Scripts

Scripts /)
Cyril Huang
uÌã
cyril@gyoza.homeip.net
June 14, 2002

Contents
1 G 5
2 $Bourne shell 7
2.1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 shellÎ# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Æshell scriptsubshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 óÐóÿà;¶® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 ó¸à . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2 Srquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 ÀrÝóã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.4 (ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.5 ×°/ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Ðó9jÿà; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 ÿà;P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 ¥²I/ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.1 /ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.2 ²Iú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.3 ó. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 File descriptorI/O0' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6 ø×?f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6.1 ?f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6.2 if f¾\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6.3 for loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6.4 while loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6.5 case switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.7
Portable Shell remote shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.8 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Regular Express 31
3.1 +
-RE glob . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 C-§ . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 ÃÍC-î . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2 C-§ ÀrPî . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 33
3.3 C§ !Àrî
- . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3
CONTENTS CONTENTS
3.4 Pë(address) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5 greedyÝregular express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4 sed 35
4.1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Ð)fÝ addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3 pattern/hold space, regex9 f script j . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.4 sed command ú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4.1 ÃÍ¼ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4.2 pattern/hold space Ý§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4.3
×M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5 awk 45
5.1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2 scriptÃ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3 óû§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.3.1 /ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3.2 awkó ó shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3.3 p ÐóArray split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.4 ÃÍ×+° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4.1 ó.ìÕÐ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4.2 if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.3 for loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.4 while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.5 function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.6 ÍÐó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.6.1 C§ ð -match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.6.2 íáí§ print(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.6.3 Bó rand() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.6.4 Ù system() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6 perl 57
6.1 ÃÍ+°£]lV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1.1 ó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1.2 f× . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.2 ?powerÝregular expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.3 ðàÐó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4 Ù§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.1 process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.2 jn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.3 system call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.5 module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
u`Äò·®
CONTENTS CONTENTS 5
C+°f´
ó
7 Bourne shell, perl 59
p
7.1 . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
fB
7.2 Hash . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
ff´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
]º×
7.3.1 61
]º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.4.1 while 62
P
7.4.2 for loop
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Û
7.5 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.6 . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
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CONTENTS CONTENTS
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Chapter 1
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2.5. FILE DESCRIPTOR I/O 0' CHAPTER 2. $BOURNE SHELL
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CHAPTER 2. $BOURNE SHELL
2.5. I/O0'
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2.6. ø×?f CHAPTER 2. $BOURNE SHELL
PASSWORD=password
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CHAPTER 2. $BOURNE SHELL 2.6. ø×?f 27
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2.6. ø×?f CHAPTER 2. $BOURNE SHELL
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CHAPTER 2. $BOURNE SHELL 2.6. ø×?f 29
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2.7. PORTABLE SHELL REMOTE SHELL
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CHAPTER 2. $BOURNE SHELL 2.8. + 31
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Chapter 3
Regular Express
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u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS 3.3. C § - ! À r î 35
• /beg*/ be, beg, begg, beggg, .......

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u`Äò·®
3.4. Pë(ADDRESS) CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS
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Chapter 4
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$ mv new_file old_file
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vBÎ××§ÝX|èç, tab, ð9°C-¥
sedÝ×PÎ
sed [address],[address][!]command[args] file
Íaddress,commandàSr’xxx ’ addressµÎî«regular expressÝ

ðàÝúbd(delete), s///(ð) ×°»
.jnyesðWno
.^bsaveC¿Ý*
$ sed ’s/yes/no/g’ file
.#¡«ÝÛ*
$ sed ’/save/!d’ file
$ sed -e ’s/$.*$$#.*$/\1/’ xxx.sh
Í-eÎðàÝ×Íoption;ðÎà3ËÍ|îÝó4` Íãy( )b
©½LX|mDEaescape×ì
37
4.2. Ð)fÝADDRESSING CHAPTER 4. SED
4.2 Ð)fÝaddressing
addressÎsedÝ©à+à¼'Ð)fÝ|-E¸Æ_ìú
Ð)fÝf¼]°b1. range(P) 2.regular express
sedÝaddresstÝGregular expression+ÛÝ 1,3 . $ %9Ëî°²
|à#à /regex/0ÕÝ
0ÕÏÞ*
0Õdelete9ÍC*J
$ sed ’2d’ file
bREC¿ÝÕjn;;*
$ sed ’/delete/d’ file
*èç
$ sed ’/RE/,$d’ file
$ sed ’/START/,/END/!s/xx/yy/g’ file > file1 .xxðWyy

