ANTEENA

An antenna is a circuit element that provides a transition from a guided wave on a transmission line to a free space wave and it provides for the collection of electromagnetic energy. In a transmission system, a radio-frequency is developed, amplified, modulated, and applied to the antenna. The RF currents flowing through the antenna produce electromagnetic waves that radiate into the atmosphere. In receiving system, electromagnetic waves cutting through the antenna induce alternating current for use by the receiver. Receiving antenna transfer energy from the atmosphere to its terminal with the same efficiency with which it transfers energy from the transmitter into the atmosphere. This property of interchangeability for transmitting and receiving operations is known as antenna reciprocity. Antenna characteristics are essentially the same during sending and receiving electromagnetic energy.

Efficient operation requires that the receiving antenna be of the same polarization as the transmitting antenna. Polarization is the direction of the electric field and is, therefore, the same the as the antennas physical configuration.

ANTENNA AS A PASSIVE, RECIPROCAL DEVICE: An antenna is a reciprocal device which means that: The transmitted and received characteristics and performance are identical (i.e gain, directivity, frequency of operation, BW, radiation resistance, etc) A basic antenna is a passive device due to the fact that it does not have an active components (diodes, transistors, FETs, LNAs, etc).

ANTENNA AS BOTH Tx and Rx: