xifrmS ayg?h
wu,fu r&Sad wmhb;l ? tzd;k u tJ'v
D v
kd yk w
f wfwm?
avSyJG
tzd;k wdk jrpf0u|e;f ay:bufrmS u 0gq/dk 0gacgif uxdecf if;awGrmS avSy&JG w
dS ,f?
wa,mufcsi;f avSavSmf yid =f uwm? uk,
d u
f ab;u=unfah yg?h Ekid rf ,fxifwv
hJ u
l dk avmif;ayg?h
uk,
d f uduw
f v
hJ l uk,
d af &G;+yD; avmif;=uwmyJ? {&m0wDjrpfxrJ mS uxdeyf JG r&Sv
d nf;
avSyu
JG awmh &Sw
d myJ? avSy&JG &dS if tzk;d oGm;wmyJ? Ekid w
f t
hJ cgvnf; Ekid w
f ,f? _;H wJt
h cgvnf;
_;H w,f? ydu
k q
f rH &S&d if oli,fcsi;f awGqu
D awmif;w,f?
olw@dk vnf; tzk;d ukd ,kw
H ,f? wa,mufudk wusy/f ig;rl;pD pkay;=uw,f?
tzd;k oGm;wmvrf;rSm ratmifareJ@ awG@w,f? w&Gmwnf;om;awGayg?h tzd;k eJ@
rwdr;f r,dr;f yJ? tzd;k u ol@uv
kd nf; cyfuu
d f uu
d ?f
a[h ausmaf omif; eif b,fomG ;rvk@d vJ ?
ig avSyJG oGm;avmif;rvk@d
igt
h wGuyf g xnfah vmif;ay;
igrmS yku
d q
f rH sm;rsm;rygb;l ? ESpu
f syyf J ygw,f? eif b,favmufavmif;zd;k avmif;
csiv
f kd vJ
ig;rl;avmif;zd;k
at; 'gqv
kd nf; pdu
k af vmif;ay;r,f
Ekid Ef idk f _;H _;H eifigu
h dk rvdref @J aemf
[m ig rvdryf gb;l
tJ't
D cgu tzd;k Edik w
f ,f? Ekid af wmh tdrjf yefvmwmayg?h tzd;k ol@udk rawG@ao;bl;?
ol@trd u
f v
kd nf; roGm;bl;? ol@ukd awG@&ifawmh ay;r,fayg?h
tzd;k wdk &mG rSm umvorD; umvom;awGu nae naeqdk vrf;av#muf=uwmuk;d ?
57
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
nbufrmS ol@uadk wG@awmh
ratmifar a&mh igEidk v
f mw,f? eifu ig;rl; igu wpfusycf JG
tzd;k uay;awmh ol 0rf;awGomvk@d ? aemufav;ig;ajcmuf&uf=umawmh b,fvv
dk J rajym
wwfb;l ?
olu tzd;k ukd ajymw,f? vrf;rSm awGwm? nae av;em&DcaJG usmf ig;em&Davmuf&+dS yD?
olu tzd;k udk ausmaf omif; eif igu
h dk tdrv
f u
dk yf @dk yg[,f
&GmrSmu arSmifvm&if o&Jajcmufw,f/ bmnm ajym=uwmud;k ?
ol a=umufw,fe@J ww
l ,f? tzd;k u vdu
k yf kdwmayg?h vrf;rSm olu b,fvpdk w
d u
f ;l &vJ
rajymwwfb;l ?
ausmaf omif; eif rwifwife@J igu
h kd b,fo@l udk ykcd spv
f J vd@k ar;w,f?
tzd;k u eifu
h dk cspw
f mayg?h [m ig eifu
h dk r,kb
H ;l ?
r,k&H ifvnf;aeayg?h eifar;vd@k igu ajz&wm
tJ'w
D ek ;f u tzk;d eJ@tzGm;u orD;&nf;pm;b0yJ &Sad o;w,f?
aemufwa,muf &Sad o;w,f? ydeyf ed yf g;yg; t&yf&n
S &f n
S f ukvm;rvk@d ac:w,f? olu acsmvnf;
acsmwmyJ? olukd tzd;k u vrf;rSmawG@&if &nf;pm;pum; ajymwmayg?h
ukvm;r eifu
h kd igcspw
f ,f
ig r,kb
H ;l ?
eifcsp&f if igt
h aztarukd oGm;ajym? taztar oabmwl&if ig ,lr,f
tzd;k u 'Dvykd J vdu
k f uduw
f myJ? tzd;k udk uduw
f v
hJ v
l nf; rsm;w,f?
*Guswmu t&ufw@dk zJw@dk avmif;upm;vkyv
f @dk olw@dk ruu
d =f ubl;? rwifwifu
awmh tJ'w
D ek ;f u &dyaf wmh&yd rf w
d ,f? 'gayr,fh olu tzd;k ukd bmrSrajymbl;? olu a&cJw;Hk yJ?
t&ufaomufawmh tzk;d u olrsm;awGvdk r[kwb
f ;l ?
pum;rsm;wm &efjzpfwm tzk;d rudub
f ;l ? t&ufaomuf+yD;&if tzd;k tdyw
f myJ?
tzd;k u pdwrf xde;f Ekid b
f ;l av?
awmf=um xku
d rf &d if uG+J yu
J ek rf ,f? tzk;d aomufwm at;at;aq;aq;yJ aomuf
w,f? t&ufaomufwt
hJ csed rf mS tzd;k udk awmfw
Hk efaHk jymvk@d tzd;k rembl;? olrsm;ajymwm
tzd;k onf;cHw,f? t&ufaomuf+yD; &efjzpfwm tzk;d wcgrS r&Sb
d ;l ?
58
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ESrxd&if 'kwrf rd ,f
xdeu
f v
k m;uke;f tzd;k Zmwdcsuf ryfayg?h tJ'&D mG rSm tzd;k trsK;d awG &Sw
d ,f? tzd;k
nDr r=unfqw
kd m&Sw
d ,f? tzd;k nDr0rf;uGaJ yg?h tJ'&D mG u q&mudx
k eG ;f jrwfu touf}u;D ae+y?D
(40)avmuf&+dS yD? tzd;k nDru (17)ESpaf vmufyJ &SOd ;D r,f?
q&mxGe;f jrwfu r=unfukd uduv
f kd w?hJ 'gukd tzd;k uodawmh 0rf;uGt
J udak wGukd
ajymw,f?
a[haumif armifv?S q&mOD;xGe;f jrwf wd@k nrD udk yd;k ae+yDwhJ
[if; ol@touf 'Davmuf}uD;wm? wd@k ErS udk yd;k aeao;w,f
tzd;k wd@k nDtudak wGuvnf; 'Dvakd jym=uw,f?
tzd;k uawmh bmrS rajymbl;? naeavmufusawmh r=unfwkd trd f tzd;k oGm;wmyJ?
odyrf a0;bl;? (5)rdepfavmufyJ vrf;av#muf&w,f?
r=unftaru eift
h udk vmw,fa[hvd@k r=unfukd vSr;f ajymw,f?
tzd;k vnf; tdraf y:wufomG ;+yD; r=unfukd ar;w,f?
eif igu
h kd rSerf eS af jym? igu
h kd armifvw
S @kd / vSausmw
f @kd ajymw,f? q&mOD;xGe;f jrwf
eifu
h kd pmay;w,fqkd [kwv
f m;
oluvnf; [kww
f ,fwJ?h
eif uu
d o
f vm;vd@k ar;awmh
b,fuu
d rf vJwJ?h olu tJ'v
D akd jym+y;D rsu&f nfawG usw,f? tzd;k vnf; pdwrf
aumif;bl;?
wdwf wdwf rsu&f nfawGow
k v
f u
kd ?f eif ruu
d b
f ;l qdw
k m aocsmw,faemf tzd;k u
aocsmatmif jyefar;wm?
tudu
k vnf; ruu
d b
f ;l
rudu&f if+yD;a&m igjyefr,f 'Dvakd jym+yD; tzd;k jyefvmw,f?
tzd;k pdwx
f rJ mS awmh 'Dq&mudk igcsr,f? 'Dvkd }udr;f wm?
tzd;k wdk aewJh tdru
f armifazwifqw
kd m ol@Zm0Dww
k f &Sw
d ,f? ig;rl;vH;k avmuf
&Sw
d ,f? qdik ;f awG bmawG wD;wJw
h w
k af yg?h tJ'w
D w
k u
f tzsm;rSm }udrv
f ;kH udk oHe@J avmif;
59
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
xm;wm? t&Snw
f awmifx
h mG avmuf &Srd ,f? 'Dww
k u
f kd olu tdraf cgirf ;kd xkyw
f ef;rSm wif
xm;wm? tzd;k u qGcJ swmayg?h
a[h nDav; 'g bmvkyOf ;D rvdk vJ
ig c%yJ udik rf mS ygu?G rif;[m ig jyef,v
l mr,f
rif; bmvkyrf vdk v?J rif;awmfawmf *GuswahJ umify?J b,frmS oGm;+yD; jy\em
&SmOD;rvJ
b,frmS rS r&Smygb;l tpfu&kd 'Dvakd jymawmh olu tzd;k vufukd zrf;qGx
J m;w,f?
rif; b,f,o
l mG ;rvd@k vJ
wd@k nrD udk q&mOD;xGejf rwfu pmay;vdk ? r=unfukd ig oGm;ar;awmh oliw
kd ,f?
ol rudub
f ;l vd@k ajymw,f? 'Dq&mudk 'Dn igu
dk rf vd@k
'Dawmh tudu
k at; oGm;oGm; rif;aoatmifawmh rvkyef @J vdk ajymw,f?
tzd;k oGm;awmh enf;enf;arSmifae+yD? vrf;rSm vlawGeJ tawGrcHb;l ?
OD;xGe;f jrwftrd af &Sa&mufawmh tzk;d u tarSmifxu
J ae =unfah ew,f?
(11)em&D xk;d cge;D +yD? tJ't
D csed rf mS 'Dq&mu tvSLu jyefvmwm?
tzdk;u tomav; aemufa,mifcH+yD;awmhvdkufwm? olavScg;ay:wufawmh
tomav; ol@aemufuae+yD; vdu
k w
f ,f?
aemufawmh acgi;f udk 'kwu
f eJ du
k cf svu
kd w
f m? tzd;k em;xJrmS cGyu
f eJ toH=um;
vdu
k &f w,f? aoG;awGusvm; bmvm; rajymwwfb;l ? ol tzd;k udk vufvrS ;f qGaJ o;w,f?
tzd;k u avSum;uae aemufjyefveS cf svu
kd af wmh tdraf tmufukd jyefusomG ;wm
ayg?h tzd;k jyefvmawmh tudu
k tdyaf e+yD?
tzd;k tcef;xJ0ifawmh rif; jyefvm+yDvm;
jyefvm+y;D
rif; ku
d +f y;D +yv
D m;? rif; b,fvv
kd yk v
f u
kd v
f J wJ?h
tzd;k u ajymjywmayg?h 'Dawmh olu pdwyf w
l ,f?
rif;vkyw
f m aorsm;aooGm;+yv
D m;uGm
rodb;l ? em;xJrmS awmh cGyu
f eJ toHwcsuaf wmh =um;wmyJ
reufvif;awmh q&mxGe;f jrwfukd tdraf y:rSm wufu
kd v
f kd q+kd y;D owif;xGuw
f myJ?
aoawmh b,faorvJ?
60
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ausmif;q&m armifwifhudk csjyef_yD

ausmif;q&mwa,muf&adS o;w,f? u&ife@J Armujym; q&marmifwif?h ol@tar
u u&if/ ol@tazu Armayg?h u|e;f ausmif;GmrSm tzd;k wd@k u bmapmifah evnf;qdak wmh
&efoal wG jyefxu
G v
f mrSmudk apmifah ewm? tJ'w
D ek ;f u touf (22)ESpaf yg?h awmfveS af &;xJ
a&mufae+yD?
[dk ausmif;q&m OD;xGe;f jrwfukd u
kd w
f ek ;f u awmfveS af &;xJ ra&mufao;bl;?
tzd;k wd@k u vSn;f vrf;a=umif;rSm ae&m,lxm;w,f? tzd;k u vSn;f vrf;a=umif;
tv,facgifwnfhwnfh ae&m,lxm;w,f? 'DaumifawGvm&if csr,fvdk@? tzdk;eJ@twl
tud0k rf;uGJ tpfu}kd uD;!$e@f armifvnf; ygw,f?
tzd;k qDukd olu azmufazmufazmufeJ ajy;csvmwm?
tem;a&mufawmh bmjzpfwmvJ ar;awmh q&marmifwifw
h a,mufawmh ql;
acsmif;rSm qJqw
kd muGm r=um;&Jb;l
yxrawmh tzd;k u pdwx
f ed ;f ao;w,f? 'Dausmif;q&muvnf; cyfq;kd qd;k yJ? aemuf
awmh 'Davmufq;kd wJh q&m csypfvu
kd f vd@k ajymawmh ud!
k e$ @f armifu aoewfq+JG y;D jyefqif;
oGm;w,f?
tJ't
D csed rf mS &efoal wG a&ul;+y;D awmh jzwfvmw,f? tJ'rD mS tzk;d wd@k wdu
k yf jJG zpf=u
wmayg?h tzd;k wd@k aoewfawG &vdu
k w
f ,f?
aemufawmh ud!
k e$ @f armif aoewfEpS v
f ufeJ jyefa&mufvmw,f? ol ,lomG ;wm
wvuf? aemufwvufyg ol jyefxrf;vmw,f?
rif; q&m rif;ajymovdyk J ig csvu
kd +f yD? {&m0wDjrpfxJ arsmvdu
k +f yDwJ?h
tzd;k wdk u tJ'v
D v
kd yk w
f m? rw&m;wm r[kww
f mvky&f if enf;enf;av;rS rcHcsib
f ;l ?
tJ'aD cwfwek ;f u tzrf;tqD;r&Sb
d ;l ? owfae/ du
k af ewmawG jzpfae=uwmyJ? acwfysuaf e
wmud;k ?
xdeu
f v
k m;uke;f u yef;waemfrd@e,fxrJ mS ? tJ'u
D du
k +f yD;&if 0g;c,frrd@e,fxu
J kd
ul;oGm;wmyJ? tJ'w
D ek ;f u wrl;vm;/ wyJvm; 'gyJ ay;&w,f? 0g;c,frrd@e,frmS ku
d +f yD;&if
yef;waemfr@d e,fukd jyefwufvmwmyJ? pkecf s/D qefcseD @J wcgwav uke;f a=umif;yJ av#mufwmyJ?
uke;f a=umif;av#muf&if odyrf eD;bl;? vrf;rSm wntdy&f w,f?
61
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
u&ifrsK;d a[h 'dq

k &m
acwfysuaf wmh tzk;d aumif;aumif; rrSwrf ad wmhb;l ? tzGm;eJ@ jyefaew,f?
tzd;k u tzd;k q&mukd ajymw,f? q&m usaemf bmvky&f rvJ
"m;&Sno
f m ukid u
f mG wJ?h
"m;&Snu
f idk w
f ,fqw
dk mu jrufcw
k cf idk ;f wm? v,fvyk cf idk ;f wm?
bke;f }u;D ausmif;uae c&pf,mefausmif;ukd ajymif;awmh av;wef;rSm tzk;d toufu q,fo
h ;Hk
ESp/f q,fah v;ESpx
f rJ mS ayg?h v,ftvkyaf wmh tzd;k u rvkycf sib
f ;l ? ausmif;yJaecsiaf o;wm?
'gayr,fh acwfuysu+f yD? ocifawGuvnf; wufvm+yD?
ocifawG wufvmwJh tcsed u
f vnf; &GmawGrmS uaomif;ueif;eJ@ jzpfaewJt
h csed ?f
vkwmawG/ ,ufwmawG/ "m;jywdu
k w
f mawGuvnf; &Gmwdik ;f vdv
k rkd mS jzpfw,f?
tzd;k wd@k tarbufu trsK;d awGu csr;f omwmuk;d ? olw@dk u aoewfEpS v
f uf 0,f
xm;w,f? tzd;k u q,fah v;ESp/f q,fih g;ESpo
f m;qkad wmh enf;enf; Avawmifw
h ,f?
tzd;k tudak wGu ajymw,f?
'Daumifudk aoewfay;ukid &f if aumif;rvm;
ray;eJ@? 'Daumif aoewfrEkid af o;bl;
tzd;k u "m;yJuidk &f w,f? 'gayr,fh tzd;k u aoewfudk ukid cf siw
f ,f? tukad wGu nnqd&k if
aoewfawG xkwu
f ikd w
f ,f? &Gmukd "m;jyawGvm&if uk,
d u
hf ,
dk u
f dk umuG,zf @dk uidk w
f m?
nbuf olw@kd tdy&f if a[haumifawG rif;wk@d tyd ?f igu
h adk oewfay;xm;
olw@kd u ay;xm;w,f? tdycf siw
f muk;d ? uk,
d u
f vnf; ody0f goem&Sw
d ,f?
'gayr,fh olw@kd u rif; ayguu
f &awG rvkyef @J aemf? "m;jyvmrS ypf
at;yg 'Dvakd jym+yD; tzd;k u olw@kd tpm; apmif&h w,f?
'Dtcsed rf v
S nf; aoewfu udik &f wmud;k ?
ocifawGu &GmawGuv
kd m+yD; pnf;H;k a&;awG qif;=uw,f?
tzd;k wd@k &mG awGuv
kd nf; a&mufwmayg?h
tzd;k OD;av; OD;i,fuajymw,f? reufjzef ocifawGvmr,f?
olw@dk u ocifrsK;d a[h/ wk@d Armqd&k if
rif;wk@d uvnf; aemufuae wk@d Armvdk vdu
k af tmf&r,f?
62
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
olwkd u u&ifrsK;d a[h wk@d p&mqk&d if
rif;wk@d vnf; wk@d p&mvd@k vdu
k af tmfw?hJ
&Gmvl}uD;u ajymcdik ;f awmh OD;i,fu &Gmutdraf wGukd 'Dvv
kd u
kd af jym&wmayg?h
tzk;d u OD;av;udk ar;w,f?
u&ifyu
J mG ? u&ifqadk wmh apmwdk ? ref;wdk ayg?h bmjzpfv@dk wdk p&mvkd atmf&rSmvJ
a[h rif;pum;rrsm;eJ@ wk@d p&mqkw
d mu wk@d w@dk pm;wJh wk@d p&mukd ajymwm? uefZeG ;f
&Guw
f @dk / v,fywl&u
G w
f @dk uadk jymwm? rif; pum;rrsm;eJ@wJ?h
tzd;k vnf; rajymawmhb;l ? pdwx
f rJ mS axmif;ueJ a'goawmh xGuw
f ,f? reufus
awmh vma&ma[h ociftvHawGe@J 0g/ pdr;f / eD ok;H a&mifjc,f tvHawG axmif+yD;awmh?
tudak wGu tzd;k udk ac:w,f? ocifawGvmw,f oGm;&atmifwJ?h
rif;wdk yJ oGm; ig rvdu
k b
f ;l ? 'DaumifawGukd igwckck vkyrf v
d rd rhf ,f
tzk;d u rvdu
k b
f ;l ? &Gmtzsm;rSm oGm;aew,f?
tJ'h w
D ek ;f u tzd;k aewmu wke;f vSaJ csmif;&Gm? tdraf jc (60)avmuf&rdS ,f? tzd;k udk
tudak wGu ajymw,f?
rif;u awmfawmf pdwq
f wfwahJ umifwJ?h tzd;k &Gmzsm;rSm oGm;aeayr,fh olw@kd
atmfwm tzd;k =um;&w,f?
ocifrsK;d a[h wk@d Arm
u&ifrsK;d a[h wk@d p&m
olw@dk a&Suaewdik af y;/ vlxak wGu aemufuae vdu
k +f yD;atmf=uwmayg?h
tzd;k =um;awmh tzd;k awmfawmfa'goxGuw
f ,f?
'gukd tzd;k wdk u autJe,
f v
l nf; ay:vma&m? awmfveS af &;vnf; pvma&m? tzd;k
wd@k u b,fvjkd yefvyk o
f vJqakd wmh
ocifrsK;d a[h 'dk Arm/ u&ifrsK;d a[h 'dk q&m
'd@k Arm tukeaf ysmuf 'dk q&m r_v
d adk yguf qk+d yD;awmh tzd;k wdk jyefvyk w
f ,f?
tzd;k wd@k jrpf0u|e;f ay:rSm pum;u tJ'v
D jdk yefjzpfwm?
63
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
a[majymyGrJ sm;eJ pwifjcif;

1947 tapmydik ;f umvawGrmS autJe,
f u
l tzd;k wd@k &GmawGbufukd pnf;H;k a&;qif;
w,f? ref;vS'if/ rtlyif atbDtrf ausmif;tkyq
f &m}uD; ref;om'ifw@kd OD;aqmifwt
hJ zG@J awG
ayg?h olw@kd w&m;awG vma[majymawmh tzk;d oGm;em;axmif=unfw
h m tzd;k em;eJ@ tm;}uD;
wnfw
h mbJ?
olw@kd a[mwmajymwmuvnf; u&ifta=umif;awGu;kd ?
ya'o&mZfacwfu u&ifawG b,fvkd tzdEydS cf &H w,f? zufqpf*syefacwfrmS b,fvkd
zdEydS cf &H w,f?
tJ't
D a=umif;awGajym+yD; ud,
k t
hf rsK;d om;awG vGwaf jrmufz@kd / vGwv
f yfz@kd twGuf
ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf w
dS hJ u&ifjynfukd vdck siw
f ,f?
wd@k u&ifawGrmS tJ'v
D kd ud,
k b
hf 0ud,
k jf yXmef;Edik w
f hJ tcGit
hf a&;r&S&d if u|eyf jJ zpfrmS
wJ?h tJ'v
D kd olw@kd u pnf;&H;k w,f?
aemufawmh tzd;k vnf; 'Dval wG b,f&mG oGm;rvJ apmif=h unfw
h ,f?
w&m;a[mwJt
h zG@J e@J vdu
k +f y;D awmif em;axmifw,f? olw@kd tzG@J uvnf; w&Gm+y;D w
&Gm vdu
k af [mw,f? tzd;k uvnf; w&Gm+yD;w&Gm waumufaumufe@J vdu
k w
f myJ?
&uf 20ausm/f wveD;yg;avmuf tzd;k tdru
f rkd jyefb;l ?
tJ'w
D ek ;f u tzd;k toufu (22)ESpaf yg?h uav;wa,muf&+dS yD?
rif;wdk tzGm;u touf (20)ESpaf usmaf usmaf yg?h
tzd;k u w&m;a[majymwmawG waumufaumufvu
kd af wmh olwkd u &dyrf v
d m
w,f? ref;om'ifu ajymw,f?
'Dvil ,fav;=unf&h wm tawmf pdw0f ifpm;yH&k w,f? wd@k w&m;a[myGu
J kd t+y;D xd
em;axmifw,f? igawm o
h abmusw,f
tzd;k wdk e,fcx
H u
J ref;vSwifu
olu usaemfh wlrudk ,lxm;wm? pyf=unf&h if wlawmfw,f? 'Daumifav;u ajym&J
qd&k /J vky&f u
J ikd &f /J owWv
d nf;&Sw
d ,f
ol autJe,
f x
l J 0ifrvm;
64
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
autJe,
f l u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tH;k rSm 'Dvx
kd ufjrufwhJ vli,fawG trsm;}uD;vdw
k ,f?
u&iftrsKd ;om;awG&J touft;kd tdrpf nf;pdru
f kd umuG,zf @kd twGuf 'Dvv
kd il ,fawG&zdS @kd vdw
k ,f?
'ge@J olw@kd u tzd;k udk ajymwmayg?h rif; u&iftrsK;d om;a&;udk pdw0f ifpm;vm;
tzd;k u [m pdw0f ifpm;wmaygh
at; wdk uvnf; rif;udk oabmusw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;ta&;twGuf rif;wd@k vkd
vli,fawG vdt
k yfw,f? ud,
k t
hf rsK;d om;awG&J touft;kd tdru
f kd umuG,zf @kd b0wlvrl sK;d awGe@J
vlwef;pm;awGukd umuG,zf kd twGuf rif;udk wd@k u wm0efawGay;csiw
f ,f? b,fvv
kd J
tzd;k u usaemf oabmusw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfrh mS rde;f r&Sw
d ,f? a,muQreJ@
aewm? olw@kd uakd wmh usaemf cGiahf wmif;&r,f
tzk;d u 'Dvakd jymawmh [m tcsed &f ydS gw,f? cGiahf wmif;yg? cGihf yr,fq&kd if usaemfw@kd
eJ@ tcsed rf a&G; qufo,
G yf gwJ?h
'ge@J tzd;k tdru
f jkd yefomG ;w,f?
a,muQrxH cGiyhf efjcif;