$ sed ’/^$/d’ file
4.3 pattern/hold space, 9regexfscriptj

AbËÍf|î£|-e
$ sed -e xxxx -e xxxx file
»AÞÛWèçQ¡B*Xbèç
$ sed -e ’s/$.*$$#.*$/\1/’ -e /^$/d file xxx.sh
sedÍ@NgK.×wÕpattern spaceQ¡EE® Æw

Õpattern space9Í2]Ab -e µ#½Epattern spaceÝscriptÝ
ÆX|?¿ÍfÎb5Ý ×¡¼×ÅX|t;àÝ×
PTÎ
[address],[address]{
command[args]
command[args]
...
}
Tï
[address],[address]{command[args];command[args];...;command[args];}
N×command8 ybÍ-eÝ®àº.wÕ×Ípattern space |

¶W×Ísed script fileQ¡à-f Æ
$ sed -f script_file file
TïNÍcommandÝt¡«wÍ5r; ¨²sedbÍhold spaceÎÍõD

Ýbuffersedb°ú|¿à hold spacepattern space vi«
Ýyy dd wÕ×Í:Ý bufferàpú.¸§¼
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED 4.4. SED COMMAND ú 39
4.4 sed command ú

command b25Íf´ðàÝ
4.4.1 ÃÍ¼
µÎ.9¿Í_ìú.?¦
• Append a\ 0Õaddress¡appendXba\ ¡«XbC
• Change c\ ;×ðZC
• Delete d B*regex0ÕÝC£×BÎJB*
• Insert i\ 0Õaddress¡3G«insertC
• Substitution s/// ðÎtðàÝ
• Translate y/// |×ÍC-×ÍC-®!Ýð
a\ úi\ú¥a\ i\ KðáÝZCA
ÝZC bðà\ 9ÍÐrîðAáÝZCb\ |
à\\¼escape*\Ä9\bÝ®Þ ôµÎAZC«!`b\ ’§
ð ãyshellÝSr ’ ^ð°^*9Í©ÿ¨¶scriptjX:
»
Ï×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last
t¡×
Z:
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’a\
>
Ï×
> ’ last
Z:
t¡×
Z:
Z: ¬vÆð°øÄ×::¢§` øÄ×`
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’$a\
º§ø§9øÝ®Þ
>
> sed
> ’ last
sed: -e expression #1, char 93: Unterminated ‘s’ command
Z: ¬vÆð°øÄ×::¢§` øÄ×`\

cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’$a\
º§ø§9øÝ®Þ
>
> sed
Ï×
> ’ last
u`Äò·®
4.4. SED COMMAND ú CHAPTER 4. SED
t¡×
Z: ¬vÆð°øÄ×::¢§` øÄ×`
sedº§ø§9øÝ®Þ
¬½»P×ð
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat address.txt
r
270
<Michele’s Address>
¬½n
<Cyril’s Address>
×ð10r
<Nick’s Address>
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat insert.sed

/<Cyril’s Address>/i\
100 Gyoza Blvd\
San Jose, CA
¬½»P×ð
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f inser.sed address.txt
r
270
<Michele’s Address>
100 Gyoza Blvd
San Jose, CA
¬½n
<Cyril’s Address>
×ð10r
<Nick’s Address>
9Íú«a\ i\ ©b×F¥ µÎA;ÝZC

¬9J adressÎÍrange 1,109ø`XbÝrangeKº´¬v©
c\ change
b×;Ý
Ï×
ÏÞ
first line
t¡×
second line
last line
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat change.sed
Ï×«ÏÞK*Ý
1,2c\
Ï×«ÏÞK*Ý
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f change.sed last
t¡× last line

u`Äò·®
¶¶
.Ï×ÕÏèÝ¶¶
$ sed ’1,10y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/’ lower.txt
ðÝúb¥ÝÏÞ·§A3×/ÝCÙ)ðÝb
9 Í£/ºàÏ×ÍÙ)Ýð*Að*©Ýµ3¡«î
Ý Ï¿ÍIð*àg9Íflag
Ï×
ÏÞ
first line
t¡×
second line
last line
Ï×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/first/line/1’ last
ÏÞ
line line
t¡×
second line
last line
Ï×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/first/line/2’ last
ÏÞ
first line
t¡×
second line
last line
Ï×
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat lines
ÏÞ
first line
9
second line
t¡×
multiple line line
last line
Ï×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/line/row/2’ lines
ÏÞ
first line
9
second line
t¡×
multiple line row
last line
Ï×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/line/row/g’ lines
ÏÞ
first row
9
second row
t¡×
multiple row row
last row
4.4.2 pattern/hold space Ý§

ÝÎ#
• l list pattern space
• h .hold spaceÝz*.pattern spaceÝcopyhold space
u`Äò·®
• H .pattern spaceÝ3hold space¡«

• g .pattern spaceÝz*.hold spaceJ/pattern space
• G .hold spaceÝ3pattern space¡«
• p pattern spaceÝ
• x øð(exchange)pattern spacehold space
l«pÝ-½3E&ASCIIÝ§
Ï×
ÏÞ
first line
t¡×
second line
last line
Ï×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’1,2p’ last
Ï×
first line
ÏÞ
first line
ÏÞ
second line
t¡×
second line
last line
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’1,2l’ last
Ï×
\262\304\244@\246\346 first line$
first line
ÏÞ
\262\304\244G\246\346 second line$
t¡×
second line
last line
9\|Epattern spaceb?ÝÝÏ×
Õpattern space :Õp.Ï×
#½pattern spaceWoutputX|sedê. ×Å#½ÏÞ
¼Ý3pattern space:Õp.ÏÞ !§êbËÍÏÞ

Ïëãyp^®àà#Îpattern space XÕoutput:×Í»('
¼Ý)
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat command.txt
This describes the Linux ls command.
This describes the Linux cp command.
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat command.sed

/Linux/{
h
s/.* Linux $.*$ .*/\1:/
p
x
}
u`Äò·®
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f command.sed command.txt

ls:
This describes the Linux ls command.
cp:
This describes the Linux cp command.
Tï¶W×
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’/Linux/{h;s/.* Linux $.*$ .*/\1:/;p;x;}’ command.txt
9\:Ï×Íh.Ï×.
hold spaceÄBpattern space1b æÍÏ
×ÝQ¡ð*Wls:¨3pattern space©bls: Q¡pls:t
¡.hold space«ls:øðX|t¡pattern space/ µÎæÍÝsed
WoutputXcpÎ!øÝ¼§
X|^%©ÎËÍ¿:ÕÝspace3£\ð¼ð./39Ë
Í 2]33copy/pasteµ?ÝA!viÝßT|º
4.4.3
×M
9§]º
3æÍÝh, H, g, G, x«K©bE×§Apattern match¬
`µRDì«Ýúà¼§Ë|îÝpattern matchCpattern
space, hold spaceÝ§
• n .pattern spaceX\áì×X|ì×Wpattern space

