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S Chu Ch c
K thut iu khin
LI NI U
T ng ho cng nghip v dn dng ngy cng pht trin. B no trong cc h thng t ng ho l cc b iu khin lp trnh. Vic hc v tm hiu v cc b khin lp trnh cng nh vn hnh n cho tht tt ang l nhu cu cp thit i vi hc sinh, sinh vin cc ngnh k thut. Hin nay ti liu ging dy v tham kho v k thut iu khin lp trnh cn kh hn ch. Ti liu ''k thut iu khin lp trnh PLC Simatic S7-200'', l quyn sch u tin trong b sch v k thut iu khin lp trnh PLC h SIMATIC S7, c bin son vi mong mun gp mt phn nh vo vic ging dy v t hc v k thut iu khin lp trnh ca gio vin, hc sinh, sinh vin v c gi quan tm v PLC h SIMATIC S7-200 ca cng ty Siemens. Ti liu c chia thnh 2 tp. Tp 1 bao gm cc phn c bn ph hp vi cc bn mi bt u lm quen vi PLC, tuy nhin n cng c th l ti liu tham kho cho cc bn c kin thc c bn v PLC. Tp 2 l phn nng cao tp trung v cc vn iu khin s, truyn thng v mn hnh iu khin. Cu trc chung ca cc tp sch l mi chng trong cc phn u c v d minh ha cho cc mc, ngoi ra cui mi chng c thm mt s cu hi v bi tp c gi rn luyn thm. D c mt thi gian di lm vic v ging dy v k thut iu khin lp trnh PLC h SIMATIC, mng truyn thng cng nghip v truyn ng ca hng Siemens cho rt nhiu i tng khc nhau cng nh rt c gng trong qu trnh bin son nhng ti liu khng trnh khi thiu st. Rt mong c s gp chn thnh ca qu c gi gip ti liu c hon thin hn. Th t gp xin gi v a ch: ccduc2006@gmail.com. Xin cm n.
LI TM S
Tp 1 ''k thut iu khin lp trnh PLC Simatic S7-200'' c vit xong t rt lu. Nhng v ngh n vic in n v pht hnh qu nhiu kh, gi thnh li cao v phi ch i thi gian rt lu tp sch ny mi n tay bn c, nn tc gi hon li. Ngh rng cung cp cho c gi, cc bn hc sinh, sinh vin v gio vin thm mt ti liu tham kho lm phong ph thm kin thc v t ng ha l vic nn lm. V vy tc gi chn phng n pht hnh qua mng v truyn tay di dng tp tin vi phng chm '' sch hu ch th mi c nhun bt''. Cc bn thn mn! Vic bin son ti liu v k thut, nht l k thut mi, i hi ngi bin son ngoi kinh nghim chuyn mn cn b rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc. Do s l mt nim ng vin v cng to ln cho tc gi tip tc hon thnh tp 2, b sch v k thut iu khin lp trnh PLC SIMATIC S7-300/400, cc ti liu khc lin quan n PLC h SIMATIC, truyn thng cng nghip, truyn ng ca hng Siemens nu c s ng vin t tinh thn n vt cht. Nu thy sch ny gip ch cho cc bn th khi cc bn s hu n (c c t bt k phng tin no) dng tp tin hoc c in ra dng sch, xin vui lng ng vin tc gi bng cch chuyn tin vo ti khon s 49809449 cho CHU CH C, ngn hng Thng mi Chu (ACB) chi nhnh Chu vn Lim vi s tin ty theo ca cc bn. Nu cc bn c nhng ng vin khc xin gi thng tin cho tc gi qua a ch mail ccduc2006@gmail.com. Cm n s ng vin ca c gi.
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1 Tng quan v iu khin .......................................................................1 1.1 Khi nim chung v iu khin ......................................................... 1 1.2 Cu trc mt qui trnh iu khin ..................................................... 2 1.3 Cc loi iu khin ........................................................................... 3 1.4 H thng s ...................................................................................... 4 1.5 Cc khi nim x l thng tin ........................................................... 5 1.5.1 Bit ........................................................................................... 5 1.5.2 Byte ........................................................................................ 5 1.5.3 Word ...................................................................................... 6 1.5.4 DoubleWord .......................................................................... 6 B iu khin lp trnh PLC Cu trc v phng thc hot ng 7 2.1 Gii thiu ......................................................................................... 7 2.2 S khc nhau gia h iu khin bng relay v h iu khin bng PLC ..................................................................... 8 2.3 Cu trc ca mt PLC .................................................................. 11 2.4 Cc khi ca PLC ......................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Khi ngun cung cp ......................................................... 13 2.4.2 B nh chng trnh .......................................................... 14 2.4.3 Khi trung tm (CPU) ......................................................... 15 2.4.4 Khi vo ............................................................................. 15 2.4.5 Khi ra ................................................................................ 16 2.4.6 Cc khi c bit ................................................................ 16 2.5 Phng thc thc hin chng trnh trong PLC ......................... 16 Cm bin v c cu chp hnh trong iu khin logic ................. 3.1 Cm bin ..................................................................................... 3.1.1 Gii thiu ........................................................................... 3.1.2 Ni dy cho cm bin ........................................................ 3.1.2.1 Switch ................................................................ 3.1.2.2 Ng ra TTL ......................................................... 3.1.2.3 Ng ra Sinking/Sourcing .................................... 3.1.2.4 Ng ra Solid state relay ...................................... 3.1.3 Pht hin i tng .......................................................... 3.1.3.1 Chuyn mch tip xc ....................................... 3.1.3.2 Reed Switches ................................................... 3.1.3.3 Cm bin quang (Optical Sensor) ...................... 3.1.3.4 Cm bin in dung (Capacitive Sensor) ........... 3.1.3.5 Cm bin in cm (Inductive Sensor) .............. 3.1.3.6 Cm bin siu m (Ultrasonic sensor) ............... 3.1.3.7 Hiu ng Hall (Hall Effect) ................................. 3.1.3.8 Lu lng (Fluid Flow) ...................................... 3.1.4 Tm tt .............................................................................. 3.2 C cu chp hnh ....................................................................... 3.2.1 Gii thiu ........................................................................... 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 23 23 23 23 23 25 26 28 28 28 29 29 29
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Solenoid ............................................................................ Van iu khin (VALVE) .................................................... Xy lanh (CYLINDER) ......................................................... ng c ............................................................................ Cc c cu chp hnh khc................................................
29 30 32 33 34 35 35 35 39 39 40 41 41 42 43 46 46 46 46 47 48 51 51 51 52 54 54 55 57 60 60 60 62 63 64 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 67 67
B iu khin lp trnh PLC Simatic S7-200 ................................... 4.1 Cu hnh cng ............................................................................. 4.1.1 Khi x l trung tm .......................................................... 4.1.2 Khi m rng .................................................................... 4.1.2.1 Digital module ....................................................... 4.1.2.2 Analog module ...................................................... 4.1.2.3 Intelligent module ................................................. 4.1.2.4 Function module ................................................... 4.2 Mn hnh iu khin .................................................................... 4.3 Cc vng nh .............................................................................. 4.4 Qui c a ch trong PLC S7-200 .............................................. 4.4.1 Truy xut theo bit .............................................................. 4.4.2 Truy xut theo byte (8 bit) ................................................. 4.4.3 Truy xut theo word (16 bit) .............................................. 4.4.4 Truy xut theo 2 word (Double word = 32 bit) ................... 4.5 X l chng trnh ...................................................................... Kt ni dy gia PLC v thit b ngoi vi ....................................... 5.1 Kt ni dy gia PLC v cc thit b ngoi vi .............................. 5.1.1 Gii thiu CPU 224 v cch kt ni vi thit b ngoi vi .... 5.1.2 Kt ni vi my tnh .......................................................... 5.1.3 Ni ngun cung cp cho CPU .......................................... 5.1.4 Kt ni vo/ra s vi ngoi vi ............................................ 5.1.4.1 Kt ni cc ng vo s vi ngoi vi .................... 5.1.4.2 Kt ni cc ng ra s vi ngoi vi ...................... 5.2 Kim tra vic kt ni dy bng phn mm .................................. 5.2.1 Status Chart ...................................................................... 5.2.2 Gim st v thay i bin vi Status Chart ....................... 5.2.3 Cng bc bin vi Status Chart ..................................... 5.2.4 ng dng Status Chart trong vic kim tra kt ni dy trong S7-200 ......................................................................................... 5.3 Cu hi v bi tp ....................................................................... Phn mm Micro/Win v ngn ng lp trnh ............................... 6.1 Ci t phn mm STEP 7-Micro/WIN ........................................ 6.1.1 Yu cu h iu hnh v phn cng ................................ 6.1.2 Ci t phn mm ............................................................. 6.2 Cc phn t c bn trong chng trnh PLC S7-200 ................. 6.2.1 Chng trnh chnh OB1 (main program) ......................... 6.2.2 Chng trnh con SUB (subroutine) ................................. 6.2.3 Chng trnh ngt INT(interrupt routine) .......................... 6.2.4 Khi h thng (system block) ............................................
II
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6.2.5 Khi d liu (data block) ................................................... 6.3 Ngn ng lp trnh ...................................................................... 6.3.1 Dng hnh thang: LAD (Ladder logic) ................................ 6.3.2 Dng khi chc nng: FBD (Function Block Diagram) ...... 6.3.3 Dng lit k lnh: STL (StaTement List) ........................... 6.4 Son tho chng trnh vi phn mm STEP7-Micro/Win V4.0 SP6 ........................................................ 6.4.1 M mn hnh son tho chng trnh .............................. 6.4.1.1 Vng son tho chng trnh ............................ 6.4.1.2 Cy lnh ............................................................. 6.4.1.3 Thanh chc nng ............................................... 6.4.2 Thanh cng c (Toolbar) trong STEP7-Micro/WIN ........... 6.4.3 To mt d n STEP 7-Micro/WIN ................................... 6.4.3.1 To d n mi ................................................... 6.4.3.2 Lu d n .......................................................... 6.4.3.3 M mt d n .................................................... 6.4.4 Th vin ........................................................................... 6.4.5 H thng tr gip trong STEP 7-Micro/WIN ...................... 6.4.6 Xa b nh CPU ............................................................... 6.4.7 M mt d n ang tn ti sn ......................................... 6.4.8 Kt ni truyn thng S7-200 vi thit b lp trnh .............. 6.4.9 Ti d n t PLC .............................................................. 6.4.9.1 Ti mt khi hoc ba khi .................................. 6.4.9.2 Ti vo mt d n mi hoc d n rng ........... 6.4.9.3 Ti vo mt d n tn ti ................................... 6.4.9.4 Th tc ti d n t PLC v thit b lp trnh ..... 6.4.10 Np (download) mt d n vo PLC .............................. 6.4.11 Thit lp cu hnh chung cho phn mm (menu option v customize) ................................... 6.4.11.1 Menu Option ....................................................... 6.4.11.2 Menu Custommize ............................................. 6.4.12 Son tho chng trnh .................................................. 7
67 67 68 68 69 69 69 70 70 70 75 77 77 77 78 78 79 80 80 81 82 82 82 82 82 83 85 85 86 88
Cc php ton logic .......................................................................... 95 7.1 Ngn xp (logic stack) trong S7-200 ........................................... 95 7.2 Cc php ton logic c bn ........................................................ 96 7.2.1 Php ton AND ................................................................. 96 7.2.2 Php ton OR ................................................................... 97 7.2.3 T hp cc cng AND v OR ............................................ 98 7.2.3.1 AND trc OR ................................................... 98 7.2.3.2 OR trc AND ................................................... 98 7.2.4 Php ton XOR ................................................................. 99 7.3 X l cc tip im, cm bin c ni vi ng vo PLC .......... 100 7.4 V d ng dng cc lin kt logic ................................................ 102 7.4.1 Mch t duy tr u tin m my ........................................ 102 7.4.2 Mch t duy tr u tin dng my ..................................... 103 7.4.3 iu khin ON/OFF ng c c ch bo ........................... 104 7.4.4 iu khin o chiu quay ng c .................................. 106 7.5 Bit nh M (bit memory) ................................................................ 109
III
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7.6 Cc lnh SET, RESET v mch nh RS ..................................... 111 7.6.1 Lnh SET .......................................................................... 111 7.6.2 Lnh RESET (R) ............................................................... 112 7.6.3 Mch nh R-S ................................................................... 112 7.6.3.1 u tin SET (khu SR) ...................................... 112 7.6.3.2 u tin RESET (khu RS) ................................. 113 7.6.4 Cc qui tc khi s dng Set v Reset ............................... 114 7.6.5 V d ng dng mch nh R-S ......................................... 114 7.7 Cc lnh nhn bit cnh tn hiu v lnh NOT ............................ 118 7.7.1 Lnh NOT .......................................................................... 118 7.7.1 Cc lnh nhn bit cnh tn hiu ....................................... 118 7.8 Cc Bit nh c bit (Special Memory bits) ................................ 120 7.9 Cu hi v bi tp ....................................................................... 121 8 Thit k theo logic Bool & biu Karnaugh .......................................... 125 8.1 Gii thiu ..................................................................................... 125 8.2 i s BOOL ............................................................................... 125 8.3 Thit k Logic .............................................................................. 127 8.3.1 Cc k thut i s Bool .................................................... 131 8.4 Cc dng logic chung .................................................................. 132 8.4.1 Dng cng phc ................................................................ 132 8.4.2 Multiplexers ....................................................................... 132 8.5 Mt s v d thit k n gin vi i s bool ............................. 133 8.5.1 Cc chc nng logic c bn ............................................. 133 8.5.2 H thng an ton xe hi .................................................... 134 8.5.3 Quay phi/tri ng c ...................................................... 134 8.5.4 Cnh bo trm .................................................................. 135 8.6 Biu Karnaugh ........................................................................ 136 8.6.1 Gii thiu ........................................................................... 136 8.7 Cu hi v bi tp ....................................................................... 139 B nh thi (Timer) ........................................................................ 9.1 Gii thiu ..................................................................................... 9.2 Timer ng mch chm TON ...................................................... 9.3 Timer ng mch chm c nh TONR ....................................... 9.4 Timer m mch chm TOF ......................................................... 9.5 ng dng Timer .......................................................................... 9.5.1 To xung c tn s theo mong mun ................................ 9.5.2 To Timer xung v timer xung c nh ............................... 9.5.2.1 Timer xung (Pulse timer) .................................... 9.5.2.2 Timer xung c nh (Extended Pulse timer) ........ 9.5.3 o chiu quay ng c c khng ch thi gian .............. 9.5.4 Chiu sng Garage ........................................................... 9.5.5 Thit b rt cht lng vo thng cha ................................ 9.6 Cu hi v bi tp ....................................................................... 147 147 148 149 150 152 152 152 152 153 154 155 156 161
10
B m (Counter) ............................................................................. 170 10.1 Gii thiu .................................................................................. 170 10.2 B m ln CTU (Count Up) ..................................................... 171
IV
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10.3 B m xung CTD (Count Down) ........................................... 10.4 B m ln-xung CTUD (Count Up/Down) ............................. 10.5 ng dng b m ..................................................................... 10.5.1 m sn phm c ng gi ..................................... 10.5.2 Kim sot ch cho Garage ngm ................................. 10.6 Cu hi v bi tp ..................................................................... 11 iu khin trnh t ............................................................................ 11.1 Cu trc chung ca mt chng trnh iu khin .................... 11.2 iu khin trnh t ................................................................... 11.2.1 Gii thiu ..................................................................... 11.2.2 Phng php lp trnh iu khin trnh t .................. 11.3 Cc th tc tng qut thit k bi ton trnh t .................... 11.4 Cu trc ca bi ton iu khin trnh t .................................. 11.4.1 Chui trnh t .............................................................. 11.4.2 Kiu hot ng ............................................................. 11.4.3 Cc thng bo .............................................................. 11.4.4 Kch hot ng ra ........................................................... 11.5 Cc k hiu ............................................................................... 11.6 Bc trnh t ............................................................................ 11.7 Cc lnh biu din trong s chc nng ............................... 11.8 Cc ch hot ng, cnh bo v xut lnh .......................... 11.8.1 Bng iu khin ........................................................... 11.8.2 Cc khu ch hot ng c cnh bo ..................... 11.8.3 Hin th bc trnh t ................................................... 11.8.4 Xut lnh ...................................................................... 11.9 Cc v d ng dng .................................................................. 11.9.1 My phay n gin ...................................................... 11.9.2 Bng chuyn m to .................................................. 11.10 Cu hi v bi tp ........................................................
