WAWASAN OPEN UNIVERSITY CITATION GUIDE FOR STUDENTS

1.

Introduction Our aim in producing this reference document is to provide basic guidelines and examples for citing or referencing in the Chicago style. It covers most resources you will use in preparing your assignments such as books, journal articles, Internet sources, electronic resources and non-book formats. If you have questions about how to cite sources other than those illustrated here, consult the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003) available at WOU Main Library, under the call number Z253.U58 2003.

2.

Chicago Manual of Style The Chicago Manual is an international authoritative guide to publication standards and style. It is widely used by those in the publication industry. It deals with all aspects of preparing and editing book manuscripts i.e. from American English grammar and usage to document preparation. First published in 1906 by the University of Chicago Press, it was then one of the few style guides available. Today, there is a proliferation of citation style guides for writers, editors and publishers of various disciplines such as Modern Language Association (MLA) Style Manual, the American Psychological Association Style Book, Harvard Style, Vancouver Style and the Columbia Style Book. Wawasan Open University uses the Chicago Manual as its primary style guide for preparing and editing its publication. The manual is also used as reference guide for determining the University referencing style. The citation examples listed in the Wawasan Open University Citation Guide are based on the principles presented in the Chicago Manual.

3.

The need for referencing When you write an assignment, it is important that you acknowledge the source of ideas or information that you have used or mentioned in your work. Please do not use someones words or ideas as though they were your own. Ethics of research require you to cite the source of work, regardless of whether you have paraphrase, summarise or refer to it. Failure to do so will mean you have committed plagiarism a serious academic offence that may cause you to fail your assignment and even dismissal from the University. To avoid it, follow the conventions for correct citing/referencing as determined by the University.

When you are doing background reading for your assignment, remember to keep careful notes of your sources, including all the bibliographic information. The notes will come in handy when you need to compile your reference list/ bibliography. 4. Format for References The Chicago Manual of Style allows you to use two different types of reference styles i.e. author-date system and the notes and bibliography system. WOU students are advised to follow the former. 4.1 Author-Date System Generally used by writers in the physical, natural, and social sciences. Under this system, the source can be either cited in the text, usually in parenthesis (round brackets), by the authors last name, publication date and page if needed or the source can be placed at the end of the sentence, also in parenthesis. In text referencing should always be short because it is interrupting the text. Example: In another experiment (Cheeseman 2006), he used personal canvassing, telephone calls, and direct mail to urge people to vote. The full details of the source are given in the References page at the end of the document. Similar citation style is used for all types of sources i.e. books, journal articles, Internet and other web resources. Example: Cheeseman, Henry R. 2006. Essentials of business and online commerce law. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Print documents To document a book, the following details should be provided:Author, A., and B. Author, eds. Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Name of Publisher. Examples Type Book single author Citation in text (Consumer Association of Penang 1986, 11) Reference List Consumers Association of Penang. 1986. Drugs and the Third World: aminophenazone and dipyrone : hazards and marketing practices. Penang: CAP.

(Neuman 2006)

Neuman, W. L. 2006. Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson. Dubofsky, D.A. and T. W. Miller, eds. 2003. Derivatives: valuation and risk management. New York: Oxford University Press. Kamus Dewan. 2002. 2nd ed. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Al-Arabi, A. B. n.d. Ahkam al-Quran. Cairo: Maktabah al-Azhariyyah. Shui, C. T. 1973. Li Po and Tu Fu: poems selected and translated with an introduction and notes. Trans. M. Malcolm. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books. Stewart, M. and D. B. Williams. 1987. Urbanism and urbanization. 4 vols. New York: Cambridge. Syn, S. C. 1999. The progress of education in Malaysia after independence, Ph. D diss., Universiti Malaya. Note: The title of an unpublished document is not italised.

Book more (Dubofsky and than one Miller 2003) author or editors No author (Kamus Dewan 2002)

No date of publication Translation

(Al-Arabi n.d.)

(Shui 1973)

Multivolume work

(Stewart and Williams 1987)

Theses or dissertation

(Syn 1999)

Conference

(Bujang and Husaini 2002)

Bujang, B. K. H. and Husaini Omar. Eds. 2002. Proceedings of 2nd GEGEM Research Seminar, July 2-4, 2003. Serdang: Penerbit UPM. Telekom Malaysia Berhad. 2003. Laporan tahunan 2001. Kuala Lumpur: Telekom Malaysia Berhad.