Ý
• N \áì×«êGpattern spaceÝ =R¼×¬Î«b
ÍembeddedðÐr|à \n¼îB©b9`|à\n¼
î
• D *ÕÏ×embedded newlineI N)à AD3t9ìÆ
ÝJpattern space1ºì¼ ]ºÕscriptcÐ¼×g
• P printÕbembedded newlineÝ×1ºXbpattern space A
P3t9ìÆÝJpattern space1ºì¼ ]ºÕscriptc
Ð¼×g
JoinË
/join/ {
N
s/\n/ /g
}
.9èç*W×èç
u`Äò·®
/^$/ {
N
/^\n$/D
}
:0Õèç¡.ì×
¼A©b×èçèç ì×
¿W×1º3pattern spaceÄ9`ìÍú /^\n$/D^®àpattern
spaceIX AbËèçX|Delete*Ï×èçyì×èç
1ºì¼ 9`. Dú¨b®àÝX|¬Xpattern spaceÝ µ
/^$/×àºb×èçºì¼9\DPKb]ºÝ®à |J¼
®¥Ý§
flow control branch
9Îà¼»ÉúÆÝµ ÎcÝif else, while9°×ú 9¤g:×R
àã:'×ÍlabelQ¡àb label®Õ9Í2]Æ
• : label, 'label
• b label branch ðÕlabel2]ÆA^blabelµ;;Æ à#®
ÕscriptO
• t label A×ÍðWtest ?fWñ¡®Õlabel X|Ä6
s///ú×Ràsú×3túG
91A:»
$ cat join.txt
join
3 +DEaCÝ; \
second line
9×«î×Î=3×sÝ
C
$ sed ’{
:a
N
s/\\\n//
t a}’ join.txt
join
3 +DEaCÝ; 9×«î×Î=3×sÝ
second line
C
9j§
• r \jn ÞjnappendÕêGpattern space
• w ¶jn Þpattern spaceÝ¶Õ×Íjn
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED ú
4.4. SED COMMAND 45
$ cat insert.sed
100 Gyoza Blvd\
San Jose, CA
Ï×
$ cat lines
ÏÞ
first line
9
second line
t¡×
multiple line line
last line
Ï×
$ sed ’/first/r insert.sed’ lines
first line
100 Gyoza Blvd\
ÏÞ
San Jose, CA
9
second line
t¡×
multiple line line
last lin
Ï×
$ sed ’/first/w firstline.txt’ lines
ÏÞ
first line
9
second line
t¡×
multiple line line
last line
Ï×
$ cat firstline.txt
first line
Í
• = r
• q Òsed
Ï×
$ cat lines
ÏÞ
first line
9
second line
t¡×
multiple line line
last line
$ sed -e ’/first/=’ -e ’/second/q’ lines
Ï×
1
ÏÞ
first line
second line
u`Äò·®
b9Ý»:http://www.student.northpark.edu/pemente/sed/sedfaq.html
u`Äò·®
Chapter 5
awk
5.1 +
ÝÌFÎawkfsed?àÝ2]8Eysed××Ý§awkèºÝ ×
/IûtÝ§b?powerfulÝ CP+°]º×§ ;P
field
|Î
awk ’script’ var=value files
awk -f scriptfile var=value files
ÍvarÎÝawkóvalueÎÝÂ9|à¼«shellóÚ;
¨² sedÝregular expressKJ×¼®/ÝíáfE9ø^
b ÄPawk.&àawkÝ×Íó¼®regular expressÝíáfE.h û
ô |DêÝJ¼fExÎàfEÕÐ ¼«×Íregular expressfE
var ~ /re/
var !~ /re/
9øµ]-Ýv9fEô!øºF/true, false| W×Ícondition

tÝû§|²awkb?9?àÝfunction|ñ§¨²ôbÝif,while,
forfunctionÝæ9°fsed«shell)¿ÝæêîÝ&9ôÎÞ
¼ perlÝÃÍÝÃ
5.2 script Ã
×Íscriptã condition{procedure},condition{procedure},.....àW «sed
0Õ%f(patternI )%®(procedureI ) b×°/IÝ
ó|Q&Æ'×°fcondition|Îpattern regular expressTØ
ÍÐ)f9Í:ìºÕÐrfEÕÐ ÍbËÍ¥ Ý/
47
5.3. óû§ CHAPTER 5. AWK
condition, BEGIN«END×Íscript;ðÎ9ø
BEGIN {xxx} /re/{xxx} END{xxx}
×¶P×binit;×°Âµ ßbßO`^âC×ø
P@ôb§¡Ýroutine¼§awk® ×ÍPlVÝscript+
èºÝ×ÍgeneralÝ@Ý§
ÕÕb¿Íèç
$ awk ’BEGIN{x=0} /^$/{x++} END{print x}’ scripts.tex
×'x=0¡BEGIN¡Ýµ3ÆQ¡N\×
¼AÎèç
µ x++t¡\Õjx
B3î«Ý»awkÝó«cÎ×øÝôµÎ^bþÐrÝ9
\«shell perlscriptf´×ø
5.3 ó û §
«¥ÝËÍL
awk
• record µÎ××Ý£]
• field ;ðãspaceTïtab"âÝ£]ûµÎfield
:»¬¥shell command lineÝSrÔSr

$ cat /etc/mnttab
/proc /proc proc dev=31c0000 1022606134
fd /dev/fd fd rw,suid,dev=32c0000 1022606198
mnttab /etc/mnttab mntfs dev=3380000 1022606209
swap /var/run tmpfs dev=1 1022606209
swap /tmp tmpfs dev=2 1022606211
$ awk ’/swap/{print $2}’ /etc/mnttab

/var/run
/tmp
$ awk ’{print "Hello World"}’ /etc/mnttab

Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
×Þû ÎtabÞëû Îèç

u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.3. ó û § 49
$ cat datafile
99 98 3.5
300 298 4.9
498 493 5.9
699 698 7.6
900 748 9.0
1200 703 9.6
1500 651 10.4
1698 627 10.8
B 9øÎ inputËÍûí output ×Íû

$ awk ’{print $1 $2}’ datafile
9998
300298
498493
699698
900748
1200703
1500651
1698627
9øÎinputËÍûíoutputËÍû
àprintíûã<r , 5
$ awk ’{print $1,$2}’ datafile
99 98
300 298
498 493
699 698
900 748
1200 703
1500 651
1698 627
9øÎinputËÍûíoutput×Íû
$ awk ’{print $1 "," $2}’ datafile
99,98
300,298
498,493
699,698
900,748
1200,703
1500,651
1698,627
ôµÎ1print $1$2 yprint $1 $2

u`Äò·®
5.3.1 /ó
tÝ C+°Ýóx,y,z....awkb×°/Ýó( ûîÝ/
ó
ARGC : number of arguments on command line
ARGV : array containing the command line arguments
Jrecord
ARGIND :
ÏnÍû(field)
$0 :
$1....$n :
×Íassociate arrayâbIÝ(ó
t¡systemýÝerror number:/usr/include/errno.h
ENVIRON :
ERRNO :
FILENAME : current filename

FIELDWIDTHS : list of field widths
/ÎèçT
/Îèç
FS : field separator tab
/Î
OFS : output field seperator
/Î
RS : record separator newline
ORS : output record seperator newline
NF : number of field
NR : number of record
ÍFS, OFS, RS, ORS, NF, NRÎðàÕÝ:»

$ cat /etc/passwd
list:x:38:38:SmartList:/var/list:/bin/sh
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var:/bin/sh
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/home:/bin/sh
cyril:x:1000:1000:Cyril Huang,,,:/home/cyril:/bin/bash
$ awk ’{FS=":"; print $7}’ /etc/passwd

/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
$ awk ’{FS=":"; OFS=","; print $1,$6,$7}’ /etc/passwd

list,/var/list,/bin/sh
irc,/var,/bin/sh
nobody,/home,/bin/sh
cyril,/home/cyril,/bin/bash
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.3. ó û § 51
|J¼®conditionà
ô|J¼®conditionà¤góregular express matchÕ
NF NR
Ð~
$1 $2....
$ cat datafile
# This is the data file from experiment
99 98 3.5
300 298 4.9
498 493 5.9
# Failed data
122 123
699 698 7.6
900 748 9.0
1200 703 9.6
1500 651 10.4
1698 627 10.8
$ awk ’NF == 3 && $1 ~ /[0-9]+/{print $3,$1,$2}’ datafile