tdrjf yefa&mufawmh rtlyifcdik f OuU ref;omvif;jzLeJ@ ref;om'ifw@kd u usaemfu
h kd
autJe,
f l tvkyaf wGvyk zf @kd oabmusw,f? tJ'g usaemfomG ;csiw
f ,fv@kd tzd;k u a,muQr
udk cGiahf wmif;w,f? rde;f reJ@uav;udv
k nf; a,muQreJ@ tyfw,f?
tzd;k u usaemfZh eD;eJ@ uav;udk taz jyef=unfah y;ygvd@k ajymawmh
rif; r,lcifuvnf; igau|;wmyJ? tck jyef=unh&f r,fqv
kd nf; &ygw,fvd@k
a,muQr}uD;u ajymw,f? tzd;k a,muQr}uD;u oabmaumif;w,f? tzd;k udk cspv
f nf;
cspw
f ,f?
'gayr,fh olu tzd;k qDu uwdwckawmh awmif;w,f?
rif;qEN&&dS if oGm;vdk &w,f? rif;igu
h kd uwdwckawmh ay;&r,f
usaemfu bmuwday;&rSmvJ
awmfveS af &; atmifjrifwt
hJ xd rif;vky&f r,fwJ?h
tzd;k u olawmif;wJh uwduakd y;w,f? tJ'ge@J tzd;k u tzd;k ZeD;udk ajymw,f? ig
oGm;awmhr,f? rif;uav;eJ@ tazwd@k e@J ae&pfO;D ? ol wu,f pdwaf wmhb,faumif;rvJ?
65
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tJ'w
D ek ;f u ol@toufuvnf; (18)ESpaf usmaf usmyf J &Sad o;w,f? uav;uvnf; 5v/ 6v
t&G,yf J &Sad o;wmud;k ? 'gayr,fh tzd;k u wtm;pdwx
f ufoefaewm? aemufwae@usawmh
tdru
f pxGuw
f myJ?
autJe,
f el J qufo,
G _f yD
rtlyifa&mufawmh olw@kd qufo,
G cf ikd ;f wJh atyDtrfausmif;0if;xJvnf;a&muf
a&m autJe,
f l Adv
k rf LS ;yJxifw,f? ol@erH nfu apmausmpf ed w
f ?hJ olu tzd;k udk bmudp&P v
dS @kd vJ
ar;awmh OuU}uD; ref;om'ifu rSmxm;vd@k yg? usaemf autJe,
f x
l J 0ifrvd@k
[m 'gq&kd ifawmh cifAsm; aemufusomG ;+yD? r&awmhb;l ? usaemfw@kd rae@uyJ
wyfzsuyf pfvu
kd +f yD;? cifAsm;aemufusomG ;+yDvdk olu ajymw,f?
olw@kd rSmxm;vd@k usaemfvmwm tck roGm;&&ifvnf; aemufb,fawmh oGm;&r
vJvd@k tzd;k u ar;awmh olu raocsmbl;wJ?h tJ'ge@J tzd;k vnf; pdw"f mwfus+y;D tdru
f jkd yef
oGm;w,f?
tdrjf yefa&mufawmh tzd;k ZeD;&J ta':u tdr0f uae bmjzpfvmwmvJvdk qD;+y;D
ar;w,f? tzd;k u tusK;d ta=umif;ajymjyawmh ta':u rif;rd@uo
kd mG ;wJt
h csed rf mS tdru
f kd
vlwa,mufvmw,f? ref;omvif;jzL/ ref;vS'ifw@kd qu
D v$wv
f u
kd w
f mwJ?h ausmaf omif;udk
tjrefvmcdik ;f ygv@kd ajymw,fv@kd olwkd u tzd;k udk jyefajymjywmayg?h
wckcak wmh v$aJ e+yv
D kd tzk;d xifw,f? 'ge@J tzd;k vnf; aumufcgiifcge@J jyefomG ;awmh
olw@kd e@J wef;wd;k wmyJ? tzd;k udk jrifwmeJ olwkd u rif;udk igw@kd apmihaf ewmwJ?h
usaemf vmwmyJ? apmausmpf ed u
f vufrcHawmhb;l ? ydw+f yq
D v
kd @kd jyefomG ;wmvd@k
tzd;k u ajymawmh apmausmpf ed u
f kd olwkd qw
l m t}u;D tus,yf ?J apmausmpf ed u
f kd rif;vl=unfh
&if rodb;l vm;? 'Davmufawmif vlucJ wfn&hH vm;eJ@ qlwmayg?h
aemufawmh ref;vS'ifu rif; 'DrmS toifah pmifah e? a=u;eef;&wmeJ@ rif; c&D;xGuf
&r,f? apmausmpf ed f ol@ukd aiGig;&mxkwaf y;vdu
k f vd@k ajymw,f?
tzd;k u usaemfq
h rD mS ygw,f? rvdb
k ;l
,lomG ;? 'gw@kd pnf;urf;twdik ;f yJvd@k ref;om'ifu ajymw,f? tJ'w
D ek ;f u aiGig;&m
u wefz;kd awmfawmf&w
dS ,f? pyg;w&mudk av;ig;ajcmufq,f/ ckEpS q
f ,favmuf&rdS ,f xifw,f?
66
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
wd@k a=u;eef;yd@k xm;+yD;? rif;udk oabFmqdyrf mS vmudvrd rhf ,f
rif; olaemufom vdu
k o
f mG ;vdu
k f
tJ'ge@J tzd;k anmifyifav;qdyaf &mufomG ;awmh vmuw
d ,f t[kwyf ?J um;u =uyfaewmyJ?
vlu rsm;wmud;k ? tzd;k tif;pdeu
f akd &mufomG ;wm 1947 ESpu
f ek cf ge+D yD;?
yxrawmh ok0wdik ;f a&mufomG ;w,f? H;k wH;k rSmayg?h tJ'h rD mS owif;pmawG
&Sw
d ,f? tJ'ge@J tzd;k u owif;pm =unfrh ,faemfajymawmh
=unfah v? &w,fwJ?h
tJ'x
D rJ mS u&ifah wmfveS af &;ta=umif;awG a&;xm;awmh tzd;k awmfawmfoabm
usw,f? tJ'rD mS xl;xl;av;(,ck Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;xl;xl;av;)tazeJ@ awG@wmayg?h
olu tzd;k udk ar;w,f? rif; b,fuvmvJ
yef;waemfu? usaemf tdraf xmifuswm ajrmif;jrcdik f 0g;c,frrd@e,f ayuke;f /
owif;u|e;f
b,fov
l w
$ v
f u
kd w
f mvJ
rtlyifu q&mref;vSwifyg
olu at; at; aumif;+yD avmavmq,fawmh 'DrmS c%aeOD;
olajym+yD; tzd;k udk ae&mcsxm;ay;w,f? olaewJah e&meJ@ odyrf a0;bl;?
ok0wdik ;f *sme,f
tJ'rD mS tzd;k udk pmtkyaf wG ay;zwfwmyJ? tzd;k uvnf; zwfwmayg?h u&ift
a=umif;/ Edik if aH &;ta=umif;awG pdw0f ifpm;wmud;k ? tzd;k avhvmwmayg?h
tJ'rD mS tzd;k ok0wdik ;f *sme,fukd t&ifq;kH zwf&wmyJ?
'D*sme,fxrJ mS wdk u&iftrsK;d om;tzGJ }uD;jzpfwhJ a'guvltoif;}uD; autJeaf t
(Karen National Association)udk b,ftcsed u
f p+yD;zGJ w,f? bma=umifzh JG &ovJ?
u&ifacwfynmwwfawG trsK;d om;a&; Ed;k =um;vmr_e@J apmbOD;}u;D ta=umif;awG
odvm&wmayg?h a'guvltoif;}uD;udk pzGJ wmu 1881 ckEpS rf mS ?
a'guw
f mwDojH ym/ a'guw
f ma&mbwfz;kd au/ qmpHpzD ;kd / 0wfvakH wmf& apmbarmif
pwJh yk*Kd~ vf (7)OD;eJ@ zGJ c=hJ uwm? aemuf u&ifA'k b
< momtzGJ csKyfqw
kd mvnf; &Sad o;w,f?
67
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'DtzGJ uawmh bDautJeaf tvdk ac:w,f? (Buddhist Karen National Association)
'DtzGJ uakd wmh &efuek f r@d / o&ufawmausmif;wdu
k u
f q&mawmfe@J tv,fwu
kd af usmif;q&m
awmf OD;t*~wkd u OD;aqmif+yD; zGJ wmayg?h
aemufwzGJ vnf; &Sad o;w,f? aupDt(kd Karen Central Organization)vdk ac:wJh
u&ifA[kt
d zGJ 'DtzGJ rmS apmom'ifu OuUX? 1943 ckEpS rf mS &efuek /f =unfjh rifwikd rf mS zGJ =uwm?
aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh 'DtzGJ xrJ mS OuUX}uD; apmbOD;}uD;wdk / ref;bcifwkd / q&mom
xdw
k kd ygvm=uw,f? aemufau0dik t
f kd (Karen Youth Organization)u&ifvil ,ftzGJ vnf;
&Sad o;w,f?
'DtzGJ 1945 rSm pzGJ wm? ref;bcdik /f ref;0if;armif/ apmpdew
f ifwkd ygw,f? 'DtzGJ }uD;
(4)zG@J aygi;f +y;D awmhrS autJe,
f u
l kd jyefzJG wmud;k uG? 1947 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&D v(5)aermS &efuek f
tvHrk mS 'DtzGJ (4)zGJ u ud,
k pf m;vS,af wG nDvmcH w&yfac:+yD;awmh u&iftrsK;d om;vGwf
ajrmufa&;/ u&ifjynf&a&; OD;wnf+yD; zGJ c=hJ uwm?
yxrqH;k OuUXu apmpHz;kd oify?J
apmbOD;}u;D / ref;bZef/ Adv
k cf sKyfpikd ;f au/ ref;bcif/ ref;0if;armiftm;vH;k (17)OD;ygwhJ
autJe,
f l tvkyt
f r_aqmiftzGJ ukd 'Dnv
D mcHu a&G;cs,cf =hJ uwm?
'D*sme,fawmfawmfaumif;w,f? bmoma&;/ vlra_ &; bmrSrygb;l ? trsK;d om;pnf;
vH;k nD!w
$ af &;? rsK;d csppf w
d &f adS &;? u&ifawG Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;zdk ta&;awGukd a&;xm;wm awmf
awmfzwfvkd aumif;w,f? tzd;k tJ'rD mS wvavmuf=umwm pmawG awmfawmfzwfvu
kd &f
w,f? autJe,
f &l J rlvrf;pOf/ vkyif ef;pOfe@J zG@J pnf;yHak wGvnf; avhvm&w,f?
tJ'gawG zwf+yD;rS tzG@J 0ifjzpfa=umif; vufrw
S x
f ;kd &wm?
'ge@J autJe,
f t
l zG@J 0if jzpfomG ;wmayg?h
ud,
k yf ikd ef yH gwaf wG &Sw
d ,f? tzd;k uawmh arhomG ;+yD?
yef;em&if-uyf EGm;_rD;jzwf
tif;pderf mS tzd;k aewke;f u zxD;qJvq
f w
kd m&Sw
d ,f?
olu yef;em&if=uyfa&m*gonf? ol@ukd =unhahf wmh tzk;d u oem;w,f?
zxD; w,f+yD;acsmif;qd;k ygvm;
68
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
at;uG
tzd;k pdwx
f rJ mS wckcv
k yk af y;csiw
f hJ pdwjf zpfrw
d ,f?
tzd;k vufxrJ mS aiG av;ig;ajcmufusyf ckEpS u
f sy&f w
dS mud;k ?
zxD; bmpm;csiv
f ?J usaemf oGm;0,fay;r,fav? usaemfrh mS ydu
k q
f &H w
dS ,f
ig pm;csiw
f [
hJ m rif;0,fay;vd@k r&bl;
[m zxD;uvnf; ajymyg? usaemf&atmif &Smay;rSmaygh
ig EGm;+rD;ywf aomufcsiw
f ,fu?G rif;&Smvd@k r&ygb;l
tzd;k u pOf;pm;=unfv
h u
kd w
f ,f? 'g oleJ wnfw
h ,fxifw,f? ig oGm;&SmtH;k rSyv
J @kd
awG;vdu
k w
f ,f?
awmifou
l ek ;f rSm tzd;k EGm;+rD;oGm;&Smwmayg?h
awmifou
l ek ;f qdw
k mu tif;pdeb
f ufuaeqif;oGm;&if um;vrf;wacsmif;yJ jcm;
w,f? +yD;awmh acsmuf}uD;ayg?h
acsmuf}uD;udak usmv
f u
kd &f if awmifou
l ek ;f udk a&muf+yD?
awmifou
l ek ;f u tifawm}uD;&JtpyfrmS ukvm;awG EGm;ausmif;wm&Sw
d ,f?
EGm;u taumifw&mausmaf vmuf &Sw
d ,f?
tajctaeudk tzd;k tuJcwfvu
kd af wmh EGm;ausmif;wJu
h v
k m;awGu aq;ajcmuf
awGLS +y;D tifyif}u;D awGukd rS+D y;D rSed ;f aewm? EGm;awGuawmh olw@kd zmomolw@kd jrufpm;ae=u
wmayg?h wcsK@d EmG ;awGu cHawG=um; wd;k 0ifwm&Sw
d ,f?
tzd;k u oGm;uwnf; "m;udk jraeatmif aoG;oGm;w,f? [dak &mufawmh cx
H J 0ifw;kd
aewJh EGm;}u;D waumif&J t+r;D udk abmufqdk jzwfvu
kd w
f ,f? +y;D awmh EGm;+r;D }u;D udk tifzufe@J
jyefxyk v
f mcJw
h ,f?
EGm;uawmh t+rD;ikww
f }kd uD;eJ@ 'ef@ 'ef@ 'ef@ eJ@ emvd@k ckeaf yguaf jy;wmayg?h
jyefa&mufawmh 'DrmS zxD;pm;csiw
f EhJ mG ;+rD;qd+k yD; oGm;ay;vdu
k w
f ,f?
olu tzd;k udk ar;w,f? 'g rif; b,fu&vnf;uG
ar;raeygeJ zxD;&,f? zxD;eJ@ wnfrh ,fxifv@kd usaemf oGm;&Smvmwmyg
tzd;k u 'Dvakd jymawmh olu at; at; 'gyJ jyefajymw,f?
ol 0rf;omwmayg?h olywfaomufwm enf;enf;oufomw,f? aemufae@ acsmif;
qd;k wJt
h oH odyrf =um;&awmhb;l ?
69
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
bde;f vnf; SLjyef_yD

awmfveS af &;xJ a&mufvmawmh Akv
d jf zpfwt
hJ csed rf mS b,fub,fvkd bde;f SLcsipf w
d f jzpfvm
w,f rodb;l ? tzd;k &J wyfrLS ;wa,muf&w
dS muk;d ? olu vlopf?
t&ifu 0g;c,frrdrSm olu bde;f pm;bl;w,f?
a[haumif ig bde;f qD SLcsiw
f ,fumG
olu tzd;k ukd =unfw
h ,f? bm=unfw
h mvJ? igprf;=unfch sif vk@d
tJ'ge@J olu rSmay;w,f? vmwmyJa[h tpkyH ?J ol@bed ;f cGuu
f tayguef nf;enf;
av; azmufxm;w,f? tk;d uawmh awmfawmfaumif;w,f?
ol bmvkyo
f vJqadk wmh rD;cGux
f eG ;f w,f? +yD;awmh twHc|ecf |eaf v;&Sw
d ,f? tJ'D
twHc|ecf |eaf v;eJ@ bde;f ukd wk@d vu
dk af wmh bde;f tqDawG ygvmwmayg?h rD;eJ@d_ vu
dk af wmh &S;D
&D;S eJ@ jrnfvmw,f? awmf+yD? olu ESmacgi;f eJ@awhay;w,f?
rsKcd svu
dk af emf? xGuo
f mG ;&if ESajrmp&m}uD;? tqDwJ?h
yxrSLvd@k r&bl;? jyefxu
G v
f mwmyJ? [m ukeyf g+yD? rvkyef @J
vkyyf gO;D vk@d qadk wmh aemufwvk;H xyfxnfw
h ,f? ok;H vk;H tzd;k SLw,f? wcgwnf;
rl;wmyJ? rl;awmh ae@cif;xJuae rl;wm naeok;H em&D av;em&DcaJG vmuf &Sad e+yD; rl;wm rx
csifbl;?
b,frv
S nf; roGm;jzpf/ rvmjzpf t&ufyv
k if;awG&w
dS muk;d ? ig t&ufEpS cf u
G f
aomufcsvu
dk w
f ,f? bde;f aysmufomG ;+y;D t&uf0ifvma&m aemufawmh av;ig;ajcmuf&ufyJ
vkyw
f ,f? eH;dk awGay:vma&m? bmrS rpm;csiyf [
J m? raumif;bl;? raumif;bl;? =um&if
aoemay:vdrrhf ,fq+kd yD; rvkyaf wmhb;l ?
uGr;f yHv
k nf; prf;jyef_yD
aemufwcg tzd;k uGr;f ykH LS =unfah o;w,f? olrsm;SLwmukd tzd;k awGz;l wmud;k ?
70
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
uGr;f ykq
H w
dk mu uGr;f &Gupf rd ;f yJ uGr;f &Guu
f dk a&ususeeaq; tk;d jzwf+y;D vdyf yg;yg;vS;D +y;D awmh
rD;av; enf;enf;jyw,f? uifw,f? uif+yD;awmh bde;f t&nfzse;f wmuk;d ? zse;f +yD;uifwmayg?h
uif+yD;awmh olw@dk tylwu
dk w
f m?
tJ'g+y;D awmh aemufwzufveS v
f u
dk ?f vSe+f y;D awmh bde;f a&zse;f +y;D awmh olw@dk 'Dvv
dk yk f
wmyJ? aemufawmh ykw;Hk a&mifvnf; ayguv
f m&if olw@dk csvu
dk af &m? wcgwnf; ta&mifvuf
vufe@J ?
'gukd 0g;vH;k wvH;k udk tayguaf v;azmuf+yD; tJ'gukd xnf+h yD;SLwm?
olw@dk LS wm tzk;d =unfah ew,f? 'DaumifawG SLwm rD;ck;d vnf; rxGuyf gvm;?
olwkd SL+yD;awmh tzk;d tvSnhf
uJ rif;apmif;+yD;tdyf wJh tzd;k uvnf; tdyw
f mayg?h
apmif;tdy+f yD;awmh SL&w,f? tJ'D tck;d awGudk rsKcd s&w,f? wcgxJ tzk;d SLvku
d f
wm ESm&nfawGyg xGuu
f svmw,f?
[m ukeyf g+yD? rif;[m tok;H rusb;l ? awmf awmf
[m vkyyf gO;D uGm? jyygO;D ? rif;wk@d [m b,fvdk LS &vJ rodao;bl;
aemufawmh olw@dk jywmayg?h xyfvyk af y;w,f? tvkyrf vkycf sif rudik cf sif tdyyf t
J yd cf siw
f ,f?
rl;uvnf; rl;ao;?
'ge@J awmf+yD? awmf+yD? rif;wd@k [m
aq;vdyaf omufwmuawmif [kwOf ;D r,f? vufzuf&nfe@J ig;&Hajcmufzw
k af omf
urS Zdru
f sO;D r,fq+kd yD; tzk;d u ypfxm;vdu
k w
f ,f?
wyfpyd rf LS ; jzpf_yD
tif;pdeaf &mufa&m tJ'rD mS tzd;k xuf t&ifa&mufaewJh yef;waemfom;awGe@J awG
wmayg?h tzd;k vnf; ud,
k ehf ,fom;awGeJ awG@awmh 0rf;omwmayg?h
olwkd uvnf; tzd;k udk autJe,
f &l J pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awGukd ajymjy? pmawGay;zwf
ayg?h tJ't
D csed w
f ek ;f u tzd;k wd@k u Edik if aH &;udk bmrS em;rvnfao;bl;? aemufawmh pmawG
zwf/ avhvm+y;D awmh enf;enf;yg;yg; em;vnfvmw,f?
autJe,
f l csrw
S x
f m;wJh rlawG/ oabmxm;awGukd tzd;k oabmusawmh tzd;k tzGJ
71
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
0iftjzpf vufrw
S x
f ;kd wmayg?h tzd;k a&muf+y;D odyrf =umbl;? autJe'f t
D u
kd kd pzGJ wmyJ? autJef
'Dtzkd JG wmeJ tzd;k vnf; 0ifwmyJ? oabmuswmud;k ? autJe'f t
D rkd mS vnf; tzG@J 0ifawmh
vufrw
S x
f ;kd &wmyJ?
tJ'rD mS tzd;k wdk ukd oifwef;ay;ao;w,f? tJ'rD mS Adv
k }f uD;paumav;cdk &Sw
d ,f?
uaqm0g;&Jtazayg?h autJe'f t
D u
kd yJ? olw@kd u ynmwwfawGy?J Adv
k }f uD;ayg?h
olw@kd u wd@k ukd Edik if aH &; oifwef;ay;wm? wywfavmuf =umw,f?
udv
k ekd t
D *Fvyd ef ,fcsJ acwfu tajctae?
zufqpf*syefacwfumveJ@ vGwv
f yfa&;&zd@k ud;yrf;csuaf wGe@J u&ifvrl sK;d awG&J
tajctaeawGukd tJ'o
D ifwef;rSm aoaocsmcsm od&wmayg?h u&ifawG bma=umifh awmfveS f
a&; vky&f wmvJ?
apmbOD;}u;D wd@k acgi;f aqmif+y;D awmh u&ifawmfveS af &; bma=umifh p&ovJqw
kd m
udk tao;pdw&f iS ;f jyw,f?
wdk u&ifawGrmS bmtcGit
hf a&;rS r&Sb
d ;l ? vGwv
f yfciG ehf @J 'Dru
kd a&pDqw
kd mvnf;
bmrSr&Sb
d ;l ? 'ga=umifh autJe,
f l Oya'abmifxu
J ae awmif;ae&w,fqw
kd mudk tzd;k yd+k yD;
oabmayguv
f mw,f?
tzd;k wyfpyd rf LS ; jzpfvmwmu tif;pdew
f u
dk yf JG pawmh wdk bufuvnf; tustqH;k
awG&w
dS ,f? 'Dawmh wyfawG jyefzJG &wmayg?h tJ'rD mS olwkd u tzd;k udk wyfpyd rf LS ;tjzpf a&G;vdu
k f
wm?
vluakd &G;awmh vlukd olw@kd tuJcwfwmud;k ? tJ'rD mS tzd;k udk olwkd u wyf=uyfay;
w,f? ESp&f pf? tzd;k uvnf; wyfpw
d rf LS ;omjzpfw,f? bmrSem;rvnfb;l ?
oli,fcsi;f awGukd tzd;k ar;w,f?
a[haumif wyf=uyfqw
kd m bmvJ
wyf=uyfqw
kd m ESp&f pfaygh wJ?h oli,fcsi;f awGu ajymw,f?
rif;u awmfawmfux
H ;l wJah umifyJ
bmjzpfv@kd vJ
rif;u wd@k aemufrS a&mufvmwm? tck rif;wdk ta&Sa&mufomG ;+yD
wd@k auseyfw,fumG wJ?h
wa,muf xajymw,f? rif;u owWad umif;vd@k a&mufwmaygh
tzd;k wyfprk LS ;jzpfawmh xl;xl;av;taz paumarmav;eJyJ ae&w,f?
olu autJe'f t
D &kd J avhusiahf &;rSL;?
72
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
autJe'f t
D rkd mS tzd;k udk wyfpyd rf LS ;a&G;awmh tzd;k u ajymw,f?
t*Fvyd f ppfjyefawGtrsm;}u;D &Syd gw,f? olwkd u ppfa&;tawGtuH &Sw
d ,f? ydek m;vnfw,f?
usaemfu bmrS em;rvnfb;l ? olwkd ukd a&G;yg?
ppfjyefawGu xajymw,f? cifAsm;u usaemfw@kd xuf odw,f? em;vnf;vnfyg
w,f? vkyyf gAsm? jzpfygw,f? vky&f if;oif&if;/ oif&if;vky&f if;ayg?h tJ'w
D ek ;f u autJe'f t
D kd
ppfO;D pD;csKyfu ref;bZefayg?h ppfoifwef;tawGtuHr&Sad wmh tzd;k u odyv
f ufrcHcsib
f ;l ?
'gayr,fh wa,mufeJ trsm;jzpfaeawmh +idraf evdu
k &f w,f? aemufawmh wyfpyd rf LS ;wm0ef
ay;w,fq+kd y;D pmusvmw,f?
tzd;k vufatmufrmS wyfom; (11)a,muf&w
dS ,f?
apmfaqmif; apmfaqmif; aumif;w,f aumif;w,f