172 173 174 174 175 178 181 181 182 182 184 186 188 188 188 190 190 190 191 193 197 198 199 201 201 201 201 205 210
12
An ton trong PLC ............................................................................ 218 12.1 Khi nim v mc ch ............................................................. 218 12.2 H hng PLC ........................................................................ 218 12.3 Cc quan im v k thut an ton PLC ............................... 219 12.3.1 Cc li nguy him v khng nguy him ........................ 219 12.3.2 Cc cch gii quyt cho hot ng an ton ca thit b iu khin PLC ............................................................... 220 12.4 Bo v cc ng ra PLC ............................................................. 223 12.4.1 Bo v ng ra dng Transistor ..................................... 224 12.4.2 Bo v ng ra Rle c ngun iu khin DC ............... 224 12.4.3 Bo v ng ra Rle v ng ra AC c ngun iu khin AC ................................................................ 224 12.5 Cu hi v bi tp ..................................................................... 225 Chuyn iu khin kt ni cng sang iu khin bng PLC ........ 226 13.1 Kt ni ng vo/ ra ca PLC t mt s iu khin c tip im ............................................................................... 226 13.2 Chuyn i iu khin t contactor thnh PLC ......................... 228
13
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13.2.1 iu khin thit b b cng sut phn khng ................ 13.2.2 Thit b nghin .............................................................. 13.3 iu khin kh nn .................................................................... 13.3.1 My un thanh kim loi ................................................ 13.3.2 My doa ming ng kim loi ......................................... 13.4 Cu hi v bi tp ..................................................................... 14 Cc php ton c bn trong iu khin s .................................... 14.1 Cc dng s trong PLC ............................................................ 14.1.1 Kiu d liu Integer (INT) ............................................. 14.1.2 Kiu d liu Double Integer (DINT) .............................. 14.1.3 Kiu d liu s thc (REAL) ........................................ 14.1.4 Kiu d liu s BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) .............. 14.2 Chc nng sao chp ................................................................ 14.2.1 Cc lnh sao chp, trao i ni dung ........................... 14.2.2 Cc lnh sao chp mt mng ln d liu .................... 14.3 Php ton so snh .................................................................... 14.4 Php ton s hc ...................................................................... 14.4.1 Cng v tr .................................................................. 14.4.2 Nhn v chia ................................................................ 14.4.3 V d php ton s hc ................................................ 14.5 Tng v gim thanh ghi ........................................................... 14.6 Cc php tan logic s ............................................................. 14.6.1 Cc logic s trong S7-200 ............................................ 14.6.2 ng dng ..................................................................... 14.6.2.1 Che v tr cc bit ............................................ 14.6.2.2 Chn thm bit ................................................ 14.7 Chc nng dch/quay thanh ghi ................................................ 14.7.1 Chc nng dch chuyn thanh ghi ................................ 14.7.1.1 Dch tri ......................................................... 14.7.1.2 Dch phi ....................................................... 14.7.2 Chc nng quay thanh ghi ........................................... 14.7.2.1 Quay tri ....................................................... 14.7.2.2 Quay phi .....................................................
230 237 241 242 246 253 257 257 257 258 259 260 261 261 263 264 266 266 267 268 269 271 271 272 272 273 273 273 273 274 275 276 277
VI
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1.1
iu khin c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng ring ca mt my mc hay thit b theo mt trnh t hot ng nh trc ph thuc vo trng thi ca my hay b pht tn hiu. S iu khin c phn bit theo cc c im khc nhau: * Theo loi biu din thng tin - iu khin nh phn: X l tn hiu u vo nh phn (tn hiu 1-0) thnh cc tn hiu ra nh phn. - iu khin s: X l cc thng tin s, c ngha cc thng tin c biu din di dng s. * Theo loi x l tn hiu - iu khin lin kt: Cc trng thi tn hiu xc nh ca ng ra c iu khin bi cc trng thi tn hiu ca ng vo tu thuc vo cc chc nng lin kt (AND, OR, NOT). - iu khin trnh t: iu khin vi trnh t theo tng bc, s ng mch ca mt bc sau xy ra ph thuc vo iu kin ng mch tip theo. iu kin ng mch tip theo c th ph thuc vo qui trnh hay thi gian. - iu khin khng ng b: Vic iu khin c x l s thay i trc tip ca tn hiu ng vo khng cn tn hiu xung ph (iu khin chm). - iu khin ng b xung: Vic iu khin c x l cc tn hiu ch ng b vi mt tn hiu xung (iu khin nhanh). * Theo loi thc hin chng trnh - iu khin theo chng trnh kt ni cng: Loi iu khin ny c th c lp trnh c nh, c ngha khng th thay i c v d nh lp t dy ni c nh hay c th thay i chng trnh thng qua cc u ni (ma trn diode). - iu khin kh trnh: Chc nng iu khin c lu gi trong mt b nh chng trnh. Nu s dng b nh c/ghi (RAM), th c th thay i chng trnh m khng cn can thip n phn c kh (iu khin c th lp trnh t do). Nu ngc li l mt b nh ch c (ROM), th chng trnh c th
Chu Ch c
hieu
X ly
Khuech ai
Ausgabe
Ngo ra
Chu Ch c
Tu thuc vo loi iu khin, cc tn hiu c th l nh phn, s hay tn hiu tng t. + Giao tip: Phn ny cn thit, nu tn hiu ca mt h thng l cn phi c x l. Mt b phn chuyn i t tn hiu ng vo thnh tn hiu ph hp vi mc ca tn hiu x l c t phn giao tip. Ton b cc lin kt, trnh t thi gian, cc chc nng nh, m .v.v.. c thc hin trong phn ny. Phn x l l phn chnh ca tt c cc h thng iu khin. Cc k thut iu khin c tip im nh khi ng t ph, relay thi gian, k thut iu khin bng mch in t (nh AND, OR, NOT ...) c PLC hay my tnh iu khin qu trnh tng hp ti y. + Khuch i: Cc tn hiu t phn x l c mc cng sut b c khuch i ln ln nhiu ln y c th iu khin cc khi ng t, van t hay cc i tng iu khin khc v cc n bo. Phn ny c kt ni vi i tng iu khin m c nh hng trc tip n qu trnh iu khin (v d: Khi ng t, van t, thyristor, v.v..)
+ X l:
+ Ng ra:
Chu Ch c
verbindungsprogrammiert
Kt ni cng
speicherprogrammiert Kh trnh
THIT B T NG HA AUTOMATISIERUNGSGERT
B nh Programm Speicher chng trnh
1.4 H thng s
Trong x l cc phn t nh, cc ng vo, cc ng ra, thi gian, cc nh v.v... bng PLC th h thp phn khng c s dng m l h thng s nh phn (h hai tr). * H nh phn H nh phn ch c cc s 0 v 1, c th c c v biu din gi tr d dng trong k thut. Gi tr nh v ca mt s nh phn l s m ca hai. ln ca s thng thng c biu din dng m BCD (Binary-CodeDecimal). i vi mi s Decimal c vit vi s nh phn 4 v tr. * S thp lc phn ( Hexadecimal) H thp lc phn c 16 k hiu khc nhau t 0-9 v A-F. Gi tr nh v ca mt s thp lc phn s m ca 16. - H nh phn: Ch s: 0,1 23 8 22 4 21 2 20 1 Gi tr nh v = S m ca c s 2
Chu Ch c
0 021 0
1 + 120 + 1 = 13D
+ 122 + + 4 +
ch s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E;F 163 4096 162 256 A A161 160 + + B B160 11 = 683 D 161 16 160 1
Gi tr nh v = S m ca c s 16
V d: 2162 512
2 + +
1.5.1
Bit
24 V
1 c in p
1.5.2
Byte
Chu Ch c
0 0
1
Trng thi tn hiu
1.5.3
Word
1 Word gom co 2 Byte hay 16 Bit. Vi Word co the bieu dien cac dang: so nh phan, ky t hay cau lenh ieu khien. Trng thi tn hiu WORD
0 1 1
1 Byte
0 0 1
1 0
1 0
0 1
1 Byte
1.5.4
DoubleWord
1 DoubleWord gom co 4 Byte hay 32 Bit. Vi DoubleWord co the bieu dien cac dang: so nh phan, ky t hay cau lenh ieu khien.
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 Word
Gi tr 0 hoc 1
1 Bit 1 Byte
1 Word
1 Byte 1 doubleWord
1 Byte
1 Word
1 Word
Chu Ch c
2.1
Gii thiu
Cc thnh phn ca k thut iu khin in v in t ngy cng ng mt vai tr v cng to ln trong lnh vc t ng ha ngy cng cao. Trong nhng nm gn y, bn cnh vic iu khin bng Relay v khi ng t th vic iu khin c th lp trnh c cng pht trin vi h thng ng mch in t v thc hin lp trnh bng my tnh. Trong nhiu lnh vc, cc loi iu khin c c thay i bi cc b iu khin c th lp trnh c, c th gi l cc b iu khin logic kh trnh, vit tt trong ting Anh l PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). S khc bit c bn gia iu khin logic kh trnh ( thay i c qui trnh hot ng) v iu khin theo kt ni cng (khng thay i c qui trnh hot ng) l: S kt ni dy khng cn na, thay vo l chng trnh. C th lp trnh cho PLC nh vo cc ngn ng lp trnh n gin. c bit i vi ngi s dng khng cn nh vo cc ngn ng lp trnh kh khn, cng c th lp trnh PLC c nh vo cc lin kt logic c bn. Nh vy thit b PLC lm nhim v thay th phn mch in iu khin trong khu x l s liu. Nhim v ca s mch iu khin s c xc nh bi mt s hu hn cc bc thc hin xc nh gi l chng trnh. Chng trnh ny m t cc bc thc hin gi mt tin trnh iu khin, tin trnh ny c lu vo b nh nn c gi l iu khin theo lp trnh nh hay iu khin kh trnh. Trn c s khc nhau khu x l s liu c th biu din hai h iu khin nh sau:
Chu Ch c
Cc bc thit lp h iu khin bng relay in Xc nh nhim v iu khin S mch in Chn phn t mch in Dy ni lin kt cc phn t Kim tra hot ng
Cc bc thit lp h iu khin bng PLC Xc nh nhim v iu khin Thit k thut gii San tho chng trnh Kim tra hot ng
Khi thay i nhim v iu khin th ngi ta thay i mch iu khin: Lp li mch, thay i cc phn t mi h iu khin bng relay in. Trong khi khi thay i nhim v iu khin h iu khin logic kh trnh (PLC) th ngi ta ch thay i chng trnh son tho.
2.2 S khc nhau gia h iu khin bng relay v h iu khin bng PLC
S khc nhau gia h iu khin bng relay v h iu khin bng PLC c th minh ho mt cch c th nh sau: iu khin h thng ca 3 my bm qua 3 khi ng t K1, K2, K3. Trnh t iu khin nh sau: Cc khi ng t ch c php thc hin tun t, ngha l K1 ng trc, tip theo K2 ng v cui cng K3 mi ng. thc hin nhim v theo yu cu trn mch iu khin c thit k nh sau:
F1 S1 S2 K1 S3 K1 K1 K2 K2 S4 K2 K3 K3
Chu Ch c
Khi ng t K2 s ng khi cng tc S3 ng vi iu kin l khi ng t K1 ng trc . Phng thc iu khin nh vy c gi l iu khin trnh t. Tin trnh iu khin ny c thc hin mt cch cng bc. - Bn nt nhn S1, S2, S3, S4: Cc phn t nhp tn hiu. - Cc tip im K1, K2, K3 v cc mi ni lin kt l cc phn t x l. - Cc khi ng t K1, K2, K3 l kt qu x l. Nu thay i mch in iu khin phn x l bng h PLC ta c th biu din h thng nh sau: - Phn t vo: Cc nt nhn S1, S2, S3, S4 vn gi nguyn. - Phn t ra: Ba khi ng t K1, K2, K3, ng v m ba my bm vn gi nguyn. - Phn t x l: c thay th bng PLC. S kt ni vi PLC c cho nh hnh 2.3. Trnh t ng m theo yu cu ra s c lp trnh, chng trnh s c np vo b nh. By gi gi thit rng nhim v iu khin s thay i. H thng ba my bm vn gi nguyn, nhng trnh t c thc hin nh sau: ch ng c hai trong ba my bm hoc mi my bm c th hot ng mt cch c lp. Nh vy theo yu cu mi i vi h thng iu khin bng relay in phi thit k li mch iu khin, s lp rp phi thc hin li hon ton mi. S mch iu khin biu din nh hnh 2.4. Nh vy mch iu khin s thay i rt nhiu nhng phn t a tn hiu vo v ra vn gi nguyn, chi ph cho nhim v mi s cao hn. Nu ta thay i h iu khin trn bng h iu khin lp trnh PLC, khi nhim v iu khin thay i th thc hin s nhanh hn v n gin hn bng cch thay i li chng trnh.
Chu Ch c
0V K1
out1
out2 K2
out3 K3 0V
Hnh 2.4: S mch iu khin 3 ng c c thay i H iu khin lp trnh PLC c nhng u im sau: - Thch ng vi nhng nhim v iu khin khc nhau. - Kh nng thay i n gin trong qu trnh a thit b vo s dng. - Tit kim khng gian lp t. - Tit kim thi gian trong qu trnh m rng v pht trin nhim v iu khin bng cch copy cc chng trnh. - Cc thit b iu khin theo chun. - Khng cn cc tip im. - v.v H thng iu khin lp trnh PLC c s rng rt rng ri trong cc ngnh khc nhau: - iu khin thang my. - iu khin cc qu trnh sn xut khc nhau: sn sut bia, sn xut xi mng v.v ....
10
Chu Ch c
- H thng ra t t ng. - Thit b khai thc . - Thit b ng gi bao b, t ng m v trng km v.v ... - Thit b sy. -
11
Chu Ch c
Hnh 2.5: Cu trc chung ca b iu khin lp trnh PLC * B nh chng trnh B nh chng trnh trong PLC l mt b nh in t c bit c th c c. Nu s dng b nh c-ghi c (RAM), th ni dung ca n lun lun c thay i v d nh trong trng hp vn hnh iu khin. Trong trng hp in p ngun b mt th ni dung trong RAM c th vn c gi li nu nh c s dng Pin d phng. Nu chng trnh iu khin lm vic n nh, hp l, n c th c np vo mt b nh c nh, v d nh EPROM, EEPROM. Ni dung chng trnh EPROM c th b xa bng tia cc tm. * H iu hnh Sau khi bt ngun cung cp cho b iu khin, h iu hnh ca n s t cc counter, timer, d liu v bit nh vi thuc tnh non-retentive (khng c nh bi Pin d phng) cng nh ACCU v 0. x l chng trnh, h iu hnh c tng dng chng trnh t u n cui. Tng ng h iu hnh thc hin chng trnh theo cc cu lnh. * Bit nh (Bit memoryt) Cc bit memory l cc phn t nh, m h iu hnh ghi nh trng thi tn hiu. * B m (Proccess Image) B m l mt vng nh, m h iu hnh ghi nh cc trng thi tn hiu cc ng vo ra nh phn.
12
Chu Ch c
* Accumulator Accumulator l mt b nh trung gian m qua n timer hay counter c np vo hay thc hin cc php ton s hc. * Counter, Timer Timer v counter cng l cc vng nh, h iu hnh ghi nh cc gi tr m trong n. * H thng Bus B nh chng trnh, h iu hnh v cc modul ngoi vi (cc ng vo v ng ra) c kt ni vi PLC thng qua Bus ni. Mt Bus bao gm cc dy dn m cc d liu c trao i. H iu hnh t chc vic truyn d liu trn cc dy dn ny.
13
Chu Ch c
Hnh 2.7: S mt b nh chng trnh * B nh c nh ROM (read-only memory) B nh c nh (ROM) cha cc thng tin khng c kh nng xa c v khng th thay i c. Cc thng tin ny do cc nh sn xut vit ra v khng th thay i c. Chng trnh trong b nh ROM c nhim v sau: iu khin v kim tra cc chc nng hot ng ca CPU. c gi l h iu hnh. Dch ngn ng lp trnh thnh ngn ng my.
14
Chu Ch c
Mt ROM c th so snh vi mt quyn sch. Trong n cha cc thng tin c nh, khng th thay i c v ta ch c cc thng tin m thi. c im ca loi ny l d liu vn tn ti khi mt in. * EPROM (eraseable read-only memory) EPROM l mt b nh c nh c th lp trnh v xa c. Ni dung ca EPROM c th xa bng tia cc tm v c th lp trnh li. * EEPROM (electrically eraseable read-only memory) EEPROM l b nh c nh c th lp trnh v xa bng in. Mi nh trong EEPROM cho php lp trnh v xa bng in.
2.4.4
Khi vo
Cc ng vo ca khi ny s c kt ni vi cc b chuyn i tn hiu v bin i cc tn hiu ny thnh tn hiu ph hp vi tn hiu x l ca CPU. Da vo loi tn hiu vo s c cc khi ng vo tng ng. Gm c hai loi khi vo c bn sau: Khi vo s (DI: Digital Input): Cc ng vo ca khi ny c kt ni vi cc b chuyn i to ra tn hiu nh phn nh nt nhn, cng tc, cm bin to tn hiu nh phn .v.v... Do tn hiu ti ng vo c th c mc logic tng ng vi cc in p khc nhau, do khi s dng cn phi ch n in p cn thit cung cp cho khi vo phi ph hp vi in p tng ng m b chuyn i tn hiu nh phn to ra. V d: Cc nt nhn, cng tc c ni vi ngun 24VDC th yu cu phi s dng khi vo c ngun cung cp cho n l 24VDC. Khi vo tng t (AI: Analog Input): Khi ny c nhim v bin i tn hiu tng t (hay cn gi l tn hiu analog) thnh tn hiu s. Cc ng vo ca khi ny c kt ni vi cc b chuyn i to ra tn hiu analog nh cm bin nhit (Thermocouple), cm bin lu lng, ng ra analog ca bin tn .v.v...Khi s dng cc khi vo analog cn phi ch n loi tn hiu analog c to ra t cc b chuyn i (cm bin) V d: Cc cm bin to ra tn hiu analog l dng in (4..20 mA) th phi s dng ng vo analog l loi nhn tn hiu dng in (4..20 mA). Nu cm bin to ra tn hiu analog l in p (0..5V) th phi s dng ng vo analog nhn tn hiu l in p (0..5V).
15
Chu Ch c
2.4.5
Khi ra
Khi ny c nhim v khuch i cc tn hiu sau x l ca CPU (c gi n vng m ra) cung cp cho i tng iu khin l cun dy, n bo, van t .v.v.. Ty thuc vo i tng iu khin nhn tn hiu dng no m s c cc khi ra tng ng. Gm c hai loi khi ra tiu biu: Khi ra s (DO: Digital Output): Cc ng ra ca khi ny c kt ni vi cc i tng iu khin nhn tn hiu nh phn nh n bo, cun dy relay .v.v...V i tng iu khin nhn tn hiu nh phn s dng nhiu cp in p khc nhau nn khi s dng cc khi ra s cn phi ch n in p cung cp cho n c ph hp vi in p cung cp cho i tng iu khin hay khng. Theo loi in p s dng, ng ra s c phn thnh hai loi: in p mt chiu (DC: Direct Current): Gm c hai loi ng ra l Transistor v relay. Thng thng trong cng nghip in p mt chiu c s dng l 24V. in p xoay chiu (AC: Alternative Current): Gm c hai loi ng ra l relay v TRIAC.
Khi ra tng t (AO: Analog Output): Khi ny c nhim v bin i tn hiu s c gi t CPU n i tng iu khin thnh tn hiu tng t. Cc ng ra ca khi ny c kt ni vi cc i tng iu khin nhn tn hiu tng t nh ng vo analog ca bin tn, van t l, .v.v... Khi s dng cc ng ra tng t cn ch n loi tn hiu tng t cung cp cho i tng iu khin c ph hp vi tn hiu tng t m i tng iu khin cn nhn hay khng. V d: Ng vo analog ca bin tn nhn tn hiu l in p (0..10V) th nht thit phi s dng ng ra tng t to ra tn hiu analog l in p (0..10V).
2.4.6
Cc khi c bit
Ngoi ra cn c mt s khi khc m nhn cc chc nng c bit nh x l truyn thng, thc hin cc chc nng c bit nh: iu khin v tr, iu khin vng kn, m tc cao .v.v... Ty thuc vo tng loi PLC m cc khi trn c th cc dng module ring hoc c tch hp chung trong khi x l trung tm (CPU).
16
Chu Ch c
Bt u chu k
Ng vo
PII = Process-image input table (vng m vo) Chng trnh: - Bit memory - Timer - Counter -....
Network 1 I0.0 Motor on/off Q0.0
Network 2 I0.1
Ng ra
Kt thc chu k
Hnh 2.8: Chu k qut trong PLC PLC thc hin chng trnh cheo chu trnh lp. Mi vng lp c gi l vng qut (scan). Mi vng qut c bt u bng giai on chuyn d liu t cc cng vo s ti vng b m o ng vo (I), tip theo l giai on thc hin chng trnh. Trong tng dng qut, chng trnh c thc hin t lnh u tin n lnh kt thc. Sau giai on thc hin chng trnh l giai on chuyn cc ni dung ca b m o ng ra (Q) ti cc cng ra s. Vng qut c kt thc bng giai on truyn thng ni b v kim tra li. Thi gian cn thit PLC thc hin c mt vng qut gi l thi gian vng qut (Scan time). Thi gian vng qut khng c nh, tc l khng phi vng qut no cng c thc hin trong mt khong thi gian nh nhau. C vng qut thc hin lu, c vng qut thc hin nhanh ty thuc vo s lnh trong chng trnh c thc hin, vo khi lng d liu truyn thng ... trong vng qut . Nh vy gia vic c d liu t i tng x l, tnh ton v vic gi tn hiu iu khin ti i tng c mt khong thi gian tr ng bng thi gian vng qut. Ni cch khc, thi gian vng qut quyt nh tnh thi gian thc ca chng trnh iu khin trong PLC. Thi gian qut cng ngn, tnh thi gian thc ca chng trnh cng cao. Ti thi im thc hin lnh vo/ra, thng thng lnh khng lm vic trc tip vi cng vo/ra m ch thng qua b m o ca cng trong vng
17
Chu Ch c
nh tham s. Vic truyn thng gia b m o vi ngoi vi do h iu hnh CPU qun l. mt s module CPU, khi gp lnh vo/ra ngay lp tc, h thng s cho dng mi cng vic khc, ngay c chng trnh x l ngt, thc hin lnh trc tip vi cng vo/ra.
18
Chu Ch c
Chng ny nhm gip cho bn c tm hiu s lc v mt s cc thit b ngoi vi s c kt ni vi cc ng vo ra s ca PLC v mt s k hiu v cc thit b ngoi vi.
3.1
3.1.1
Cm bin
Gii thiu
Cm bin (sensor) cho php PLC pht hin trng thi ca mt qu trnh. Cc cm bin logic ch c th pht hin trng thi ng hoc sai. Cc hin tng vt l tiu biu cn c pht hin l: Tip cn cm: cho bit mt i tng l kim loi c n gn v tr cn nhn bit cha? Tip cn dung: cho bit mt i tng l khng kim loi c n gn v tr cn nhn bit cha? S xut hin nh sng: Cho bit mt i tng c lm ngt chm tia sng hay nh sng phn x? Tip xc c hc: i tng c chm vo cng tc?
Gi thnh ca cm bin ngy cng gim thp v tr nn thng dng. Chng c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau c sn xut bi nhiu cng ty khc nhau nh Siemens, Omron, Pepperl+Fuch, Trong cc ng dng, cc cm bin c kt ni vi PLC ca nhiu hng khc nhau, nhng mi cm bin s c cc yu cu giao tip ring. Phn ny s trnh by cch thc ni dy cho cc cm bin v mt s tnh cht c bn ca n. 3.1.2 Ni dy cho cm bin
Khi mt cm bin pht hin mt s thay i trng thi logic th n phi truyn trng thi thay i ny n PLC. Tiu biu l vic ng hoc ngt dng in hay in p. Trong mt vi trng hp, ng ra ca cm bin s dng ng mch trc tip cho ti m khng thng qua PLC. Cc ng ra tiu biu ca cm bin l: Sinking/Sourcing: Switches: ng hoc ngt dng in ng hoc ngt in p
19
Chu Ch c
Chuyn mch AC
3.1.2.1 Switch Mt v d n gin nht ca cc ng ra cm bin switch v relay c cho nh hnh 3.1.
Hnh 3.1: Cm bin c ng ra l relay s dng ngun DC v AC . 3.1.2.2 Ng ra TTL Ng ra TTL c hai mc in p: 0V tng ng l mc thp, 5V tng ng mc cao. in p thc t c th ln hn 0V hoc nh hn 5V mt cht vn c th pht hin ng. Phng php ny rt d b nhiu trong mi trng nh my cho nn n ch c s dng khi cn thit. Cc ng ra TTL thng dng trong cc thit b in t v my tnh. Khi kt ni vi cc thit b khc th mt mch Schmitt trigger thng c s dng ci thin tn hiu (hnh 3.2).
Hnh 3.2: Mch Schmitt trigger Mch Schmitt trigger s nhn in p ng vo gia 0-5V v chuyn i n thnh 0V hoc 5V. Nu in p nm trong khong 1.5-3.5V th khng chp nhn. Nu mt cm bin c ng ra TTL th PLC phi s dng cc ng vo l TTL c cc gi tr ny. Nu cc cm bin TTL c s dng cho cc ng dng khc th nn ch dng ng ra cc i ca cm bin (thng khong 20mA). 3.1.2.3 Ng ra Sinking/Sourcing Cc cm bin c ng ra Sinking (rt dng) cho php dng in chy vo cm bin. Cn cc cm bin c ng ra sourcing (ngun dng) cho php dng in chy t cm bin ra i tng c kt ni. hai ng ra ny cn ch l dng in ch khng phi in p. Bng cch s dng dng in th nhiu c loi tr bt.
20
Chu Ch c
Khi gii thch v vn sinking hay sourcing th ta nn quy cc ng ra ca cm bin tc ng nh cng tc. Trong thc t, cc ng ra ca cm bin thng l mt transistor chuyn mch. Transistor PNP c s dng cho ng ra sourcing, v transistor NPN c s dng cho ng vo sinking. Khi gii thch cc cm bin ny th khi nim ngun dng thng c dng cho PNP, v rt dng vi NPN. V d cm bin ng ra sinking c cho hnh 3.3.
Hnh 3.4: Cm bin PNP (cm bin sourcing) cm bin hot ng cn phi c ngun cung cp (chn L+ v L-). Khi cm bin pht hin i tng th c in p ti cc B ca transistor NPN, transistor chuyn sang trng thi dn v cho php dng chy vo cm bin xung mass (chn L-). Khi khng pht hin i tng th in p ti cc B ca transistor mc thp (0V), transistor khng dn. iu ny c ngha ng ra NPN s khng c dng vo/ra. Cc cm bin sourcing th ngc vi cc cm bin sinking. N s dng transistor PNP (hnh 3.4). Khi cm bin khng c kch hot th cc B ca transistor gi tr L+, v transistor trng thi ngng dn. Khi cm bin c kch hot th cc B transistor s c t 0V, v transistor cho php dng in chy t cm bin ra ngoi thit b c kt ni. Hu ht cc cm bin NPN/PNP c kh nng dng n vi ampere, v chng c th c s dng ni trc tip vi ti (lun lun kim tra s tay bit chnh xc dng in v in p nh mc). Ch : Cn phi nh kim tra dng in v in p nh mc i vi cc cm bin. Khi ni dy cc cm bin cn ch n cc chn ngun. Thng cc
21
Chu Ch c
chn ngun c k hiu l L+ v COM(chn chung), nhng i khi khng c chn COM m c chn L-. Trong trng hp ny L- l chn chung. Khi kt ni cc cm bin sourcing vi cc ng PLC, th cn ch phi s dng cc modul ng vo loi sinking. Thng thng cc ng vo PLC thng l loi sinking. Trong ng dng vi PLC, gim lng dy ni, th cc cm bin hai dy thng c s dng. V d v s ni dy cc cm bin s dng ngun 24VDC vi PLC c ch nh hnh 3.5. Cm bin hai dy c th c s dng cho c hai loi ng vo sourcing hoc ng vo sinking ca PLC.
Hnh 3.5: Kt ni cm bin 2 dy vi ng vo PLC. Hu ht cc cm bin hin i c c hai ng ra PNP v NPN. Thng thng cm bin loi PNP thng c s dng cho cc ng vo PLC. Trong cc bn v th cc chn ca cc cm bin NPN v PNP c k hiu v mu sc nh sau: dy mu nu l L+, dy mu xanh dng l L- v ng ra th mu trng i vi sinking v mu en i vi sourcing. Cn lu l khi tip im trong cm bin sinking ng th ng ra c ni vi COM hoc L-, tip im trong sourcing ng th ng ra ni vi L+.
22
Chu Ch c
3.1.2.4 Ng ra Solid state relay Cc ng ra Solid state relays ng mch dng in AC. Cc cm bin ny c s dng vi ti ln. 3.1.3 Pht hin i tng C hai cch c bn pht hin i tng: tip xc v tip cn (proximity). Tip xc c ngha l tip im c kh cn mt lc tc ng gia cm bin v i tng. Tip cn ch bo rng mt i tng ang gn nhng khng yu cu tip xc. Cc phn sau y s minh ha cc kiu khc nhau ca cc cm bin pht hin s hin din ca cc i tng. Phn ny khng i su vo cc cm bin m ch m t cc nguyn l trong lnh vc ng dng. 3.1.3.1 Chuyn mch tip xc Chuyn mch tip xc (contact switch ) thng c hai dng l thng h (normally open) v thng ng (normally closed). V ca chng c gia c c th chu c lc c tc ng nhiu ln. 3.1.3.2 Reed Switches Reed switches th rt ging relay, ngoi tr mt nam chm vnh cu c s dng thay th cun dy. Khi nam chm xa th tip im m, nhng khi nam chm n gn th tip im ng li (hnh 3.7). Cc cm bin ny r tin v chng thng c s dng cho cc mn chn v ca an ton.
Hnh 3.7: Read switch 3.1.3.3 Cm bin quang (Optical Sensor) Cm bin nh sng c s dng gn mt th k qua. Nguyn thy l t bo quang c s dng cho cc ng dng nh c cc track m thanh trn cc hnh nh chuyn ng. Nhng cc cm bin quang hin i th phc tp hn nhiu. Cc cm bin quang yu cu c c hai b phn l ngun sng (pht) v u thu (detector). Cc u pht (emitter) s pht ra cc tia sng trong vng ph nhn thy v khng nhn thy c s dng LED v diode laser. u thu c cu to l cc diode quang (photodidode) hoc transistor quang (phototransistor). u pht v u thu c t vo v tr i tng khi
23
Chu Ch c
xut hin s ct ngang hoc phn x li tia sng. Cm bin quang n gin cho hnh 3.8.
Trong hnh, chm sng c to ra nm bn tri, c hi t qua mt thu knh. i din l u thu, chm tia c hi t bng mt thu knh th hai. Nu chm tia b ngt, th u thu s ch bo mt i tng xut hin. nh sng c to ra di dng xung cm bin c th lc c nh sng bnh thng trong phng. nh sng t u pht c tt v m ti mt tn s t. Khi u thu nhn nh sng, n kim tra m bo chc chn rng n c cng tn s. Nu nh sng ang nhn c ti tn s ng th chm tia khng b ngt. Tn s dao ng nm trong phm vi KHz. Ngoi ra vi phng php tn s th cc cm bin c th c s dng vi cng sut thp hn v khong cch di hn. u pht c th bt u t mt im trc tip ti u thu, y cn gi l ch t phn x. Khi tia sng b ngt, th i tng c pht hin. Cm bin ny cn hai b phn ring (hnh 3.9a). S xp t ny lm vic tt vi cc i tng chn sng v phn x vi u pht v u thu c tch ring vi khong cch ln n c trm mt.
Sensor
Gng phn x
24
Chu Ch c
Hnh 13.9: Cc loi cm bin quang khc nhau u thu v u pht tch ring lm tng vn v bo tr v yu cu v s thng hng. Mt gii php khc l u pht v u thu c t chung trn mt v. Nhng iu ny yu cu nh sng t phn x tr v (hnh 3.9b,c). Cc cm bin ny ch tt cho cc i tng ln vi khong cch mt vi met. Trong hnh, u pht pht mt chm tia sng. Nu nh sng b di tr v t gng phn x th hu ht s tr v u thu. Khi mt i tng ngt chm tia gia u pht v gng phn x th chm tia s khng t phn x tr v u thu v cm bin c tc ng. Mt vn ri ro cho cc cm bin ny l cc i tng t phn x li chm tia sng tt. gii quyt th s dng bin php phn cc nh sng ti u pht (bng b lc), v sau sau s dng mt b lc phn cc ti u thu. 3.1.3.4 Cm bin in dung (Capacitive Sensor) Cc cm bin in dung c th pht hin hu ht cc vt liu vi khong cch vi cm. Cng thc biu din mi quan h in dung:
C=
e .A d
vi
C: in dung (Farads)
e : Hng s in mi
A: Din tch bn cc D: Khong cch gia cc bn cc. Trong cm bin, din tch cc bn cc v khong cch gia chng l c nh. Nhng hng s in mi ca khng gian xung quanh chng s thay i khi cc vt liu c mang n gn cm bin. Minh ha hnh 3.10. B mt ca cm bin in dung c hnh thnh bi hai in cc kim loi ng tm ca mt t in. Khi mt i tng n gn b mt nhn bit n i vo vng in trng ca cc in cc v thay i in dung trong mch dao ng. Kt qu l b to dao ng bt u dao ng. Mch trigger c bin ca b dao ng v khi t n mc xc nh th trng thi ng ra s thay i. Khi i tng ri khi cm bin th bin ca b dao ng gim, cm bin chuyn v trng thi bnh thng.