3.5 99 98
4.9 300 298
5.9 498 493
7.6 699 698
9.0 900 748
9.6 1200 703
10.4 1500 651
10.8 1698 627
5.3.2 awk óshelló

awk sedKÎQÃshell programmingÝ?Ì.h«shellóÚ; ;
PÝ var=valuevarµÎawkóvalueµÎshellóÝÂ
# fs_mounted $dev $mnt_pt $fs_type
# This is shell script version of fs_mounted, check if the file system is
# mounted.
fs_mounted()
{
_BINGO=
[ $# -eq 3 ] || return $ERRNO_EINVAL
_BINGO="‘$AWK ’{if (\$1 == _DEVICE && \$2 == _MNT_PT && \$3 == _FS_TYPE) print \$1}’ _DEV
[ "$_BINGO" ] || return -1
return 0;
}
u`Äò·®
shell scriptÝÆshell commandÝawkEy×°1ºC-§«sed×ø

TF 9Í»«¥$1 $2 $33AWK ’ ’Sr«ÝÎawkÝ$1$2$3
3 ²« DEVICE=$1...ÎshellÝ $1 $2 $3 DEVICE MNT PT ÎawkÝ
óX|awkÝ$1 $2 $3b\9Íescape3G«ôµÎ1shell §¸Æ¬.
9°Xawk§
5.3.3 pArraysplitÐó
XbawkÝarrayKÎassociate array,ôµÎhashôµÎñb(CidÝp
9Í(CidµÎhashÝkey×&Æà1, 2 ,3 ...¼ ®pÝidÛý3
awk«.&&Æà(Ì¼ id index¼¨´pÄawkÏA:Õ
Îó ClÝindexô| 3C«àÝ×ø
¥!parray[1]Îarray[0]«c×ø &Æ|¼
x[1], x[2]...Ýpï1,2,3 ...45 ¬associate arrayÝ4Î&
Æ|×Ý¥associate arrayÝ¥ýà SrÀR¼:for loopÝà
°
|àsplit(string, array, [sep])¼ÿÕ×Ípsep^bµàFSÝÂ
9ÍstringÝû5â×ÍûµÎ×Íp-ô
$ cat split.awk
#! /bin/awk
BEGIN{FS=":"}
/cyril/{
print $0
split($0, afield)
for (i = 0; i < NF; ++i) {
print i","afield[i]
}
delete afield[2]
for (i = 0; i <= NF; ++i) {

print i","afield[i]
}
}
$ awk -f split.awk /etc/passwd

lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lcyril:/usr/bin/bash
0,
1,lcyril
2,x
3,100
4,1
5,
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.4. ÃÍ×+° 53
6,/export/lcyril
7,/usr/bin/bash
0,
1,lcyril
2,
3,100
4,1
5,
6,/export/lcyril
7,/usr/bin/bash
5.4 ÃÍ×+°
tÝûÝó©à°²awkfsedúÝ3y?#P+Ý×]
° awkÝ+° c1@3awkËÝbcÝÃ|µºÝ Q
ô|. awk.c
5.4.1 ó.ìÕÐ
C Ý×ó.
+ - * / % ++ -- ^ **( 9ÎfortranÝ¼ó)
C Ý×¼
= += -= *= /= %= ^= **=
C Ý×ì
Ý AcondWñ/result1Q/result2)
! == < > <= >= != && ||
?: (c cond ? result1 : result2
ÝìÕÐ«bÍf´©½ÝµÎpattern matchÕÐ ~, !~ Þ
¼ bàÝv«ÕÐ~=xÎregular express;ðmatchÝÎ ×®
condition
/ÝfEAEØÍ©óre match`µàÕ9ÍÕ Ð
perl
AxÎÍZ°óC
if (x ~ /^[0-9]+/) {
x += y
}
u`Äò·®
5.4. ÃÍ×+° CHAPTER 5. AWK
5.4.2 if
^%ÝRµÎc
if (condition) {
} else if (condition) {
} else {
}
¥else if«c+°×ø
5.4.3 for loop
9\ÝforbËÍÎcbourne shellÝá)perlôÎ×øÄperlàÝ c
shellÝ+°
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

}
for x in xarray {
}
:»
$ cat gyoza.awk
#! /bin/awk heehee
BEGIN {
x[1]="I"
x[2]="am"
x[3]="a"
x[4]="gyoza"
y["I"]="I"
y["am"]="am"
y["a"]="a"
y["gyoza"]="gyoza"
for (i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
print x[i]
}
for item in x {
print item, x[item]
}
for item in y {
print item, y[item]
}
}
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.5. FUNCTION 55
¡«Ý gyoza.awk ^bà¦ &©Îþ9ÍBEGIN

$ awk -f gyoza.awk gyoza.awk
I
am
a
gyoza
2 am
3 a
4 gyoza
1 I
gyoza gyoza
am am
I I
a a
5.4.4 while
^%ÝRµÎc
while (condition) {
statment
}
do {
statment
} while (condition)
for loopwhile loopK«c×ø|àbreakÒcontinue9loopðÕì

Í loop
5.5 function
«cH×øÝ9Î×Ëscriptà#type×ô^b% pass by
value, pass by addressóÎglobalÝ
# ;P
function fun(arg1, arg2) {
arg1 = arg2
xxxx
}
4Ý»
$ cat sort.awk
u`Äò·®
5.6. ÍÐó CHAPTER 5. AWK
# sorting function
function sort(Array, elements, temp, i,j)
for (i = 2; i<= elements; ++i) {
for(j = i; array[j - 1] > array[j]; --j) {
temp = array[j]
array[j] = array[j - 1]
array[j - 1] = temp
}
}
return
××¼
}
# main routine,
{
for (i = 2; i <= NF; ++i) {
grades[i - 1] = $i
}
sort(grades, NF-1)
printf("%s: ", $1)
for (j = 1; j <= NF - 1; ++j) {
printf("%d ", grades[j])
}
printf("\n")
}

$ cat grade.txt
YY
100 60 75 23
100 98 99 89

$ awk -f sort.awk grade.txt
YY
: 23 60 75 100
: 89 98 99 100
5.6 ÍÐó
5.6.1 C§-matchð
Cî§ sedbs///9Ëðÿàî×°/Ðó
• F/Ð)regexÝ3stringÝH
match(string, regex)
• F/C: F/3ÏmÍC-?¡ónÍC-ÝCn^µÕ9
substr(string, m, [,n])
ð: ðÝ¿ÍÐóbÝF/Â©½
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.6. ÍÐó 57
• . string2 «Ð) regexÝÏ×ÍCðWstring1WF/1

sub(regex, string1, string2)
• .string2«Ð)regexÝCgloballyÝIðWstring1 ysedÝs///g
F/Jóîðóê
gsub(regex, string1, string2)
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¬Îstring2^b;
gensub(regex, string1, nth match, string2)
string2 ^;;Î$0nth match|àgTGîglobally(I):»
$ cat match.awk
#! /bin/awk
BEGIN{FS=":"}
/cyril/{
print $0
print match($0, /cyril/)
print substr($0, match($0, /cyril/), length("cyril"))
print gensub(/cyril/, "mark", 2)
print $0
sub(/^.*cyril/, "mark")
print $0
}
$ awk -f match.awk /etc/passwd

2
cyril
lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lmark:/usr/bin/bash
mark:/usr/bin/bash
9Í»àÝlength()9ÍÐóregexàSrbstringÝ2]à double
quoteÀR¼àgensubº;string2ÝÂ v:ÏëÍprint $09\
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íî¼1printÎÝà°Äb??Ýformatíµ cÝprintf
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{printf("The sum on line %s is %d.\n", NR, $1+$2)}
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5.6. ÍÐó CHAPTER 5. AWK
î×ÍC
î×ÍJó
%s
î×ÍnÍJómÍóÝFó
%d
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5.6.3 Bórand()
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BEGIN {
srand(systime())
random_num = rand()
print random_num
}
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¸à
systime()
rand()
5.6.4 Ùsystem()
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BEGIN {if (system("ls -l")) != 0) {
print "command failed"
}
}
ÍÝ ó.Ðóµ|+ÛÝ
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Chapter 6
perl
8Eysed, awk, shell scriptÌ Larry WallÆÿs×Ë|ã