tzd;k wdk tif;pderf mS aewke;f u "m;jywdu
k w
f m &Sad o;w,f? &HyakH iGv+kd yq
D kd "m;jywdu
k f
wmyJ? &vmwJah iGu &HyakH iGayg?h [dw
k ek ;f uqdk tzd;k u Armudk odyrf ek ;f wm? "m;jywdu
k rf ,f&h mG udk
t&ifar;w,f? bmGmvJ? =uufwal G;awmifyufvufw?hJ anmifwek ;f r@d e,fxu
J ? tJ'D mG u
u&ifmG ?
[m u&ifmG qd&k if rwku
d b
f ;l uGm? rif;wd@k uvnf; u&iftwGuv
f yk af e+y;D u&ifmG
wdu
k v
f kd b,fjzpfrvJ
u&if&mG qdw
k m vrf;a&mufro
S &d wm?
tzd;k u rwdu
k b
f ;l ? igjyefr,f? rif;wd@k rjyef bl;vm;? rjyef&ifae
tzk;d vnf; aoewf,+l y;D jyefvmw,f? olw@kdvnf; tzd;k aemufukd jyefvu
kd v
f mw,f?
ud;k q,fmG rSm&Sw
d hJ ukvm;wJawGawmh tukev
f ;kH wdu
k w
f myJ? ukvm;awGu qif;&Jwmvnf;
&Sw
d ,f? csr;f omwmvnf; &Sw
d ,f? wdu
k f +yD;awmh wd@k tzG@J tpnf;&Sw
d mud;k ? jyefay;&wmayg?h
tzd;k u u&ifawGukd rwdu
k b
f ;l ? ArmawGqkd tukew
f u
kd ?f u&ife@J ArmeJ@&&dS if ArmawG
udyk J aG;aG;+y;D wdu
k w
f m? wkwaf wGuv
kd nf; wdu
k ?f ukvm;awGuv
kd nf; wdu
k ?f ArmawGuv
kd nf;
wdu
k ?f olw@kd u tzd;k udk a=umuf=uwmayg?h
"m;jy "m;jywJ?h
pdwrf xif&if vlowfwmwJ?h olw@kd xifv@kd yg?
73
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tzd;k u vlawmh rowfb;l ? ydu
k q
f aH wG/ a$awGxw
k rf ay;&ifawmh "m;jym;eJ@awmh
enf;enf;yg;yg; du
k w
f mayhg? olw@kd odyaf =umuf=uwm?
olw@kd a=umuf=uawmh ausmaf omif; jrefjrefaoygapwJ?h used =f uw,f?
wGmvH;k vifa&m/ r,m;a&m/ wkw/f Arm/ ukvm; tukeu
f sed =f uwm? olw@kd used w
f m tzd;k
b,ford vJ? olrsm;jyefajymvd@k od&wmayg?h
used w
f muawmh tzd;k b,fvrkd S rvkyw
f wfb;l ? used =f uygapayg?h [kwv
f nf; [kwaf e
wmud;k ? aemufawmh rl ajymif;oGm;w,f? "m;jy rwdu
k &f awmhb;l ?
e,fwikd ;f / e,fwikd ;f umuG,af &;awG xm;wmud;k ? +idr;f csr;f a&;awGvyk ?f tr_tcif;
awG &Scd &hJ if rSerf eS u
f efuefvyk =f u? rrSe&f if rif;wd@k aor,f? tzd;k u w&m;pD&ifa&; pmtkyaf wG
avhvmwmud;k ?
tJ't
D csed u
f sawmh wkwaf wGu ajymw,f?
apmfaqmif;/ apmfaqmif; aumif;w,faemf? [d;k wke;f u tm;}u;D qd;k wm? tckawmh
aumif;rSaumif;/ touf&n
S yf gap
tzd;k pOf;pm;=unfah wmh olw@kd ajymwm[kww
f myJ? ig qd;k wke;f u qd;k w,fv@kd ajym
w,f? tck ig aumif;awmh aumif;w,fv@kd ajymwmyJv@kd ?
'Dawmh ig bmqufvyk v
f ?J igt
h ar igu
h kd arG;xm;wke;f u vlaumif;yJ? zJu
kd w
f m/
t&ufaomufwm/ olrsm;udk du
k w
f m/ owfwmawG tar rudub
f ;l ?
tzd;k u tzd;k tarudk odycf spw
f m? tzd;k (11)ESpo
f m; rjynfch ifxu
J tzd;k tar
aooGm;wm? tJ'ge@J ae@wikd ;f rsu&f nfusw,f? qd;k wmawGjyefpOf;pm;+yD; ig'v
D o
kd mjzpfae&if
igt
h ar/ tazyg xdcu
kd rf ,f?
[m rjzpfb;l ? 'Dtvkyaf wG igrvkyaf wmhb;l
rvkyaf wmhb;l qdw
k m wu,frvkyaf wmhwm? ckeajymwJ[
h mu *syefacwfrmS tzd;k
wd@k "m;jywdu
k =f uwm?
tzd;k wd@k "m;jyacgi;f aqmifu ukvm;ujym; a[mvD;,m;wd@k &Sad o;w,f? emrnfawG
arhuek +f y?D tzd;k udv
k nf; odycf spw
f m? tJ't
D csed w
f ek ;f uqdk 0g;c,frr@d tpyftxd oGm;wdu
k w
f m
ydu
k q
f t
H w
d f q,fah v;ig;tdw&f w,f? a$ig;apmif/ t0wftpm;/ ydu
k q
f aH 0pk&w,f? reuf rd;k
vif;vdk jyefvm&if vrf;rSm tzd;k }u;D / tzGm;}u;D awGawG@awmh tJ'aD $ig;apmifukd tzd;k ay;vdu
k f
wmyJ? t0wftpm;awGq&kd if r&Sw
d v
hJ al wGukd ay;vdu
k w
f myJ?
*syefacwfu t0wftpm; &Sm;w,fr[kwv
f m;?
atmifr,f tzd;k u tust
aumif;pm;awGe@J ususee?
74
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
vluawmh "m;jy? ydu
k q
f q
H &kd if qif;&JcsKd @ww
hJ v
hJ al wGukd ay;vku
d w
f myJ?
wcsK@d uakd wmh zJu
kd w
f ,f?
Edik w
f mvnf;&S?d H;_ wmvnf;&Sad yg?h 'Dvekd @J tzd;k b0 usiv
f nfc&hJ wm?
taztar udurf mS r[kwb
f ;l vdk jyefpOf;pm;+yD; tJ't
D vkyaf wGuakd wmh tzd;k rvkyaf wmhb;l ?
tukev
f ;kH udk jzwfvu
kd w
f m?
usKH;}uD;vrf; "m;jy
1947 ckEpS f tif;pderf mS "m;jywcg wdu
k af o;w,f?
a[haumif &HyakH iG r&Sad wmhb;l uG? "m;jy oGm;wdu
k rf ,f?
b,frmS oGm;wdu
k rf mS vJ
usK;H }u;D vrf;rSm
rif;wd@k usKH ;}u;D vrf;u b,frmS vJ
&efuek f [kb
d ufem;rSm
rif;wd@k oGm;avhvm+yD;+yDvm;
ig ae@vnfbuf oGm;=unfx
h m;+yD;+yD? rif; ryle@J &w,f
tzd;k wd@k (5)a,mufomG ;w,f? (3)a,mufu atmufrmS apmifw
h ,f? tzd;k u
awmom;qdak wmh rD;cvkwaf wG/ bmawG em;rvnfb;l ? [dak umifawGu em;vnfwmud;k ?
tJ't
D rd rf mS '&0rf ukvm;wa,muf &Sw
d ,f? tzd;k wd@k omG ;awmh olu wkwt
f &Sn}f u;D eJ@ wHcg;0
rSmvmw,f? tzd;k u ysOcf syw
f csyu
f kd aumufuikd +f yD;awmh
a[haumif rif; wHcg;udk tckziG ?hf rzGi&hf if rif;udk ypfowfr,f
'&0rfu ukvm;? tdr&f iS u
f Arm? ukvm;u zGiahf y;w,f?
tzd;k u rif; tJ'eD m;rSmyJae? rif;udk wd@k bmrSrvkyb
f ;l
ukvm;u tzd;k wd@k ukd a=umufw,f? wHcg;yGio
hf mG ;awmh tzd;k wd@k tdraf y:udk wufomG ;
w,f? tay:a&mufawmh wHcg;wck&w
dS ,f? tJ'w
D cH g;udk zGi+hf yD;&if tukev
f ;kH 0ifv@kd &w,f?
wHcg;u oHjym;eJ@vyk x
f m;wJh bm*smwHcg;?
a[haumifawG b,fvv
kd yk &f rvJuG
tzd;k pOf;pm;w,f? "m;ajrmif,+l y;D taygux
f x
J ;kd xnf+h y;D uvdvu
kd u
f mG
75
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
olw@kd =um=umuvdawmh b,fcEH ikd rf vJ? wHcg;yGio
hf mG ;wmayg?h wHcg;udk tomav;
qGzJ iG v
hf u
kd w
f ,f?
a[haumif vmcJh
rD;zGiw
hf wfwt
hJ aumifukd ac:vdu
k w
f ,f? tzd;k rS em;rvnfy?J
olu [d=k unf'=D unh/f vuf!K ;d av;eJ@ wd@k vu
kd af wmh rD;u yGio
hf mG ;w,f? tzd;k u
=unfah ew,f? w,f[w
k yf gvm;? tdru
f ESpx
f yfu;kd ? tJ'ge@J tay:xyfa&mufomG ;w,f?
tcsed u
f waygi;f / wefc;l }u;D ud;k ? tay:xyfa&mufawmh tcef;awG&w
dS ,f? tcef;w
cef;udk tzd;k u zGiv
hf u
dk w
f ,f? nDtpfroH;k av;a,muf tdyaf e=uwm? ud,
k w
f ;kH vH;k awGeJ ? tzd;k
wHcg;udk jyefyw
d v
f u
kd w
f ,f?
aemufuaumifu bmvJwJ?h
rif; yg;pyfyw
d x
f m; aemufwcef;udo
k mG ;rS tdr&f iS v
f ifr,m; tdyw
f mudk awG@w,f?
tzd;k u tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;udk a[haumif x xvd@k ajym+y;D aoewfe@J axmufxm;
vdu
k w
f ,f? tzd;k wdk xu
J aumifawGuvnf; w,fvzD ek ;f u;d awG jzwfxm;+y;D +y?D
aemufawmh ol@red ;f rudv
k nf; Ed;_ vdu
k w
f ,f? tzGm;}u;D uawmh wdk ukd a=umufw,f?
touf (40)ausmf (50)avmuf&rdS ,f xifw,f?
ypPn;f awGxw
k f vd@k ajymawmh?
r&Syd gb;l wJ?h
r&Sb
d ;l vd@k rajymeJ@? cifAsm;wd@k owif;awG =um;xm;wm twdtusyJ
'ge@J olw@kd uvnf; ay;ygrh ,f? owfawmh rowfyge@J wJ?h tzd;k wdk ukd &Scd ;kd w,f?
rD;cHaowWmae&mudak wmh tzd;k wd@k vdu
k o
f mG ;w,f? ydu
k q
f aH wG/ a&$awG &Sw
d ,f?
ygvmwJah umifawGu tukev
f ;kH xnfh xnf+h y;D awmh uke+f yv
D m;
uke+f yD;? owfawmh rowfyge@J ? r,H&k if &Sm=unfh wJ?h
rowfb;l ? usaemfw@kd vmwdu
k w
f muvnf; usaemfw@dk pm;zd@k r[kwyf gb;l ? usaemf
wd@k &HyakH iG&mS wmyg? cifAsm;wd@k vnf; ukov
kd &f wmaygh
olwkd uvnf; [kwu
f hJ [kwu
f hJ eJ@? tzd;k wd@k vnf; jyefqif;vmw,f? jyefqif;vm
awmh '&0rfuv
k m;u wHcg;ab;rSm xdik af ew,f? ydu
k q
f H av;ig;&mavmuf ukvm;udk ay;vdu
k f
w,f? rif; b,fo@l rS av#mufrajymeJ@aemf? ajym&if rif;udo
k wfr,f
ydu
k q
f aH v;udk erf;erf;+yD;awmh ukvm;u 0rf;omvd@k rajymygb;l wJ?h
tJ'ge@J *spu
f m;av;armif;+yD; tzd;k wd@k jyefvmw,f?
76
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
[dw
k ,f tawGt
uH
"m;jywdkuf+yD;awmh pm;zdk@aomufzdk@qdk+yD; ydkufqHESpfaxmifvm;rodbl; &w,f?
ydu
k q
f &H awmh vS0if;pdew
f @kd vli,fawG 4-5 a,muf [dw
k ,fomG ;r,fq+kd yD; tzd;k udk ac:w,f?
tzd;k u wcgrS [dw
k ,frwufz;l bl;? [dw
k ,fu ESpx
f yf? tay:xyf wufomG ;awmh
trsK;d orD; acsmacsmvSvaS wG xGuv
f mw,f? bm aomufrvJ? bm pm;rvJ?
b&ef'w
D @kd / 0DpuDw@kd Edik if jH cm;t&ufawG wd@k ukd vmcsay;wmayg?h
=uufuifawG/ bJuifawG csay;w,f?
t&ufawGi@JS ay;awmh tzd;k wd@k aomufwmayg?h
t&ufaomufvu
kd /f =uufuifbu
J ifawG pm;vdu
k ?f aemufawmh tzd;k aumifawG
u rde;f uav;awGukd aygiaf y: wifwif+yD; erf;awmhwmyJ?
a[haumifawG 'g bmvkyw
f mvJ
rjrifb;l vm;? erf;wmaygh
erf;wmawmh odwmaygu
h ?G rif;wd@k vkyyf akH wG odyrf [kwb
f ;l ? jyefr,f? tvum;
ae&if; eHrnfysuaf eOD;r,f
'Dvakd jym+yD; tzd;k u bJuifwaumife@J 0DpuDwykvif;qGcJ svm+yD; *spu
f m;ay:rSm
jyefaomufw,f? [dak umifawG jyefrvdu
k v
f mbl;? rvmawmh tzd;k u armfawmfum;[Ge;f udk
wD;awmhwmyJ?
wwDweD @J
[dak umifawG rvmrcsi;f ig ESyd af wmh a'gyyG eG @J tzd;k aumifawG qif;csvmw,f?
rif; bmvkyw
f mvJuG
bmvky&f rSmvJ? rif;wd@k pm;aewm aomufaewm r+yD;ao;bl;vm;
pm;vd@k aomufv@kd uawmh +yD;+yDaygu
h ?G 'gayr,fh tDpu
D vDav;awG &Sad o;w,f
rif;wd@k aomufusihf awmfawmfy_ w
f ahJ umifawG vmjyefr,f? um;ay:wuf tzd;k
a'goxGuaf wmh 'DaumifawG enf;enf;vef@w,f? tzd;k wd@k tm;vH;k jyefvmw,f?
awmf+yDumG wJ?h aemufqkd rif;udk rac:awmhb;l
rif;wd@k ac:vnf; ig rvdu
k b
f ;l
77
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
rif;wd@k aumifawG toH;k uswahJ umifawG r[kwb
f ;l ? tarcsi;f rpmem ESrcsi;f
rpmemvd@k tzd;k ajymawmh 'DaumifawG toHww
d af ew,f? tJ'w
D cgyJ [dw
k ,fukd tzd;k
oGm;bl;w,f? aemuf b,fawmhrS tzk;d roGm;awmhb;l ?
yxrqH;k wdu
k yf JG
tzd;k wyfpyd rf LS ;jzpf+yD;awmh bm=umrSmvJ?
zqyv tpd;k & autJe,
f u
l kd rw&m;toif;a=unm+yD; wdu
k af wmhwmyJ?
tzd;k wdk u tif;pderf mS ayg?h
tJ'w
D ek ;f u autJe,
f el @J rGejf ynfopfygwu
D kd olwkd rw&m;toif; a=unmcJw
h m?
wdk acgi;f aqmifawGuvnf; 'gukd uo
d ad ew,f? Oya'abmifxu
J awmif;qdak ewmawG &csif
rS&vdrrhf ,f? r&&ifawmh u&ifawG rvGrJ aoG vufeufuikd &f awmhrmS yJ? 'Dvkd acgi;f aqmifawGu
ajym=uw,f? apmbOD;}u;D wdk acgi;f aqmif+y;D aqG;aEG;ae=uwmayg?h tzd;k wdk u 'gawG b,fod
OD;rvJ? acgi;f aqmifawG jyefajymjyawmh owdtaetxm;eJ@ ae&wmayg?h
vufxJ aoewfa&mufvmawmh ppfjyefawGukd ar;&wmayg?h b,fvu
kd snx
f ;kd &vJ?
b,fvykd pf&vJ? olwkd u jyay;wmayg?h b,favmuftuGmta0;qd&k if ypf? b,favmufqkd
rypfeJ ?
tJ't
D csed u
f wyGx
J ;kd ayg?h tawGtuHvnf; bmrSr&Sad o;bl;? ppfoifwef;vnf;
rwuf&bl;? olwkd vnf; pwdu
k af &m? tzd;k wdk uvnf; jyefwu
kd &f wmayg?h
tzd;k rSwrf w
d mu tzd;k wdk wu
kd =f uwm 1949 ck ESpOf ;D rSm? Zefe0g&v
D rSmyJ?
wdk ae&mawG cG=J uw,f? tzd;k wd@k tzGJ u c0J+cHbufusw,f?
ESpzf uf tjyeftvSeyf pf=uwmayg?h wdk uvnf;ypf? olwkd bufvnf; ypfayg?h
tzd;k u udu
k (f 200)avmuftuGmu wufvmwJh vlawGukd ypfcswmyJ?
b,fxrd vJ? yxrqH;k aoewfypf&wmud;k ? xifoavmufawmh b,fv,
G rf vJ?
wdk bufrmS tawGtuH&o
dS al wGvnf; ygw,f? olwkd wufvmvdu
k ?f ypfvu
kd ef @J ?
wdu
k yf jJG zpfwm (2)em&Davmuf=umw,f?
tif;pdew
f u
kd yf u
JG (111)&uf=umw,f?
wdu
k -f wdu
k -f wdu
k af yg?h aewikd ;f yJ?
78
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ae@a&m na&m ypfwm? yxru tzd;k wd@k bufu omw,f? zqyvtpd;k &udk tJ'D
wke;f u (7)rdik t
f pd;k &vd@k awmif ajym=uw,f? &efuek rf mS qdk (7)rdik yf wfvnfavmufyJ xde;f xm;
Edik af wmhwmud;k ? 7rdik yf wfvnf tpd;k &qdw
k hJ pum;u tJ'w
D u
kd yf rJG mS pwm?
aemufawmh uGejf rLepfawG jynfo@l &aJ bmfawGe@J aygi;f +yD;awmh tzd;k wdk ukd cswm?
aemufausmu 0if+yD;csawmh tzd;k wdk vnf; rwwfEikd af wmhb;l a[h?
rwwfEikd af wmh tif;pdeu
f kd jyefqw
k &f wmayg?h
tzd;k wdk tif;pderf mS yJ jyefaew,f?
olw@kd wufvm&if tzd;k wdk u wdu
k w
f myJ?
aemufawmh tzd;k wdk jrpf0u|e;f ay:udk qkw&f +yD?
bmjzpfvkd jyefqw
k &f ovJqakd wmh wdk u tiftm;u odyrf &Sb
d ;l ? cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf
uvnf; enf;w,f? aq;0g;uvnf; enf;vmawmh rcHEikd af wmhb;l av? &dumQ uvnf; enf;
vm+y?D ref;bZefwyfq&kd if qefwrsK;d wnf;udk pm;+y;D awmh wdu
k af e&wm? 'gvnf; ukeaf wmhr,f
aemufxyf &Smvd@k r&awmhb;l ?
'geJ tzd;k wdk jrpf0u|e;f ay:udk jyefqw
k v
f m&wmayg?h jrpf0u|e;f ay: jyefwhJ tzG@J awGu
vnf; e,fajrodr;f / rd@awGord ;f ?
awmifiu
l kd jyefwt
hJ zG@J awGvnf; h e,fajrodr;f / rd@awGord ;f ayg?h
jrpf0u|e;f ay: jyefa&mufwmu 1949 ckEpS rf mS ?
tif;pdew
f u
dk yf u
JG (111)&uf =umw,f? raovd@k use&f pfcw
hJ m?
wdu
k yf aJG wGu teD;uyf wdu
k yf aJG wG? tzd;k twGuaf wmh yxrqH;k wdu
k yf t
JG awGtuyH ?J
ESpzf ufpvH;k vnf; tustqH;k rsm;w,f?
jrpf0u|e;f ay:udk jyef_yD

tif;pdew
f u
kd yf t
JG +y;D rSm yGOJ ;D xGuf vufeufcstnHch o
H mG ;wmu ref;*srd ;f pfxeG ;f atmif
yJ? awmfveS af &;oufwrf;uvnf; Ekao;wmud;k ? tif;pdeu
f qkwv
f m+yD;aemuf =umtif;
aZmif;vm;? aZmvm; rodb;l ? tJ'&D mG rSm vl}u;D awG pnf;a0;xdik =f uw,f? wm0efawG cG=J uwJh
tcgrmS apmbOD;}u;D eJ Adv
k cf sKyfpikd ;f auwdk u ta&Swdik ;f ? awmificl dik f ref;bZefeJ [Hwmom
79
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ar$;wdk u jrpf0u|e;f ay:wdik ;f ?
'Dvkd wm0efc+JG yD; toD;oD;oGm;=uwmayg?h
ref;bZef abmf'*D wf
tzd;k wdk uawmh ref;bZefwkd e@J twl jrpf0u|e;f ay:bufukd jyefqw
k v
f mw,f?
ref;bZefe@J pawG@wmu tif;pderf mS xJu awG@=uwmayg?h
ref ; bZef u autJ e f ' D t d k A d k v f c sKyf } uD ; ? jrpf 0 u|ef ; ay:a&muf a wmh ol u
rtlyifaemufa=umu =unfyifombufukd jyefqw
k v
f m&awmh [dyk ek ;f 'Da&Smif/ 'Da&$[dak &$ayg?h
tzd;k u ol@abmf'*D wf vky&f ao;w,f? 1949/ 50rSmayg?h wESpaf usmaf vmuf vky&f
w,f? olu acgi;f aqmifqakd wmh &efou
l olaemuf teHcv
H u
kd w
f mayg?h tzd;k wdk u ol@ukd
vHk cHa&;,lay;ae&wmayg?h
tzd;k wd@k oH;k av;a,mufyJ &Sad wmhw,f? olvnf; &ygw,f ajymwmud;k ?
tzd;k u t+rJayg?h ajymif;a&$@wt
hJ cgrmS txkyaf wG tukex
f rf;/ xrDxyk af &m tus
xkyaf &m tukeyf ?J tJ'v
D kd a&$@&ajymif;&&if tzd;k wd@k u t&rf;ra&$@b;l ?
&GmawGrmS u vl}u;D awG &Sw
d mud;k ? vl}u;D awGac:awG@+y;D awmhrS w&Gm+y;D w&Gm ajymif;
=uwm? ud,
k u
hf &if&mG awGqakd wmh jynfoal wG axmufcrH u
_ tjynf&h w
dS mayg?h
jrpf0u|e;f ay:rSm ajrmif;jrckid u
f kd tzd;k wdk u trSw(f 2)cdik f owfrw
S x
f m;w,f?
rtlyifu trSw(f 7)/ trSw(f 3)ckid u
f [Hom0wDbufrmS ?
aemufawmh ref;bZefu wm0efwcke@J yJc;l k;d rudk oGm;&w,f? 'Dawmh olu
a[h Adv
k af usmaf omif; ig c&D;oGm;&r,fu?G igh aemufyikd ;f awGukd b,frmS xm;&&if
aumif;rvJ
tzd;k u pOf;pm;w,f?
xm;vdk &wJh ae&mawGuawmh trsm;}u;D ? taumif;qH;k uawmh yef;waemfr@d e,f
awmausmif;rSm xm;&ifyakd umif;r,f
ref;bZefu vHyk grh vm;wJ?h
vHw
k mayg?h tJ'rD mS ref;pdeaf t;&Sw
d ,f? olwkd bufu +ird ;f csr;f w,f? olAv
kd rf LS ;pHwif
at;vnf;&Sw
d ,f? ol@tpfuakd &m/ ol@naD &m ajymxm;vdu
k &f if bmrSrjzpfawmhb;l
80
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tJ'geJ ol@ZeD;eJ@ uav;ac:+yD; oGm;awG@wmayg?h
pHwifat;u &wmayg?h ud,
k t
hf rsK;d om;rS r=unf&h if b,fo=l unfrh vJw?hJ
'ge@J ol@ro
d m;pkawGukd awmausmif;rSm xm;wm? ref;bZefuvnf; pdwcf sw,f?
tJ'ge@J ol c&D;xGuw
f mayg?h ol@aemufukd tzd;k rygomG ;bl;?
ref;bZefu tzd;k &J yxrOD;qH;k q&mvd@k ajymvd@k vnf;&w,f? awmfveS af &;rSm tzd;k
udk Edik if aH &;oabmw&m; olyJ yd@k csay;cJw
h mud;k ? tzd;k u ref;bZefukd av;vnf;av;pm;w,f?
cspv
f nf; cspw
f ,f?
olu olrsm;vdk r[kwb
f ;l ?
oabmw&m;ay; aqG;aEG;wJah e&mrSm em;vnfatmif aqG;aEG;w,f?
aemuf+yD; &JabmfawGeJ taetxdik f wef;wlnw
D &l w
dS ,f?
tpm;taomufvnf; twlwyl ?J
tJ'ga=umifh tzd;k olukd trsm;}uD; av;pm;w,f?
b0jrifh&if rudufbl;
tzd;k wdk wyf&if;rSm laomqdw
k hJ acgi;f aqmifwa,muf&w
dS ,f?
oluvnf; bDatbGJ & acwfynmwwfwa,mufy?J b0ifvnf; cyfjrifjh rif?h
oluq
kd kd tzd;k =unfv
h @kd r&bl;? ole@J vnf; tzd;k wcgrS pum;rajymbl;?
tzd;k wdk cdik Of uUXeJ@ Edik if aH &;ta=umif;aqG;aEG;&if; acgi;f aqmifawGtydik ;f qD a&muf
oGm;awmh ajym=uwmayg?h tzd;k uacgi;f aqmifxrJ mS awmh ref;bZefukd tuduq
f ;kH yJ? ig
ruduw
f mu A[dak umfrwDxu
J apmlaom qdw
k ahJ umify?J 'Daumifuq
kd kd ig ydwu
f efcsif
w,f
tJ't
D csed f laomu tzd;k &J nmbufa'girhf mS xdik af ewm?
olu tzd;k udk wcsuv
f n
S =hf unfw
h ,f?
rif; bmjzpfv@kd ud,
k ahf cgi;f aqmifukd uefcsiw
f mvJ
acgi;f aqmifayr,fh olu acgi;f aqmifryDobl;? ol =unfw
h yhJ u
kH u
kd rif;=unfv
h u
kd f
ygvm;? rsuEf mS udu
k ykyaf ewmyJ? ole@J tvdw
k q
l &kd ifawmh yH;vdk &i$ v
f kd ? acgi;f aqmifqw
kd m
ausmom;&ifom; rcGjJ cm;&bl;uG
81
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'ge@J tzd;k wd@k wyf&if;u q&momazu
rif;awmfawmf *GuswahJ umifyJ wJ?h
jrpf0u|e;f ay: wyfr[mrsm;zGpJ nf;jcif;

jrpf0u|e;f ay: pa&mufawmh tzd;k wdk e,fajrawG/ rdawGukd awmfawmfxed ;f xm;Edik f
w,f? jrpf0u|e;f ay: yef;waemf/ ajrmif;jr/ ykord /f bdu
k av;/ [oFmw/ zsmyH/k rtlyif/ ausmif;
uke;f / "EkjzL 'Da'oawGu u&if&mG awGcsn;f yJu;kd ? tzd;k wdk ukd axmufcw
H mayg?h
1950 rSm ausmif;uke;f rdu &Gmomuke;f rSm autJe,
f u
l acgi;f aqmif+yD;awmh
vlxak wGukd tpnf;ta0;ac:w,f? vlxak wG awmfawmf wufwufuG uG vm=uw,f? tzd;k
wdkacgif;aqmifawGuvnf; autef,ltpnf;tHk;}uD;udk jyef+yD;azmfxkwfzdk u&ifhawmf
vSeaf &;udk autJe,
f u
l a&Saqmifzkd aqG;aEG;=uwmayg?h tJ'D tpnf;ta0;}uD;u autJef
,l&J a&Saqmifrw
_ m0efawGeJ tkycf sKyfa&;wm0efawGyg qH;k jzwfc=hJ uw,f?
aemufyikd ;f rSmjrpf0u|e;f ay: autJe,
f t
l zGJ ukd zGJ w,f? OuUXuawmh ref;bZefayg?h
jrpf0u|e;f ay:wdik ;f wyfr[mawGuv
kd nf; zGJ pnf;vdu
k w
f ,f?
anmifwek ;f / yef;waemf/ "EkjzLu wyfr[m (1)
ykord /f ajrmif;jrcdik u
f wyfr[m(2)
rtlyifcdik af wmifyikd ;f u wyfr[m(3)
[Hom0wDeJ om,m0wDu wyfr[m(4)
zsmyHck dik u
f wyfr[m(5)
yJc;l d;k ru wyfr[m(6)
jrpf0u|e;f ay:atmufyikd ;f udak wmh wyfr[m(7)
tzd;k wdk owif;&wmu ta&Swdik ;f bufrmS vnf; apmbOD;}u;D acgi;f aqmifwt
hJ zGJ u
aumfo;l avtpd;k &udk zGJ vu
kd =f uw,f?
awmificl dik u
f u&ifawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ygw,f?
82
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
yxrqH;k wyfr[mrdwf
aemufyikd ;f rSm uGejf rLepfygw/D jynfo@l &aJ bmfe@J vnf; nD!w
$ af &;&vmw,f?
olwkd uv
kd nf; zqyv tpd;k &u wdu
k +f yaD v? 'Dawmh tzd;k wdk r[mrdwzf JG =uwmayg?h ykord cf kid /f
omaygi;f rde,f terf;uke;f &GmrSm yxrqH;k t}udrf wyfaygi;f pkukd zGJ cw
hJ ,f? tzd;k wdk bufu
acgi;f aqmifu ref;bZefayg?h uGejf rLepfygwb
D ufu ocifZif?
1952 ckEpS rf mS vkyw
f mqdak wmh Zif/ ZefoabmwlncD suq
f w
kd m xGuv
f mao;
w,f? wzGJ eJ wzGJ e,fajrudk todtrSwf yw,f? wd@k wzGJ e@J wzGJ rwdu
k af &;? e,fajr jzwfoef;
oGm;vmcGihf oabmwl=uw,f? Edik if aH &;eJ@ ywfouf+y;D !Ed i_d ;f vd@k awmh r&bl;? rwl=ubl;av?
a&a-umif; wdu
k yf JG
a&$vif;,kepf pfqifa&;? rd;k [de;f ppfqifa&;? tJ'pD pfqifa&;}u;D awGeJ tzd;k wdk ukd ydwf
0dik ;f acsre_ ;f wm? tzd;k wd@k rcHEikd af wmh yJc;l d;k rudk a&$&wmayg?h
tzd;k uwyfawGukd udik x
f m;wmud;k ? auyDt,fvaf twyf&if;/ ajymufusm;wyf&if;
&Sw
d ,f? 'Dvkd ydw0f ikd ;f awG vkyv
f mawmh tzk;d u wyf&if;rSL;awGukd rSmw,f?
tajctaeuawmh odyrf aumif;bl;? ydw0f ikd ;f acsre_ ;f a&;awG vkyaf e+y?D rif;wd@k e,f
ajrpG/J a'opGaJ wG vkyrf aeeJawmh? cHcs&ifcs? rEdik yf akH y:&if rif;wd@k qw
k v
f mcJ?h trSw(f 3)ckid f
OuUX ref;bZefqrD mS ig&rdS ,f
olw@kd ukd tzd;k ajymxm;w,f? wyf&if;rSL;udv
k nf; ajymw,f?
wyfcrJG LS ; Adv
k }f uD;cspv
f if;armifvnf; ajymw,f?
ajymufusm;wyfcrJG LS ;u Adv
k }f uD;atmifoef;OD;udv
k nf; tzd;k u ta=umif;=um;
w,f? yef;waemfu wyfcrJG LS ;pHrif; tukev
f ;kH &Si;f jyw,f?
rif;wd@k ae&if rif;wd@k aoukev
f rd rfh ,fvd@k ? aemufawmh b,f[w
k rf vJu?G
'DaumifawG[m yg;pyfu ajymw,f? vufawG@usawmh rcdik b
f ;l ? cspv
f if;armifu
v=um;uif;OD; jrpf}uD; ta&S@bufurf;rSm [d;k ywfawmfaemufausmrSm EGm;wif;ukyx
f rJ mS
83
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
aemufawmh Adv
k }f u;D atmifoef;? olu tif;acsmif;av;xJrmS tJ'rD mS aewm? olwkd ae&m,l
xm;wm? &efov
l m&if csrmS ayg?h wu,fyJ &efox
l ;dk wmyJ?
yxrOD;qH;k Adv
k }f u;D cspv
f if;armifukd ywfawmfaemufausm a&xJrmS wdu
k w
f m? Adv
k f
}uD;cspv
f if;armif usomG ;w,f?
aemufawmh owif;u wcg&vmw,f?
Adv
k }f uD;atmifoef; wku
d &f if;eJ@yJ wdu
k yf rJG mS usomG ;w,f? jrpf0u|e;f ay:rSmyJ?
tustqH;k awGrsm;awmh wyf&if;topfawG jyefzJG &wmayg?h wyf&if;topfz@JG awmh
wyfc(JG 1)rSm wyfcrJG LS ;u Adv
k w
f ifO;D (zl;wmt,f)?
tzd;k u wyfc(JG 2)u Adv
k }f uD;pvG,w
f yfcrJG mS &Sw
d ,f?
zl;wmt,fe@J odwmuawmh Zum}uD;wdu
k yf rJG mS ?
tJ'w
D u
kd yf rJG mS olw@kd u tzd;k wdk wyfcu
JG kd tulac:wmud;k ?
wyfc(JG 2)udk olw@kd ac:awmh Adv
k }f uD;pvG,u
f tzd;k udk ajymw,f?
Zum}u;D udk &efox
l ;kd r,fu?G tJ'gwyfawG trsm;}u;D vdw
k ,f? rif; ygomG ;&r,fuG
Zum}u;D u tajzmufZum}u;D ? tzd;k wdk wyfpw
k pkomG ;w,f? tiftm; (30)avmuf
&Sw
d ,f? tJ'rD mS Adv
k w
f ifO;D eJ@ pod&wmyJ?
olu rif;wd@k Adv
k }f u;D pvG,f wyfcu
JG vm;
[kwu
f ?hJ usaemhu
f kd v$wv
f u
kd w
f myJ
rif;emrnf b,fvakd c:vJ
ausmaf omif;
rif;u bmwm0efvJ
usaemfu wyfprk LS ;yJ
aumif;+y;D 'Dn &efox
l ;kd r,f
olu 'gyaJ jym+y;D tzd;k wdk wyfzJG ukd ae&mcsay;w,f? tJ'rD mS Adv
k u
f sm;qDa&mufw,f?
olu cifAsm;wd@k vmwm usaemfw@kd odyt
f m;&Sw
d myJwJ?h
tJ'n
D rSm &efox
l ;kd awmhwmyJa[h? a&wyfu t&ifwufvmw,f?
a&$yZk eG w
f @kd ? a&$rmvmwd@k ? ESpx
f yfoabFm}uD;? ESppf if; oH;k pif;yJ?
aemufawmh olw@kd wdu
k af &,mOfyg ygvmw,f? wpif;+yD; wpif;vmwmyJ? ajcmuf
pif;/ ckEpS pf if;&Srd ,f 0ifvmwm? tzd;k u ol@ukd vSr;f +yD;awmh =unfah ew,f?
olwkd 0ifvmwmeJ tzk;d wdk u qD;ypfwmyJ? a&a=umif;wdu
k yf aJG yg?h
wdu
k =f uwm (2)em&D (3)em&Davmuf=umr,f?
84
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
olwu
kd f ud,
k w
f u
kd yf J a0g a0geJ@ ? ud,
k b
hf ufuvnf;us/ olw@kd bufuvnf;us
oabFmay:rSmqdak wmh b,favmufusv@kd usreS ;f awmh rodb;l ?
tzd;k wd@k u uke;f ay:rSmae+yD;awmh olw@kd wufvm&if ypfwmud;k ?
tzd;k wdk ukd olwkd ypfwmvnf; uwkwu
f si;f }uD; ydusomG ;w,f?
tzd;k wd@k acgi;f awGrmS &$@H awGe@J v;l aewmyJ?
olw@kd u oabFmay:uypfwm? tzd;k wd@k u urf;ay:u ypfayg?h
yxr wcsyD pfawmh olw@kd u tqefrmS rypfb;l ? tpkerf mS ypfwm? aemufwcsu
D
tpkerf mS ypfjyefa&m? olwkd oabFm}u;D awG? a&,mOfawGeJ qakd wmh a&pkeaf &qef wdu
k w
f mayg?h
tzd;k wdk uawmh uke;f ay:uyJ? zl;wmt,fwkd u a&xJu oabFmeJwu
kd w
f ,f? vuf
euf}uD;awGe@J qakd wmh awmfawmfawmh vSr;f w,f? =umawmh wdk val wG jyefqw
k o
f mG ;w,f?
wcsK@d vnf; '%f&m&vd@k jyefqw
k w
f m?
tzd;k uawmh rodb;l ? ypfwek ;f yJ? aemuf zl;wmt,fu ta=umif;=um;w,f?
olrsm;awG qkwv
f m+yDu;kd ?
wdk val wG qkww
f m uke+f yv
D m;
b,fuek rf vJ? Adv
k u
f sm;eJ@ Adv
k af usmaf omif;wdk tzG@J use&f pfcw
hJ ,f
[ rif;wd@k rajymbl;vm;
qkwyf pf ypf=uwmud;k
oGm; oGm; jrefjrefomG ;ac:
Adv
k u
f sm;eJ@tzd;k wd@k tzG@J use&f pfcv
hJ @kd ol jyefvmac:cdik ;f wm? tzd;k wdk uvnf; cHypf ypfwm
tzd;k wdk wuGuyf J useaf wmhw,f? 'Dawmh &efou
l vnf; tzd;k wdk bufuykd J rJawmhwmayg?h
aemufawmh tzd;k u Adv
k u
f sm;udk ajymw,f?
aoewfzwf+yD;awmh rif; oGm;awmh? use&f pfc&hJ if &efoal wG &oGm;r,f
at; qd+k yD;awmh oluvnf; zwfwmyJ? tzd;k u cHypfay;w,f? 'ge@J ol v$wo
f mG ;w,f?
tzd;k vlawGuv
kd nf; tzd;k ajymw,f?
uJ 4-5a,mufyJ csecf ?hJ usew
f v
hJ al wG tukev
f ;kH oGm;awmh
tJ'rD mS eif;uefypfawmhwmyJ? yG}J uD;yGaJ umif;yJ? tzd;k wd@k uvnf; ezl;eJ@ ajr}uD;eJ@
uyfaewmyJ? rcGm&Jb;l ? jyefay:&if jyefypfwmyJ?
tzd;k u trdef ay;&awmhwmayg?h
'Dvakd e&if aoukerf ,f? ud,
k ahf oewf ud,
k zf uf+y;D awmh vdro
hf mG ;=u? igvnf; vdrhf
vmr,f
85
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'Dvekd @J tzd;k wdk wmd;k &Sw
d ahJ e&mudk vdrv
hf rd +hf yD; oGm;=uwmayg?h
em;vdu
k v
f rd v
hf u
kd f em;vdu
k v
f rd v
hf u
kd ef @J ? armwmud;k ? em;&if;eJ@ ypfwmyJ? usnaf wGuvnf;
tem;rSmuswm wazmufazmufy?J wuk,
d v
f ;kH vnf; &$@H awGe@J vl;aewmyJ?
uJ qufvrd =hf updk ? 'Dvkd vl;Edik v
f rd Ehf ikd rf u
S ?G r[kw&f if aoukerf ,f
av;ig;q,fcgvrd rhf S wmd;k em;udk a&mufawmhw,f? wma&Sa&mufawmh a[m[Ja[m[J
armae=uw,f? tJ'rD mS wd@k em;=uw,f? olw@kd uawmh ypfaewke;f yJ?
tarmajyawmh wmd;k ay:udk 0rf;vsm;arSmuf+yD; wuf=uw,f?
wmabmifay:ausm+f yD; [dzk ufa&mufawmhrS toufv
_ @kd &awmhw,f?
a&mufomG ;awmh tzd;k u Adv
k w
f ifO;D qDukd ta=umif;oGm;=um;w,f?
tzd;k ol@qaD &mufawmh oluajymw,f?
cifAsm;tckrS jyefa&mufvm;
[kww
f ,f usaemf tckrS jyefa&mufw,f? ypfvu
kd w
f m tvl;tvdryhf ?J raovd@k usef
wm
ig =um;w,f? [dak umifawGukd ig ac:cdik ;f wm rif;wd@k ygrvmbl;? olw@kd [m olw@kd
jyefqw
k v
f mw,f
olawmfawmf a'gyw
G ,f? tJ'ge@J tzd;k aewJah e&mudk olvu
kd v
f mw,f?
olu ar;w,f? rif;b,fawmh jyefrvJ
Adv
k }f uD;jyefvw
$ rf S jyefv@kd &rSmayg?h rvdak wmhb;l qdrk S usaemf jyefrmS aygh
at;uGm em;em;aeae ae=uOD;uGm? 'DaumifawGukd tuJcwf=unfv
h u
kd Of ;D r,f
2-3&uf=umawmh &efou
l rwufvmawmhb;l ? jyefqw
k o
f mG ;+yD;?
tJ'aD wmhrS olu rif;wd@k jyef&if jyefv@kd &+y?D aus;Zl;wifw,fumG ? rif;wd@k wyfpak v;
u wdu
k &f nfcu
kd &f nf awmfawmfaumif;w,f
'ge@J yJ tzd;k jyefvmw,f? tzd;k wyfcrJG LS ; Adv
k }f uD;pvG,q
f aD &mufawmh
b,fEh ,
S v
hf u
J ?G Adv
k af usmaf omif;
[m raovd@k jyefvmw,f
ig odygw,fumG
wyfcrJG LS ; igu
h kd pma&;vdu
k w
f ,f? cifAsm;wyfpk odyaf wmfwmyJ? owWad umif;w,fv@kd
ajymw,f
tJ'v
D ekd @J wyfcu
JG kd jyefa&mufomG ;w,f?
86
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
olrsm; qJvnf; em;rvnf

tzd;k wdk wyfcaJG ewJ&h mG u Z&yfuiG ;f &Gm? k;d av;wacsmif;&Sw
d ,f?
tzd;k wd@k u k;d wbufrmS ? tjcm;wbufrmS &efol &Sw
d ,f?
tzd;k wdk e@J twl&w
dS mu Adv
k rf LS ;jrarmif? olu 'k&if;rSL;? Adv
k b
f oef;u tJ'w
D ek ;f u
wyf&if;rSL; ? wGaH w;bufu wa,muf&adS o;w,f? Adv
k rf LS ;jrcsKq
d w
kd m oluvnf; wGaH w;buf
u qkwv
f mwm?
a[h ausmaf omif; tck iay:i=um ckwcf mG wd@k bufrmS &efopl pfwyfu tm;awmf
awmf rsm;w,fu?G rif;Edik af tmif jyefcsEikd yf grh vm; Adv
k rf LS ;jrarmifu ar;w,f?
rsm;rsm;aygh Adv
k rf LS ;? usaemfw@kd urf;em;udk wa,mufrS ra&mufap&bl;? csr,f
'DaumifawGukd
tzd;k vlawGuvnf; &Sw
d mud;k ? [dak umifawGu bmajymvJqakd wmh
aocsi&f if pderf pm;eJ@? Adv
k af usmaf omif; wyfpu
k kd oGm;wJh
'DaumifawGu pum;qdek @J ? 'ge@J wa,mufu xajymw,f?
vdu
k v
f m&if Adu
k q
f mrSmaygu
h mG wJ?h
Adv
k rf LS ;r,H&k if apmif=h unfh vd@k tzd;k ajymawmh Adv
k rf LS ;jrarmifu y;H y;H eJ@ vSnx
hf u
G f
oGm;w,f? ol Adv
k pf vG,u
f akd jymwm tzd;k =um;w,f?
cifAsm;Adv
k af wG wyfprk LS ;awGu wu,fx
h yd o
f ;D awGcsn;f yJwJ?h
aemufr=umbl;? tzd;k wdk em;rSm wdu
k yf jJG zpfwmyJ? (3)em&Davmuf =umw,f?
ypfvu
kd &f yfvu
kd f ypfvu
kd &f yfvu
kd ef @J ? a&xJrmS aA'gav;awG &Sw
d mud;k ?
a&uvnf; +idraf ew,f? olw@kd qif;vmrvd@k vyk v
f u
kd ?f tzd;k wdk u ypfvu
kd ?f
olw@kd a&pyfuakd wmif rqif;&Jb;l ? enf;enf;qif;vmrvd@k vkyv
f u
kd ?f tzd;k wdk u
pk+yD;awmh ypfvu
kd ?f =umawmh 'DaumifawG a&xJawmif rqif;&Jb;l ?
aemufawmh 'DaumifawG uke;f ay:uae+yD; tzd;k wdk ukd atmf+yD; qJawmhwmyJ?
ratawGa&m ESrawGa&m pHv
k kd ?
tzd;k wdk xu
J u&ifwcsKd u Armpum;rS rwwfy?J qJvnf; rqJwwfb;l ?
wa,mufuawmh jyefqw
J ,f? olu Armvdk rwwfwwwfeJ qJwm?
87
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
usew
f ahJ umifawGu rif; bmajymwmvJqd+k yD; ol@ukd xd;k r,f}udwrf ,f vky=f uao;w,f?
'ge@J em;vnfwv
hJ al wGu [db
k ufurf;u aumifawG/ rif;wd@k ukd rateJ ESreJ@ qJaewmvdk
bmomjyefay;awmhrS tzd;k aumifawG _;_;&S&J JS xjzpfawmhwmyJ?
a'gawGy+G y;D 'DaumifawG ig oGm;csr,feJ wuJuv
J yk af evdk renf;qGx
J m;&w,f?
[db
k ufurf;u aumifawGvnf; 0atmifq+J yD; jyefqw
k o
f mG ;=uw,f?
tzd;k wdk tzG@J xrif;vnf; rpm;&ao;bl;? qmvnf; qmae=u+yD?
&JabmfwcsKd uawmh &GmxJuo
kd mG ;+yD; xrif;oGm;awmif;pm;=uwmayg?h
tzd;k u pdwrf csv@kd use&f pfcw
hJ ,f? &efoal wG wyfrsm;vmrvm;vd@k apmifah ew,f? olw@kd jyef
vmawmh tzd;k twGuf xrif;,lvmw,f? bm[if;rSawmh rygb;l ? ig;yd&nfeJ y?J pm;vd@k aumif;
w,f? qmaewmud;k ?
pm;+yD;awmh tzd;k u qufapmifah ewmyJ? tzd;k &Jabmfwa,mufu ajymw,f?
olrsm;awG jyefuek +f yDav? rjyefao;bl;vm;
a[haumif jyefvmzdk trde@f rS rusao;yJ? rif; b,fvv
kd yk jf yefrvJ? ppfom;qdw
k m
ppfred @f ukd emcH&w,f
'DawmhrS olu 'gq&kd if 'DrmS yJ cg;qef@+yD;awmh tdyrf ,fumG vd@k ajym+yD; ola&m/
tzd;k a&m cg;qef@+y;D awmh arS;ae=uw,f? aemufxyf (2)em&D/ (3)em&DavmufrS Adv
k rf LS ;jrarmif
u jyefac:cdik ;f vdk tzd;k wd@k jyefvmw,f?
jyefa&mufawmh nae (4)em&Dausmaf vmuf &Srd ,f?
tzd;k u a&mufa=umif; owif;oGm;yd@k wmayg?h
rif; jyefa&mufvm+yDvm;? bmjzpfv@kd tckrS jyefvmwmvJ
jyefrac:ao;vd@k
'Dawmh Adv
k rf LS ;jrarmifu ppfom;qdw
k m 'Dvrkd aS yg?h
[dak umifawGu bmrSrajymbJ jyefvm=uw,f? awmfawmf[w
k w
f ahJ umifawG?
rif;wd@k xrif;pm;+yD; em;vdu
k Of ;D vdk ajym+yD; jyefxu
G o
f mG ;w,f?
88
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
rde;f ryd;k &if aumif;aumif;yd;k

tJ'n
D aeu Z&yfuiG ;f &GmxJrmS 0ufom;eJ@ 0uf;dk ywf/ ig;yd/ wd@k p&meJ@ tzd;k wdk
xrif;pm;=uw,f? xrif;/ [if;vmxnfah y;wmuvnf; tysKad v;awG? igt
h aumifawGu
ajymw,f?
'D&mG u tysKad wG awmfawmfacsmw,fuG
at;uG? [dw
k a,mufvnf; acsmwmyJ
tzd;k u bmrSrajymao;bl;?
aemuf tysKrd wa,mufvmawmh
[m 'Dwa,mufu ydak csmw,fuG
tysKdrawGu xrif;[if;vmxnfhvdkuf jyefvdkufvkyfwmudk &JabmfawGu
taemufuae ajymae=uwm?
aemufawmh tzd;k u xajyma&m
a[haumifawG rif;wd@k yg;pyf awmfawmfo&rf;w,f? rif;wd@k yd;k csi&f ify;kd ? [d[
k m
acsmw,f/ 'D[macsmw,f ajymrae=ueJ@? =um;oGm;&if raumif;bl;? wd@k &J pnf;urf;csurf mS
olrsm;orD;ysK/d wckvwf/ rkq;kd rudk rzsuq
f ;D &bl;? rapmfum;&bl;? raESmif,
h u
S &f bl;? aemuf
rif;wd@k ratawG/ ESrawGvnf;&Sw
d ,f? ud,
k cf si;f pm=unfOh ;D ayg?h ab;uvl =um;oGm;&if b,fvkd
aervJ
tzd;k taumifawGu +idraf ew,f? taumifwaumifu xajymw,f?
usaemfw@kd vnf; tJ'aD vmufxd rodb;l ? aemuf rajymawmhb;l ? pdwx
f rJ mS yJ ajym
r,f
at; rif;wd@k pw
d x
f rJ mS xm;awmhxm;aygu
h mG ? ay:vm&ifawmh rif;wd@k em;&if;tkyf
cH&r,fvd@k ?
xrif;pm;+y;D awmh n (7)em&Dusawmh vmac:wmyJ? xl;acsmif;qdw
k hJ u&if&mG w&Gmudk
oGm;&w,f? bma=umifh oGm;&vJqakd wmh [dak &mufro
S w
d ,f?
oGm;qdo
k mG ;/ vmqdv
k myJ bmrS rod&bl;?
[dak &mufawmh 'kprk LS ;udak &mufa=umif; owif;oGm;yd@k cikd ;f w,f?
89
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
owif;oGm;yd@k awmh wyf&if;rSL;a&m/ 'k&if;rSL;a&m &Sw
d ,f?
rif;wd@k a&mufvm+yD;vm;? rif;wd@k 0atmif tdyx
f m;=u? (4)em&Dx;kd &if ac:Ed;k r,f?
wd@k wu
kd yf &JG w
dS ,f 'gyaJ jymw,f?
qm;ravmufukd wdu
k _f yD
(4)em&Dx;kd awmh vmac:wmyJ? b,fae&mwdu
k rf ,fqw
kd m rajymbl;? tzd;k vnf;
vdu
k o
f mG ;wmayg?h tzd;k u ar;=unfw
h ,f?
wd@k b,fae&mwdu
k &f rvJ
ajymvdk r&bl;wJ?h
tzd;k pdwx
f rJ mS awmh owif;aygurf mS a=umufv@kd rajymwmbJjzpfr,fvkd awG;vdu
k f
w,f? tawmf=um=um oGm;vdu
k &f w,f? =unfv
h u
kd af wmh qm;ravmuf*w
d f jzpfaewmud;k ?
tJ'aD e&mudk cifAsm;wd@k wdu
k &f r,f
vmjywJv
h u
l jyefomG ;w,f? usaemf oGm;awmhr,fw?hJ ol jyefomG ;awmh tzk;d u
wyfprk LS ;awG/ 'kprk LS ;awG/ wyf=uyf}uD;awGukd ac:wmayg?h
wdk wu
kd &f rSmu 'Dae&myJuG tzd;k u olwkd ukd vuf!K ;d xd;k jyvku
d w
f ,f?
b,fvv
kd ?J wdu
k v
f kd r&&ifvnf; &Supf &m}u;D
tzd;k wdk tiftm;u (30)avmufawmh&w
dS ,f? tzd;k vlawGuvnf; csr,fw?hJ owWd
aumif;wJah umifawGcsn;f yJu;kd ?
olw@kd u t*Fvyd v
f kd ac:w,fu?G tzd;k vnf; odyef m;rvnfb;l ? ZD;k;d tm0gqv
kd m;?
tJ'gu pr,f? aoewfo=H um;&if csawmh tJ'v
D akd jymw,f?
tzd;k u ajymw,f?
wd@k wu
kd rf v
hJ al wG 'DrmS aewm a0;w,fu?G 0rf;vsm;arSmuf+yD;awmh oGm;r,f? igh
aemufvu
kd cf ?hJ rwfwyf&yf+yD; oGm;&if olw@kd jrif&r,f
aoewfausmay:wif+yD; 0rf;vsm;arSmuf+yD;oGm;wm nDwn
l mwly?J
udu
k f (100)avmuf tuGma&mufawmh awmf+yDxifw,f?
vSr;f =unfah wmh aumif;aumif;jrifae&+y;D ? (4)em&Dausmf (5)em&Dausmef m; eD;ae+y;D ?
90
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
olw@kd uawmh uif;apmifw
h ahJ umifu apmif/h tdyw
f ahJ umifu tdyaf eOD;rSmayg?h tzd;k
u ajymxm;w,f? tqifoifh aexm;=u? aoewfo=H um;wmeJ@ wydix
f J ypfr,fv@kd ?
wcgwnf; aoewfoH 'dik ;f ueJ =um;wmeJ@ tzd;k wd@k tzG@J vnf; ypfawmhwmyJ?
'dik ;f -'dik ;f -'dik ;f -'dik ;f a0g a0g a0geJ@ tukef wuford ;f ypfwmyJ?
olwkd bufu (4)a,muf (5)a,muf&rdS ,f? tukeo
f wfypfwmyJ?
[db
k ufuaumifawGuawmh ypfwek ;f ? ol@wm0efe@J ol ay;xm;wmud;k ?
tzd;k 'kprk LS ;u tzd;k udk ajymw,f?
'Dvykd J =unfah evd@k jzpfrvm;? oGm;ul&if raumif;bl;vm;
rif;udk b,fou
l cl ikd ;f vd@k v?J rulcikd ;f bJe@J oGm;ul&if aooGm;&if jy\emjzpfO;D r,f?
trde@f usvmrS oGm;ulr,f
at; 'gvnf; [kww
f myJ
tzd;k wd@k u aoewf (6)vuf&w,f? tzd;k wd@k xdik +f y;D awmh apmifah e=uwmayg?h trde@f rS
usrvmao;yJ? tzd;k wdk xikd af pmih&f if; wa,mufwayguaf jym=uwmayg?h
ig csvu
kd w
f m b,fvv
kd ?J bmnmeJ Edik af wmh uGm;ae=uwmayg?h
tzd;k uvnf; tjrifuyfwmeJ a[haumifawG ppfwu
kd w
f m uGm;zd@k r[kwb
f ;l uG?
*k%,
f zl @kd u?G rif;wd@k aumifawG w,fumG ;csi=f uwmud;k ? Edik &f if *k%,
f &l w,f? _;H &if usuo
f a&
enf;enf;rS r&Sb
d ;l ? ruGm;eJ@? *k%,
f =l u
tJ'v
D kd ajymawmh olw@kd &,fae=uw,f? bmrSrajymawmhb;l ? tJ'ge@J wyf&if;rSL;u
vlvw
$ +f yD;ajymcdik ;f w,f? r&ao;wJt
h zG@J ukd ulwu
kd zf @kd ? tzd;k u ud,
k v
hf u
l ,
kd af c:wmayg?h
ul&r,fv@kd ajymw,f? wd@k uulr,f? ulwmawmh [kw+f yD? wd@k t&rf;ypfv@kd awmh
rjzpfao;bl;? tJ'rD mS wdu
k af ewJt
h aumifawGukd rif;oGm;ar;=unf?h olw@kd b,frmS ae+y;D b,f
ae&mudk wdu
k w
f mvJ? rSwv
f mcJ+h yD;&if rif;jyefvmcJh
wdk vw
$ w
f v
hJ l jyefvmawmh wmd;k uae vSr;f ypfae=uwm? tzd;k wdk wmk;d uae
vmr,f? ta&Swnfw
h nfh vSyJ pfr,f? ypf&if zkw(f uwkwu
f si;f )udyk J ypfr,fv@kd ? tzd;k wdk u
aemufausmu 0ifwu
kd rf mS ? 'DaumifawGu ta&S@uykd J rJaewm?
tJ'rD mS tzd;k pwif;*ef;udk armif;wif+y;D azmif; azmif; azmif;eJcswm? 'DaumifawG
b,fcEH ikd rf vJ? (4)a,mufusomG ;w,f? tJ'rD mS tzd;k wdk bufu Edik w
f mayg?h
91
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
rsuEf mS yd;k raowJt