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Chu Ch c
Khng c i tng
C i tng
Khng c i tng
Hnh 3.10: Cm bin in dung Cc cm bin ny lm vic tt i vi cht cch in (nh cht do) c hng s in mi cao (lm tng in dung). Hng s in mi cng ln th khong cch hot ng cng cao. V d khi hiu chnh ng th cht lng trong thng cha c th c pht hin c d dng. Tuy nhin, chng cng lm vic tt i vi kim loi. Cc cm bin thng c ch to vi cc vng (khng phi bn cc) theo hnh 3.11. Trong hnh, hai vng kim loi nm bn trong l cc in cc ca t in, nhng vng ngoi th ba c thm vo b s thay i. Nu khng c vng b ny th cm bin s rt nhy cm vi bi bm, du v cc cht khc dnh trn cm bin. in cc
in cc b
Hnh 3.11: B mt nhn bit ca cm bin in dung Phm vi v chnh xc ca cc cm bin c xc nh bi kch thc ca chng. Cc cm bin ln c th c ng knh vi centimeter. Ci nh c ng knh nh hn mt centimeter v c phm vi nh hn nhng chnh xc hn. 3.1.3.5 Cm bin in cm (Inductive Sensor) Cc cm bin in cm s dng dng in cm ng pht hin i tng l kim loi. Cm bin in cm s dng mt cun dy to mt t trng tn s cao c cho hnh 3.12. Nu c mt i tng l kim loi n gn lm thay i t trng, th s c dng chy vo i tng. Dng chy ny to ra mt t trng mi ngc vi t trng ban u. Kt qu l n lm thay
26
Chu Ch c
i t cm ca cun dy trong cm bin. Bng cch o t cm, cm bin c th xc nh mt i tng kim loi n gn. Cc cm bin ny s pht hin bt k kim loi no, khi cn pht hin cc loi kim loi th cc cm bin a kim loi thng c s dng.
Hnh 3.12: Cm bin tip cn in cm Khi i tng kim loi i vo vng in t trng, th dng in xoy truyn vo i tng. iu ny lm tng ti trong cm bin, lm gim bin ca in t trng. Mch trigger gim st bin dao ng khi t n mc nh trc th n chuyn i trng thi ng ra ca cm bin. Khi i tng di chuyn khi cm bin, th bin dao ng tng ln. Khi n gi tr nh trc th mch trigger chuyn i trng thi ng ra tr v iu kin bnh thng.
Khng c i tng
C i tng
Khng c i tng
Hnh 3.13: Cm bin tip cn in cm Cc cm bin c th pht hin cc i tng cch xa vi centimeter. Nhng hng ca i tng c th l bt k nh hnh 3.14. T trng ca cc cm bin khng bc bao ph xung quanh u ca cun dy ln hn. Bng cch lp thm v bc kim loi th t trng s nh hn, nhng hng ca i tng nhn bit c ci thin hn.
27
Chu Ch c
Hnh 3.14: Cm bin bc v khng bc v kim loi 3.1.3.6 Cm bin siu m (Ultrasonic sensor) Cm bin siu m pht ra m thanh trn ngng nghe bnh thng 16kHz. Thi gian c yu cu m thanh di chuyn n mc tiu v phn hi tr v t l vi khong cch mc tiu. C hai loi cm bin l: Tnh in (electrostatic): S dng hiu ng in dung. Phm vi ln v bng thng rng hn nhng nhy cao hn vi i tng m t. p in (piezoelectric): Da vo phn t p in thch anh.
Cc cm bin ny c th rt hiu qu cho cc ng dng nh o mc cht lng trong thng cha. 3.1.3.7 Hiu ng Hall (Hall Effect) Cc cng tc hiu ng Hall c bn l cc transistor c th chuyn mch bi t trng. Cc ng dng ca chng th rt ging vi reed switch, nhng v chng ch l cht bn dn nn chng ph hp vi cc chuyn ng. Cc my mc t ng ha thng s dng chng thc hin khi ng v pht hin v tr dng. 3.1.3.8 Lu lng (Fluid Flow)
28
Chu Ch c
Chng ta c th thay th cc cm bin phc tp bng cc cm bin n gin. Hnh 3.15 cho thy mt phao kim loi trong mt knh hnh nn. Tc dng chy tng p lc y phao ln trn. Dng hnh nn ca phao m bo v tr ca cht lng t l vi tc dng chy. Mt cm bin tip cn in cm c th c nh v n pht hin khi phao t n cao no , v h thng t n tc dng chy nh. 3.1.4 Tm tt Cm bin Sourcing cho php dng in chy t cc L+ ca ngun. Cm bin Sinking cho php dng in chy t cc L- ca ngun.. Cm bin quang c th s dng chm tia phn x, u pht v u thu v nh sng phn x pht hin i tng. Cm bin in dung c th pht hin kim loi v cc vt liu khc. Cm bin in cm pht hin c kim loi. Cm bin hiu ng Hall v reed switch c th pht hin c nam chm. Cm bin siu m s dng sng m pht hin cc phn t cch xa nhiu meter.
3.2
3.2.1
C cu chp hnh
Gii thiu
C cu chp hnh c s dng bin i nng lng in thnh chuyn ng c hc. 3.2.2 Solenoid Solenoid l c cu chp hnh thng dng nht. Nguyn l hot ng c bn l s di chuyn li st (piston) trong cun dy (hnh 3.16). Bnh thng piston c gi bn ngoi cun dy. Khi cun dy c cp in, cun dy sinh ra t trng ht piston v ko n vo trung tm ca cun dy. ng dng quan trng nht ca solenoid l iu khin cc van kh nn, thy lc v kha ca xe.
c in
Cn ch l cc cun cm c th to ra in p gai nhn v c th cn cc b gim sc. Mc d vy hu ht trong cc ng dng cng nghip c in p thp v dng in nh mc, chng c th c kt ni trc tip vi cc ng ra ca PLC. Hu ht cc solenoid cng nghip s dng ngun cung cp 24Vdc v dng nh mc mt vi trm mA.
29
Chu Ch c
3.2.3 Van iu khin (VALVE) Dng cht lng v kh c th c iu khin bng cc van iu khin solenoid. V d van iu khin solenoid c cho hnh 3.17.
solenoid
Kh ra
Kh vo
solenoid
Kh vo
Kh ra
Hnh 3.17: Mt solenoid iu khin van 5 ca 2 v tr Cc loi van c lit k di y. Theo tiu chun, thut ng n-ca (n-ca) ch nh s lng kt ni cc ng vo v ra ca van. Trong mt vi trng hp c ca x kh ra. Vic thit k thng ng/thng m cho bit iu kin van khi mt ngun cp. Van 2 ca, 2 v tr thng ng (van 2/2): Cc van ny c 1 ca vo v mt ca ra. Khi mt ngun cung cp th v tr thng ng. Khi c ngun cung cp, th van m cho php dng kh hay cht lng chy qua. Cc van ny c s dng cho php dng chy. Van 2 ca, 2 v tr thng m (van 2/2): Cc van ny c mt ca vo v mt ca ra. Khi mt ngun th m cho php dng chy. Khi c ngun, van ng. Cc van ny c s dng ngt dng chy. Van 3 ca, 2 v tr thng ng (van 3/2): Cc van ny c ca vo, ca ra v ca x kh. Khi mt ngun th ca ra c ni vi ca x kh. Khi c ngun th ca vo c ni vi ca ra. Cc van ny c s dng cho cc cylinder tc ng n. Van 3 ca, 2 v tr thng m (van 3/2): Cc van ny c ca vo, ca ra v ca x kh. Khi mt ngun th ca vo c ni vi ca ra. Khi c ngun th van ni ca ra vi ca x kh. Cc van ny c s dng cho cc cylinder tc ng n. Van 3 ca, 2 v tr a nng (van 3/2): Cc van ny c 3 ca. Mt trong cc ca hot ng nh l ca vo hoc ca ra, v c ni n mt trong hai ca khc khi mt ngun hoc c ngun. Cc van ny c th
30
Chu Ch c
c s dng lm chuyn hng dng chy, hoc chn ngun qua li. Van 4 ca, 2 v tr (van 4/2): Cc van ny c 4 ca, 1 vo, 2 ra v 1 ca x kh. Khi c ngun van ni cc ca vo vi cc ca ra v ngc li. Cc van ny c s dng vi cc cylinder tc ng kp. Van 5 ca, 2 v tr (van 5/2): Cc van ny c 5 ca, 1 vo, 2 ra v 2 ca x kh. Van 4 ca, 3 v tr (van 4/3): Cc van ny c 4 ca, 1 vo, 2 ra v 1 x. trng thi bnh thng (khng c ngun nng lng) th cc ca vo/ra u b chn. Van ny c s dng iu khin v tr cc cylinder. Van 5 ca, 3 v tr (van 5/3): Van ny c 5 ca, 1 vo, 2 ra v 2 ca x. Tng t nh van 4/3, van ny c s dng iu khin v tr cc cylinder.
K hiu ca cc van c cho hnh 3.18. Khi s dng trong cc bn v th v trng thi khng c cp ngun nng lng. Mi tn ch ng dn dng chy n cc v tr khc. Biu tng tam gic nh ch ca x kh. K hiu iu khin bng kh nn iu khin bng solenoid
Loi van
Thng ng
Thng m
Thng m
Van 3 ca, 2 v tr
Thng ng
Thng ng
Thng m
Thng m
31
Chu Ch c
Van 4 ca, 2 v tr
Hoc
Van 5 ca, 2 v tr
Hoc
Van 4 ca, 3 v tr
Khi chn la van, cn ch mt s chi tit sau: - Kch thc ng: Ca vo v ra theo tiu chun NPT (national pipe thread). Tc dng chy: Tc dng chy cc i thng c cung cp cho cc van thy lc. p sut hot ng: p sut hot ng cc i phi c ch bo. Mt vi van c yu cu p sut ti thiu hot ng. Ngun in: Cc cun dy solenoid yu cu c cung cp mt in p v dng in c nh (AC hoc DC). Thi gian p ng: y l thi gian van ng/m hon ton. Thi gian tiu biu cho cc van nm trong phm vi t 5ms n 150ms. V bc: V bc cho cc van c xp theo loi: Loi 1 hoc 2: S dng trong nh, yu cu bo v chng nc. Loi 3: S dng ngoi tri, chng bi bm v ma gi. Loi 3R hoc 3S hoc 4: Chng nc v bi. Loi 4X: Chng nc, bi v s n mn. 3.2.4 Xy lanh (CYLINDER)
32
Chu Ch c
Cylinder s dng p lc kh hoc cht lng to lc/chuyn ng tuyn tnh (hnh 3.19). Trong hnh, dng cht lng c bm vo mt pha ca cylinder lm dch chuyn piston v pha cn li. Cht lng pha ny c thot t do. Lc tc dng ln cylinder t l vi din tch b mt ca piston. Cng thc tnh lc: F= P.A
P=
F A
Vi
Hnh 3.19
Mt ct ca mt cylinder thy lc
Hnh 3.20
cylinder tc ng n v cylinder tc ng kp
Cc cylinder t thng c s dng trong iu khin kh nn. Trn u ca piston c mt mnh nam chm. Khi n di chuyn n v tr gii hn th cc cng tc reed switch s pht hin ra. 3.2.5 ng c ng c l c cu chp hnh thng thng, nhng i vi ng dng cho iu khin nh phn th c im ca n khng quan trng. iu khin logic tiu biu ca cc ng c l ng ct in cho n. Cc ng c c dng
33
Chu Ch c
in nh c th u trc tip vo cc ng ra ca PLC, cn i vi cc ng c cng sut ln th s dng relay hay contactor hoc b khi ng ng c. Cc ng c s c kho st chi tit hn chng cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh analog (tp 2). 3.2.6 Cc c cu chp hnh khc Ngoi cc c cu chp hnh k trn cn c nhiu loi c cu chp hnh khc nhau trong iu khin logic. Mt s c cu chp hnh thng c s dng relay v contactor. Ngoi ra c mt s c cu chp hnh khc: L nhit: Thng c iu khin bng relay, ng v ct in gi nhit nm trong mt phm vi no . n bo: n bo c s dng cho hu ht cc my mc ch bo trng thi my v cung cp thng tin cho ngi vn hnh. Hu ht cc n bo c dng in thp v c kt ni trc tip n PLC. Ci/chung bo: Ci hay chung bo c th c s dng cho cc my mc khng c gim st hoc ang b nguy him. Chng thng c ni trc tip vi cc ng ra ca PLC.
34
Chu Ch c
4.1
4.1.1
Cu hnh cng
Khi x l trung tm
PLC S7-200 l thit b iu khin lp trnh loi nh (micro PLC) ca hng Siemens (CHLB c) c cu trc theo kiu modul v c cc modul m rng. Thnh phn c bn ca S7 - 200 l khi x l trung tm (CPU: Central Processing Unit) bao gm hai chng loi: CPU 21x v CPU 22x. Mi chng loi c nhiu CPU. Loi CPU 21x ngy nay khng cn sn xut na, tuy nhin hin vn cn s dng rt nhiu trong cc trng hc v trong sn xut. Tiu biu cho loi ny l CPU 214. CPU 214 c cc c tnh nh sau: B nh chng trnh (cha trong EEPROM): 4096 Byte (4 kByte) B nh d liu (Vng nh V): 4096 Byte (trong 512 Byte cha trong EEPROM) S lng ng vo:14 , v S lng ng ra: 10 ng ra digital tch hp trong CPU S module m rng: 7 gm c module analog S lng vo/ra s cc i: 64 S lng Timer :128 Timer chia lm 3 loi theo phn gii khc nhau: 4 Timer 1ms, 16 Timer 10 ms v 108 Timer c phn gii 100ms. S lng Counter: 128 b m chia lm hai loi: 96 Counter Up v 32 Counter Up/Down. Bit memory (Vng nh M): 256 bit Special memory (SM) : 688 bit dng thng bo trng thi v t ch lm vic. C php tnh s hc
35
Chu Ch c
B m tc cao (High-speed counters): 2 counter 2 KHz v 1 counter 7 KHz Ng vo analog tch hp sn (bin tr): 2. Cc ch ngt v x l ngt gm: ngt truyn thng, ngt theo sn ln hoc xung, ngt thi gian, ngt ca b m tc cao v ngt truyn xung.
Ton b vng nh khng b mt d liu trong khong thi gian 190 gi khi PLC b mt ngun nui. S b mt ca b iu khin logic kh trnh S7-200 CPU 214 c cho nh hnh 4.1.
Ng ra Card nh Kiu hot ng
Bin tr
SIEMENS
SF RUN STOP I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 I0.4 I0.5 I0.6 I0.7 I1.0 I1.1 I1.2 I1.3 I1.4 I1.5 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Q0.5 Q0.6 Q0.7 Q1.0 Q1.1
CPU 214
SIMATIC S7-200
Hnh 4.1: B iu khin lp trnh S7-200 CPU 214 * M t cc n bo trn CPU 214: SF (n ): n SF bo hiu h thng b li. n SF sng ln khi PLC c li. chng trnh c np vo trong b nh chng trnh ca PLC. STOP (n vng): n vng STOP ch nh PLC ang ch dng. Dng chng trnh ang thc hin li. I x.x (n xanh): n xanh cng vo ch nh trng thi tc thi ca cng ( x.x = 0.0 - 1.5). n ny bo hiu trng thi ca tn hiu theo gi tr logic ca cng.
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Qy.y (n xanh): n xanh cng ra ch nh trng thi tc thi ca cng ( y.y = 0.0 - 1.1). n ny bo hiu trng thi ca tn hiu theo gi tr logic ca cng.
Hin nay, CPU 22x vi nhiu tnh nng vt tri thay th loi CPU 21x v hin ang c s dng rt nhiu. Tiu biu cho loi ny l CPU 224. Thng tin v CPU 22x c cho nh bng 4.1 v hnh dng CPU 224 hnh 4.2.
c im I/O trn CPU Digital Analog S module m rng max. B nh chng trnh B nh d liu CPU 221 6DI/4DO 0 CPU 222 8DI/6DO 2 CPU 224 14DI/10DO 7 CPU 224XP 14DI/10DO 2AI/1AO 7 CPU 226 24DI/16DO 7
4KB
4KB
8KB
12KB
16KB
2KB
2KB
8KB
10KB
10KB
0,37 s
0,37 s
0,37 s
0,37 s
0,37 s
256/256/256
256/256/256
256/256/256
256/256/256
4 x 30 kHz
4 x 30 kHz
6 x 30 kHz
6 x 30 kHz
card
card
Tch hp
Tch hp
Ng ra xung
2 x 20 kHz
2 x 20 kHz
2 x 20 kHz
2 x 100 kHz
2 x 20 kHz
1x RS-485
1x RS-485
1x RS-485
2x RS-485
2x RS-485
Bng 4.1: Bng d liu v CPU h 22x * Chn ch lm vic cho PLC Cng tc chn ch lm vic nm pha trn, c ba v tr cho php chn cc ch lm vic khc nhau ca PLC: RUN: Cho php PLC thc hin chng trnh trong b nh. PLC S7-200 s ri khi ch RUN v chuyn sang ch STOP nu trong my c s c, hoc trong chng trnh gp lnh STOP.
37
Chu Ch c
STOP: Cng bc PLC dng chng trnh ang chy v chuyn sang ch STOP. ch STOP, PLC cho php hiu chnh, np, xa mt chng trnh. TERM: Cho php ngi dng t my tnh quyt nh chn mt trong hai ch lm vic cho PLC hoc RUN hoc STOP.
LED bo trng thi I/O
LED bo trng thi CPU Khe cm - Memory Module - Battery Module, - Clock Module (221, 222) Cng truyn thng u ni c th tho ri (trn 224, 226) Cht kha module trn gi Bin tr chnh gi tr analog
L bt cht vo vch
Hnh 4.2: B iu khin lp trnh CPU 224 * Cng truyn thng S7-200 s dng cng truyn thng ni tip RS485 vi phch ni 9 chn phc v cho vic ghp ni vi thit b lp trnh hoc vi cc trm PLC khc. Tc truyn cho my lp trnh kiu PPI l 9600 baud. Tc truyn cung cp ca PLC theo kiu t do l t 300 baud n 38400 baud. ghp ni S7-200 vi my lp trnh PG720 (hng Siemens) hoc vi cc loi my lp trnh thuc h PG7xx c th s dng mt cp ni thng qua MPI. Cp i km theo my lp trnh. Ghp ni S7-200 vi my tnh PC qua cng RS-232 cn c cp ni PC/PPI vi b chuyn i RS232/RS485, v qua cng USB ta c cp USB/PPI. * Card nh, pin, clock (CPU 221, CPU222) S7-200 cung cp nhiu bin php m bo cho chng trnh ngi dng, d liu chng trnh v cu hnh d liu c duy tr sau:
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Mt t in vi in dung ln cho php nui b nh RAM sau khi b mt ngun in cung cp. Ty theo loi CPU m thi gian lu tr c th ko di nhiu ngy. Chng hn CPU 224 l khong 100 gi Vng nh EEPROM cho php lu chng trnh, cc vng nh c ngi dng chn cha vo EEPROM v cu hnh d liu. Cho php gn thm Pin nui RAM v cho php ko di thm thi gian lu tr d liu, c th ln n 200 ngy k t khi mt ngun in. Ngun ca Pin s c ly sau khi t in x ht. - Card nh: c s dng lu tr chng trnh. Chng trnh cha trong card nh bao gm: program block, data memory block, system block, cng thc module (recipes), d liu o (data logs), v cc Clock/ gi tr cng bc (force values). Battery - Card pin: Dng m rng thi gian Battery module lu tr cc d liu c trong b nh. module Ngun pin c t ng chuyn sang khi t trong PLC cn. Pin c th s Hnh 4.3: Hnh dng cc module dng n 200 ngy. Card Clock / Battery module: ng h thi gian thc (Real-time clock) cho CPU 221, 222 v ngun pin nui ng h v lu d liu. Thi gian s dng n 200 ngy.
* Bin tr chnh gi tr analog: Hai bin tr ny c s dng nh hai ng vo analog cho php iu chnh cc bin cn phi thay i v s dng trong chng trnh.
4.1.2
Khi m rng
Trn cc CPU tch hp sn mt s cc ng vo v ng ra s, chng hn nh CPU 224 DC/DC/DC c sn 16 ng vo v 14 ng ra. Tuy nhin trong thc t , xut pht t yu cu iu khin nh: cn nhiu hn s ng vo/ra c sn, c s dng tn hiu analog hay c cc yu cu v truyn thng, ni mng cc PLCm ta phi gn thm vo CPU cc khi m rng (Expansion module) c cc chc nng khc nhau (bng 4.2). 4.1.2.1 Digital module Cc module s gn thm vo khi CPU m rng s lng cc ng vo/ra s. Khi ng vo s DI (Digital Input): Siemens sn xut cc khi ng vo s nh: DI8 x 24VDC, DI8 x AC120/230V, DI16 x 24VDC. Khi ng ra s (Digital Output): Cc ng ra ny c chia ra lm 3 loi l ng ra DC, ng ra AC v ng ra relay. in p ng ra c th l 24Vdc hoc 230Vac ty loi, vi s lng ng ra c th l 4 hoc 8.
39
Chu Ch c
Ngoi ra cn c s kt hp cc ng vo v ra s trn cng mt module. 4.1.2.2 Analog module Ngoi tr CPU 224XP c tch hp sn 2 ng vo v 1 ng ra analog (2AI/1AO) kt ni vi ngoi vi nhn v pht tn hiu analog, th hu ht cc CPU khc ca h S7-200 u khng c tch hp sn. V vy khi iu khin vi tn hiu analog th yu cu ngi s dng phi gn thm cc khi analog. Khi ng vo tng t AI (Analog Input): Tn hiu analog ng vo c th l tn hiu in p hoc dng in. Ty thuc vo tn hiu analog cn c l loi no m ngi s dng c th ci t cho ph hp bng cc cng tc c gn trn module (Chi tit xem chng x l tn hiu analog). Hin c cc khi ng vo: 4AI, 8AI. i vi tn hiu analog c to ra bi thermocoupe (cp nhit) v RTD th s dng cc module o nhit tng ng (bng 4.2). Khi ng ra tng t AO (Analog Output): Tn hiu tng t ny c th l in p hoc dng in ty theo ngi dng ci t. Tn hiu ra l in p nm trong khong 10Vdc tng ng vi gi tr s t -32000 ti + 32000 v tn hiu dng in nm trong khang t 0 - 20mA tng ng vi gi tr s t 0 ti +32000.
Ngoi cc khi trn cn c cc khi c s kt hp c 2 loi tn hiu vo v ra analog trn cng mt khi. Cc khi m rng
Digital module Input Output 8 x DC In 4 x DC Out 8 x DC Out 4 x DC In/ 4 x DC Out 4 x DC In/ 4 x Relay Analog module Input Output T hp 4 x Analog Out Intelligent module Position Modem Ethernet Ethenet IT Cc module khc AS-Interface SIWAREX MS 4 x Analog In 8 x Analog In 4xThermocouple In 2 x RTD In 2 x RTD In 2 x Analog Out 4 x Analog Out 4 x Analog In 8 x AC In 4 x Relay 8 x AC Out 8 x DC In/ 8 x DC Out 8 x DC In/ 8 x Relay
Loi
16 x DC In 8 x Relay 16 x DC In/ 16x DC Out 16 x DC In/ 16x DC Out 32 x DC In/ 32x DC Out 32 x DC In/ 32x Relay
T hp
PROFIBUS-DP
40
Bng 4.2: Cc loi khi m rng 4.1.2.3 Intelligent module Cc PLC S7-200 c th ni vo cc loi mng khc nhau tng cng kh nng m rng, truyn thng vi cc thit b khc trong h thng t ng ha. Master trong mng AS-Interface: Giao tip AS-i (Actuator Sensor Interface) hay giao tip actuator/sensor l h thng kt ni cho cp qu trnh thp nht trong h thng t ng ha nhm ti u ha vic kt ni cm bin v c cu chp hnh vi thit b t ng ha. Vi module CP243-2 cho php kt ni mng AS-Interface vo PLC S7-200 v ng vai tr l master. Kt ni vo mng PROFIBUS-DP: Cc PLC S7-200 c th kt ni vo mng Profibus hot ng nh mt DP Slave nh vo khi m rng EM277. Vic s dng EM277 cho php PLC S7-200 c th kt ni truyn thng vi cc thit b trong mng Profibus nh: PLC S7-300, S7-400, mn hnh iu khin Kt ni vo mng Ethernet: c th kt ni S7-200 vo mng Industrial Ethernet th cn c khi CP 243-1. y l khi truyn thng cho php cc PLC S7-200 c th c cu hnh, lp trnh, chn on t xa qua Ethernet nh phn mm STEP 7 Micro/win. Gip cho cc CPU S7-200 c th giao tip vi cc S7-200 khc, S7-300 hay S7-400 qua Ethernet. Cc CPU c th s dng l h CPU 22X. C th thc hin cu hnh cho cc CPU vo mng Ethernet nh vo Wizard (Menu Tools Ethernet wizard). Internet Technology: Khi m rng CP 243-1 IT cho php cc CPU S7200 c th thc hin cc gim st hay thay i qua trnh duyt Web t mt PC c ni mng. Cc thng bo chn on c th gi qua email t mt h thng. S dng cc chc nng IT cho php trao i cc tp tin d liu vi cc my tnh hay cc h thng iu khin khc. Mi mt khi CP 243-1IT ch nn kt ni cho 2 CPU S7-200. Modem module: Cho php kt ni trc tip S7-200 vo ng dy in thoi, v cung cp truyn thng gia S7-200 v Step 7- micro/Win. Vi cng c Modem Expansion wizard cho php thit lp mt modem xa hoc kt ni S7-200 vi mt thit b xa qua modem. Kh nng truyn thng ca S7-200 c cho nh hnh 4.4. 4.1.2.4 Function module L cc khi chc nng thc hin cc chc nng c bit nh iu khin v tr (position module), cn (SIWREX MS).
-
Position module: Module v tr c s dng iu khin tc v v tr ca ng c bc (stepper motor) hoc ng c servo (servo motor). Vi cng c Position Control wizard trong phn mm STEP 7--Micro/WIN
41
Chu Ch c
thit lp cu hnh cho module iu khin v tr. Module iu khin v tr thng c s dng l EM253. SIWAREX MS: L module cn a nng v linh hot, n c s dng vi cc h thng cn hoc o lc s dng PLC S7-200.
S7-22x EM 277 CP 243-1 CP 243-1 IT CP 243-2 EM 241
Phone Network
42
Cc bng iu khin ny c th c thit lp cc thng bo v nt nhn iu khin d dng bng cng c Text Display wizard (menu lnh Tools > Text
Display Wizard) trong STEP 7--Micro/WIN.
* Operator Panel v Touch Panel: Cc mn hnh c ng dng iu khin v gim st cc my mc, thit b nh. Thi gian thit lp cu hnh v vn hnh nhanh vi phn mm WinCC flexible. Gm c cc loi: OP 73micro, TP 177micro (mn hnh ny thay th cc mn hnh trc TP 070/TP 170micro) (hnh 4.6).
4.3 Cc vng nh
B nh ca cc PLC S7-200 c chia ra lm cc vng nh nh bng 4.3. * Vng nh m ng vo s I: CPU s c trng thi tn hiu ca tt c cc ng vo s u mi chu k qut, sau s cha cc gi tr ny vo vng nh m ng vo. C th truy cp vng nh ny theo bit, Byte, Word hay Doubleword. * Vng nh m ng ra s Q: Trong qu trnh x l chng trnh CPU s lu cc gi tr x l thuc vng nh ng ra vo y. Ti cui mi vng qut CPU s sao chp ni dung vng nh m ny v chuyn ra cc ng ra vt l. C th truy cp vng nh ny theo bit, Byte, Word hay Doubleword. * Vng nh bin V: S dng vng nh V lu tr cc kt qu php ton trung gian c c do cc x l logic ca chng trnh. Cng c th s dng vng nh lu tr cc d liu khc lin quan n chng trnh hay nhim v iu khin. C th truy cp vng nh ny theo bit, Byte, Word hay Doubleword. * Vng nh M: C th coi vng nh M nh l cc relay iu khin trong chng trnh lu tr trng thi trung gian ca mt php ton hay cc thng tin iu khin khc. C th truy cp vng nh ny theo bit, Byte, Word hay Doubleword. * Vng nh b nh thi T:
43
Chu Ch c
S7-200 cung cp vng nh ring cho cc b nh thi, cc b nh thi c s dng cho cc yu cu iu khin cn tr hon thi gian. Gi tr thi gian s c m tng dn theo 3 phn gii l 1ms, 10ms v 100ms.
M t CPU 221 CPU 222
4 KB 2 KB I0.0 I15.7 Q0.0 ...Q15.7 AIW0 ..AIW30
CPU 224
8 KB 8 KB I0.0 I15.7 Q0.0 ...Q15.7 AIW0 ..AIW62
CPU 224XP
12 KB 10 KB I0.0 I15.7 Q0.0 ...Q15.7 AIW0 ..AIW62
CPU226
16 KB 10 KB I0.0 I15.7 Q0.0 ...Q15.7 AIW0 ..AIW62
Kch thc chng 4 KB trnh ngi dng Kch thc d liu Vng m vo s Vng m ra s Ng vo analog Ng ra analog Vng nh bin (V) Vng nh cc b (L) Vng nh bit (M) Vng nh c bit Ch c (SM) Timer Retentive on-delay 1ms 10ms . 100ms . On/Off delay 1ms 10ms . 100ms . Counter B m tc cao Bit iu khin trnh t (S) Thanh ghi Accu Jumps/Labels Call/Subroutine Interrupt routines nh sn xung (positive/negative) PID loops Port 2 KB I0.0 I15.7 Q0.0 ...Q15.7 AIW0 ..AIW30
AQW0AQW30 AQW0AQW30 AQW0AQW62 AQW0AQW62 AQW0AQW62 VB0VB2047 LB0LB63 M0.0M31.7 VB0VB2047 LB0LB63 M0.0M31.7 VB0VB8191 LB0LB63 M0.0M31.7 VB0VB10239 LB0LB63 M0.0M31.7 VB0VB10239 LB0LB63 M0.0M31.7
SM0.0SM179.7 SM0.0SM299.7 SM0.0SM549.7 SM0.0SM549.7 SM0.0SM549.7 SM0.0SM29.7 SM0.0SM29.7 SM0.0SM29.7 SM0.0SM29.7 SM0.0SM29.7 256 (T0T255) T0, T64 T1T4, v T65T68 T5T31, v T69T95 T32, T96 T33 T36, v T97 T100 T37 T63, v T101 T255 C0 C255 HC0 HC5 S0.0 S31.7 AC0 AC3 0 255 0 63 0 127 256 0 7 Port 0 256 (T0T255) T0, T64 T1T4, v T65T68 T5T31, v T69T95 T32, T96 T33 T36, v T97 T100 T37 T63, v T101 T255 C0 C255 HC0 HC5 S0.0 S31.7 AC0 AC3 0 255 0 63 0 127 256 0 7 Port 0 256 (T0T255) T0, T64 T1T4, v T65T68 T5T31, v T69T95 T32, T96 T33 T36, v T97 T100 T37 T63, v T101 T255 C0 C255 HC0 HC5 S0.0 S31.7 AC0 AC3 0 255 0 63 0 127 256 0 7 Port 0 256 (T0T255) T0, T64 T1T4, v T65T68 T5T31, v T69T95 T32, T96 T33 T36, v T97 T100 T37 T63, v T101 T255 C0 C255 HC0 HC5 S0.0 S31.7 AC0 AC3 0 255 0 63 0 127 256 0 7 Port 0, Port 1 256 (T0T255) T0, T64 T1T4, v T65T68 T5T31, v T69T95 T32, T96 T33 T36, v T97 T100 T37 T63, v T101 T255 C0 C255 HC0 HC5 S0.0 S31.7 AC0 AC3 0 255 0 127 0 127 256 0 7 Port 0, Port 1
Bng 4.3: Cc vng nh v c im ca CPU S7-200. * Vng nh b m C: C 3 loi b m l b m ln, b m xung v b n ln-xung. Cc b n s tng hoc gim gi tr hin hnh khi tn hiu ti ng vo thay i trng thi t mc thp ln mc cao.
44
* Vng nh b m tc cao HC (High speed Counter): Cc b m tc cao c s dng m cc s kin tc cao c lp vi vng qut ca CPU. Gi tr m l s nguyn 32 bit c du. truy xut gi tr m ca cc b m tc cao cn xc nh a ch ca b m tc cao, s dng vng nh HC v s ca b m, v d HC0. Gi tr m hin hnh ca cc b m tc cao l cc gi tr ch c v truy xut theo double word. * Cc thanh ghi AC (Accumulators): Cc thanh ghi AC l cc phn t c/ghi m c th c dng truy xut ging nh b nh. Chng hn, c th s dng cc thanh ghi truy xut cc thng s t cc chng trnh con (Subroutine) v lu tr cc gi tr trung gian s dng cho tnh ton. Cc CPU S7-200 c 4 thanh ghi l AC0, AC1, AC2 v AC3. Chng ta c th truy xut d liu trong cc thanh ghi ny theo Byte, Word, v Doubleword. * Vng nh c bit SM (Special Memory): Cc bit SM l cc phn t cho php truyn thng tin gia CPU v chng trnh ngi dng. C th s dng cc bit ny chn la v iu khin mt s chc nng c bit ca CPU, chng hn nh bit ln mc 1 trong vng qut u tin, cc bit pht ra cc xung c tn s 1HzChng ta truy xut vng nh SM theo bit, byte, word, doubleword. * Vng nh cc b L (Local Memory Area): Vng nh ny c ln 64 Byte, trong 60 byte c th c dng nh vng nh cc b hay chuyn cc thng s ti cc chng trnh con, 4 byte cui dng cho h thng. Vng nh ny tng t nh vng nh bin V ch khc ch cc bin vng nh V cho php s dng tt c cc khi chng trnh cn vng nh L ch c tc dng trong phm vi son tho ca mt khi chng trnh m thi. V tr bin thuc vng nh L trong chng trnh chnh th khng th s dng chng trnh con v ngc li. * Vng nh ng vo tng t AI (Analog Inputs): Cc PLC S7-200 chuyn gi tr mt tng t (chng hn in p hay nhit ) thnh gi tr s v cha vo mt vng nh 16 bit. Bi v cc gi tr tng t chim mt vng nh word nn chng lun lun c cc gi tr word chn, chng hn nh AIW0, AIW2, AIW4..v l cc gi tr ch c. * Vng nh ng ra tng t AQ (Analog Outputs): Cc PLC S7-200 chuyn mt gi tr s 16 bit sang gi tr in p hoc dng in, tng ng vi gi tr s (digital). Ging nh cc ng vo tng t chng ta ch c th truy xut cc ng ra tng t theo word. V l cc gi tr word chn, chng hn nh AQW0, AQW2, AQW4.
45
Chu Ch c
4.4.3
i vi truy xut vng nh theo dng word chng ta cng cn xc nh vng nh cn truy xut, khai bo dng word v a ch ca word trong vng nh. Mi mt vng nh dng word s gm 2 byte v c gi l byte thp v byte cao. V d:
Ch :
46
i vi tn hiu tng t (Analog) th chng ta ch c mt dng truy xut duy nht l truy xut theo word. iu ny l do mi tn hiu tng t s ng vi mt gi tr s nguyn 16 bit. V d: AIW0, AIW2, AQW0 Khi truy xut a ch theo word th hai word lin k nhau bt buc cch nhau 2 byte. V d ta cn cha 2 d liu dng s interger vo vng bin V, th d liu th nht gi s cha vo VW20 th word k tip lu d liu th hai l VW22.
4.4.4
Khi truy xut vng nh 32 bit, tng ng vi 4 byte. Trong gm c word thp, word cao v byte thp, byte cao. V d: VD100
Bng tm tt vic truy xut cc vng nh theo bit, byte, word v double word c cho bng 4.4.
Cch truy xut
Truy xut Bit (byte.bit) I Q V M SM S T C L Truy xut Byte IB QB VB MB SMB SB LB AC KB (Constant) Truy xut Word IW QW VW MW SMW SW T C LW AC AIW AQW KW (Constant) T. xut Double word ID QD VD
CPU 221
0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 2047.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0.0 ... 165.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0.0 ... 63.7 0 ... 15 0 ... 15 0 ... 2047 0 ... 31 0 ... 165 0 ... 31 0 ... 63 0 ... 3 KB (Constant) 0 ... 14 0 ... 14 0 ... 2046 0 ... 30 0 ... 164 0 ... 30 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0 ... 62 0 ... 3 0 ... 30 0 ... 30 KW (Constant) 0 ... 12 0 ... 12 0 ... 2044
CPU 222
0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 2047.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0.0 ... 299.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0.0 ... 63.7 0 ... 15 0 ... 15 0 ... 2047 0 ... 31 0 ... 299 0 ... 31 0 ... 63 0 ... 3 KB (Constant) 0 ... 14 0 ... 14 0 ... 2046 0 ... 30 0 ... 298 0 ... 30 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0 ... 62 0 ... 3 0 ... 30 0 ... 30 KW (Constant) 0 ... 12 0 ... 12 0 ... 2044
CPU 224
0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 8191.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0.0 ... 549.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0.0 ... 63.7 0 ... 15 0 ... 15 0 ... 8191 0 ... 31 0 ... 549 0 ... 31 0 ... 63 0 ... 3 KB (Constant) 0 ... 14 0 ... 14 0 ... 8190 0 ... 30 0 ... 548 0 ... 30 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0 ... 62 0 ... 3 0 ... 62 0 ... 62 KW (Constant) 0 ... 12 0 ... 12 0 ... 8188
CPU 224XP
0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 10239.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0.0 ... 549.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0.0 ... 63.7 0 ... 15 0 ... 15 0 ... 10239 0 ... 31 0 ... 549 0 ... 31 0 ... 63 0 ... 255 KB (Constant) 0 ... 14 0 ... 14 0 ... 10238 0 ... 30 0 ... 548 0 ... 30 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0 ... 62 0 ... 3 0 ... 62 0 ... 62 KW (Constant) 0 ... 12 0 ... 12 0 ... 10236
CPU 226
0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 15.7 0.0 ... 10239.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0.0 ... 549.7 0.0 ... 31.7 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0.0 ... 63.7 0 ... 15 0 ... 15 0 ... 10239 0 ... 31 0 ... 549 0 ... 31 0 ... 63 0 ... 255 KB (Constant) 0 ... 14 0 ... 14 0 ... 10238 0 ... 30 0 ... 548 0 ... 30 0 ... 255 0 ... 255 0 ... 62 0 ... 3 0 ... 62 0 ... 62 KW (Constant) 0 ... 12 0 ... 12 0 ... 10236
47
Chu Ch c
0 ... 28 0 ... 546 0 ... 28 0 ... 60 0 ... 3 0 ... 5 KD (Constant) 0 ... 28 0 ... 546 0 ... 28 0 ... 60 0 ... 3 0 ... 5 KD (Constant)
Bng 4.4: Truy xut cc vng nh theo a ch bit, byte, word, double word. Tm li, v c bn chng ta c bn dng truy xut d liu nh trn. Trong mi yu cu iu khin c th chng ta s chn truy xut theo dng no. Kim tra trng thi ca cc tn hiu c to ra t cc ngoi vi ni vi ng vo s nh nt nhn, cm bin, cng tc hnh trnh th s chn truy xut l bit, trong trng hp ny th chn a ch ng vo tng ng c kt ni v d nh I0.0, I0.5, I1.1 Xut tn hiu ra cc c cu chp hnh nhn tn hiu nh phn nh relay, n bo, van t th s chn truy xut l bit, trong trng hp ny th chn a ch ng ra tng ng c kt ni v d nh Q0.0, Q0.2, Q1.0 Nhn tn hiu t cc cm bin to ra tn hiu analog nh cm bin nhit , p sut, m th s dng a ch word, v d: AIW0, AIW2, AIW4 Xut tn hiu analog ra cc c cu chp hnh nhn tn hiu analog nh ng vo analog bin tn, van t l th s dng a ch word, v d: AQW0, AQW2, AQW4 Trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh cn lu tr thng tin dng s 16 bit nh m s sn phm (s nguyn 16 bit) th truy cp a ch word, cn dng 32 bit nh nhit , p sut (s thc) th truy cp a ch double word
Hnh 4.8 l mt s n gin ch mi quan h gia s in v PLC S7-200. Cc nt nhn khi ng/dng ng c c kt ni vi ng vo. Trng thi ca cc ng vo ty thuc vo nt nhn. Cc trng thi ca ng vo s quyt nh trng thi ca ng ra. Ng ra c kt ni vi contactor.
48
* Chu k qut trong S7-200 S7-200 thc hin mt lot cc nhim v theo chu k. Vic thc hin cc nhim v theo chu k c gi l chu k qut (scan cycle). Hnh 4.9 l v d mt chu k qut. S7-200 thc hin cc nhim v sau trong mt chu k qut: c ng vo: S7-200 sao chp trng thi ca cc ng vo vt l vo b m ng vo. Digital inputs: Mi chu k qut bt u bng cch c gi tr hin hnh cc ng vo s v sau ghi cc gi tr ny vo vng m ng vo. Analog inputs: S7-200 khng cp nht cc ng vo analog t cc module m rng nu l chu k qut bnh thng tr khi c kch hot khu lc cc ng vo analog (xem chng x l tn hiu analog). B lc analog c cung cp cho php ta c mt tn hiu n nh hn. C th cho php b analog mi im ng vo analog. Khi mt ng vo analog c kch hot b lc, S7-200 cp nht ng vo analog mi mt ln trong chu k qut v lu tr gi tr lc. Gi tr lc c cung cp mi khi truy cp ng vo analog. Khi b lc analog khng c kch hot, S7-200 c gi tr ng vo analog t module m rng mi ln chng trnh truy xut ng vo analog. Thc hin theo logic iu khin trong chng trnh: S7-200 thc hin cc lnh trong chng trnh v lu gi tr vo vng nh. Khi thc hin chu k qut, S7-200 thi hnh t lnh u tin cho n lnh cui cng. Cc lnh truy cp I/O tc th cho php ta truy xut ngay lp tc cc ng vo v ng ra khi thc hin chng trnh cng nh chng trnh ngt (interrupt routine). Nu c s dng cc ngt trong chng trnh (chng trnh ngt c gi bi cc yu cu ngt) th n khng c thc hin chu k qut
49
Chu Ch c
bnh thng. N c thc hin khi c s kin ngt (c th xy ra ti bt k thi im no trong chu k qut). X l bt k yu cu truyn thng no: S7-200 thi hnh bt k nhim v c yu cu cho truyn thng. Trong giai on x l thng tin ca chu k qut, S7-200 x l bt k thng tin no nhn c t cng truyn thng hoc t cc module truyn thng (intelligent I/O module). Thc hin t chn on CPU: S7-200 t kim tra m bo phn firmware, b nh chng trnh, v bt k cc moule m rng no cng ang lm vic ng. Trong giai on ny, S7-200 kim tra cho hot ng thch hp ca CPU v trng thi ca bt k module m rng no. Xut ra ng ra: Cc gi tr c lu trong vng m ng ra s c xut ra cc ng ra vt l. Ti cui mi chu k, S7-200 xut cc gi tr c lu trong b m ng ra n cc ng ra s. (Cc ng ra analog th c cp nht ngay lp tc, khng ph thuc vo chu k qut). Vic thc hin chng trnh cn ty thuc vo S7-200 ang ch STOP hay ch RUN. ch RUN th chng trnh c thc hin; cn ch STOP th chng trnh khng c thc hin.
50
Chu Ch c
5.1
Vic kt ni dy gia PLC vi ngoi vi rt quan trng. N quyt nh n vic PLC c th giao tip c vi thit b lp trnh (my tnh) cng nh h thng iu khin c th hot ng ng theo yu cu c thit k hay khng. Ngoi ra vic ni dy cn lin quan n an ton cho PLC cng nh h thng iu khin.
5.1.1
Hnh 5.1: B iu khin lp trnh S7-200 CPU 224 cho b iu khin lp trnh ny hot ng c th ngi s dng phi kt ni PLC vi ngun cung cp v cc ng vo ra ca n vi thit b ngoi vi. Mun np chng trnh vo CPU, ngi s dng phi son tho chng trnh bng cc thit b lp trnh hoc my tnh vi phn mm tng ng cho loi PLC ang s dng v c th np trc tip vo CPU hoc copy chng trnh vo card nh cm vo rnh cm card nh trn CPU ca PLC. Thng thng khi lp trnh cng nh khi kim tra hot ng ca PLC th ngi lp trnh thng kt ni trc tip thit b lp trnh hoc my tnh c nhn
51
Chu Ch c
vi PLC. Nh vy, h thng iu khin khin bng PLC hot ng cng nh lp trnh cho n, cn phi kt ni PLC vi my tnh cng nh cc ng vo ra vi ngoi vi. 5.1.2 Kt ni vi my tnh
i vi cc thit b lp trnh ca hng Siemens c cc cng giao tip PPI th c th kt ni trc tip vi PLC thng qua mt si cp. Tuy nhin i vi my tnh c nhn cn thit phi c cp chuyn i PC/PPI. C 2 loi cp chuyn i l cp RS-232/PPI Multi-Master v cp USB/PPI Multi-Master. * Cp RS-232/PPI multi-master: Hnh dng ca cp v cng tc chn ch truyn c cho hnh 5.2.
Hnh 5.2: Hnh dng cp RS-232/PPI v cc chuyn mch trn cp. Ty theo tc truyn gia my tnh v CPU m cc cng tc 1,2,3 c v tr thch hp. Thng thng i vi CPU 22x th tc truyn thng t l 9,6 KBaud (tc cng tc 123 c t theo th t l 010). Ty theo truyn thng l 10 Bit hay 11 Bit m cng tc 7 c t v tr thch hp. Khi kt ni bnh thng vi my tnh th cng tc 7 chn ch truyn thng 11 Bit (cng tc 7 t v tr 0). Cng tc 6 cp RS-232/PPI Multi-Master c s dng kt ni port truyn thng RS-232 ca mt modem vi S7-200 CPU. Khi kt ni bnh thng vi my tnh th cng tc 6 c t v tr data Comunications Equipment (DCE) (cng tc 6 v tr 0). Khi kt ni cp PC/PPI vi mt
52
Chu Ch c
modem th port RS-232 ca cp PC/PPI c t v tr Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) (cng tc 6 v tr 1). Cng tc 5 c s dng t cp RS-232/PPI Multi-Master thay th cp PC/PPI hoc hot ng ch Freeport th t ch PPI/Freeport (cng tc 5 v tr 0). Nu kt ni bnh thng l PPI (master) vi phn mm STEP 7 Micro/Win 3.2 SP4 hoc cao hn th t ch PPI (cng tc 5 v tr 1). S ni cp RS-232/PPI Multi-Master gia my tnh v CPU S7-200 vi tc truyn 9,6 Kbaud c cho nh hnh 5.3.
Hnh 5.3: Kt ni my tnh vi CPU S7-200 RS-232/PPI Multi-Master * Cp USB/PPI multi-master: Hnh dng ca cp c cho hnh 5.4.
Hnh 5.4: Hnh dng cp USB/PPI. Cch thc kt ni cp USB/PPI Multi-Master cng tng t nh cp RS232/PPI Multi-Master. s dng cp ny, phn mm cn phi l STEP 7-
53
Chu Ch c
Micro/WIN 3.2 Service Pack 4 (hoc cao hn). Cp ch c th c s dng vi loi CPU22x hoc sau ny. Cp USB khng c h tr truyn thng Freeport v download cu hnh mn TP070 t phn mm TP Designer. 5.1.3 Ni ngun cung cp cho CPU Ty theo loi v h PLC m cc CPU c th l khi ring hoc c t sn cc ng vo v ra cng nh mt s chc nng c bit khc. Hu ht cc PLC h S7-200 c nh sn xut lp t cc khu vo, khu ra v CPU trong cng mt v hp. Nhng ngun cung cp cho cc khu ny hon ton c lp nhau. Ngun cung cp cho CPU ca h S7-200 c th l: Xoay chiu: Mt chiu: 20...29 VAC , f = 47...63 Hz; 85...264 VAC, f = 47...63 Hz 20,4 ... 28,8 VDC
Hnh 5.5: Ni ngun cung cp cho CPU c th nhn bit vic cp ngun cho CPU, khi vo, khi ra s ta cn c vo cc ch s i km theo CPU. Cc m s km theo CPU 2xx c th c nh sau: CPU 2xx DC/DC/DC: Ngun cp cho CPU l DC, ngun cho ng vo l DC, ngun cp cho ng ra l DC. CPU 2xx AC/DC/Relay: Ngun cp cho CPU l AC, ngun cho ng vo l DC, ng ra l Relay c th cp ngun l DC hoc AC. Kt ni vo/ra s vi ngoi vi
5.1.4
54
Chu Ch c
Cc ng vo, ra ca PLC cn thit iu khin v gim st qu trnh iu khin. Cc ng vo v ra c th c phn thnh 2 loi c bn: s (Digital) v tng t (analog). Hu ht cc ng dng s dng cc ng vo/ra s. Trong bi ny ch cp n vic kt ni cc ng vo/ra s vi ngoi vi, cn i vi ng vo/ra tng t s trnh by chng x l tn hiu analog. i vi b iu khin lp trnh h S7-200, hng Siemens a ra rt nhiu loi CPU vi in p cung cp cho cc ng vo ra khc nhau. Ty thuc tng loi CPU m ta c th ni dy khc nhau. Vic thc hin ni dy cho CPU c th tra cu s tay km theo ca hng sn xut. 5.1.4.1 Kt ni cc ng vo s vi ngoi vi Cc ng vo s ca PLC c th c ch to l mt khi ring, hoc kt hp vi cc ng ra chung trong mt khi hoc c tch hp trn khi CPU. Trong trng hp no cng vy, cc ng vo cng phi c cung cp ngun ring vi cp in p ty thuc vo loi ng vo. Cn lu trong mt khi ng vo cng nh cc ng vo c tch hp sn trn CPU c th c cc nhm c cung cp ngun c lp nhau. V vy cn lu khi cp ngun cho cc nhm ny. Ngun cung cp cho cc khi vo ca h S7-200 c th l: Xoay chiu: 15...35 VAC, f = 47...63 Hz; dng cn thit nh nht 4mA 79...135 VAC, f = 47...63 Hz; dng cn thit nh nht 4mA Mt chiu: 15 ... 30 VDC; dng cn thit nh nht 4mA S mch in bn trong ca mt s ng vo c cho nh hnh 5.6a,b.
a) Hnh 5.6:
Ty theo yu cu m c th quyt nh s dng loi ng vo no. + Ng vo DC: - in p DC thng thp do an ton hn. - p ng ng vo DC rt nhanh. - in p DC c th c kt ni vi nhiu phn t trong h thng in.