Organisation (Telekom 2003)

Government publication

(Kementerian Kesihatan 1996)

Malaysia. Kementerian Kesihatan. 1996. Malaysias health: technical report of the DirectorGeneral of Health, Malaysia. KKM/Research Report/04/96. Malaysia: Kementerian Kesihatan.

Parts of a Book This refers to chapters or parts of edited work in which the parts have individual title and author(s), but are included in collections edited by others. To document parts of a book, the following details should be provided:Author of Part, A. Year. Title of chapter or part. In Title: Subtitle of Book, Edition, A. Editor & B. Editor, inclusive page numbers. Place of Publication: Publisher. Examples Type Article or chapter in a book Citation in text (Rasiah 2004) Reference list Rasiah, R. 2004. Explaining growth, poverty and distribution in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. In Globalisation Culture & Inequalities, edited by Abdul Rahman Embong, 145-166. Bangi: UKM Press. Sahibin Abdul Rahim. 2002. Rational soil management in the humid tropics. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Asian Society of Soil Scientists, 2002, 15-21, edited by Santokh Singh and Johann Singhaseri. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk.

Conference (Sahibin 2002) or seminar paper

Journal articles To document journal articles, the following details should be provided:Article Author, A., and B. Article Author. Year. Title of Article. Title of Journal volume number (issue number): inclusive page numbers.

Examples Type Journal article Citation in text (James and Ma 2003) Reference list James. S. and Y. Ma. 2003. The behavior of financial analysts during the Asian financial crisis in Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Pacific Basin Finance Journal 9: 233-263.

Anonymous (Anon 2004) Anon. Biotechecnology research at article the crossroad. 2004. Education (Unknown Note: Generally Issues 55(8): 34-36 author) to be avoided unless the article is signed Anonymous or if you need to group several anonymous work in a reference list. Newspaper article (Emmanuel 2005) Emmanuel, J. Heritage buildings to house varsity. New Straits Times. March 19: 30-31

Electronic Documents This covers Internet sites, e-mails, and electronic journal or book retrieved from one of the full-text databases subscribed by WOU library. To document an electronic resource, the following details should be provided:Article Authors name. Date of publication or last revision. Title of complete work. URL. Date of access (in parentheses). Examples Type E- books Citation in text (Sanchez and Canton 2002) Reference list Sanchez, J. and M. P. Canton. 2002. Java programming for engineers. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. Netlibrary e- book.

(Matthew 2006) Matthew, H. ed. 2006. Introducing information management: the business approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Ebrary e-book. Commonwealth of Learning. 2005. Creating learning materials for open and distance learning: a handbook for authors and instructional designers. Vancouver: COL. http://www.col.org/colweb/webdav /site/myjahiasite/shared/docs/ (accessed December 2, 2006). Selvarajan, T. T. 2006. A cognitive processing model for assessing ethical behaviour of employees. Journal of American Academy of Business 9(1): 86-92. EbscoHost. http://web.ebscohost.com.neptune . (accessed December 1, 2006). Desharnais, J., M. Bernhard and G. Struth. Kleene algebra with domain. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 7(4): 798833. ACM Digital Library http://portal.acm.org. (accessed June 14, 2006). Jacobs, J. A. 1996. Gender inequality and higher education. Annual Review of Sociology 22: 3+. http://www.questia.com. (accessed November 22, 2006) Sario, R. 2006. Sabah tourism players not happy with sales tax plan. The Star, December 1. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news. (accessed December 1, 2006) Ganesan, V. 2006. Tesco to take over Makro stores in Malaysia. The

E-journal from fulltext database

(Selvarajan 2006)

(Desharnais et al. 2006)

Journal (Jacobs 1996) article from the Internet

Newspaper (Sario 2006) article from Internet

Newspaper (Ganesan 2006) article from

full text database

New Straits Times, December 1. E-Media. http://www.btimes.com.my/Current _News. (accessed December 1, 2006)

Internet document Whole Internet site (Ministry of Human Resources 2003) Malaysia. Ministry of Human Resources. 2003. Combating unemployment: the Malaysian experience. http://www.mohr.gov.my/mygoveg / (accessed October 18, 2006) Tutor and tutorial support. 2006. Wawasan Open University Registry. http://www.wou.edu.my/study_lstut or.aspx (assessed November 28, 2006) Malaysia. Ministry of Higher Education. 2006. Report by the Committee to study, review and make recommendations concerning the development and direction of higher education in Malaysia. http://portal.acm.org.neptune.wou. edu.my/dl.cfm?coll=portal&dl=AC M&CFID=8060441&CFTOKEN=1 1556764. (accessed July 19, 2006) FTP site (Mathews 2005) Mathews, J.2005. Numerical methods for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/netlib/textbook /index.html (December 15, 2006).

No author

(Tutor and tutorial support 2006)

Governme nt publication

(Ministry of Higher Education 2006)

E-mail

(Kong 2006)

Kong, T. C. 2006. Lecture notes on logistics management. 29 October 2006, personal e-mail (accessed December 8, 2006).

Non-Book Formats To document journal articles, the following details should be provided. Performer or Presenter, A. Year. Title: Subtitle. Format. Special credits. Place of recording: Publisher, Date of recording. Examples Type Interview Citation in text (Abdullah 2006) Reference list Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. 2006. Interview by Allan Waruthers. BBC Evening News. British Broadcasting Corporation, 24 August 2005. Wawasan Open University. 2006. Increasing access to higher learning. Video recording. Produced by Allan Poong. Penang: WOU. Zamri Ahmad. 2006. Learning made easier. Television programme. Kuala Lumpur: TV 2, 15 December. Miller, C. M. 1994. Mobilize your business. In PC Magazine. Microfiche. Tokyo: Comp Communications. Terry, A. and D. Giugni. 2006. Business & the law. 4th ed. CDROM. Melbourne: Thomson.

Video recording

(Wawasan Open University 2006)

Television (Zamri 2006) programme

Microform

(Miller 1994)

CD-ROMs or DVDROMs

(Terry and Giugni 2006)

Reference List The reference list will look like the following:References

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Interview by Allan Waruthers, BBC Evening News. British Broadcasting Corporation, 24 August 2005. Al-Arabi, A. B. N.d. Ahkam al-Quran. Cairo: Maktabah al-Azhariyyah. Anon. Biotechecnology research at the crossroad. 2004. Education Issues 55(8): 34-36. Bujang, B. K. H. and Husaini Omar. Eds. 2002. Proceedings of 2nd GEGEM Research Seminar, July 2-4, 2003. Serdang: Penerbit UPM. Commonwealth of Learning. 2005. Creating learning materials for open and distance learning: a handbook for authors and instructional designers. Vancouver: COL. http://www.col.org/colweb/webdav/site/myjahiasite/ (accessed December 2, 2006). Consumers Association of Penang. 1986. Drugs and the Third World: aminophenazone and dipyrone: hazards and marketing practices. Penang: CAP. Desharnais, J., M. Bernhard and G. Struth. Kleene algebra with domain. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 7(4): 798-833. ACM Digital Library. http://portal.acm.org. (accessed June 14, 2006). Dubofsky, D.A. and T. W. Miller, eds. 2003. Derivatives: valuation and risk management. New York: Oxford University Press. Emmanuel, J. Heritage buildings to house varsity. New Straits Times. March 19: 30-31. Ganesan, V. 2006. Tesco to take over Makro stores in Malaysia. The New Straits Times, December 1. E-Media. http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News. (Accessed Dec 1, 2006).

Jacobs, J. A. 1996. Gender inequality and higher education. Annual Review of Sociology 22: 3+. http://www.questia.com. (accessed November 22, 2006).

James. S. and Y. Ma. 2003. The behavior of financial analysts during the Asian financial crisis in Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Pacific Basin Finance Journal 9: 233-263. Kamus dwibahasa. 2002. 2nd ed. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Malaysia. Kementerian Kesihatan. 1996. Malaysias health : technical report of the Director-General of Health, Malaysia. KKM/Research Report/04/96. Malaysia: Ministry of Health. Malaysia. Ministry of Higher Education. 2006. Report by the Committee to study, review and make recommendations concerning the development and direction of higher education in Malaysia. http://portal.acm.org.neptune.wou.edu.my/dl.cfm?coll=portal&dl=ACM&C FID=8060441&CFTOKEN=11556764. (accessed July 19, 2006). Malaysia. Ministry of Human Resources. 2003. Combating unemployment: the Malaysian experience. http://www.mohr.gov.my/mygoveg/. (accessed October 18, 2006). Matthew, H. ed. 2006. Introducing information management: the business approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Ebrary e-book. Miller, C. M. 1994. Mobilize your business. In PC Magazine. Microfiche. Tokyo: Comp Communications. Neuman, W. L. 2006. Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson. Rasiah, R.2004. Explaining growth, poverty and distribution in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. In Globalisation culture & inequalities, edited by Abdul Rahman Embong, 145-166. Bangi: UKM Press. Sahibin Abdul Rahim. 2002. Rational soil management in the humid tropics. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Asian Society of Soil Scientists, 2002, 15-21, edited by Santokh Singh and Johann Singhaseri. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk. Sanchez, J. and M. P. Canton. 2002. Java programming for engineers. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. Netlibrary e- book. Sario, R. 2006. Sabah tourism players not happy with sales tax plan. The Star, Dec 1. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news. (accessed December1, 2006).