h zGJ
qm;ravmufukd wdu
k +f y;D jyefawmh tzd;k wdk vrf;u &Gmw&GmrSm c%0ifem;=uw,f?
u&if&mG yJ? oabmaumif;w,f? &Gmom;awGu tzd;k wdk tzG@J ukd ac:vnf=uw,f? tdraf y:ac:
wufwmayg?h tzd;k wdk u tdraf y:rwufb;l ? &$H awGe@J qakd wmh rwufcsib
f ;l ? tm;emw,f?
opfyifatmufrmS yJ tdyaf e=uw,f?
opfyifatmufrmS u at;vnf;at;w,f? wd@k tzGJ awmfawmftyd w
f ,f?
yifyrf;xm;wmud;k ? wpfcsuw
f ;D ESpcf suw
f ;D avmuf =umoGm;w,f?
aemuf wcsK@d aumifawG Ed;k vmw,f?
olw@kdajymwm tzd;k =um;w,f? wyfprk LS ;uvnf; rxao;bl;? a&csK;d csiv
f m+y;D wJ?h
tzd;k =um;awmh at; [kwo
f m;yJqd+k yD; tdy,
f mux a&csK;d ayg?h
acsmif;xJrmS a&csK;d / t0wftpm;vJw,f?
tzd;k wd@k tzGJ uvnf; w[J[J eJ@ cyfaysmaf ysmyf ?J tdr&f iS af wGu tzd;k wd@k ukd tdraf y:
wufz@kd ac:w,f? tzd;k wdk tyd w
f t
hJ rd ef m;u vifr,m;ESpaf ,mufu touf(40) (50)t&G,f
ayg?h tzd;k wd@k tzG@J acsmif;+yD;awmh =unfw
h ,f?
wd@k wyfpu
k olrsm; wyfpek @J rwlb;l ? rsuEf mS yd;k wa,mufrrS aobl;? tzd;k u tp
yH;yH; yH;yH;eJ@ aewmud;k ? aemufawmh tdr&f iS t
f rsK;d orD;u
eifw@kd tzGJ Av
kd u
f b,fov
l J wJ?h xdyw
f u
kd }f uD;vmar;awmh tzd;k u ajym&cuf
a&m? w[m;[m;eJ@ tzd;k &,fwmayg?h tzd;k wdk xu
J taumifwaumifu xajymw,f?
Adv
k [
f m olyJ
emrnf b,fvakd c:vJ
Adv
k af usmaf omif;av
atmf Adv
k af usmaf omif;qdw
k m olvm;? toufi,fi,fyJ &Sad o;w,f
aemufawmh olw@kd ajymw,f? tJ'D Adv
k ef mrnfukd =um;bl;wm =um+yD? tckryS J
awG@z;l w,f? vufpowfawmh toufi,fi,fyJ &Sad o;wmyJ tJ'w
D ek ;f tzd;k toufu
(27)ESpaf vmufyJ &SOd ;D r,f?
92
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
aA'ifuv
kd nf; cyf,,
kH kH
aemufwcg ausmif;uke;f udk oGm;wdu
k &f r,f?
wyfr[mrSL;u ppfual c:wmud;k ? tzd;k u rodb;l ?
wyf&if;rSL;u wyfcrJG LS ;Adv
k }f uD;pvG,u
f kd ta=umif;=um; ac:vdu
k w
f m?
rif;wyfpx
k u
J taumif;qH;k wpkavmuf v$waf y;wJ?h tJ'aD wmh rif;wd@k wyfpyk J
oGm; tzd;k pdwx
f u
J cyfav;av;yJ? Adv
k q
f mul;u tzd;k udak jymw,f?
a[h ausmaf omif; wd@k wu
kd w
f m olrsm;rwdu
k cf siw
f hJ tcuftcJ&w
dS hJ taetxm;
awGrmS wku
d &f +yD;? xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&w,f? wcsK@d uao? rif;vnf; =unfv
h yk yf gO;D uGm
oluvnf; ocifacwfwek ;f u ocifzrf;wm tacguaf cguf tcgcg aocsi[
f ef
aqmifv@kd touf&iS w
f m?
olu taemufbufukd oGm;&if oGm;vrf;&Sw
d ,f? jyefvrf;r&Sb
d ;l vd@k ajymw,fuG
tzd;k u b,fwwfEikd rf mS vJu?G ao&ifaoayg?h ao&rSmawmh ig ra=umufb;l ? igh
rde;f reJ@ uav;awG use&f pfcw
hJ mawmh ig atmufarhw,f
'gayr,fh tzd;k wdk oGm;=uw,f? anmifwek ;f uae ausmif;uke;f udq
k akd wmh awmfawmf
a0;a0;oGm;&w,f? oGm;wmyJ? tJ'&D mG rSm touf(50) (60)t&G,f aA'ifq&mwa,muf
awG@w,f? tzd;k pdwx
f rJ mS 'Dq&mqD oGm;OD;rSyq
J +kd yD; wufomG ;w,f?
tzd;k u q&m}uD;qDrmS usaemf c%wufcsiw
f ,f? pum;ajymcsiv
f @kd
olu vmcJq
h akd wmh tzd;k wufomG ;+yD;awmh ykqpfww
k +f yD; xdik v
f u
kd w
f ,f?
olu [m wifyvifacGxikd v
f nf; &ygw,fumG wJ?h aemuf olu ar;w,f? rif;wd@k
b,fomG ;rvJw?hJ
taemufbufukd oGm;&r,f q&m}u;D ? b,fae&mrSe;f awmh rodb;l ? tJ'g usaemfh
udk aA'ifwu
G af y;ygvm;
olu aA'ifq&m AdaENmq&m
at; &wmaygu
h mG wJh ausmufoifyek ;f eJ@ ausmufweH @J ,lw,f?
rif; b,fEpS cf zk mG ;vJ
85 ck
bmv arG;vJ
93
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
jymodv
k qky(f 1)&uf
bmae@om;vJ
wevFmom;
tJ'ge@J olwu
G w
f myJ?
wGuv
f u
kd +f yD; ol tzd;k udk pdu
k =f unfah ew,f?
aemufawmh oluat; iguvnf; rif;udk [efaqmif+y;D rajymwwfb;l ? aA'ifrmS
ay:wJt
h wdik ;f igajymrSm
ajymav q&m? ao&ifvnf;aow,f? &Si&f ifvnf;&Siw
f ,f? aA'ifrmS ay:wJh
twdik ;f om ajymq&m
at;uG oGm;vrf;om &Sw
d ,f? jyefvrf;r&Sb
d ;l uG
tJ'v
D kd olu ajymwm? [dw
k ek ;f u tzd;k wGucf w
hJ mvnf; tcktwdik ;f yJ?
'gayr,fh olu ryle@J ? [d;k rSm vufyyH if&w
dS ,f ol@trd ef m;rSm vufyyH if&w
dS mud;k ?
tJ'v
D ufyo
H m;udk rif;vufcv,fe@J vufwqpfwikd ;f +yD; aqmifomG ; rif;bmrS
rjzpfb;l ? xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&wmawmh &Srd ,f? rif; r[kwb
f ;l wJ?h
[kwv
f m; q&m? aus;Zl;wifygw,fq&majym+yD; olajymwJt
h wdik ;f tzd;k vkyf
wmayg?h naeapmif;awmh wd@k tJ'&D mG u pxGu+f yD;? ol@ukd tzd;k uefawmhw,f?
q&m usaemfw@kd ukd oGm;cGihf yygO;D vd@k ? tJ'ge@J olu qkawmif;ay;w,f?
rif;wd@k ab;&efcyford ;f uif;a0;ygap? wdu
k yf w
JG ikd ;f vnf; atmifjrifygapwJ?h
aA'ifq&mu Arm?
ausmif;uke;f wdu
k &f rSmqdak wmh &Gmomuke;f u oGm;tdy&f rSm? tJ'&D mG u yk;d u&if&mG
}u;D ? odyo
f ef@w,f? olw@kd trd af wGu 0g;bd;k tdr/f opftrd af wG/ wdu
k x
f m;wm awmufajymifae
wmyJ? tzd;k wdk ukd tdrw
f tdru
f vmac:w,f? ol@trd rf mS vmtdyyf gw?hJ tzd;k aewJt
h rd u
f
odyaf wmhrus,b
f ;l ? rdom;pku om;trd om;tz (3)a,mufy&J w
dS ,f? 0g;bd;k jcrf;uvnf;
wdu
k x
f m;wm ajymifvufaewmyJ?
usaemf 'DrmS yJ aer,fAsm? b,fvrkd S oabmrxm;eJ@? usaemfu
h kd em;vnfay;ygAsm?
usaemf 0g;bd;k jcrf;ay:rSm odyt
f yd cf siw
f m
tzd;k vlawGuakd wmh vmac:wJt
h rd rf mS oGm;aecdik ;f vdu
k w
f ,f? olw@kd xrif;[if;awG
csuaf u|;w,f? b,frmS aevJ? b,fwyf&if;vJ ar;wmayg?h &if;ES;D oGm;w,f?
wd@k uawmh rif;wd@k udk wlvo
kd m;vdk oabmxm;w,fwJ?h
94
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
usaemfuvnf; OD;awG/ ta':awG taztarawGvykd J oabmxm;w,fvdk ajym
wmayg?h olwkd t&G,af wGu tzd;k &J taztart&G,af wGu;kd ?
tdr&f iS af wGu ar;w,f? tck rif;wd@k b,fqufomG ;&rSmvJ
'gawmh usaemf rodb;l ? b,fomG ;&r,fqw
kd m usaemfw@kd ukd rajymbl;? oGm;qdk
oGm;/ vmqdv
k myJ
rif;wd@k oGm;&OD;r,f? tdy=f uawmh
tdy&f if;eJ@ tzd;k pOf;pm;w,f? aA'ifq&m igu
h kd ,=wmacsay;wm vufyo
H m;wqpfe@J
[kwyf grh vm;? igrh ed ;f reJ@ igu
h av;udk owd&vdu
k w
f m? [m rjzpfao;bl;av? igv
h ykd J usew
f v
hJ l
awGvnf; uav;/ r,m;awG owd&ae&if b,fvv
kd yk rf vJ? oGm; pdwx
f u
J xkwyf pfvu
kd f
w,f? tJ'ge@J tzd;k tdyw
f ,f? (4)em&Dx;kd avmufusawmh vmac:Ed;k wmyJ?
x jyif=u oGm;awmhr,fwJ?h
ausmif;uke;f wdu
k yf JG
[du
k sawmh olw@kd ajymw,f? b,fwyf&if;/ b,fwyfc/JG b,fwyfpu
k ol@ae&m b,f
rSmayg?h olw@kd ajymw,f? ausmif;uke;f udk wdu
k rf ,f
'DawmhrS olw@kd zGiahf jymwm? acsmif;av;ul;+y;D qufomG ;&ifa&muf+y;D ? ausmif;uke;f
r@d ? tzd;k u tzd;k wyfpu
k kd ajymw,f? tckomG ;&rSm a&eJ@yufwm/ yef;eJ@ayguw
f m r[kwb
f ;l
uG? oGm;wdu
k &f rSm? wdu
k w
f t
hJ cgrmS Edik af tmifwu
kd &f rSmyJ? rEdik &f ifawmh rjzpfb;l
ta&;}u;D wmuawmh rdb bd;k bGm; q&morm;/ t"duawmh bk&m;yJu?G teaE mW
teE iW g;yg;udk rarhz@kd y?J tJ'aD wmh tzd;k u qkawmif;ay;w,f? teaE mW teE iW g;yg; =unfh _
apmifah &Smufyg? qkawmif;wmayg?h Ak'b
< momvdyk ?J qkawmif;wJt
h csed rf mS wd@k vuftyk af v;awG
csx
D m;wmayg?h
aemufawmh Adv
k q
f mul;u c&pf,mef?
igu Ak'b
< momvdk &Scd ;kd +yD;+yD? rif; c&pf,mefvkd &Scd ;kd OD;av
rvdyk gb;l uGm? Ak'v
< nf; bk&m;yJ? bk&m;qkawmif;+y;D &if +y;D +yaD ygu
h ?G igAh v
kd u
f vnf;
bmompGJ r&Sb
d ;l
uJ rvdb
k ;l qd&k if +yD;+yD? wd@k urf;em;qif;r,f
95
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
acsmif;ul;+yD;awmh tnmwef;&Gmudu
k iG ;f +yD; ausmif;uke;f rd@t0if*w
d f cyfvrS ;f vSr;f
em;rSmae&mcs+yD; wd@k aewmayg?h aoewfo=H um;rS ypf&rSmud;k ?
rif;wd@k ukd ig ajymxm;wJt
h wdik ;f yJaemf? wcsx
D cJ sr,f? pwif;*ef; (3)ckukd wcgwnf;
ypfr,f
aoewfov
H nf;=um;a&m wd@k csawmhwmyJ? a0g a0g a0geJ@ rd@t0if*w
d u
f ykd pfwm
tzd;k wdk u ausmif;uke;f rd udk 0iford ;f rSmud;k ? olwkd uvnf; cHypfw,fa[h? wufv@kd b,fvrkd rS &
bl;? &atmifwufr,fq+kd y;D awmh vufypfA;kH awG aygux
f nf?h txJr0ifb;l ? tem;rSmyJ usw,f?
aemuf tzd;k =unfv
h u
kd af wmh [db
k uftzG@J u jyefqw
k v
f mwm tzd;k awG@vu
kd w
f ,f?
'DaumifawG b,fvjkd zpfwmvJ? jyefqw
k v
f mygvm;
tzd;k wd@k tzG@J uawmh wdu
k w
f ek ;f ? [dak umifawGu qkwv
f m+yD?
aemuf Adv
k Af u
kd yf v
l nf; tzd;k wdk teD;tem;rSm &Sw
d mud;k ?
[dwf [drk mS wdu
k af ewm bmtzG@J v?J wyf&if;(1)u Adv
k af usmaf omif;wd@k tzG@J awG
olrsm;awG qkwu
f ek +f yD olw@kd ac:awmh jyefqw
k &f wmayg?h
jyefqw
k v
f mawmh tzd;k wdk bufu wa,mufusw,f?
tJ'aD umifuvnf; uH=urRmqd;k w,f? 'Dae@vkd 0ifw,f? aemufae@vu
kd sawmh vdu
k f
yg&apqd+k yD; awmif;vdu
k w
f m idak wmifiw
kd ,f?
rvdu
k ef @J rif;bmrS tawG@tuH&adS o;wm r[kwb
f ;l 'gayr,fh r&bl;?
wdu
k yf t
JG awG@tuHr&Sb
d ;l ? ajymvd@k rS r&wm? tckawmh ao+yD? pdwaf wmh b,f
aumif;rvJ?
aemufawmh &Gmomuke;f rSmyJ tzd;k wdk jyefvmem;=uw,f? tJ't
D csed rf mS tjcm;
wyfcu
JG wyfcrJG LS ; Adv
k }f uD;ausmpf ed Of ;D vm+yD;ajymw,f?
wyfr[mrSL;u ajymw,f? rjyefao;eJ@O;D wJ?h
tpDtpOfwcg xyfvyk Of ;D r,fvd@k ajymw,f?
[m Adv
k }f u;D uvnf; tpDtpOf wcgxyfvyk rf ,fqakd wmh tckvyk f tck&vd@k vm;?
wdu
k yf w
JG yG[
J m awmfawmfjyif&wmyJ[m
rif;wd@k rjyefao;eJ@O;D ? olvmr,fvd@k ajymw,f?
aemufnaeusawmh wyfr[mrSL;csKyf Adv
k yf k a&mufvmwmyJ? tzd;k &Sw
d ahJ e&mudk
ola&mufawmh ol@ukd tzd;k u tav;yw,f?
olu ajymw,f? rif; jyefawmhrvm;
tvkyrf &S&d if jyefrmS aygh
96
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
olu ig rauseyfb;l ? ig jyefcscsiaf o;w,f? rif; (4)&uf (5)&ufawmh apmifu
h mG
Adv
k yf u
k tdrrf /J ausmif;uke;f buf tydik ;f uud;k ? tzd;k wdk 4-5 &ufavmuf tJ'rD mS
tdypf m;tdypf m;yJ? tzd;k aumifawGuawmh &GmxJav#mufvnf=uw,f?
tzd;k u oGm;rvnfb;l ? 'Dawmh tdr&f iS u
f
eif &GmxJ av#mufrvnfb;l vm;
rvnfb;l
bmjzpfv@kd vJ
usaemhrf mS rde;f reJ uav;wa,muf&w
dS ,f
rif;wa,mufxJ k;d k;d om;om; ig awG@w,f? wjcm;Adv
k af wGq&kd if uav;ESpf
a,mufo;kH a,muf&w
dS m olw@kd u,
kd o
f w
l @kd vlysKv
d ykd J
aemufawmh Adv
k yf u
k rvmawmhb;l ? olvw
l a,mufvw
$ +f yD; ajymcdik ;f w,f?
wyf&if;rSmawmh tvkyrf jzpfao;bl;? aemuf vdt
k yfrS cifAsm;wd@k wyfpu
k ykd J jyefrmS
r,f? 'Djh yifwyfpu
k kd rrSmbl;? jyefr,fq&kd if jyefEikd +f yDw?hJ
tzd;k wdk ausmif;uke;f uae anmifwek ;f udk jyefwmayg?h
ausmif;uke;f eJ@ anmifwek ;f u ta0;}uD;?
uke;f a=umif;yJ av#mufjyefwmayg?h ausmif;uke;f eJ@ anmifwek ;f udk cyfjyif;jyif; av#muf
r,fq&kd if vrf;rSm wntdy&f w,f?
*k%,
f v
l u
kd pf rf;yg
tzd;k &J emrnft&if;u ausmaf omif;yJ? autJe,
f x
l aJ &mufrS atmifaZOD;vd@k
ajymif;wm? &efoal wGu wtm;vdu
k w
f mud;k ?
rde;f reJ uav;awGvnf; 'kuaQ &mufw,f?
awmrSmxm;vnf; rvH?k rd@rmS xm;vnf; rvH?k
ud,
k 0f ef}u;D wum;um;eJ a&Smifwrd ;f ae&w,f?
0gq0kd gacgiq
f &kd if rd;k &GmxJrmS rd;k umav;wjcrf;eJ@ awmxJrmS ae&wm?
'Dawmh olu 'kuQ w,fa&mufygvm;
97
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'Davmufawmh &Srd mS ayg?h igu awmfveS af &;orm; ppfAv
kd ?f ppfwu
dk af eawmh igu
eHrnf}u;D awmh &efou
l eifu
h kd i;d rSmayg?h igu ud,
k t
hf rsK;d om;twGuf vkyaf ewm? eif 0rf;awmif
om&OD;rSm
tzd;k u tJ'v
D akd jymawmh olu bmrSrajymbl;? tzd;k u olukd ESpo
f rd w
hf myg?
odyrf =umbl;? tzd;k c&D;xGu&f jyefa&m?
rde;f rudk tr+ywf_yD

tzd;k c&D;xGu+f y;D odyrf =umbl;? yef;waemfu a,muQr&Gmudk &efoal &mufvmwmyJ?
ol}uD;udk Adv
k af usmaf omif;tdrf b,frmS vJ? jyprf;wJ?h ol}uD;vnf; ac:vmjywmayg?h
tJ'g ausmaf omif;tdraf wmh r[kwb
f ;l ? ol@ a,muQrtdrw
f ?hJ ol@red ;f rvnf; 'DrmS yJ
&Sw
d ,f
ol@trd f r[kwb
f ;l vm;? ol 'DrmS r&Sb
d ;l vm;
ol 'DrmS raebl;? ol@trd f r&Sb
d ;l ? ol rjyefvmwm=um+yD
ol@red ;f reJ@ awG@csiw
f ,fqdak wmh? tzGm;}uD; cyfwnfwnfe@J tdraf tmufukd
qif;oGm;wmaygh
cifAsm; usaemfwkd eJ vdu
k cf &hJ r,f? oGm; cifAsm;t0wftpm;awG oGm;,lwJ?h
oluvnf; tdraf y: jyefwuf+y;D awmh xbD(2)xnf tus( 2)xnf,+l y;D tdwaf wmif
r&Sb
d ;l ? vHck snu
f iG ;f xJxnfw
h mayg?h
aemufawmh ol@ukd =unf+h yD; ol@txkyx
f rJ mS bmygv?J =unfph rf;wJ?h
olw@kd =unfah wmh bmawG@rmS vJ? xbDta[mif;/ tust
a[mif; (2)pHyk J awG@wm
aygh?
cifAsm;u Adv
k u
f awmfjzpf+yD;awmh cifAsm; t0wftpm;'gyJ &So
d vm;wJ?h
[kww
f ,f? 'gyJ &Sw
d ,f? r,H&k if oGm;wuf=unfh vdk olu ajymw,f?
ol}u;D u [kww
f ,f? olu Adv
k o
f mjzpfaewm ol@vufxrJ mS vufywfem&Dvnf;
r&S?d vufpyG rf &Sed @J ? rde;f rusjyefawmh cifAsm;jrifwt
hJ wdik ;f yJvdk 0ifajymay;w,f?
ol}u;D u rac:oGm;yge@J Asm? cifAsm;wd@k awG@csiw
f t
hJ cgajym? usaemfu,
kd w
f ikd f vdu
k yf @kd
ay;ygrh ,f? usaemf tmrcHygw,f
98
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ol}uD; tmrcHawmh rac:oGm;awmhb;l ?
eifv
h ifu awmfawmfq;kd w,f? wdu
k yf rJG mS zrf;rdwv
hJ l 4-5a,mufukd tukef owfypf
vdu
k w
f ,f
jyefxu
G cf ge;D usawmh tJ'pD pfAv
kd u
f trde@f ay;w,f?
tdru
f kd rD;d@_ vu
kd f wJh
ol@ppfom;awGu _d &wmayg?h tdraf wmfawmfav; rD;avmif+yD;rS olw@kd xGuo
f mG ;
w,f? ypPn;f enf;enf;yg;yg;yJ ,lv@kd raD wmhwmayg?h tdru
f awmh rD;avmifomG ;w,f?
tzd;k uawmh b,ford vJ? aemufrS olw@kd jyefajymjyvd@k od&wm?
ESv;kH om;awG a-uuG&J w,f

tzd;k om;eJorD;udv
k nf; &efol zrf;wm&Sad o;w,f? 'Dta=umif;=um;awmh tzd;k
awmfawmfa'go xGuw
f ,f? pdwv
f nf; raumif;bl;?
eifwkd zrf;ESi=hf uOD;? ige@J awG@r,f
uav;awG&J owif;udk tzd;k em;axmifw,f? ykord ef m;u &GmuvlawGu tzd;k eJ
od=uwmud;k ? yd;k u&ifawGy?J olwkd eJ awG@awmh
tJ'g Adv
k }f u;D ausmifaomif; om;eJorD;av/ oem;ygw,f? ol@tazuawmh wd@k t
rsK;d om;twGuf ppfwu
kd w
f muG? rjzpfb;l ? wd@k tmroGm;cH&r,f? awmif;yefr,fqd+k yD; olw@kd
ajrmif;jrudk wufomG ;=uwm?
ajrmif;jrudak &mufawmh usaemfw@kd 'Duav;ESpaf ,mufukd tmrcHygw,f? uav;
awG jzpfaevd@k yg
uav;awGeJ b,fvakd wmfpyfovJvd@k &Gmom;awGukd ar;w,f?
b,fvrkd S rawmfygb;l ? cifAsm;wd@k zrf;+y;D b,frmS xm;rvJ? tcsKyfxx
J nf&h ifvnf;
toufrS rjynfah o;wm? usaemfw@kd jyefac:oGm;+y;D =unfx
h m;csiw
f ,f? cifAsm;wd@k vdck siw
f t
hJ cg
ajym usaemfw@kd tcsed rf a&G; jyefvmay;ygrh ,f? rvdryf gb;l ? vdr&f if usaemfwkd ukd owfyg
&Gmom;awGu wa,mufwayguf tmrcH 0dik ;f cHay;=uw,f?
'Dvekd J uav;ESpaf ,mufukd tmrcHeJ jyefac:vm=uw,f? olw@kd ukd jyefac:vmwm
ref;rwfqw
kd v
hJ ?l olu uav;awGukd ajrmif;jr/ odvm udk ac:oGm;w,f?
99
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
odvm a&mufomG ;awmh olw@kd armifErS ESpaf ,mufukd ynma&;aumif;atmif qd+k y;D
awmh abmf'gausmif;rSm oGm;xm;wm? tJ'rD mS olrsm;awG jyefajymjywm awmfawmf a=uuGJ
p&m aumif;w,f?
ti,faumifu uav;ud;k ?
ausmif;rSm olrsm;puwfawG/ xbDawG v$iu
hf sywfus&if aumufaumufay;awmh
ol@ukd olrsm;awGu oem;vd@k ydu
k q
f H (2)jym;/ 3jym;ay;&if 'gukd rkef ajy;ajy; 0,fpm;
w,f?
armifErS awG [if;awGbmawG iwfw,f?
ol@armifav;udk ol@tpfru a';a';vd@k yJ ac:w,f?
a';a'; vm? wd@k [if;rpm;&bl;? yk&pfomG ;wl;r,f
armifEpS rf ESpaf ,muf yk&pfomG ;wl;wmayg?h
ol@tpfru wl;vd@k &&if ol@armifav;udk ay;vdu
k ?f ol@armifav;u yk&pfuu
kd v
f @kd
v$wv
f u
kd ?f yk&pfuu
kd v
f @kd v$w&f rvm;qd+k yD; ol@armifukd du
k ?f
[dak umifuvnf;idw
k ,f? aemufrvkyaf wmhygb;l qd+k yD; atmfatmf+yD; idw
k ,f?
ol@armifukd u
dk +f yD; ol@truvnf; pdwrf aumif;jzpf? 'Dy&k pfukd aemufb,fawmhrS
rwl;awmhb;l qd+k yD; idw
k ,f?
olrsm;tdraf wG bk&m;&Scd ;kd zdw&f if ol@armifav;u oGm;w,f?
tdr&f iS af wGu 0ufom;au|;wmud;k ?
ol pm;+y;D vdk 0oGm;awmh ol@tpfrtwGuf ol@yg;pyfxrJ mS }u;D }u;D wwH;k iHv
k mcJw
h ,f?
jyefa&mufawmh a&mh eifpm;zd@k 0ufom;? ig jyefiv
kH mcJw
h ,f
ol truvnf; pm;wmyJ?
tJ'v
D akd wmif jzpfwm? 'kub
Q ,favmufa&mufw,fqw
kd m?
tzd;k jyef=um;awmh awmfawmfpw
d rf aumif;bl;? 'Dowif;=um;awmh tazbufu
trsK;d awGa&m/ tarbufu trsK;d awGa&m vdu
k o
f mG ;wm wa,mufrS tmrcHay;vd@k r&bl;?
tJ'rD mS wESp=f umw,f? ynmawmh oif&wmayg?h
aemufawmh vufeufcsomG ;wJh ckid t
f wGi;f a&;rSL; apmt,faumfu tmroGm;cH
ay;w,f? uav;awGukd ol tmrcH+yD; ac:vmcJw
h ,f? aemufawmh olw@kd tzd;k tzGm;awGqD
yd@k ay;w,f?
tzd;k rSm em&D aumif;aumif;wvH;k &Sw
d ,f? tJ'eD m&Dukd apmt,faumfqu
D kd yd@k cikd ;f
vdu
k w
f ,f? olu tzd;k qDukd vlvw
$ +f y;D awmh uav;awGukd ol tmrcHay;vd@k v$waf y;vdu
k +f y?D
100
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
tck ol@tzd;k tzGm;qDrmS tJ'g tzd;k u bmrSmOD;rvJvkd olu ar;w,fw?hJ
tzd;k u 'Dvkd vufeufcs tnHch w
H ahJ umifawGukd udurf rS uduw
f m?
a[haumif jyefajymvdu
k ?f ig b,fawmhrS aus;Zl;rwifb;l vd@k
aemufyikd ;f bmoHrv
S nf; r=um;&awmhb;l ?
renf;udk acsmv
h u
kd &f w,f
tzd;k &Gmukd (2)ESp (f 3)ESpw
f cgrS jyefw,f? wcgwav (4)ESpjf ynfch ge;D yJ?
t}uD;aumifatmifp;kd ode;f qd&k if ol@uakd rG;+yD; (3)vt&G,rf mS tzd;k xGuo
f mG ;wm?
(4)ESpx
f rJ mS rS tzd;k tdru
f kd jyefa&mufw,f? tzd;k tdrjf yefa&mufawmh 'Daumifu ol@tzd;k qD
uyfvu
kd /f ol@tzGm;qDuyfvu
kd f tif; 'Daumif[m igo
h m;yJjzpfr,f 'Daumifu vlacsm?
aemufawmh ol@tzd;k tzGm;u [drk mS eift
h yg; olu tem; vH;k 0 tuyfrcHb;l ?
ac:vdk vnf; r&bl;? rd;k csKyfawmh tzd;k u tdy,
f mxJ 0iftyd w
f mayg?h 'Daumifu rodb;l ? ol@
tar ol@ukd ao;wnfawmhrS tzd;k udak wG+yD; idak wmhwmyJ?
trd;k em;rSm rtdyef J ? trd;k em;rSm rtdyef J
oltaru 'g eift
h yg;yJ
igt
h yg; r[kwb
f ;l ? igt
h yg; r[kwb
f ;l atmfvu
kd w
f m tus,}f u;D yJ? c,frawGu
vnf; tysKad wG/ a,mufzawGuvnf; vlysKad wG? 'Daumifuvnf; atmfraS tmfy?J
aemufq;kH awmh acgi;f tH;k eJ@ apmif,+l yD; tzd;k tjyifrmS xGut
f yd &f w,f?
tJ'grS olatmfwm &yfomG ;w,f? tazrSe;f odatmif wywfavmuf renf;acsm&h
w,f? &GmxJu vlawGar;w,f?
eifo
h m; eifu
h kd rodb;l vm;
b,ford mS vJ? atmf atmf+yD; armif;xkwaf evdk
eif 'Dvx
kd rd S aumif;w,f? wcgrS jyefrvmyJ tzd;k udk 'Dvkd ajym=uw,f?
aemufawmh ol@em;udk yGwo
f u
D yfoD vky&f w,f? yxrawmh ol@ukd rke@f au|;&if rpm;bl;?
aemufawmh uav;u aqmhcsiw
f mud;k ?
vm oGm;vnfr,f
&Gmtaemufbufukd oGm;r,fqakd wmh tzd;k ykc;kH ay:wif+yD; xrf;oGm;w,f?
101
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ol enf;enf; ,Ofvmwmayg?h aemufawmh ol@tzd;k tzGm; OD;av;awG/ ta':awGu
'g eifh tyg;? tJ'g eift
h yg;qd+k y;D ajymajymay;awmh ol enf;enf;vufcv
H mw,f?
aemuf tzd;k b,fomG ;oGm; ol@ukd ac:oGm;wmayg?h
&Gmta&Sydik ;f oGm;vdu
k ?f taemufyikd ;f oGm;vdu
k ?f
a&awGcsK;d ay;/ tus abmif;bDvaJ y;/
o=um;vH;k awG rke@f awGau|;awmh 'Daumif pm;vmw,f?
tzd;k u ol@ukd zd;k cGm;vdk ac:&if ol =unfah wmh=unfw
h ,f? rxl;bl;?
ig eift
h yg;yguG vd@k ajym&if ol pdu
k =f unfah ew,f?
aemufawmhrS wjznf;jznf; ol@erH nfuakd c:&if xl;vmw,f?
odvm ydw0f ikd ;f ppfqifa&;