55
Chu Ch c
+ Ng vo AC: - Ng vo AC yu cu cn phi c thi gian. V d i vi in p c tn s 50 Hz phi yu cu thi gian n 1/50 giy mi nhn bit c. - Tn hiu AC t b nhiu hn tn hiu DC, v vy chng thch hp vi khong cch ln v mi trng nhiu (t). - Ngun AC kinh t hn. - Tn hiu AC thng c s dng trong cc thit b t ng hin hu. i vi cc ng vo s, khi kt ni vi ngoi vi, ngoi tr cc trng hp c bit th thng thng mi mt ng vo c kt ni vi mt b to tn hiu nh phn nh: nt nhn, cng tc, cm bin tip cn .... Hnh 5.7a,b,c minh ha cch kt ni dy cc ng vo PLC vi cc b to tn hiu nh phn khc nhau. Cn lu n cc loi cm bin khi kt ni vi cc ng vo PLC (xem li chng 3: cm bin v c cu chp hnh trong iu khin logic). Trong v d hnh 5.7a c 3 ng vo, mt l nt nhn thng h, hai l tip im ca relay nhit, v ba l cm bin tip cn vi ng ra l relay. C ba b to tn hiu ny c cung cp bi mt ngun 24VDC. Khi tip im h hoc cm bin pht tn hiu 0 th khng c in p ti cc ng vo. Nu cc tip im c ng li hoc cm bin pht tn hiu 1 th ng vo c cp in.
DC 24V INPUTS .0 .1 V+ .2
V+ PNP Sensor DC 24V INPUTS .0 .1 .2 PNP V.4 .5 .6 .7 M .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .3 24 V V+ NPN Sensor DC 24V INPUTS L .0 NPN V.2 .1
Sensor
V-
.3 .4 .5 .6 .7 M
24 V
24 V
b)
c)
a. Nt nhn v cm bin c ng ra l relay ni vi ng vo loi sinking. b. c. Nt nhn v cm bin loi PNP ni vi ng vo loi sinking. Nt nhn v cm bin loi NPN ni vi ng vo loi sourcing.
56
Chu Ch c
i vi cc ng vo ra ca CPU 214 DC/DC/DC, CPU 224 AC/DC/Relay theo s tay c kt ni nh hnh 5.10 v hnh 5.11. 5.1.4.2 Kt ni cc ng ra s vi ngoi vi Cc ng ra ca PLC c th c ch to l mt khi ring, hoc kt hp vi cc ng ra chung trong mt khi hoc c tch hp trn khi CPU. Trong trng hp no cng vy, cc ng ra cng phi c cung cp ngun ring vi cp in p ty thuc vo loi ng ra. Cn lu trong mt khi ra cng nh cc ng ra c tch hp sn trn CPU c th c cc nhm c cung cp ngun c lp nhau. V vy cn lu khi cp ngun cho cc nhm ny. Ngun cung cp cho cc khi ra ca h S7-200 c th l: Xoay chiu: Mt chiu: 20...264 VAC , f = 47...63 Hz; 5...30 VDC i vi ng ra r le; 20.4 ... 28.8 VDC i vi ng ra transistor;
Cc khi ra tiu chun ca PLC thng c 8 n 32 ng ra theo cng loi v c dng nh mc khc nhau. Ng ra c th l r le, transistor hoc triac. R le l ng ra linh hot nht. Chng c th l ng ra AC v DC. Tuy nhin p ng ca ng ra r le chm, gi thnh cao v b h hng sau vi triu ln ng ct. Cn ng ra transistor th ch s dng vi ngun cung cp l DC v ng ra triac th ch s dng c vi ngun AC. Tuy nhin p ng ca cc ng ra ny nhanh hn. S mch in bn trong ca cc ng ra c cho nh hnh 5.8. Cn ch khi thit k h thng c c hai loi ng ra AC v DC. Nu ngun AC ni vo ng ra DC l transistor, th ch c bn k dng ca chu k in p c s dng v do in p ra s b gim. Nu ngun DC c ni vi ng ra AC l triac th khi c tn hiu cho ng ra, n s lun lun c in cho d c iu khin tt bng PLC.
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Chu Ch c
Hnh 5.8: Mch in bn trong ca cc loi ng ra khc nhau. a) Ng ra transistor ; b) Ng ra relay ; c) Ng ra triac i vi cc ng ra s, khi kt ni vi ngoi vi, ngoi tr cc trng hp c bit th thng thng mi mt ng ra c kt ni vi mt i tng iu khin nhn tn hiu nh phn nh: n bo, cun dy r le, chung bo . . .. Hnh 5.9 minh ha cch kt ni dy cc ng ra PLC vi cc c cu chp hnh. Hnh 5.9a l mt v d cho cc khi ra s dng 24Vdc vi mass chung. Tiu biu cho loi ny l ng ra transistor. Trong v d ny cc ng ra c kt ni vi ti cng sut nh l n bo v cun dy relay. Quan st mch kt ni ny, n bo s dng ngun cung cp l 24Vdc. Nu ng ra .6 mc logic 1 (24Vdc) th dng s chy t ng ra .6 qua n H1 v xung Mass (M), n sng. Nu ng ra mc logic 0 (0V), th n H1 tt. Nu ng ra .4 mc logic 1 th cun dy r le c in, lm tip im ca n ng li cung cp in 220 Vac cho ng c. Hnh 5.9b l mt v d ng ra relay s dng ngun cp l 24 Vdc, v hnh 5.9c l v d ng ra triac s dng ngun xoay chiu 24 Vac. Mt ch quan trng khi kt ni cc ng ra cn tra cu s tay khi ng ra hin c c c thng tin chnh xc trnh c nhng s c ng tic xy ra. Hnh 5.10 l v d ca CPU 214 vi ngun cung cp DC, ng vo DC v ng ra DC c ni dy vi ngoi vi ( trch t s tay S7-200 Programmable Controller System Manual). Ta nhn thy mi mt nhm ng vo cng nh mt nhm ng ra v CPU c cung cp ngun ring l 24 Vdc. Ngoi ra trn khi CPU cn c ngun ph 24 Vdc (n 280 mA) c th c s dng cung cp cho cc cm bin hoc khi m rng.
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DC 24V OUTPUTS
.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 L+ M 24V H1 K1
M
.0 .1
.0 .1
M
220V
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 L
220V K1
.2 .3 .4
220V K1
H1
.5 .6
H1
24V
.7 L
24V
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5.2.1
Status Chart
Chng ta c th s dng Status Chart c, ghi hoc cng bc cc bin trong chng trnh theo mong mun. c th m Status Chart, ta nhp p chut vo biu tng Status Chart trong ca s Navigation Bar trn mn hnh Step 7-Micro/Win32 hoc vo mc View Component Status Chart.
5.2.2
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Hnh 5.9 ch mt v d v cch s dng Status Chart. c hay ghi cc bin chng ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: u tin trong ct Address ta nhp vo a ch hay tn k hiu ca mt bin trong chng trnh ng dng m mun gim st hoc iu khin, sau n ENTER. Lp li bc ny cho tt c cc bin c thm vo biu .
Bc 2: Nu bin l 1 Bit (v d:I, Q, hoc M), th kiu bin t ct Format l bit. Nu bin l mt byte, word, hay double word th chn ct Format v nhp p chut tm kiu bin mong mun. Bc 3: xem gi tr hin hnh ca cc bin trong PLC trong biu , hy nhp chut vo biu tng hoc chn Debug Chart Status. chp c mt gi tr ca cc bin ti thi im nhp chut s dng Debug Single Read hoc nhp chut vo biu tng Bc 4: Bc 5: dng vic gim st th nhp chut vo biu tng chn Debug Chart Status. . hoc
thay i gi tr ca mt bin hoc nhiu bin, hy nhp gi tr mi vo ct New Value cho cc bin mong mun v nhp chut vo biu tng hoc chn Debug Write All ghi tt c cc gi tr ny vo cc bin tng ng trong CPU.
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c gi tr b cng bc trong CPU
5.2.3
Trong mt s trng hp cn thit phi p buc mt ng vo hoc mt ng ra hoc bt k mt bin no trong chng trnh theo mt gi tr mong mun cho ph hp vi han cnh hat ng hin ti ca h thng hoc kim tra cc li xy ra trong h thng iu khin, ta c th s dng cng c cng bc bin (Force). cng bc bin trong Status Chart vi mt gi tr xc nh, thc hin cc bc sau: Bc 1: Chn mt trong ct Address, vo a ch hay hay tn ca bin cn cng bc. Bc 2: Nu bin l 1 Bit (v d:I0.0, Q0.1), th kiu bin ct Format lun lun l bit. Nu bin l mt byte, word, hay double word th chn ct Format v nhp p chut tm kiu bin mong mun. cng bc bin vi gi tr hin hnh, trc tin hy c gi tr hin hnh trong PLC bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng hoc chn Debug Chart Status. .
Bc 3:
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Nhp hoc cun cha gi tr hin hnh mun cng bc. Nhp chut vo biu tng hoc chn Debug Force trn v tr gi tr hin hnh cng bc bin gi tr . Bc 4: cng bc mt gi tr mi cho mt bin, nhp gi tr vo ct New Value v nhp chut vo biu tng Force . Bc 5: hoc chn Debug
xem gi tr hin hnh ca tt c cc bin b cng bc, kch chut vo biu tng Read All Forced Read All Forced. hoc chn Debug
Bc 6: cho tt c cc bin tr li trng thi bnh thng, hy kch chut vo biu tng Unforce All hoc chn Debug Unforce All. Mun g b cng bc mt bin, hy chn bin mong mun v nhp chut vo biu tng hoc chn Debug Unforce.
5.2.4 ng dng Status Chart trong vic kim tra kt ni dy trong S7-200
Sau khi kt ni dy ngai vi vi cc ng vo/ra ca PLC, vic k tip l kim tra li kt ni dy ny pht hin ra cc li kt ni. Mt cng c hu hiu l s dng Status Chart. Lu khi kim tra kt ni dy: i vi ng vo: Cc ng vo no c ni vi cc tip im thng ng hay tn hiu c mc logic 1 th cc ng vo c in p v n bo trng thi cc ng vo sng. Khi quan st trong status chart, ta s nhn thy cc gi tr ny c mc logic 1. Vic kim tra cc ng vo nn thc hin ln lt cho tng ng vo theo bng kt ni dy vo/ra vi ngoi vi. C ngha l mi ln ta ch thay i trng thi ca mt b to tn hiu (nt nhn, cm bin,...) v quan st trng thi ca ng vo c kt ni vi n trong status chart. Ghi chp li cc kt ni b sai v sa cha. trng thi bnh thng khi cha c chng trnh th tt c cc ng ra ca PLC u mc logic 0 (khng c in p) v n bo trng thi cc ng ra u tt. Vic kim tra ni dy ng ra nn thc hin ln lt tng ng ra theo bng kt ni dy bng cch cho ng ra mun kim tra ln mc lodic 1 trong status chart v quan st trng thi ca ngoi vi c kt ni tng ng. Nu ngoi vi tng ng c in chng t n c kt ni ng cn ngc li kt ni sai.
i vi ng ra:
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Chu Ch c
5.3 Cu hi v bi tp
BT 5.1: Ng vo ca PLC c th ng in cho cun dy r le iu khin mt ng c c khng? Cc khi vo v khi ra ng vai tr g trong vic giao tip gia PLC v thit b ngai vi? BT 5.2: BT 5.3: Cc khi m rng ng vo/ra c li ch g? iu g xy ra nu mt ng ra AC c cp ngun DC?
BT 5.4: Mt khi vo/ra m rng ca PLC h S7-200 loi EM223 gm c 8 ng vo DC/8 ng ra rle. Cc ng vo c ni vi 4 nt nhn, 2 ng ra c ni vi mt rle trung gian s dng ngun 24VDC dng ng mch cho mt contactor 220VAC iu khin ng c 3 pha 220V/380V. 2 ng ra c ni vi 2 n bo 220VAC bo chiu quay ca ng c. 2 ng ra c s dng cho cc van kh nn 24 VDC. Hy v s ni dy cc ng vo v ra ny vi ngoi vi theo yu cu. BT 5.5: Hy thit k mt d n c iu khin bng PLC. Trc khi t hng, cn phi phc tho vic ni dy c bn v chn la cc loi PLC hoc khi vo/ra c cc ng vo/ra tng ng. Cc thit b c s dng ni vi cc ng vo gm c: 2 cng tc hnh trnh, 1 nt nhn thng h, 1 nt nhn thng ng v mt tip im nhit. Ng ra s iu khin mt van solenoid 24VDC, mt n bo 110VAC v mt ng c 220VAC/50HP. Hy la chn loi PLC hoc mt khi vo/ra ph hp v kt ni dy theo yu cu t ra. BT 5.6: Hy phc tho s ni dy cho cc ng ra PLC theo yu cu c lit k di y: Mt van kh nn c 2 cun dy solenoid Mt n bo 24VDC Mt n bo 120 VAC Mt ng c cng sut thp 12 VDC.
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6.1.1
My tnh c nhn PC, mun ci t c phn mm STEP 7-micro/WIN phi tha mn nhng yu cu sau y: Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 3 hoc cao hn, Windows XP Home, hoc Windows XP Professional. C t nht 350 MB a cng cn trng S dng ch ci t font ch nh phn gii mn hnh ti thiu l 1024x768 pixels.
Nu cha c cp kt ni my tnh vi PLC S7-200 th ta vn c th son tho chng trnh ch offline v kim tra hot ng ca chng trnh vi mt phn mm m phng. truyn thng vi S7-200, ta cn mt trong cc phn cng sau: PC/PPI Cable kt ni CPU S7-200 vi PC qua cng USB PC/PPI Cable kt ni CPU S7-200 vi PC qua cng RS232 (COM1 hoc COM2) CP card (Communications processor) v cp MPI (multipoint interface). EM241 modem CP243-1 hoc CP243-1 IT Ethernet
6.1.2 Ci t phn mm
Thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. ng tt c cc ng dng 2. Chn a CD STEP 7-Micro/Win vo a CD-Rom. Chng trnh s c t ng ci t. Ta cng c th khi ng chng trnh ci t bng cch nhp p chut vo file Setup.exe| trn CD.
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3. Sau s nhn c dn dn tng bc cc ch dn thao tc tip theo trn mn hnh v hon thnh cng vic ci t. 4. Khi ci t xong, hp thoi set PG/PC Interface t ng xut hin. Kch Cancel kt thc. 5. Ta cn khi ng li my hon tt vic ci t. Sau khi ci t xong c th bt u son tho chng trnh nh phn mm STEP 7-Micro/WIN bng cch nhp p chut vo biu tng STEP 7 MicroWIN trn mn hnh. Ch : Khi ci t phin phn STEP 7-Micro/WIN V4.0 Sevice Pack 6 th trc tin ta cn phi uninstall phin bn c v sau mi ci t c phin bn ny. Sau khi download ta nhp p chut vo file STEP7MicroWIN_V40_SP6.exe v thc hin theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: Uninstall phin bn STEP 7-Micro/WIN V4.0 bng cng c control panel trong Window (menu Start settingscontrol paneladd or remove program). Bc 2: Khi ng li my tnh Bc 3: Ci t STEP 7-Micro/WIN V4.0 Service Pack (SP6) bng cch nhp p chut vo file STEP7-MicroWIN_V40_SP6.exe.
6.2.1
y l phn khung ca chng trnh, cha cc lnh iu khin chng trnh ng dng. Vi mt s chng trnh iu khin nh, n gin chng ta c th vit tt c cc lnh trong khi ny. Chng trnh ng dng c x l bt u t chng trnh chnh, cc lnh c x l ln lt t trn xung di v ch mt ln mi vng qut. Trong S7-200 chng trnh c cha trong khi OB1.
6.2.2
Cc lnh vit trong chng trnh con ch c th c x l khi chng trnh con c gi (Call) t chng trnh chnh, t mt chng trnh con khc hoc t mt chng trnh ngt. S dng chng trnh con khi chng ta mun
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phn chia nhim v iu khin. Mi mt chng trnh con vit cho mt nhim v nh hoc khi c cc yu cu iu khin tng t nhau (v d: iu khin bng ti 1, iu khin bng ti 2) th chng ta ch cn to ra chng trnh con mt ln v c th gi ra nhiu ln t chng trnh chnh. S dng chng trnh con c mt s u im sau: Chng trnh iu khin c chia theo nhim v iu khin nn c cu trc r rng, rt thun tin cho vic chnh sa hay kim tra chng trnh. Gim thi gian vng qut ca chng trnh. CPU khng phi lin tc x l tt c cc lnh ca chng trnh m ch x l chng trnh con khi c lnh gi tng ng. Chng trnh con cho php gim cng vic son tho khi c cc yu cu iu khin tng t nhau.
(Bn c xem phn v d v cch s dng chng trnh con chng php ton nh phn). 6.2.3 Chng trnh ngt INT(interrupt routine)
Chng trnh ngt c thit k s dng cho mt s kin ngt c nh ngha trc. Bt c khi no s kin ngt xc nh xy ra, th S7-200 thc hin chng trnh ngt. Chng trnh ngt khng c gi bi chng trnh chnh m theo s kin ngt xy ra. Chng trnh ngt s ch c x l mi khi s kin ngt xy ra. (Phn chng trnh ngt s c trnh by chi tit tp 2).