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Selvarajan, T. T. 2006. A cognitive processing model for assessing ethical behaviour of employees. Journal of American Academy of Business 9(1): 86-92. EbscoHost. http://web.ebscohost.com.neptune. (accessed December 1, 2006. Shui, C. T. 1973. Li Po and Tu Fu: poems selected and translated with an introduction and notes. Trans. M. Malcolm. Harmondsworth, Eng. : Penguin Books. Stewart, M. and D. B. Williams. 1987. Urbanism and urbanization. 4 vols. New York: Cambridge. Syn, S. C. 1999. The progress of education in Malaysia after independence, Ph. D diss., Universiti Malaya. Telekom Malaysia Berhad. 2003. Laporan tahunan 2001. Kuala Lumpur: Telekom Malaysia Berhad. Terry, A. and D. Giugni. Business & the law. 2006. 4th ed. CD-ROM. Melbourne: Thomson. Tutor and tutorial support. 2006. Wawasan Open University Registry. http://www.wou.edu.my/study_ls_tutor.aspx (assessed November 28, 2006). Wawasan Open University. 2006. Increasing access to higher learning. Videorecording. Produced by Allan Poong. Penang: WOU. Zamri Ahmad. 2006. Learning made easier. Television programme. Kuala Lumpur: TV 2, 15 December.

5.

Abbreviations You may used the standard abbreviations listed below in your citations. Refer to the Chicago Manual, pages 571-577 for more examples. Abbreviations abbr. act. app. bibliog. biog. bk. chap. comp. Terms abbreviated, -ion active appendix bibliography, -er, -ical biography, -er, -ical book chapter compiler

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dept. div. ed. et al. fol. ibid id inst. irreg. loc. cit mimeo n.d. no. n.p. p. pt. quar., quart repr. rev. s.a. ser. supp. or suppl. s.v. trans. vol. yr

department division editor (pl. eds.), edition, edited by et alii, and others folio Ibidem, in the same place Idem, the same institute, institution irregular loco citato, in the place cited mimeograph, -ed no date number no place; no publisher; no page page part quarter, quarterly reprint review, revised, revision sine anno, without year series supplement sub verbo, sub voce, under the word translated by, translator (s) volume year

6.

Writing and Research Guides Beside the Chicago Manual of Style, you may also consult the following writing and research guides available at the Main Library. i. American Psychological Association. 2005. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association. (Call number BF76.7. P976 2001 Reference)) Fisher, C. 2004. Researching and writing a dissertation for business students. Essex: Pearson Education. (Call number LB2369. F 528 2004) Gibaldi, J. 2003. MLA handbook for writers of research papers. 6th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America. (Call number LB2369. G437 2003)

ii.

iii.

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iv.

Houghton, P. M., T. J. Houghton and M. F. Peters. 2005. APA: the easy way! A quick and simplified guide to the APA writing style. Flint, Mich.: Baker College, 2005. (Call number BF76.7. H835 2005) Turabian, K. L. 1996. A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations. 6th ed. Revised by John Grossman and Alice Bennett. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Call number LB2369.T929 1996) Bibliographic Management Software There are a number of software available in the market that you can use for storing and cross linking your references and notes, and for generating specific bibliographies. The software varies in terms of costs, features and platform used. The University has no preference for any particular software but some of the popular ones are:-

v.

7.

i. ii.

EndNote ProCite for Windows and Macintosh The latest version i.e. version 5 is available at the WOU Main Library. See the Reference Librarian if you need to use the software. Reference Manager LibraryMaster Papyrus Free download at http://www.researchsoftwaredesign.com/

iii. iv. v.

Ask the Library for help when in doubt and in need. Assistance can be provided both in-person or online.

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