jrpf0u|e;f ay: ajrmif;jrrd@e,f odvm rSm &efou
l tzd;k wd@k ukd ydw0f idk ;f ppfqifa&;eJ@
okwo
f ifa&;vkyaf wmh tzd;k wd@k wdu
k yf aJG wGjzpfwm ae@wikd ;f vdv
k ykd ?J tzd;k wd@k bufuvnf; wdu
k f
wmyJ? &efou
l vnf; tuGupf w
d ,f? vlxw
k jcm;/ tzd;k wd@k ukd wjcm;jzpfatmifvyk +f y;D tuGuf
qif ydw0f ikd ;f wm? wcsK@d vx
l ak wGvnf; awmfawmf txdemw,f? b,frx
S u
G v
f @kd r&bJ ydwrf +d y;D
ao=uw,f?
tzd;k wd@k aewm ajrmif;jrr@d e,f odvm rSmyJ? 'ge@J wyfawGa&m/ ygwaD umfrwDawGa&m
tzd;k u ac:w,f? tzd;k rSm wm0ef&w
dS mud;k ?
&efou
l wd@k ukd ydw0f ikd ;f okwo
f if &Si;f vif;acsre_ ;f a&; ppfqifvm+y?D wd@k aygah ygq
h q
vkyv
f @kd r&awmhb;l ? vlxak wGvnf; txdemae+y?D wd@k 'DrmS qufaevd@k &&dS ifawmh wcsK@d tzrf;
cH&r,f? wcsK@d wdu
k yf jJG zpf&if; aor,f? wcsK@d vnf; tnHch o
H mG ;Edik w
f ,f? tJ'ga=umifh 'Dae&mu
wd@k xu
G v
f u
kd w
f m taumif;qH;k yJ? igvnf; xGurf ,f? igxu
G rf v
hJ rf;a=umif;udk igzh momig
a&G;oGm;r,f? rif;wd@k xu
G rf v
hJ rf;a=umif;udv
k nf; tajctaeay: rlwnf+y;D awmh rif;wd@k zmom
rif;wd@k a&G;+y;D awmhxu
G =f u? igrmS wmuawmh 'Dta=umif;ajymzd@k y?J rif;wd@k bmajymp&m &Sad o;
vJ
tzd;k wd@k wyfAv
kd w
f yfrLS ;awGu a'ocHawGu;kd ? wcsK@d u rxGub
f ;l wJ?h usaemfw@kd u
'DrmS yJ qH;k wJh txdaer,f? &efov
l m&if jyefcsrmS yJw?hJ 'ge@J tzd;k vnf;
102
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
at; rif;wd@k u a'ocHawGu;kd uG? aumif;w,f
tJ'rD mS tzd;k u wyf&if;rSL;udv
k nf; ac:w,f? wyf&if;rSL;emrnfawmif tzd;k arhae
+yD? wyf&if;rSL;udk tzd;k u tajctaeudk ajymjyw,f?
igw@kd xu
G rf ,f? rif;wd@k vnf; rae=ueJ@? wyfukd OD;pD;OD;aqmif+y;D awmh xGuo
f if&h if
xGu/f rxGuo
f if&h ifvnf;ae? xGuv
f @kd rvGwb
f ;l qd&k ifvnf; cs? igvnf; csrmS yJ?
aer,fq&kd if uspu
f spv
f pfvpf ae=u? vlxk axmufcrH _ &atmifae=u
tzd;k wd@k ukd vlxak wGu awmfawmf axmufc=H uw,f? tJ'D axmufcrH p_ aH wGukd
rav#mah peJ@? xde;f xm;? tzd;k u 'Dvrkd mS w,f? tJ't
D csed u
f tzd;k &Jwm0efu Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfu;kd ?
rif;wd@k bmajymp&m&Sad o;vJ
bmrS r&Sad wmhb;l ? bmrS r&Sb
d ;l
at; ig c&D;xGu&f ifawmh igu
h kd vrf;wydik ;f avmuf vdu
k yf @kd umG ? igrh mS vlr&Sb
d ;l ?
wyfpyd w
f pdyf (11)a,mufy&J w
dS ,f? wyfwpdy[
f m vltiftm;enf;w,f? igu
h kd tiftm;jznfah y;
tH;k ? wyfpEk pS pf ak vmuf xyfjznf&h ifawmf+yD? tck wd@k xu
G &f rSmu wdu
k +f yD;awmhxu
G &f rSm
'ge@J tzd;k wd@k wyftiftm;jznf+h y;D awmh ajrmif;jrr@d e,f odvm uae 0g;c,frr@d e,fukd
ul;=uw,f? vrf;c&D;rSm &JabmfwcsK@d usomG ;w,f? aowm (6)a,mufavmuf &Sw
d ,f? tzd;k
tzd;k wd@k jyefraumufEikd b
f ;l ? owif;ayguo
f mG ;wmud;k ? awmfawmf epfemw,f? &JabmfawGus
wm jyefawG;&if awmfawmfpw
d rf aumif;bl;? tzd;k rsu&f nfayguaf yguu
f sw,f?
wdu
k yf q
JG w
kd m xdcu
kd 'f %f&m&r,f? aor,fqw
kd m tzd;k odw,f? tzd;k jyefo;kH oyf
=unfah wmh ignv
hH @kd jzpfwmqd+k y;D pdwrf aumif;bl;? wdu
k yf q
JG w
kd m t_;H eJ@ tEdik &f rdS mS yJ? wd@k val wG
twGuf wd@k jyefwu
kd &f r,f? 'Dvkd tzd;k u pdwx
f rJ mS rSwx
f m;vdu
k w
f ,f?
0g;c,frrd e,fukd ra&mufcifrmS 0g;c,frrSm&Sw
d hJ wyfawG/ aumfrwDawGqu
D kd &Jabmf
wa,mufvw
$ +f yD; pma&;ta=umif;=um;xm;awmh olw@kd vmudw,f? tzd;k wd@k 0g;c,frudk
1969 ckEpS /f aqmif;tukef aEGtul;umvrSm a&mufw,f?
103
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ppfwu
kd w
f ,fqw
kd m vlxak xmufcrH + &Szd kd vw
kd ,f
0g;c,frudak &mufawmh ygwaD umfrwD0ifawG/ wyfrLS ;awGu tzd;k ud=k unh+f yD;
wd@k q&m}uD; rsuEf mS raumif;ygvm;? bmjzpfwmvJ
tzd;k &JabmfawGu rif;wd@k rodcsief @J ? wd@k val wG ususecf w
hJ m wa,mufrS jyefr
aumufEikd v
f @kd pdwq
f ;kd aewm? 'Dtzd;k }uD; pdwq
f ;kd vd@k rsu&f nfaewmvd@k jyefajymjyw,f?
0g;c,frr@d e,fuakd &mufawmh Adv
k rf LS ;uG,af umfukd tzd;k u rSmw,f? olu 0g;c,fr
e,frmS &Sw
d mud;k ?
uG,af umfukd oGm;ac:prf;? iga&mufvm+yv
D @kd tck csucf si;f vmcJv
h @kd igrmS w,fv@kd
ajymvdu
k f
olaewJah e&mu tzk;d wd@k qu
D oGm;&if (2)em&D (3)em&Davmuf uGmw,f?
uG,af umf csucf si;f yJ tzd;k qDukd a&mufcsvmw,f?
usaemf a&mufvm+yDqd+k yD; ol owif;yd@k +yD;awmh xrif;awG bmawGpm;w,f?
aemuf olu tzd;k udk ar;w,f?
usaemf bmvkyaf y;&rvJ
rif;wd@k wyf tqifoifh &S&d J vm;
&Syd gw,f
wd@k val wG vrf;rSm txdemcJw
h ,f? wd@k jyefwu
kd &f r,fu?G &efot
l ajctae b,f
vd&k w
dS ,f? b,fvo
kd mG ;vmv_y&f mS ;aew,fqw
kd m rif;avhvm? olw@kd b,fae&mrSm tm;
aumif;vJ? b,fae&mrSm tm;enf;vJ? b,fvakd e&mawGrmS acsmifaevJ? 'Dwm0efukd rif;,l?
wywftwGi;f igq
h D owif;jyefy@kd
pdwcf syg
aemufawmh owif;&wmyJ? tzd;k wd@k val wGuvnf; vlxak wGxrJ mS trmcHawG &Sd
wmud;k ? olw@kd u owif;axmufay;w,f? 0g;c,fr t*FywfrmS olw@kd wyfcswm odyrf rsm;
bl;wJ?h wyfwpkavmufy&J w
dS ,f? wcsK@d vnf; rd@xrJ mS oGm;=uvm=ueJ@ odyrf rsm;bl;wJ?h
at; 'Dvq
dk &kd if 'DaumifawGukd wd@k csr,f? wyfawGjyifxm;? ig rSmvdu
k &f if rif;wd@k
vmcJh
104
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
olw@kd u uyf0rJ mS &Sw
d ,f? uyf0u
J udik ;f awmem;rSm &Sw
d ,f?
tJ'rD mS wyf&if;rSL;a&mufvmawmh rif;vlawGukd b,fae&mrSm wdu
k rf ,fqw
kd mudk
rajymeJ@aemf? wdu
k yf &JG J pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awG odw,fr[kwv
f m;? tJ'gawGuakd wmh rif;ud
&Si;f jyxm;? +y;D awmh igw@kd oabmxm;eJ@ cH,cl suu
f rif;odw,f r[kwv
f m;? ud,
k ahf oewfoH
u t&ifaygu+f yDq&kd if Edik +f yDv@kd om rSww
f ,f
tJ'w
D u
kd rf ,fn
h rSm tzd;k u wyftiftm;udk jyefppfw,f? wyfcw
JG cGaJ vmuf&w
dS ,f?
wcGrJ mS wyfpk (3)pk &Sw
d ,f?
n(7)em&Davmuf&+dS yD;? tzd;k u wyf&if;rSL;udk ajymw,f?
rif;wyfawG b,frmS vJ
uGi;f xJrmS
&Gmab;em;rSm enf;enf;jyefuyfcikd ;f vdu
k v
f @kd ajymawmh ol@&aJ bmfawG oljyefac:w,f?
&JabmfawGjyefvmawmh wyf&if;rSL;u ol@val wGukd wef;pDcikd ;f w,f? tJ'rD mS tzd;k oGm;awmh
&JabmfawGu tzd;k ukd tav;y=uw,f? tzd;k u olw@kd ukd jyeftav;yw,f? tJ'gvnf;+y;D a&m
tzd;k pum;enf;enf;ajymw,f?
rif;wd@k tm;vH;k odxm;wJt
h wdik ;f yJu?G wd@k u&iftrsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;[m ArmawG
qDrmS vuf0g;jzef@+y;D awmif;aevd@k r&bl;uG? awmif;vd@k r&wJt
h wGuf tck igw@kd wdu
k af ewm?
wd@k wu
kd af ewm u&ifawGvw
G v
f yfz@kd / u&ifawGvw
G v
f yfrS u&ifjynf&rSm? b,fvv
kd nf; rif;wd@k
wdu
k &f &J J vm;
&JabmfawGu wdu
k &f w
J ,fwJ?h
olw@kd jyefajzwm nDvu
kd w
f m? ud,
k w
hf ikd ;f jynftwGu/f ud,
k v
fh rl sK;d twGuf aoygap?
b,fvt
kd ajctaersK;d rSmjzpfjzpf wdu
k rf ,fw?hJ
at; 'grsK;d cspaf wG&J oabmw&m;xJrmS ygw,f? tJ'v
D kd tawG;tac:eJ@ tJ'v
D kd
pdw"f mwf&x
dS m;rSom wd@k ppfyEJG ikd rf ,fu?G ppfyEJG ikd +f yDq&kd if wd@k vw
G v
f yf+yD? tJ'rD mS tzd;k jyefpOf;
pm;awmh wckcv
k akd eovdv
k ykd ?J wd@k &J oabmxm;eJ@ rl0g'awGukd jynfov
l x
l ak wG odz@kd vw
kd ,f?
'Dvkd jynfoal wG odz@kd twGuf a&;&rSmyJ? 'gukd owd&awmh tzd;k u ausmufoif
yke;f rSma&;w,f? tJ'w
D ek ;f u tzd;k wd@k u ausmufoifyek ;f }u;D awG oH;k wmud;k ? oifyek ;f }u;D ay:rSm
tzk;d a&;w,f?
usaemfw@kd tckvkd ppfwu
kd w
f m usaemfw@kd u&iftrsK;d om;tusK;d twGuf oufouf
r[kwyf gb;l ? tzdEydS cf aH e&wJh vlrsK;d wdik ;f / vlwef;pm;wkid ;f vGwaf jrmufz@kd twGuf usaemfw@kd
vmwdu
k w
f myg? usaemfw@kd rmS bmoma&;/ vlrsK;d a&; cGjJ cm;r_ r&Syd g? vlom;wdik ;f &&So
d ifw
h hJ
105
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
arG;&myg vGwv
f yfciG u
fh kd jyef&zd@k twGuf tckvkd vmwdu
k w
f myg? 'g[m cifAsm;wd@k usaemfw@kd &J
vGwv
f yfciG t
hf wGuyf g? ckeu ajymovdk vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f rSm arG;&mygtcGit
hf a&;qdw
k m &Sw
d ,f?
tck usaemfw@kd cifAsm;wd@k awG tzdEydS cf aH e&w,f? towftjzwf cHae&w,f? rvGwv
f yf=u
bl;? 'Dvkd rvGwv
f yfwt
hJ wGuaf =umifh usaemfw@kd wdu
k af e&wmyg? tckvkd usaemfw@kd wdu
k af e
wmvnf; 'Dae&mwckxJ r[kwyf gb;l ? ae&mtES@H rmS usaemfw@kd wdu
k af eygw,f? usaemfw@kd ukd
em;vnfyg? usaemfw@kd [m u&ifawGjzpfayr,fh vlom;wdik ;f tay: ud,
k cf si;f pmwJh pdw"f mwf&ydS g
w,f? usaemfw@kd rx
l rJ mS u&iftrsK;d om;awG vGwaf jrmufz@kd ygovdk tjcm;vlrsK;d awGvnf; vGwf
ajrmufygap? vGwv
f yfygapqdw
k hJ oabmxm;&Syd gw,f
'Dvadk &;+yD;awmh tzd;k jyefzwfw,f?
pmacsmoGm;awmh a[h 'gukd vufEydS pf ufe@J u
kd v
f u
kd ?f +yD;&if pmvdrS phf ufe@J vrSd +hf yD;
oGm;wdu
k rf ,fh &JabmfawGe@J xnfah y;vdu
k ?f jynfoal wGoad tmif jzef@z@kd vw
kd ,f
tJ'n
D rSm tzd;k wd@k tzG@J oGm;w,f? b,fou
l b,fae&mudk ae&r,f? b,fae&mrSm
0if&r,f? b,fv0kd ikd ;f &r,f? t"duypfrw
S u
f bmvJqakd wmh aoaocsmcsm tuGucf sxm;wm?
roGm;cif wrdepfvmuf bk&m;&Scd ;kd =uao;w,f? &JabmfawGukd tzd;k =unfw
h ,f? wufwufuG
uG wa,mufe@J wa,muf du
k =f u/ ykw=f ueJ@ aemufajymifae=uao;w,f?
[dwaf umifawG rif;wd@k aoaocsmcsm vky=f uaemf
0g;c,fr t*FywfrmS tzd;k wd@k val wG0ifcsawmh Edik w
f ,f? pcef;odr;f vd@k &w,f? &efol
bufu 5-6 a,mufavmuf usw,f? aoewfawG 4-5-6 vuf&w,f? tJ't
D csed w
f ek ;f u
oH@k yef;ay:vpD r&Sb
d ;l ? olrd olowf/ ud,
k rf &d if ud,
k o
f wfy?J wdu
k yf o
JG rd ;f +y;D awmh tzd;k wd@k wyfawG
jyefvmw,f?
aemufawmh tzd;k u tzd;k wd@k jzef@xm;wJh pmtay:rSm jynfov
l x
l ak wGu b,fvkd
tjrif&v
dS J odcsiw
f ,f? 'DtjrifawGo&d zd@k twGuf vlxak wGxu
J trmcHawGukd ac:+yD; vl 45-6a,mufavmufukd wm0efay;vdu
k w
f ,f? 0g;c,fru {&m0wDjrpfurf;em;rSmyJ? tzd;k wd@k ae
wJah e&meJ@ wem&DavmufrS avSrpD;&yJ? tJ'v
D al wG reufyikd ;f xGuo
f mG ;wm nae (4)em&D
avmuf jyefa&mufvmw,f?
olw@kd jyefa&mufvm+y;D ajymjywmayg?h tzd;k wd@k ukd tjrifuwfwt
hJ oHawmh wvH;k rS
r=um;&bl;wJ?h
aumif;w,f? aumif;w,fqdw
k o
hJ wif;yJ =um;&w,f?
106
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'DwyfawG odyaf wmfw,f/ aumif;w,f? olw@kd u vlwikd ;f vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf wdu
k f
aewmwJ?h 'Dvw
kd yfrsK;d uawmh b,fEpS cf g vmwdu
k w
f u
kd af xmufcw
H ,fwhJ
tzd;k wd@k ukd used w
f m/ qJwm r=um;&bl;wJ?h vlwikd ;f vdv
k q
kd u
D =um;wmu woHxyJ J
wJ?h
'Dvo
kd wif;aumif;=um;&awmh tzd;k vnf; auseyfwmayg?h ppfwu
kd w
f ,fqw
kd m vlxk
axmufcrH &_ zdS @kd vdw
k ,fr[kwv
f m;? 'Dowif;jyef=um;&awmh tzd;k u wyf&if;rSL;uG,af umfukd
ac:w,f? vlxu
k pmwrf;t& wd@k ukd axmufcaH e+y?D wd@k wyfawG aumif;aumif;rGerf eG v
f yk =f u?
vlxu
k axmufcw
H mudk *k%,
f &l r,f? 'Dvkd tzd;k u ajymjyawmh olvnf; 0rf;omwmayg?h
acgif;aqmifrmS t"du wm0ef&w

dS ,f
aemufwu
kd yf w
JG yGu
J 0g;c,frH;k axmifw
h u
kd yf yJG ?J tJ'yD rJG mS awmh tzd;k wd@k bufu
txdemw,f? 0g;c,frrd rSm tzd;k wd@k aewm oH;k vavmuf=umoGm;w,f? wdu
k yf aJG wGjzpfwm
qufwu
kd yf ?J tJ'rD mS Adv
k rf LS ;cspaf v;armife@J tzd;k awG@w,f? oluvnf; wcsuw
f aumif
cspaf v;armifq+kd yD; eHrnf}uD;yJ? tzd;k ol@urkd mS awmh ol a&mufvmw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyf usaemfu
h kd rSmw,fqkd
at;uG? [if;pm;&Sv
d @kd rif;udrk mS wm
[m [kwv
f m;
Adv
k rf LS ;cspaf v;armifae&mu 0g;c,freJ@q&kd if (4)em&Davmuf vrf;av#muf&w,f?
cspaf v;armif[m taumifi,fi,fy?J taumifomi,fwm olu b&if;*rf;rSuikd w
f m? tzd;k eJ@
qdk (10)ESpaf vmufi,fw,f?
rif;udrk mS wm rif;odvm;
odwmayg?h ppfwu
kd zf @kd r[kwv
f m;
at; rif; rqd;k bl;uG
*wfweJ m;u H;k axmifu
h kd rif; aoaocsmcsm tajctaeavhvm? tajctae
tm;vH;k udk 'D 3-4 &uftwGi;f rSm &Edik af tmif rif;ud;pm;
107
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
[kwu
f hJ qd+k yD; ol jyefomG ;w,f? H;k axmifph cef;u bwf'akH csmif;&J urf;em;rSm&Sd
w,f? acsmif;urf;em;eJ@ udu
k f (30)avmufyJ uGmr,f? tJ't
D em;rSm avSqyd &f w
dS ,f? wHwm;&Sd
w,f? ormefav;awG/ avSav;awG oGm;vmaew,f? ppfom;awGawmh t+rrJ &Sb
d ;l ? ESp&f uf
wacguaf vmufrS &Sw
d wfw,fw?hJ
'gq&kd if wd@k wdu
k rf ,f
usaemfw@kd vnf; cscsiw
f m =um+yD
rif; wyfpEk pS pf q
k ef@whJ aygi;f rd;k ygwhJ ormeft}uD;wpif;&Smxm;? wyfawGvnf;
toifjh yifxm;? wd@k csrahJ e&mrSm wyfawGukd udae&mcsxm;
olvnf; tzd;k ajymwJt
h wdik ;f pDpOfw,f? tJ'n
D a&mufawmh tzd;k vnf; vdu
k rf ,fqkd
awmh rvdu
k ef @J ? rvdu
k ef @J vd@k cspaf v;armifu wm;w,f?
rvdu
k &f bl;qd&k if cyfvrS ;f vSr;f uke;f ay:uae ig =unfrh ,f? rif;wd@k &aJ bmfawGukd
ususee vkyaf emf [kwu
f yhJ gq+kd yD; xGuo
f mG ;w,f?
'DaumifawG nDvnf; awmfawmfnw
D ,f? ormef}uD; wHwm;xdyrf mS uyf+yD;awmh
wa,mufcsi;f qif;wm? +y;D awmhrS aygi;f rd;k udk vSecf s+y;D tukev
f ;kH wHwm;ay:wufwm? tJ'n
D u
uHq;kd csiaf wmh &efow
l yfu jyefa&mufvmw,f? H;k axmifu
h 0kd ifwhJ wHcg;csw
d u
f vnf; awmf
awmfe@J zwfr&bl;? t&ifuqdk tJ'w
D cH g;u zGi&hf ufom;yJ? tzd;k u cyfvrS ;f vSr;f awmifuek ;f
ay:u oGm;em;axmifawmh ESpzf uf tjyeftvSef ypfaewJt
h oHawG =um;&w,f? (10)rdepf
avmuf=umw,f? ypfaewke;f yJ? =umawmh tzd;k u rouFmawmhb;l ? wd@k val wGc&H +yD xifw,f?
tzd;k wd@k bufu wyfpyd rf LS ; ESpaf ,mufusw,f? &JabmfEpS af ,muf '%f&m&w,f?
tJ'o
D wif;=um;&awmh tzd;k u ud,
k w
f ikd o
f mG ;csr,fvyk af wmh wyfprk LS ;u tzd;k udk wm;w,f?
Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfr&S&d if b,fvv
kd yk rf vJqd+k yD; tzd;k udk qGx
J m;w,f?
uJ 'Dvq
kd v
kd @kd &&dS if igw
h yfawG jyefqw
k cf ikd ;f tzd;k wd@k wyfawG jyefqw
k v
f mwmayg?h
wdu
k yf rJG mS usomG ;wJh wyfprk LS ;eJ@ &Jabmfwa,muftavmif;udk tzd;k wd@k jyefr&awmhb;l ?
wdu
k yf u
JG kd jyefo;kH oyfawmh 'Dvjkd zpf&wm igt
h rSm;a=umif?h ig aphpyfaocsmr_r&Sv
d @kd
jzpf&wm
tzd;k wyfprk LS ;u Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfwa,mufxJ r[kwyf gb;l ? usaemfw@kd vnf; ygygw,f?
usaemfw@kd vnf; aygq
h wmyg? 'Dae@usrS wHcg;udk aoaocsmcsm owdrxm;rdb;l ? 'g[m usaemf
wd@k tm;enf;csuyf gwJ?h
108
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
at; bmyJajymajym? acgi;f aqmifrmS wm0eft&Sq
d ;kH yJ? tkycf sKyfa&;rSmyJ jzpfjzpf/
ppfa&;rSmyJjzpfjzpf? acgi;f aqmifr_ tm;enf;&if/ wckcck sK@d ,iG ;f &if acgi;f aqmifrmS wm0eft&Sd
qH;k yJ
tJ'w
D u
kd yf rJG mS tzd;k wd@k txdemcJw
h ,f? vlxak wGvnf; 'Dowif;awG=um;awmh pdwf
raumif;=ubl;? usomG ;wJh &JabmfawG&J tavmif; jyefr&wm tzd;k awmfawmfpw
d x
f cd u
kd w
f ,f?
wku
d yf q
JG w
kd m ud,
k rf Edik &f if &efoEl ikd rf ,f? &eforl Edik &f if ud,
k Ef ikd rf ,fqw
kd m odygw,f? 'gayr,fh
ud,
k &hf aJ bmfawG&J tavmif;udk ud,
k jf yefraumufay;Edik w
f mudak wmh awmfawmfpw
d rf aumif;
jzpf&w,f?
yJc;l d;k rudk jrif&wJh trvGw&f mG