×°ÓÚÓâscript½;àlÝscriptÌfRXbÝscriptpower
§Rregular expressô?]-XÝ×°AgreedyÝ®Þperlt¡« sys-
tem callÝ=jn,processsocket programÝ§¯WúÝ
script+
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59
6.2. ?POWERÝREGULAR EXPRESSION CHAPTER 6. PERL
6.1.2 f×
6.2 ?powerÝregular expression
6.3 ðàÐó
6.4 Ù§
6.4.1 process
6.4.2 jn
6.4.3 system call
6.5 module
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Chapter 7
Bourne shell, perl C+ ° f

´
9ÍÍ@Î&OSÝb`BàÝC, shell perlÎ&ðàÕÝÌ
¨3E93ËÌ+°Íf´
7.1 ó
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shell
var=
perl
$var =
C
int var =
char var =
Makefile
var =
var :=
¸àó
shell
$var
${var}
awk
var
61
7.2. pHASH +°f´
CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C
perl
$var
C
var
Makefile
${var} or $(var)
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var= var = Î×øÝ perlCµ^b§×MakefileÎL¸à
«shell ×ø¬ÎrG¡|bèçX|b°Ë4B×ì
7.2 pHash
shell
array="e1 e2 e3"
perl
@array = {e1, e2 ,e2};
%hash = {key1 => val1,
key2 => val2,
key3 => val3};
C
int array[] = {1, 2, 3};
shell Ýl£]§list«-ôàspace5tðàÝ)
for var in $array
do
cmd1
done
array Ý-ôµÎàspace5Ý£] perlbÍ Ýforeach
foreach $var (@array) {
xxx
}
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×
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+°f´
CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C 7.3. fB 63
7.3 fB
shell
if test; then
dosomething
elif test; then
doother
else
allright
fi
perl
if (c) {
do_something;
} elsif () {
do_other;
} else {
allright;
}
C
if (c) {
do_something;
} else if () {
do_other;
} else {
allright;
}
9\¥ÝÎshellmÀrelse ifÝ¶°ëÍ×øfP¶°
shell^b×à()fP©testÎØÍÆÝBµ?
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[ "str1" = "str2" ]
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7.4. ]º× +°f´
C
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while test
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cmd
done
perl «cÎ×øÝtÝóà°×ø
while (condition) {
statment1;
}
unless (condition) {
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}
C
while (condition) {
statment1;
}
do {
statment1;
} while (condition)
7.4.2 for loop

Ý Î CÝfor loop
Bourne shell for
for var in "element1 element2 element3..."
do
echo $var
done
u`Äò·®
CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C +°f´ 7.5. P 65
perl bËËforÝà°
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) {
statement
}
foreach $var (@array) {
statement;
}
C Ýà°
for (i = 0, init = 1; i < 10; i++) {
statement;
}
7.5 P
shell
func1()
{
arg1=$1
arg2=$2
}
awk
function func1(arg1, arg2)

{
xxx
}
perl
sub func1(arg1, arg2)

{
xxx
}
int func1(int arg1, char *arg2)

{
xxx
}
u`Äò·®
7.6. Û +°f´
7.6 Û
shell
# comment
perl
# comment
C
/* comment */
u`Äò·®
Bibliography
[1] Linux In a Nutshell, Ellen Siever, O’Reilly & Associates, ISBN 0596000251
[2] Sek & Awk, Dale Dougherty, et al, O’Reilly & Associates, ISBN 1565922255
[3] Perl Cookbook, Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington O’Reilly & Asso-
ciate, ISBN 1565922433
[4] The C Programming Language, Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie,
Prentice Hall, ISBN 0131103628
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June 14, 2002

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