jrpf0u|e;f ay:uae yJc;l d;k rudk wk@d omG ;wm Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmife@J tzd;k wd@k twlwyl ?J tzd;k
wd@k tiftm; (100)ausmaf vmuf&w
dS ,f? rde;f uav; 3-4 a,mufvnf;ygw,f? ref;&Smrde;f r
erfu
h siaf &$w@kd vnf; ygwmayg?h erfu
h siaf &$uawmh tzd;k orD;vdk jzpfaewm? awmfawmf'u
k cQ H
w,f? pdw"f mwfuvnf; awmfawmfrmw,f? yJc;l d;k r awmif!pkd cef;rSm tzd;k Edik if aH &;oifwef;
ay;wke;f u olvnf; ygwmayg?h rif;wd@k tzGm;eJ@vnf; tarvdk orD;vdak e=uwm?
jrpf0u|e;f ay:uae yJc;l k;d rukd tzd;k wd@k omG ;awmh v_id jf rpfukd ul;=uw,f? +yD;awmh
awmvrf;uae jzwfomG ;=uwm vrf;c&D;rSm a&epfv@kd aowJv
h al wGvnf; &Sw
d ,f? nbufawG
rSmyJ tzd;k wd@k oGm;=uwmud;k ? ae@bufqkd tzd;k wd@k roGm;bl;? ae@bufq&dk if yke;f aewmyJ?
awmxJrmS 0if+yD;awmh tdy&f w,f? vdi_ jf rpfuu
kd ;l +yD; awmifay:pwufawmh tJ'D trvGwf
qdw
k &hJ mG udk a&mufw,f? u&iftrsKd ;om;awGy?J a'ocHawG awmfawmfaumif;&Smw,f? tzd;k
wk@d uakd wG@wm olwdk @pw
d rf aumif;bl;?
tzd;k wd@k vrf;rSm xrif;vnf; rpm;&? bmrS rpm;&awmh olw@kd u 0ufawGbmawG
ay:au|;w,f? tJ't
D csed rf mS tzd;k ajcaxmufawG a,mifvu
dk w
f m um;aewmyJ? tJ'&D mG udk
a&mufz@dk (3)&ufavmuf vrf;av#mufvu
kd w
f mud;k ? jrpf0u|e;f ay: b,fupxGuv
f nf;qdak wmh
0g;c,frr@d e,fuae xGuw
f mayg?h 0g;c,frr@d e,fuaexGu+f y;D awmh tJ'D trvGwaf &mufwm?
(3)&ufavmuf=umw,f? nbufe@J reufapmapmawGyJ tzd;k wd@k omG ;w,f? rd;k csKyf+yD;qk&d if
109
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ae&m&Sm/ vlxek @J tquftoG,v
f yk +f y;D uif;apmif+h y;D awmh tdyw
f myJ? tJ'D trvGwu
f akd &muf
awmhh yJc;l d;k rawmifajcudk awG@&w,f?
aemufawmh Adv
k rf LS ;armifcspw
f @dk ukd ac:ajymw,f? Adv
k rf LS ;jrode;f vnf;ygw,f? Adv
k f
rSL;armifcspfu ajymufusm;wyf&if;rSL;? AdkvfrSL;jrodef;u aubDt,fvfatwyf&if;rSL;?
tzd;k wd@k tzG@J trvGwrf mS pcef;csw,f?
'DrmS aemufxyfwn tdyv
f @dkr&bl;vm;vd@k ol}u;D awGukd ar;awmh? &w,f udprP &Sb
d ;l
wJ?h usaemfw@dk tjyifbufrmS apmifah y;r,fw?hJ tJ'rD mS tdyaf wmh nbufqkd &xm;vrf;/
um;vrf;u rD;a&mifukd awG@&w,f? ar; =unfah wmh ol}u;D ajymwmu om,m0wD/ oH;k q,fw?hJ
aemufnusawmh tzd;k wd@k c&D;xGu&f awmhr,f? Akv
d rf LS ;jr&ifu tzd;k ajcaxmufukd
prf;=unfw
h ,f?
b,fvv
kd nf; q&m}uD;? cifAsm;u xrf;r,fqakd wmhvnf; txrf;rcHb;l ? jzpf&J
vm;?
vlvcl si;f xrf;wm usaemf rudub
f ;l
q&m}u;D u w,fcufwmyJ
'Dn c&D;xGu&f r,fq&kd if igu
h kd t&ufwykvif;avmuf 0,fay;ygumG ? jzpfw,f
r[kwv
f m;
olu jzpfygw,fwJ?h
tJ't
D csed w
f ek ;f u wd@k Oya'u t&ufraomuf&bl;? olu Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifukd oGm;
ajymw,f? ol@ajcaxmufu a,mifae+yD;? olu t&ufwykvif;avmuf oGm;0,fay;ygv@kd
ajymaew,f?
at; at; oGm;0,fay;vdu
k ?f oGm;0,fay;vdu
k ?f rif;wd@k q&m}u;D qDrmS oGm;yd@k ay;
vku
d w
f hJ
omcD;G qdw
k hJ &Jabmfwa,mufukd olu cdik ;f w,f? t&ufu taumif;pm;yJ? bm
t&ufreS ;f awmh rodb;l ? tzd;k u t*Fvyd pf m rzwfwwfb;l ? rd@t&uftaumif;pm;yJ?
c&D;xGucf ge;D naebufrmS tzd;k wd@k ukd xrif;au|;wmvnf; [if;eJ@y?J ig;[if;eJ@?
xrif;pm;awmh omcG;D a&mufvmw,f?
olu q&m}u;D qd+k y;D tzd;k udk E_wq
f ufw,f?
zGiu
hf mG cGurf &S&d if 0g;Al;eJ@yJ xnfv
h u
dk f omcG;D u a&wcGuyf g ,lvmw,f?
raomufcif a&enf;enf; aomufcsvu
dk v
f @kd omcG;D u ajymw,f?
a[h omcG;D rif;vnf;aomufav? bmvkyaf ewmvJ
110
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
usaemf raomufawmhb;l ? 'Dt&nfa=umifh usaemf jy\em c%c%jzpfw,f?
usaemf jzwf+yDwJ?h
at; rif;jzwfEikd &f if odyaf umif;wmaygu
h mG ? tck igvnf; rvGrJ a&Smifomvk@d ig
aomuf&wm
olu usaemfoyd gw,fw?hJ tzd;k wd@k xrif;pm;vnf;+yD;a&m rd;k vnf;csKyf+yD?
tzd;k ESpcf u
G af omuf+yD; awmf+yD;uGm? rif;odr;f xm;vku
d af wmhvd@k omcD;G udk ajym
w,f?
omcG;D rif; ige@J a0;a0;raeeJ@aemf? ig trl;ajyoGm;&ifawmh xyfaomufO;D rSm
q&m}uD; ryle@J ? usaemf q&m}uD;tem;rSmyJ &Srd mS yg
om,m0wD &xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;udk ul;-u_yD

tJ'n
D u tzd;k wd@k tzG@J om,m0wDu &xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;udk ul;&w,f? &xm;
vrf;eJ@ um;vrf;u tydiyf ?J &xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;eJ@ enf;enf;eD;vmawmh Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmife@J
Adv
k rf LS ;armifcspu
f tzd;k udk ac:w,f?
wd@k &xm;vrf;eJ@ um;vrf;udk jzwfr,f? jzwfr,fq&kd if tem;udk csO;f uyfomG ;&r,f?
rif; wyfpyd u
f kd &xm;vrf;/ [db
k ufurf;a&mufatmify@kd wJ?h
olw@dk [db
k ufurf;a&muf+y;D toifah pmifq
h akd wmh tzd;k wd@k u [db
k uf'b
D uf =unf+h y;D
awmh ul;wmayg?h tJ't
D csed rf mS armfawmfum;wpif;vmw,f?
rD;a&mifjrifawmh jrefjrefu;l ? jrefjrefu;l qk+d yD;awmh ul;=uwmayg?h
tbd;k wk@d u;l wJah e&meJ@ odyrf uGmbl;? jzwf+yD;wmeJ@ udik ;f awmxJ jrefjrefw;kd &w,f?
udik ;f awmudk vGeo
f mG ;awmh tzd;k wd@k vljyefppfw,f?
wd@k val wG uke+f yv
D m;
uke+f yD wJ?h
ud,
k v
hf u
l ,
kd =f unf=h uprf;
vlwa,mufusecf v
hJ @kd zrf;rd+y;D qk&d if tdu
k v
f nf;cH&r,f? tukev
f ;kH vnf; 'kuaQ &muf
r,f? tzd;k wd@k vljyefppfawmh jynfw
h ,f?
111
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
aemufwzG@J u;l zd@k 'Dbufuae tcsujf yefjy&wmayg?h
'Dvekd @J wzG@J +yD;wzG@J ul;=u? ud,
k v
hf u
l ,
kd jf yefppf=ueJ@?
tm;vH;k ul;+yD;awmh a[haumif a& oGm;&SmuGm? 'Dae&mrSm a&tdik af wGbmawG
r&S=d ubl;vm;
&JabmfawG oGm;&Smwm? tdik u
f u
G w
f ckawG@w,f? odyrf }uD;bl;? olw@kd tzd;k udk vm
ac:w,f? a&u cyfaemufaemufyJ r=unfb;l ? 'gayr,fh a&qmwmud;k ? tzd;k wd@k aomufwm
ayg?h &JabmfawGu raomufao;bl;?
a[haumifawG rif;wk@d bmvkyaf e=uvJ? aomufavuGm 'Dvakd jymrS &JabmfawG
u aomufw,f?
olw@kd vnf; qmawmh qmaewmyJ? tzd;k aomuf+yD;rS olw@kd aomufw,f? a&
aomuf+yD;awmh tzd;k wd@k wcg xyfav#mufw,f?
um;vrf;ul; udik ;f awm}u;D udk jzwf+y;D rS uGi;f jyifrmS av#muf&? uGi;f jyifxrJ S tus,f
}u;D ? ajrkid ;f awG&w
dS ,f? ajrEkawG&w
dS ,f? v,fuiG ;f awG? a'ocHval wGu v,fvyk =f uwmud;k ?
ae@buf b,fvv
dk yk u
f ;l vk@d &rvJ? nbufayg?h "mwfr;D vnf; xd;k vd@k r&bl;? tarSmif
xJrmS prf;+yD;oGm;&wm? wa,mufe@J wa,muf cyfvrS ;f vSr;f yJ av#muf=uw,f?
ppfawmif;jrpfukd jzwftul;rSm
tzd;k wd@k av#muf=uwm ppfawmif;jrpfurf;em;txd a&mufw,f? Adv
k cf sKyjf rarmifw@dk
tzG@J u tzd;k wd@k taemufrmS ? =umawmh armwmayg?h wae&ma&mufawmh tzd;k wk@d xkid ef m;
w,f? tJ't
D csed rf mS Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifw@kd tzG@J tzd;k wd@k ukd rSv
D mw,f? olvnf; tzd;k taemuf
em;rSm ukyu
f yk af v; xkid ef m;w,f? wd@k tm;vH;k xrif;awGvnf; qmae=u+yD? Adu
k af wGvnf;
acsmifuek +f y?D b,fvv
dk yk &f rvJ? [d=k unfh 'D=unfv
h yk af wmh cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rSm &Gmvkv
d dk bmvdv
k dk
awG@w,f? tyifawGvnf; awG@wmud;k ?
tJ'&D mG udk tzd;k wk@d omG ;+yD; qefav;bmav; 0,fpm;r,fayg?h &Gmemrnfawmh tzd;k
arhae+yD?
tJ'ge@J Adv
k cf sKyjf rarmifqD oGm;+y;D awmh [d;k rSm &GmeJ@ww
l ,f? &Gmqk&d ifawmh qefav;
bmav;0,fr,fAsm
112
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
olu aumif;om;yJuG wJ?h 'DrmS ydu
k q
f ,
H o
l mG ;qd+k y;D olu ydu
k q
f H xkwaf y;w,f?
olay;wJyh u
kd q
f u
H kd tdwx
f x
J nf+h yD; tzd;k eJ@ &JabmfwpkomG ;w,f? tzd;k u a&Su
ae
OD;aqmif+yD;oGm;w,f? ajcaxmufu emayr,fh wjcm;vludk rv$wb
f ;l ? pdwrf csb;l ? wckck
vGaJ csm&f if tm;vH;k 'kuaQ &mufrmS ? 'ge@J tJ'&D mG udak &mufomG ;awmh &Gmu u&if&mG yJ? ppfawmif;
jrpfe@J eD;w,f? &Gmem;a&mufawmh acG;awGa[mifw,f? acG;a[mifawmh vlawGu xGu=f unfh
wmayg?h tzd;k u vlwa,mufukd vuf,yf+yD;awmh ac:vdu
k w
f ,f?
usaemfw@dk u&ifawGyg? cifAsm;wd@k ukd bmrSvyk yf gb;l ? 'kuaQ &mufvmvd@k yg 'Dvkd
ajymawmh tJ'v
D u
l tdraf y:u qif;vmw,f? olqif;vmawmh tzd;k u ajymw,f?
wk@d xrif;rpm;&ao;vd@k rif;wk@d qrD mS qef0,fcsiw
f ,fumG ? qef&&dS if a&mif;ygvk@d
ajymawmh? olu at; at;wJh usaemf ol}uD;qDomG ;r,fqk+d yD; vl}uD;udo
k mG ;ac:w,f?
aus;&Gmvl}uD;u vdu
k v
f mw,f? &Gmvl}uD;vmawmh tusK;d ta=umif;ajymjywmayg?h
usaemfw@dk &dumQ vkad ew,f? cifAsm;wd@k qu
D qef 4-5wif;avmuf a&mif;ay;ygAsm?
a&mh 'DrmS ydu
k q
f ,
H l qdak wmh ol r,lb;l ? olu wd@k u=kd unf+h yD; pdwrf aumif;bl;eJ@ wlw,f?
rvdyk gb;l Asm? qef (5)wif;avmufq&dk if &rvm;
&ygw,f? &ygw,f 'Dvakd jym+yD; ol}uD;u jyefomG ;w,f? wem&De;D yg;avmuf
=umw,f? &GmxJrmS qefomG ;pkw,f? jyefvmawmh &Gmom;awGe@J twl qefawGtw
d x
f x
J nf+h y;D
xrf;csvmw,f?
tzd;k wd@k 0rf;omwmayg?h qef (5)wif;avmuf&w
dS ,f? &JabmfawGc+JG y;D xrf;=uw,f?
erfu
h siaf &$w@dk vnf; ygwmayg?h trsKd ;orD;u ESpaf ,mufygw,f? wa,mufu reef;
a&$w?hJ tzd;k wd@k jyefvm+yD;awmh rd;k rvif;wvif;rSm ppfawmif;jrpfukd jzwfu;l wmayg?h tJ'rD mS
&JabmfwcsK@d e@J rde;f uav;(2)a,muf a&xJarsmygomG ;w,f? aowmayg?h rde;f uav;u reef;
a&$e@J a[mfazmwJ?h tavmif;udk vdu
k q
f ,fawmh olw@kd aoewfav;awG olw@kd zufxm;w,f?
tzd;k pdwx
f cd u
kd v
f u
kd w
f mav? ajymraeeJ@awmh? qeftw
d w
f csK@d vnf; a&xJepfuek w
f ,f?
qefawG&awmh awmxJ0if+yD; eifw@dk tbGm;u xrif;csuw
f mayg?h xrif;csu&f wm
vnf; [rf;aumav;wvH;k eJ@ olcsuu
f ,
kd cf su+f yD;awmh pm;=uw,f? usuaf wmh tzd;k udk ac:
w,f?
tzd;k }u;D xrif;usu+f yD
tzd;k vnf; qmwmud;k ? tm;&yg;& pm;r,fv@dk xrif;vkwu
f x
kd nfah wmh a&xJyg
oGm;wJh aumifrav; (2)a,mufukd owd&+yD; pm;vk@d r&awmhb;l ? vnfyif;rSm eifaew,f?
olw@dk u tysKd ayguaf v;awG? touf 17-18 t&G,af v;awG?
113
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
aq;ykv&J mG
aemufawmh tzd;k wd@k qufomG ;w,f? ppfawmif;jrpf urf;eab;twdik ;f yJ? tJ'rD mS
aq;&Gu}f u;D yifawGpu
kd w
f hJ aq;ykv&J mG qdw
k mudk awG@w,f? aq;ykv&J mG udk ra&mufcif tzd;k wd@k
vrf;jzwfu;l =uao;w,f?
aq;ykv&J mG u [kb
d ufurf;rSm?
vrf;u um;vrf;a[mif;}u;D yJ? ppfawmif;jrpfe@J eD;w,f? tzd;k wd@k tiftm;u (100)
ausm&f w
dS ,f? ppfawmif;jrpfxJ arsmoGm;awmh enf;enf;avsmo
h mG ;w,f? um;vrf;udk rd;k rcsKyw
f
csKyfrmS ul;w,f? tzd;k wd@k wyfpu
k t&ifu;l +yD; 'Dbuftjcrf;uae jyefapmifw
h ,f?
aemufawmhrS Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifw@kd tzG@J ul;w,f? um;vrf;ab;rSm udik ;f awm}uD;&Sd
awmh ul;+y;D wmeJ@ udik ;f awmxJ vdrchf svu
kd ?f vdrchf svu
kd f 'Dvu
kd ;l =uwm? tm;vH;k uif;uif;&Si;f
&Si;f yJ? um;vrf;jzwf+yD;awmh ckeajymwJh aq;ykv&J mG udk a&mufw,f? aq;&Gu}f uD;yifawG t
rsm;}uD;yJ? &Gmom;awGu cl;vd@k awmh uke+f yD? em;bef&u
G af wGyJ useaf wmhw,f? olw@kd rcl;=u
awmhb;l ?
tzd;k wd@k tzG@J awG olrsm; rcl;awmhwhJ em;bef&u
G af wG vdu
k cf ;l =uw,f? cl;+yD;awmh
qufomG ;wm acsmif;wacsmif;udk jzwf&ao;w,f? acsmif;u a&wdrw
f rd yf ?J 'l;ausmaf usmf
avmufy&J w
dS ,f? tJ'aD csmif;udu
k ;l +y;D rS awmifuek ;f av;wckukd a&mufomG ;wm? tJ'rD mS tzd;k wd@k
ausmyd;k tdwaf wGcs+yD;em;=uw,f? Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifw@kd tzG@J a&mufvm+yD;awmh
'Dn 'DrmS tdy&f atmifAsm
tvSnu
hf s uif;cs+y;D tdy=f u&atmifajymawmh tzd;k wd@k tJ'rD mS tdy=f uw,f? wem&D
ausmaf usmaf vmufawmh rd;k vif;vmwmyJ? rd;k vif;awmh oGm;vd@k r&awmhb;l ? tJ'rD mS tzk;d wd@k
vrf;jy&Smwm vlwa,muf&w,f? ol@erH nfu awmufwhJ wJ?h
nbufrS tzd;k wd@k c&D;pxGu=f uw,f? yJc;l d;k rudk a&muf+yD;? a&mufawmh tzd;k wd@k
tquftoG,v
f yk =f uwmayg?h vrf;rSm &Gmw&GmawG@ao;w,f? &Gmu u&if&mG yJ? tzd;k wd@k tzG@J
tJ'&D mG udo
k mG ;+y;D tajctae pHpk rf;w,f? Adv
k cf sKyjf rarmifuakd wmh &Gmem;u awmxJrmS yJ xm;cJh
w,f?
114
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
usaemfw@kd u&ifawGy?J jrpf0u|e;f ay:uae wyfawG wqifw
h qifq
h w
k +f yD; 'Dukd
a&mufvmwm? ol}uD; 'DrmS tajctae b,fv&kd v
dS ?J cifAsm;&GmrSm wnavmuf em;r,f?
tdyv
f @dk r&bl;vm;
ol}u;D u [m &wmaygh
'Dvq
dk &dk if usaemfw@dk wyfukd xrif;weyfavmuf au|;vk@d r&bl;vm;
&wmaygh wJ?h
tajctaeudk Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifw@kd ukd owif;oGm;yd@k awmh Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifw@kd vnf;
wufvmw,f? tJ'rD mS tzd;k wd@k wntdyw
f ,f? tJ'&D mG u tzd;k wk@d ukd xrif;au|;w,f? qefu
awmifay:qef? awmfawmfaumif;w,f? ig;waumifEpS af umif;eJ@ ig;yd&nfusKu
d kd ikyo
f ;D pdr;f
av; xnfx
h m;w,f? tzd;k pm;wm aumif;vku
d w
f m? aumif;wmayg?h iwfvmwmud;k ?
tJ'&D mG rSm wk@d (2)ntdyw
f ,f? ol}uD;uvnf; u&ify?J tzd;k wd@k u tzd;k wk@d &J rl0g'
vrf;pOfawGukd ajymjyawmh odyaf umif;w,fw?hJ ol}uD;u tzd;k wd@k ukd axmufcw
H ,f?
uGejf rLepfeJ txifrmS ;

reufusawmh tzd;k wd@k u wyfr[m(3)udk oGm;rSmud;k ? tJ'rD mS tzd;k wd@k u tquft
oG,o
f mG ;vkyw
f ,f? &Jabmfwa,mufukd a&Sajy;v$wv
f u
kd w
f ,f? v$wv
f u
dk af wmh uke;f twuf
rSm olw@dk ypfwm xdawmhrxdb;l ? ol jyefajy;vmw,f?
usaemfu
h kd qD;+yD;ypfwm? uHaumif;vd@k raow,f
[ b,fv[
dk mvJ
tzk;d wd@k pOf;pm;vk@d r&bl;? aemufrS od&wmu ypfwm up,f'w
kd @kd tzG@J uyJ? tajct
aeudk tzd;k u Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifqD oGm;+yD;ajymawmh?
b,fv[
dk mawGvu
J ?G tquftoG,v
f yk rf ,fv@dk ajymxm;ao;w,f? ypfvnf;
ypfao;w,f
at;uG? tJ'g rif;b,fvq
dk ufvyk rf vJ? 'Dwcgawmh rif;tvSnyhf ?J rif;oGm;&Jvm;?
oGm;&Jwmaygh
at; 'gqkd rif;oGm;
115
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'ge@J tzd;k oGm;wmayg?h tJ'rD mS tqifajyoGm;w,f? olw@kd uvnf; &efox
l if+yD;
ypfwm// aemufrS tcsw
d t
f qufr+d y;D tqifajyoGm;wm? tJ'ge@J Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfup,f'q
kd D a&muf
oGm;w,f? a&mufawmh pum;awGbmawGajym? a&rd;k csKd ;? xrif;awGcsu=f uw,f? tJ'rD mS
Adv
k cf sKyjf rarmifu 0ufom;pm;csiw
f ,fq+kd y;D awmif;pm;w,f? wk@d 0ufom; rpm;&wm=um+y?D
up,f 'du
k vnf; at; at;qd+k y;D vl}u;D awGuakd c:+y;D tzd;k wd@k ukd 0ufwaumif ay:ay;w,f?
tJ'rD mS Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmif 0ufom;pm;wm tqDw;kH awGcsn;f yJ? 0ufqw
D ;Hk udk ysm;&nfe@J ol
wd@k w@kd +yD; pm;vku
d w
f m tm;&yg;&yJ? olu 0ufom; odyf uduw
f ,f? pm;vdu
k &f ifvnf; tqD
wH;k oufoufy?J
up,f'u
kd tzd;k wk@d tzG@J yJc;l d;k rudk a&mufvmwmudk uGejf rLepfawG vmw,fxif+y;D
tzd;k wd@k tzG@J ukd csawmhrvd@k ? ol@wyf&if; (2)&if;jyifxm;+y;D apmifah ewm? jrpf0u|e;f ay:u wuf
vmwJv
h al wGukd uGejf rLepfawGq+dk y;D txifrmS ;wm? olw@kd wyf &GmxJa&mufawmh b,fomG ;rvJ
ar;awmh uGejf rLepfawGukd oGm;wku
d rf vd@k w?hJ
b,fu uGejf rLepfawGvJ
rae@wae@wek ;f uvmwJh uGejf rLepfawGaygh
tJ'gueG jf rLepfrS r[kwb
f J u&ifawGy?J 'DaumifawGu wu,fwu
dk w
f v
hJ al wG
jrpf0u|e;f ay:uae jzwfav;jzwfukd jzwfausm+f yD; 'Duakd &mufvmwm? 'gukd rif;u wcgomG ;
wku
d rf ,f? rwdu
k ef @J aus;&Gmvlxu
k ajymwmayg?h
&Gmvlxu
k rwdu
k ef @J ? tJ'aD umifawGu wcgwnf; pkwjf ywfowf/ iwfjywf+y;D &efol
udk wku
d +f yD;awmhrS xGuv
f mwm? tzd;k wdk ukd 'Dvkd txifv=JG uao;w,f?
aemufawmhrS up,f'&kd J a,mufzvm; rodb;l ? tzd;k wk@d a&mufvmwm=um;awmh
aygucf svmw,f? ol@emrnfu Adv
k 'f 0D qkv
d m;yJ? ola&mufvm+y;D Adv
k cf sKyjf rarmife@J awG@w,f?
[muGm rif;vmwm wd@k oo
d m;yJ
rif; bmvkd@ wdk@eJ@vmrqufoG,fvJ? rif;rqufoG,fvkd@ 'kuQa&mufaewm
rif;b,fvadk umifvJ tJ'aD wmhrS tzd;k wd@k tcsw
d t
f qufro
d mG ;w,f?
116
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
Edik if aH &;rSL;b0
wkwzf @G pJ nf;yHt
k wdik ;f jrpf0u|e;f ay:rSm autJe,
f u
l kd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;awmh tzd;k u
wyfr[m(3)rSm Edik if aH &;rSL; wm0ef,&l w,f? Edik if aH &;rSL;qkad wmh wyfawGukd Edik if aH &; tawG;
tac:awG/ Edik if aH &; oabmw&m;awG/ Edik if aH &; pepfawGukd oifay;&wmayg?h wyfawGukd
Edik if aH &;oifwef;awGay;zd@k Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmife@J Adv
k rf LS ;pd;k atmifw@kd u tzd;k udk wm0efay;w,f?
t&ifwek ;f u Ekid if aH &;oabmw&m;/ rl0g'awGukd tzd;k odyrf odb;l ? wku
d zf @dk cku
d zf @dk
avmufyJ pdwo
f efw,f? tzd;k u Edik if aH &;oifwef;vnf; wcgrS rwuf&bl;? wjcm;vlawG
Edik if aH &;oifwef;wufwm wpfcgEpS cf g &S+d yD? 'ge@J tzd;k udk Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifukd ajymw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmif cifAsm;wk@d vyk w
f m rw&m;bl;? wjcm;vlawG Edik if aH &;oifwef;
wufwm ESpcf go;kH cg usaemfu
h akd wmh wcgrS rac:bl;? e,fxrJ mS yJ xm;w,f? tck usaemfu
h kd
Edik if aH &;rSL; wm0efay;w,f? oifwef;awG ay;cdik ;f w,f? cifAsm;wd@k awmfawmf *GuswmyJ
olw@kd uajymw,f?
rif;u wufp&mrvkv
d @dk wk@d rac:wmwJ?h
bmjzpfv@dk wufp&mrvkv
d ?J usaemfvnf; Ekid if aH &;oifcsiw
f myJ
rif;u oifz@dk rvkb
d ;l ? 'ga=umifw
h @dk u xm;cJw
h m? [dak umifawG
'Davmufwufwmawmif wH;k w,fu?G rif;udk rrDb
S ;l uG
bmyJajymajym Edik if aH &;qdw
k hJ tESpo
f m&udak wmh usaemf oifcsiw
f maygh
tJ'aD wmhrS olw@kd u Edik if aH &;w&m; a[mawmhwmyJ?
Edikd if aH &;&JtESpo
f m&u pm;/ 0wf/ aea&;yJ?
tm%m &&Sad &;yJw?hJ
tm%mtrsK;d rsK;d &Sw
d hJ txJrmS rS jynfo@l tm%mu taumif;qH;k yJw?hJ
tkypf ;kd olvw
l ef;pm;u tpd;k &awG=unf?h
olw@kd Edik if aH &; rl0g'awG cs+yD; tkycf sKyfaewmyJ?
'gayr,fh w&m;r#wr_ r&Sb
d ;l ?
jynfo@l twGuf tcGit
fh a&;awG r&Sb
d ;l ? ol@twGuyf J =unfw
h ,f?
117
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'ga=umifh jynfolw&yfvkH; rcHcsifwmaygh? qef@usifwmaygh? tkHuGwmaygh?
tm%mqkw
d m jynfoal wGrmS tajccHwhJ jynfo@l tm%mjzpf&r,f? tpd;k &uvnf; jynfou
l
a&G;cs,w
f ifajrmufwhJ tpk;d & jzpf&r,f? olu tJ'v
D &dk iS ;f jyw,f?
Edik if aH &;rSL;jzpfvmawmh Edik if aH &;pmayawG avhvmzwfw
_ mayg?h ref;bZefa&;wJh
u&ifah wmfveS af &; oif=f um;csuaf wG/ vuf0pJ mayawGavhvmwm awmfawmfrsm;w,f?
aemufawmh nD!w
G af &;udk &nf,
G +f y;D awmh uGejf rLepfr0l g'pmwrf;udv
k nf; oifwef;ay;wJt
h cg
oH;k wmyJ? jrpf0u|e;f ay: trSw(f 2)/ trSw(f 3)ckid rf mS oifwef;awGay; oabmw&m;awGay;
wck+yD;wck ay;wmyJ? tzd;k Edik if aH &; oifwef;awG awmfawmfav;ay;jzpfw,f?
yJc;l d;k ra&mufawmhvnf; Edik if aH &;oifwef;awGay;&wmyJ? jrpf0u|e;f ay:wdik ;f vdak wmh
r[kwb
f ;l ? yJc;l d;k ru awmfawmf av;cufcw
J ,f? wd@k autJe,
f u
l kd ydw0f ikd ;f ppfqifa&;}u;D awG
vkyw
f mud;k ? yJc;l d;k rrSm uGejf rLepfygwaD wGvnf; tvl;tvJc&H wmyJ? tJ'rD mS iSuzf sm;u vnf;
=urf;? qifikd ;f awGuvnf;ayg? 'D=um;xJ jzwfav;jzwfvyk af wmh tm;vH;k &dumQ awG bmawG
jywfuek w
f mayg?h
Edik if aH &;oifwef;ay;&wm vlu rsm;w,f? qefE@kd qAD ;l (1)vH;k udk vlEpS af ,mufEe_ ;f eJ@
oifay;&wm? &JabmfawGu awmfawmfZ&JG =dS uygw,f? qefE@kd qAD ;l (1)vH;k udk oifwef;om;
(2)a,muf? wae@pm b,fvakd vmufrmS vJ? pm;zdk uvnf; xrif;wrsK;d yJ&w
dS m? &Sw
d hJ toD;
t&Gut
f ukef xnfch su&f wmayg?h ydwq
f @kd a&;}u;D awGvyk af wmh xrif;iwfwmveJ@ cs=D umw,f?
yJc;l d;k rrSmvnf; Adv
k cf sKyfjrarmifw@kd OD;pd;k atmifw@kd e@J tzd;k wd@k twlwyl ?J erfu
h siaf &$
wd@k vnf; tzd;k wd@k e@J twlwyl ?J erfu
h siaf &$u jrpf0u|e;f ay:uae yJc;l d;k rudk a$uwnf;u
tzd;k wd@k e@J twlwyl gw,f? rif;wd@k tzGm;eJ@vnf; ygw,f? tzd;k wd@k ajymif;wm rde;f uav; 34 a,mufygw,f? awmfawmfav;vnf; ZGaJ umif;=uw,f? owWv
d nf; &S=d uw,f? yJc;l d;k r
wdu
k yf rJG mS cr&(108)eJ@ ypfwek ;f uqdk eHrnf}uD;yJ? wd@k qu
D rde;f uav;awGuvnf; ypfwmyJ?
wdu
k yf u
JG teD;uyfawG rsm;w,f?
uGejf rLepfygwu
D cifp;kd 0if;wd@k / eef;wifa&$w@kd ocifcspo
f rD; r!dw
k @kd qw
kd m eHrnf
}u;D awGy?J awmfawmf ppfwu
kd &f =J uw,f? &efou
l vnf; olw@kd ukd tao&& t&Si&f &yJ? olw@kd
uvnf; wdkuf&J/ ao&J/ tEdkif,l&JqdkwJh tawG;tac:uvnf; tjynfhyJ? wdkufyJGawGu
awmfawmf=urf;+yD; awmfawmfvnf; jyif;xefw,f? rde;f rom;awG ppfwu
kd &f w,fqw
kd m
vG,w
f mrSr[kww
f m? 'gayr,fh &efou
l rde;f ra,musmf ; cGw
J mr[kwb
f ;l ? uav;awGqv
kd nf;
tukeyf pf/ tukef owfwmyJ?
118
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
xrif;iwfwhJ ae&ufrsm;
yJc;l d;k rudk a&mufvmwm tawmf'u
k aQ &mufw,f? &JabmfawGqkd ppfcsn;f yJ wdu
k f
ae&w,f? xrif;usawmh rpm;&bl;? (7)&uf (8)&ufqufwu
kd f ppfwu
kd &f +y;D tpmu r&Sad wmh
armwmayg?h &Jabmfav;wa,muf usomG ;wm? Adu
k u
f av; a[mufyufe@J ? tzd;k awmfawmf
pdwx
f cd u
kd w
f ,f?
yJc;l d;k rrSm tzd;k wd@k c%c% xrif;iwfw,f? wcgwcg wpfvawmif ausmaf o;w,f?
[kt
d &Gucf ;l pm; 'Dt&Gucf ;l pm; 'Dvjkd zpf=uwm? usomG ;wJh Adv
k rf LS ;armifcspq
f &dk if tajctae
raumif;bl;vk@d ajym&if ruu
d b
f ;l ? xrif;iwfayr,fh pdw"f mwfu awmfawmfcikd w
f ,f? tnHrh cH
t_;H ray;yJ &efou
l kd Edik af tmifwu
dk rf ,fqw
kd hJ pdw"f mwfu ckid cf idk rf mrm&Sw
d ,f?
pdw"f mwfusr,fh tawG;tac:awG rif;wk@d O;D aESmufxrJ mS wpufrrS xm;eJ@? 'D
tawG;tac:awG 0ifvm+y;D qd&k if rif;wd@k acgi;f xJu jrefjref xkwyf pfvu
dk f olu 'Dvakd jymwm?
'Dvkd tcuftcJjzpfwm yJc;l d;k r a&muf+yD; 3-4 v t=umrSmjzpfwm? tzd;k wd@k u
jrpf0u|e;f ay:u emrnf}uD;awGqakd wmh &efou
l twif;vdu
k w
f m? tJ't
D csed rf mS &efou
l
uGejf rLepfuakd wmif xk;d ppfrqifawmhb;l ? tzk;d wd@k uykd J toJtrJvu
kd w
f m? &efou
l xd;k ppf}u;D
awG/ jzwfav;jzwfawG p+yD;vkyaf wmhwmyJ? tzd;k wd@k iSuaf ysmyifawG toD;awGt&Guaf wGyJ
pm;&wJh &ufawGrenf;bl;? =umawmh tm;jywfwmayg?h rif;wd@k tzGm;vnf; awmfawmf
'kuaQ &mufw,f? olvnf; =umawmh rEdik af wmhb;l ?
rif;wk@d tzGm;u
tzd;k }uD; wd@k acsmif;xJrmS ig;&Sm&atmifwJ?h
olvnf; tm;awGbmawG jywfuek +f yu
D ;kd ? ol@ukd =unf&h wmvnf; tzd;k oem;w,f?
ol@rmS abmif;bDav; wpfxnf/ olrsm;ay;wJh ykq;dk av;wpfxnf? ppftusa v;wxnfe@J
tusv
ufjywf zm;yg;pyfav;wxnf 'gy&J w
dS ,f? 'guykd J xnfvJ 0wfae&wm?
tJ'aD e@u ol@tus zm;yg;pyfav;ud0k wf+yD; tzd;k wd@k acsmif;xJrmS ig;&Sm=uw,f?
a&u odyrf &Sad wmhb;l ? pdrt
hf ikd af v;awGvkd jzpfaewm? ab;rSm ausmufw;kH av;awG &Sw
d ,f?
pdrt
hf ikd af v;xJ rif;wd@k tzGm;qif;oGm;+yD; ,uf=unfah wmh ig;ao;ao;av; &w,f? vufr/
vuf!;kd / vufoef;t&G,af v;awGayg?h olu acsmif;xJu ae+yD;awmh a&mh tzd;k }uD;qd+k yD;
119
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
ypfwifay;w,f? tzd;k u zrf;+yD; [rf;aumcsKid x
hf J xnfw
h myJ? aemufawmh arm+yD em;OD;r,f
qd+k yD; acsmif;xJu olwufvmw,f?
olwufvmawmh csKid x
hf rJ mS ig;u wpfaumifrS r&Sad wmhb;l ? ckex
f u
G u
f ek rf mS ayg?h
tzGm;}uD; pdwq
f ;kd vdu
k w
f mav? 'ge@J tzd;k u
eifae igomG ;&Smr,f tzd;k u ausmufw;kH awG=um; E_u
d rf ,fayg?h
arGigu
h kd udu
k &f if tJ'aD rGukd du
k o
f wf+yD; eifw@dk csupf m;=u
ausmufw;kH awG=um;rSm tzd;k vdu
k pf rf;w,f? zm;&S&d if araG wmh&rdS mS r[kwb
f ;l ? tzd;k
prf;vdu
k w
f m aysmah ysmah v; oGm;xdw,f? 'g araG wmh r[kwb
f ;l ? 'Daumif zm;yJ? tzd;k Edu
_ v
f u
kd f
awmh zm;ausmpf aH uG;av; wpfaumif&w,f? &wJzh m;udk E_wcf rf;eJ@ udu
k v
f u
kd w
f m zm;u
ajcum;vufum;eJ@ udG ueJ wcsuyf aJ tmfEikd w
f ,f?
wpfaumif&vku
d f udu
k v
f u
dk ?f wpfaumif&vku
d f udu
k v
f u
dk ef @J ? av;ig;q,faumif
avmuf&w,f? xyfEu
d_ v
f @kd vnf; r&awmhb;l ?
rif;wd@k tzGm;uvnf; tzd;k }u;D awmfawmh jyef=upd@k qdw
k meJ@ tzd;k wd@k jyefvmw,f?
vrf;rSm awmiftwuf&adS wmh tzd;k u armvd@k em;ayr,fh rif;wd@k tzGm;u rem;bl;?
olu uifyeG ;f &Guf tEkav;awG cl;? oyoD;awG vdu
k af umuf? wJjyefa&mufawmh &wJh zm;av;
(10)aumifavmufe@J toD;t&Guaf wG aq;a=um+yD; a&mywf aomufwm csKv
d u
kd w
f m?
qm;awG bmawGvnf; r&Sb
d ;l ? tzd;k wd@k ywfaomuf=uwm? iwfawmhvnf; 'gav; aomuf&
wm tm;&So
d mG ;ovdyk ?J
vufeufcspum; tvsO;f rajym&

yJc;l d;k ruae 1974 ckEpS f arvrSm rme,fyavmukd tzk;d wd@k a&mufvmw,f? ref;
bZefe@J awG@awmh 0rf;omvd@k av? Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfausmaf omif;qd+k yD; tzd;k ycH;k udzk uf+yD; rsu&f nf
usw,f? tzd;k vnf; pdwrf aumif;bl;? rsu&f nfuswmayg?h
tJ'rD mS acgi;f aqmifwcsK@d u tzd;k wd@k ukd 'DaumifawG xrif;iwfv@dk xrif;r0vk@d
'Duv
dk mwm? vrf;w0ufrmS vufeufcsr,fh taumifawG olw@kd u 'Dvakd jymwm? 'Dvakd jym
wm tzd;k u rcHEikd b
f ;l ? tzd;k pdwx
f rJ mS 'DaumifawGajymwm wcGe;f uawmh [kww
f ,f?
120
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
wcGe;f uawmh r[kwb
f ;l ? tzd;k pdwx
f u
J 'Dvjkd zpfwm? xrif;iwfv@kd ajy;vmwmvd@k ajymwmudk
tzd;k u cHEikd af o;w,f? rcHEikd v
f @kd vufeufcsw,fv@kd ajymwmudak wmh tzk;d u vufrcHEidk b
f ;l ?
tzd;k awmfawmf a'goxGuw
f ,f?
a[haumifawG wd@k ukd xrif;r0vd@k / xrif;iwfv@kd vmw,fv@kd ajym? 'greS w
f ,fuG
tzk;d wk@d wvESpv
f xrif;rS rpm;&bJ? 'gu [kwaf ewmyJu;kd ?
vufeufcsz@kd vmw,fv@kd ajymwmawmh rrSeb
f ;l uG? 'g rajymeJ@u?G igr=um;csib
f ;l ?
vufeufcscsi&f if rif;wd@k qv
D mrvm; tzd;k u 'Dtwdik ;f yJ ajymvdu
k w
f ,f?
'ge@J acgi;f aqmifwcsK@d u rsuEf mS awG ykyo
f mG ;w,f? tJ'g Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfausmaf omif;
jzpfr,f? tzd;k udk wcsK@d u odrrS odyu
J ;kd ? Adv
k cf sKyfjra&mufvmawmh ol@val wGukd ol qlw,f?
rif;wkd@aumifawG awmfawmf*GuswJh aumifawGyJ? ol ajymwmrSefw,f?
vufeufcsw,fqw
kd hJ pum;udk rif;wd@k ajymwm olb,fcEH ikd rf vJ? rif;wd@k awG 'Dpum;rsK;d rajym
yge@J ? 'DaumifawG yJc;l d;k rrSm awmfawmf 'kucQ cH w
hJ ahJ umifawG Adv
k cf sKyfjru vl}uD;awGukd
rme,fyavmrSm ac:qlw,f? tzd;k av tJ'aD umifawGukd pdwq
f ;dk vdu
k w
f m?
tzk;d u vufeufcs tnHch w
H hJ pum;ukd vk;H 0 vufrcHEikd b
f ;l ? apmb}uD;uvnf;
vufeufcspum; tvsO;f rajym&bl;vd@k wd@k uakd jymcJw
h myJ? 'gukd 'DaumifawGajymawmh
tzd;k a'go xGuw
f mayg?h
tzd;k cspw
f hJ &Jabmfav;wa,muf
awmfveS af &;xJrmS tzd;k cspw
f hJ &Jabmfav; wa,muf&w
dS ,f? ol@emrnf pwmvif
vd@k ac:w,f? 'Daumifav;udk tzd;k awmfawmfcspw
f ,f? olrmS rdbawG r&S&d mS =uawmhb;l ?
ol@ukd (13)ESpo
f m;t&G,x
f u
J tzd;k arG;pm;xm;wm? ud,
k o
hf m;vdyk J jzpfaewm?
'Daumif odyaf wmfwm? vsijf refjzwfvwfw,f? vl&yd v
f u
l v
J nf; odw,f? tepfemcH
pdwv
f nf; &Sw
d ,f? jrpf0u|e;f ay:om;yJ? c&D;oGm;&if;eJ@ tzd;k emrnfu=kd um;+yD; tzd;k aemufukd
vdu
k v
f mwm? toufi,fawmh &GmrSm rif;wd@k tzGm;eJ@twlwyl J xm;w,f? rif;wd@k tzGm;udk
0dik ;f ulayg?h &GmrSmyJ tdraf xmifuswm? rif;wd@k tzGm;wd@k yJ OD;pD;OD;aqmifvyk +f yD; r*Fvmaqmif
ay;cJw
h m?olr*Fvmaqmifwek ;f u tzd;k u tdrrf mS r&Sb
d ;l ? tzd;k uvnf; &GmawGbmawGjyefwm
enf;wmud;k ? 'Daumifav; uav;wa,muf&+yD; touf 23-24rSmrS qH;k oGm;wm?
121
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
'Daumifu owW&d w
dS ,f? wdu
k w
f mcdu
k w
f mvnf; awmfw,f? eHrnfxu
G w
f mayg?h
wdu
k yf rJG mS usomG ;wmyJ? tzd;k awmfawmfav; pdwrf aumif;bl;? 'Duav;u ud,
k rhf supf ad tmuf
rSmyJ }u;D vm+y;D ud,
k &hf J trsK;d om;a&;vkyif ef;awGrmS pdwyf gvufyg vkyu
f ikd &f mS wmud;k ? 'Daumif
av; qH;k pwke;f u tzd;k awmfawmfe@J tdyrf aysmb
f ;l ?
awmfveS af &;rSm twlomG ; twlvm? twlww
l u
kd cf w
hJ hJ &Jabmf&b
J ufawG/ q&m
orm;awGuawmh trsm;}u;D ayg?h 'gayr,fh tzd;k u ud,
k &hf J &JabmfawGukd yd+k y;D cifw,
G o
f vdyk ?J
ud,
k x
hf uf}uD;wJh q&morm;awGuakd wmh av;pm;wm/ rdbvdk dak owm? ud,
k ahf tmufu
&JabmfawGusawmh udk,fh&Jom;awG/ orD;awGvdkvnf;jzpf/ aoazmfaobuf/ wdkufazmf
wdu
k b
f uf/ iwfazmfiwfbufvnf;jzpfawmh yd+k y;D oHa,mZOfw,
G w
f ,f?
qufvufwu
kd yf 0JG if-uyg
u&ifah wmfveS af &;[m rSeu
f efwhJ awmfveS af &;jzpfw,f? ud,
k t
hf rsK;d om;vGwaf jrmuf
a&;twGuf wdu
k yf 0JG if&wmrd@k w&m;vnf; w&m;w,f? 'Dvkd rSeu
f ef+y;D w&m;wJah wmfveS af &;[m
wae@rmS atmify&JG rSmyJ? 'guvnf; tcsed o
f yd rf a0;awmhygb;l ? vufeufcs tnHch w
H ,f? &efol
xHrmS 'l;axmuftnHch w
H ,fqw
kd m awmfveS af &;orm;awGtwGuf b,fvrkd S *k%o
f u
d mQ &dw
S hJ
tvkyrf [kwb
f ;l ? 'g[m usq;kH oGm;wJh &JabmfawGtay: opPmazmuf&a&mufovdk ud,
k jhf ynf
olawGuv
kd nf; opPmazmufwmeJ@twlwyl ?J 'ga=umifh awmfveS af &;udk qH;k cef;wdik f qufvyk f
=uyg?
awmfveS o
f al wGtwGuf trSew
f &m;eJ@ atmifyu
JG toif&h ydS gw,f? tnHch H t_;H
ay;wJph w
d ef @J ud,
k u
f sK;d =unfw
h phJ w
d [
f m ud,
k v
hf yd jf ym ud,
k rf oef@ovdk taovnf;rajzmifyh gb;l ?
ud,
k v
hf rl sK;d udk a&mif;pm;wJt
h vky?f ud,
k &hf aJ bmf&b
J ufawGtay: opPmazmufwt
hJ vkyu
f kd awmf
vSeaf &;orm;awG rvkyrf zd @kd ta&;}uD;qH;k yJ?
atmifyJG yef;wdik af &mufcge;D av wdu
k yf aJG wG jyif;xefavyJ? &efou
l awmh &efov
l kd
usi+hf yD; trsK;d rsK;d aoG;cGrJ ,f? v_@H aqmfr,f? 'gukd wdk awmfveS af &;orm;awG owd&zdS @kd vw
kd ,f?
'DavmufEpS af wG t=um}u;D vkycf +hJ y;D rS Adv
k cf sKyx
f ifarmifvkd &efoel @J y;l aygi;f +y;D &efox
l rH mS tnHch H
122
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
oGm;wm[m awmfveS af &;twGuf trsm;}uD;epfemw,f? u&ifah wmfveS af &;&J *k%o
f u
d mQ
udv
k nf; trsm;}uD; du
k cf wfw,f? &Jabmfwa,muf tnHch w
H meJ@ acgi;f aqmifwa,muf
tnHch w
H m[m wefz;kd csi;f rwlb;l ? 'gukd wdk acgi;f aqmifawG odzkd vw
kd ,f?
OuUX}uD; apmbOD;}uD;wd@k v/kd OuUX}uD; ref;bZHw@kd v/kd Adv
k cf sKyfjrwd@k vkd aoqH;k &wm
[m jrifjh rwfw,f? 'g[m awmfveS af &;orm;awGtwGuf erlemaumif;yJ? olw@kd ordik ;f [m
odumQ &Sw
d ,f? jynfou
l vnf; av;pm;w,f? 'Dvakd cgi;f aqmif}u;D awGukd ESpaf wGb,favmuf
=um=um awmfveS af &;&JabmfawGe@J u&ifjynfoal wGu rarhb;l ?
u&ifawmfveS af &;atmifycJG w
H mudk rjrifomG ;&rSmudak wmh tzd;k pdwrf aumif;bl;?
'gayr,fh awmfveS af ewJh u&ifawmfveS af &;orm;awG&w
dS ,f? olw@kd e@J twl r[mrdwaf wG&dS
w,f? Edik if w
H um rdom;pkawG&w
dS ,f? trSew
f &m;udo
k w
d hJ urBmjh ynfoal wG&w
dS ,f? 'ga=umifh
u&ifah wmfveS af &;[m atmifuakd tmifjrifrmS yJ? OuUX}uD; apmbOD;}uD;ajymcJw
h hJ pum;vdyk J
u&ifawG &efuek q
f if;+y;D vnfpif;rcHoa&G u&ifah wmfveS af &;[m b,fawmhrS r_;H bl;qdw
k hJ
pum;udk u&ihaf wmfveS af &;orm;awG tvGwu
f surf w
S x
f m;&r,f? u&ifah wmfveS af &;orm;
awG atmifyt
JG a&muf qufvufwu
dk yf 0JG if=uygv@kd rSm=um;vdyk gw,f?
123
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
2001 ckEpS w
f iG f yvkyo
f nfh ESpf (50)ajrmuf u&ifah wmfveS af &;ae@wiG f
u&ifah wmfveS af &;udk ESp(f 50)jzwfoef;cJo
h nfh acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;udk qkwq
H yd t
f yfEiS ;f &mY
Adv
k cf sKyfausmaf omif;rS vufc&H ,lpOf
124
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
autJe,
f l A[dak umfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;ESihf trSww
f &
u&ifawmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;/ r[mrdwaf cgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf trSww

f &
125
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
autJe,
f l wyfr[m(7)e,fajrwGif u&ifumuG,af &;wyfrawmfrS &Jabmfrsm;ESit
hf wl
126
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
Adv
k rf LS ;awmvS(uG,v
f eG )f ESihf if;. ZeD;wd@k jzifh trSww
f &
touft&G,}f uD;&if+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; tpnf;ta0;yGrJ sm;udk usK;d pm;yrf;pm;wufqJ

127
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
touft&G,}f uD;&if+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; tpnf;ta0;yGrJ sm;udk usK;d pm;yrf;pm;wufqJ
128
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
(13)}udraf jrmuf autJe,

f l uGeu
f &ufwiG f wufuGpmG yg0ifaqG;aEG;aepOf
u&iftrsK;d om;umuG,af &;wyfrawmfrS wyfAv

kd w
f yfrLS ;rsm;ESihf trSww
f &
129
Adv
f ydik ;f rsm;
u&ifah wmfveS af &;[m atmifuakd tmifjrifrmS yJ? OuUX}uD; apmbOD;}uD;ajymcJw

h hJ
pum;vdyk J u&ifawG &efuek q
f if;+yD; vnfpif;rcHoa&G
u&ifah wmfveS af &;[m b,fawmhrS r_;H bl;qdw
k hJ pum;udk
u&ihaf wmfveS af &;orm;awG tvGwu
f surf w
S x
f m;&r,f?
u&ifah wmfveS af &;orm;awG atmifyt
JG a&muf qufvufwu
dk yf 0JG if=uyg?
Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf a usmf a omif ;
autJ e f ' D t d k t+id r f ; pm;Ad k v f c sKyf
130

Book About KNDO Major General Mahn Kyaw Thoung

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Adv

k cf sKyfausmaf omif; b0tpdwt

u&ifah wmfveS af &;[m rSeu

y'drk ef;&Smvm;zef;. trSmpm

t+idrf;pm; AdkvfcsKyfausmfaomif;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfref;ausmfaz

Ad k v f c sKyf a usmf a omif ;

u&iftrsK;d om;awmfveS af &;rSm tzd;k av;pm;wJh acgi;f aqmif}uD; (2)OD;&Sw

uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifr;kd (uG,v

ajr;jzpfol erf0h g0gpd;k ode;f / erfrh ;D rD;cdik w

r*Fvmokwf ausmuke;f ykwf

{&m0wDjrpfurf;rSm 'dik Af ifawG xd;k -u_yD

jrifjrifor# tukeyf ;kd

rwifwifukd yd;k enf;

w&GmvH;k udk vdu

ausmif;q&m armifwifhudk csjyef_yD

u&ifrsK;d a[h 'dq

a[majymyGrJ sm;eJ pwifjcif;

a,muQrxH cGiyhf efjcif;

bde;f vnf; SLjyef_yD

apmfaqmif; apmfaqmif; aumif;w,f aumif;w,f

jrpf0u|e;f ay:udk jyef_yD

jrpf0u|e;f ay: wyfr[mrsm;zGpJ nf;jcif;

olrsm; qJvnf; em;rvnf

rde;f ryd;k &if aumif;aumif;yd;k

rsuEf mS yd;k raowJt

rde;f rudk tr+ywf_yD

ESv;kH om;awG a-uuG&J w,f

odvm ydw0f ikd ;f ppfqifa&;

acgif;aqmifrmS t"du wm0ef&w

yJc;l d;k rudk jrif&wJh trvGw&f mG

om,m0wD &xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;udk ul;-u_yD

uGejf rLepfeJ txifrmS ;

vufeufcspum; tvsO;f rajym&

u&ifawmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;/ r[mrdwaf cgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf trSww

touft&G,}f uD;&if+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; tpnf;ta0;yGrJ sm;udk usK;d pm;yrf;pm;wufqJ

touft&G,}f uD;&if+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; tpnf;ta0;yGrJ sm;udk usK;d pm;yrf;pm;wufqJ

(13)}udraf jrmuf autJe,

u&iftrsK;d om;umuG,af &;wyfrawmfrS wyfAv

u&ifah wmfveS af &;[m atmifuakd tmifjrifrmS yJ? OuUX}uD; apmbOD;}uD;ajymcJw

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