6.2.4
System block cho php ta cu hnh cc ty chn phn cng khc nhau cho S7-200.
6.2.5
Data block lu tr cc gi tr bin khc nhau (vng nh V) c s dng trong chng trnh. Gi tr ban u ca cc d liu c th nhp vo trong khi d liu. (Phn khi d liu s c trnh by chi tit tp 2).
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6.3.1
dng son tho ny chng trnh c hin th gn ging nh s ni dy mt mch trang b in dng cc relay v contactor. Chng ta xem nh c mt dng in t mt ngun in chy qua mt chui cc tip im logic ng vo t tri qua phi ti ng ra. Chng trnh iu khin c chia ra lm nhiu Network, mi mt Network thc hin mt nhim v nh v c th. Cc Network c x l ln lt t trn xung di v t tri sang phi. Cc phn t ch yu dng trong dng son tho ny l: V d: Tip im khng o: Tip im o: Ng ra (hoc trng thi ni ca bin): Cc hp chc nng (Box): cc chc nng c biu din dng hp nh cc php ton s hc, nh thi, b m
Dng son tho ny c mt s u im: D dng cho nhng ngi mi bt u lp trnh Biu din dng ha d hiu v thng dng Lun lun c th chuyn t dng STL sang LAD
6.3.2
Dng son tho FBD hin th chng trnh dng ha tng t nh s cc cng logic. FBD khng s dng khi nim ng ngun cung cp tri v phi; do khi nim dng in khng c s dng. Thay vo l logic 1. Khng c tip im v cun dy nh dng LAD, nhng c cc cng logic v cc hp chc nng. Cc cng logic nh AND, OR, XORs tng ng vi cc tip im logic ni tip hay song song V d:
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u ra ca cc cng logic hay hp chc nng c th c s dng ni tip vi u vo ca cc cng logic hay cc hp chc nng khc. Vi dng son tho ny c mt s im chnh sau: Biu din dng ha cc cng chc nng gip chng ta d c hiu theo trnh t iu khin. Lun c th chuyn t hin th dng FBD sang STL. 6.3.3 Dng lit k lnh : STL (StaTement List)
y l dng son tho chng trnh dng tp hp cc cu lnh. Ngi dng phi nhp cc cu lnh t bn phm, gia lnh v ton hng (ton hng c th l a ch, d liu) c khong trng v mi lnh chim mt hng. dng son tho ny s c mt s chc nng m dng son tho LAD hay FBD khng c. V d:
Dng san tho ny c mt s im chnh: L dng san tho ph hp cho nhng ngi c kinh nghim lp trnh PLC. STL cho php gii quyt mt s vn m i khi kh khn khi dng LAD hoc FBD. Lun lun c th chuyn t dng LAD hay FBD v dng STL nhng khi chuyn ngc li t STL sang LAD hay FBD s c mt s phn t chng trnh khng chuyn c.
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6.4.1.1 Vng son tho chng trnh Vng son tho chng trnh cha chng trnh v bng khai bo bin cc b ca khi chng trnh ang c m. Chng trnh con (vit tt l SUB) v chng trnh ngt (vit tt l INT) xut hin cui ca s son tho chng trnh. Ty thuc vo vic nhp chut mc no m ca s mn hnh son tho chng trnh tng ng s c m. 6.4.1.2 Cy lnh Cy lnh hin th tt c cc i tng ca d n v cc lnh vit chng trnh iu khin. C th s dng phng php drag and drop (ko v th) tng lnh ring t ca s cy lnh vo chng trnh, hay nhp p chut vo mt lnh m mun chn n vo v tr con tr mn hnh son tho chng trnh.
Thanh cng c
Hnh 6.1: Mn hnh son tho chng trnh STEP 7-Micro/Win 6.4.1.3 Thanh chc nng Thanh chc nng cha mt hm cc biu tng truy cp cc c im chng trnh khc nhau ca STEP 7--Micro/WIN. * Program Block: Nhp p chut vo biu tng ny m ra ca s son tho cc chng trnh ng dng (OB1, SUB hoc INT)
* Symbol Table: Bng k hiu (Symbol table) cho php ngi dng m t cc a ch s dng trong chng trnh di dng cc tn gi gi nh. iu ny gip cho
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vic c hiu chng trnh d dng v khi vit chng trnh t b sai st do s dng trng a ch.
Tn gi nh a ch tuyt i
Ch thch
* Status Chart: Bng trng thi (Status chart) cho php ngi dng gim st trng thi cc ng vo v thay i trng thi tng ng ra. S dng bng trng thi kim tra ni dy phn cng v xem ni dung cc vng nh.
Trong : + Ct Address: Cho php nhp a ch cc bin hay vng nh + Ct Format: Cho php chn dng d liu ca a ch + Ct Current Value: Hin th gi tr hin hnh ca a ch + Ct New Value: Cho php thay i trng thi ng ra hay ni dung vng nh
* Data Block: S dng Data Block nh mt vng nh t trc d liu cho cc bin thuc vng nh V. C th to ra cc Data block khc nhau v t tn theo d lliu chng trinh. V d:
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* System Block : y l khi chc nng h thng, khi m System Block chng ta c th ci t cc chc nng nh: - Communication ports: Chn cc thng s truyn thng vi thit b khc nh my tnh hay CPU khc. Retentive Ranges: Chn cc vng nh v a ch s c thuc tnh retentive Output Tables: Cho php thit lp cu hnh trng thi ON v OFF ca mi ng ra s khi CPU chuyn t trng thi Run sang Stop. Cho php chn thi gian tr cho mt vi ng vo hoc tt c ng vo s (t 0.2ms n 12.8 ms). Mc ch l gip chng nhiu vic ni dy ng vo. Cho php thit lp mt ng vo bt ly s chuyn i trng thi tn hiu rt nhanh. Ngay khi c chuyn i, gi tr ng vo s c cht cho n khi c c bi chu k qut ca PLC. Cho php thit lp lng thi gian PLC s dnh cho cc hot ng nn trong ch RUN. c im ny c s dng ch yu iu khin nh hng ca chu k qut khi x l trng thi v trong hot ng son tho runtime.
Input filter:
Background Time:
EM Confuguration: Cc module intelligent v a ch cu hnh tng ng c nh ngha trong d n. Thng th STEP 7-Micro/WIN wizard t cc a ch ny. Configure LED: LED SF/DIAG (System Fault/Diagnostic) c th c chn sng khi thc hin chc nng cng bc (Force) hoc xy ra li vo/ra (I/O). Tng b nh chng trnh bng cch khng cho son tho ch RUN. i vi b nh D liu th khng th. Cho php t mt khu bo v chng trnh. C 4 cp ngi dng ty chn theo bng sau:
Level 1 Cho php truy cp Level 2 Cho php truy cp Leve 3 Cho php truy cp Level 4 Cho php truy cp
Increase Memory:
Password:
M t chc nng c v ghi d liu Start, Stop, khi ng CPU c v ghi ng h thi gian (time-of-day
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Xa chng trnh, data block hoc system block Copy chng trnh, data block hoc system block vo card nh Cng bc d liu trong status chart Ghi ng ra trng thi stop Xa tc qut trong PLC information So snh d n
Yu cu password
Yu cu password
Khng bao gi cho php Yu cu password (khng bao gi cho php vi system Block) Khng bao gi cho php Yu cu password (khng bao gi cho php vi system Block)
Yu cu password
* Cross Reference: Bng tham chiu cho bit nhng a ch vng nh no (Byte, bit, word hay DWord, timer, counter) s dng v v tr (location) trong chng trnh cng nh chc nng ca chng. Mt v d bng cross reference c cho hnh 6.2. Ti ct Element, nhp p vo a ch no th trnh son tho s m cho chng ta ca s chng trnh c cha a ch tng ng. Vic ny gip cho chng ta d dng kim tra hay thay i a ch khi c nhu cu.
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Communication:
v Set PG/PC
Cc biu tng ny khi kch hot s m ra hp thoi cho php chng ta ci t cc giao tip vi my tnh nh: chn cng giao tip, a ch CPU, tc truyn. y l bc cn thc hin khi bt u giao tip gia PLC vi my tnh.
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6.4.2
Trong phn mm c t sn nhiu cng c gip ngi lp trnh d dng trong vic s dng. Cc cng c c ngha nh sau: New Project (File menu): Khi ng mt d n mi Open Project (File menu): M mt d n tn ti Save Project (File menu): Lu d n Print (File menu): In chng trnh v ti liu d n Print Preview (File menu): Xem trc khi in Cut (Edit menu): Ct phn chn v a vo clipboard Copy (Edit menu): Copy phn c chn vo clipboard Paste (Edit menu): Dn ni dung clipboard vo ca s c kch hot Undo (Edit menu): Khi phc li phn b xa trc
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Compile (PLC menu): Bin dch ca s c kch hot (Program Block hoc Data Block). Compile All (PLC menu): Bin dch tt c cc phn t d n (Program Block, Data Block, and System Block) Upload (File menu): Ly (Upload) cc phn t d n t PLC vo mn hnh son tho chng trnh Download (File menu): Np (download) cc phn t d n t STEP7-MicroWin vo PLC. Option (Tools menu): Truy cp menu Options RUN (PLC menu): t PLC ch RUN STOP (PLC menu): t PLC ch STOP Program Status (Debug menu): ON/OFF trng thi chng trnh trong PLC. Pause Program Status (Debug menu): Dng ON/OFF trng thi chng trnh trong PLC. Chart Status (Debug menu): ON/OFF hin th trng thi d liu trong bng Status chart. Trend View (View menu): ON/OFF xem trng thi d liu trong PLC dng th Pause Trend View: Dng vic v th d liu Single Read (Debug menu): S dng Single Read cp nht mt ln tt c cc gi tr trong bng Status Chart. Write All (Debug menu): Ghi tt c cc gi tr ct New Value trong bng Status Chart vo PLC. Force (Debug menu): Cng bc d liu PLC Unforce For (Debug menu): G b cng bc d liu PLC
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Unforce All (Debug menu): G b tt c cc cng bc trong bng Status Chart. Read All Forced (Debug menu): c tt c cc gi tr cng bc trong Status Chart.
6.4.3
To mt d n STEP 7-Micro/WIN
6.4.3.1 To d n mi to mt d n mi trong STEP 7-Micro/Win, chn menu File > New hoc biu tng trong toolbar m hp thoi "New" cho php to mi mt d n (project). Trong thanh chc nng, bm vo biu tng , hoc vo menu View > Component > Program Editor m mn hnh son tho
Hnh 6.5: ng dn vo mn hnh son tho chng trnh. chng trnh (hnh 6.5).
Cng trong menu View, ta c th chn ngn ng lp trnh l STL, Ladder hay FBD theo mong mun.
son tho bng k hiu cho cc a ch ta bm vo biu tng trong thanh chc nng, hoc vo menu View > Component > symbol Table. Sau c th t k hiu cho cc a ch nh trnh by mc 6.4.1.3. Phn chi tit s c trnh by trong chng php ton nh phn. 6.4.3.2 Lu d n lu d n, nhp chut vo biu tng , hoc vo menu File > Save. Ca s mn hnh xut hin nh hnh 6.6. Chn th mc cn cha d n, t tn d n v nhp chut vo th Save lu d n
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Th mc cha d n Tn d n
Th mc cha d n D n cn m
6.4.4
Th vin
Th vin (Libraries) c s dng lu tr cc khi chng trnh con c truyn tham s c s dng lp trnh. Cc khi c th copy vo trong
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mt th vin t mt d n c sn hoc chng c th c to ra trc tip trong th vin c lp vi cc d n. Khi ci t STEP 7-Micro/WIN th cc khi cha c ci t vo trong th vin. ci t th vin chun c th download th vin S7-200 t trang www.siemens.com hoc s dng a phn mm STEP 7--Micro/WIN Add-on: STEP 7--Micro/WIN 32 Instruction Library, V1.1 (CD-ROM). C th chn thm hoc xa b bt cc khi chng trnh trong th vin s dng File > Add/Remove Libraries v sau chn th Add chn khi chng trnh th vin mong mun a vo th vin. m th vin, vo Cy Lnh chn mc Libraries, chn cc khi chng trnh cn s dng. Vic to thm cc khi chng trnh con truyn tham s c s dng lm th vin c th c to ra t File > Create Library v chn chng trnh con cn lm th vin.
6.4.5
Trng hp gp kh khn trong lp trnh cng nh cn tm hiu r hn v mt thng tin no trong phn mm ta c th s dng cng c tr gip. C nhiu cch khc nhau m tr gip: 1. S dng menu Help > Contents and Index kch hot tr gip chung. 2. S dng phm F1 tr gip theo ng cnh vi i tng c chn.
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Th Index: Cho php truy cp thng tin tr gip bng vic hin th danh sch cc thut ng theo th t alphabe. Th Find: Cho php tm kim cc t c th v thut ng trong ch tr gip.
Khi nhp chut vo cc t c ni ln c mu xanh v gch chn (hotwords) s xut hin cc tr gip chi tit hn.
6.4.6
Xa b nh CPU
Khi xa PLC th PLC phi t ch STOP v reset PLC theo chun nh my, ngoi tr a ch PLC, tc truyn, v ng h thi gian (time-ofdate clock). xa chng trnh trong PLC thc hin nh sau: 1. Chn PLC > Clear... th hp thoi Clear xut hin 2. Chn tt c cc mc chp nhn bng cch nhp OK. 3. Nu c password trong b nh PLC th hp thoi yu cu password xut hin. xa password th nhp CLEARPLC vo hp thoi v tip tc hot ng xa tt c.
6.4.7
M mt d n ang tn ti sn
M mt d n tn ti (tp tin c phn m rng .mwp) hay thnh phn ca d n v bt u mt phn son tho mi bng cch s dng cc phng php sau: 1. Nhp chut vo biu tng Open Project 2. Chn menu lnh File > Open. 3. n t hp phm Ctrl+O 4. M Windows Explorer v nhp p chut v tp tin c phn m rng .mwp. 5. M mt thnh phn d n bng cch nhp chut phi vo cc ghi ch trong cy lnh (Instruction Tree). Chn Open m. m cc d n c to vi cc phin bn trc Micro/WIN hay STEP 7-Micro/DOS th nhp chut vo Open File>Open v chn tp tin mong mun. Ch : - D n to bng cc phin bn trc ca STEP 7-Micro/WIN hay STEP 7-Micro/DOS c th cha mt hay nhiu cu trc logic m STEP 7Micro/WIN, Version 3.0 v cao hn khng h tr. m c d n, ta phi s dng phin bn c to d n v lu li d n theo th tc sau: 1. Chuyn mn hnh son tho sang STL. ca STEP 7hay chn .
80
Chu Ch c
2. Tt a ch theo k hiu. 3. Lu tp tin d n. - Chng trnh to vi STEP 7-Micro/WIN V3.1 SP1 s dng lnh AND c ng vo n FBD, v c lu xem FBD, th khng th m c vi STEP 7-Micro/WIN V3.1. m cc d n ny vi STEP 7Micro/WIN V3.1, d n trc tin nn c chuyn sang xem STL v lu li dng ny. - Khng th s dng lnh Open m mt d n trong PLC; Cc tp tin d n ch c th m c nu n c lu tr trn PC hoc PG (thit b lp trnh) - Vi phn mm STEP-7 Micro/WIN mi ln m ch c mt d n. V vy mun m 2 d n ti cng mt thi im th phi chy hai ln STEP-7 Micro/WIN. Khi m hai d n, ta c th copy cc phn t chng trnh ln nhau.
6.4.8
kt ni truyn thng S7-200 vi thit b lp trnh th cn phi c cp kt ni (xem chng 4). Vic kt ni truyn thng thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Nhp chut vo biu tng communication trong thanh chc nng hay vo View > Component > Communications.
Hnh 6.9: Mn hnh thit lp truyn thng 2. Kim tra xem a ch ca cp PC/PPI trong hp thoi c c t l 0 cha? Thng mc nh l 0.
81
Chu Ch c
3. Kim tra tham s mng (Network Parameters) v tc truyn (Transmission Rate) c ng cha. Nu cha ng th nhp chut vo th PLC. thit lp li giao tip gia PC v
4. Nhp p chut vo biu tng tm trm S7-200 v mt biu tng CPU cho trm S7-200 c kt ni s c hin th (v d biu tng ).
5. Chn S7-200 v nhp OK. Nu STEP 7--Micro/WIN khng tm ra CPU S7-200, kim tra vic t chnh cc tham s truyn thng v lp li bc ny. 6. Sau khi thit lp truyn thng vi S7-200, ta c th sn sng to v download chng trnh vo CPU.
6.4.9
Ti d n t PLC
C th s dng biu tng trn toolbar hoc menu File ti (upload) chng trnh t PLC v my tnh khi s dng phn mm STEP 7-Micro/WIN. Cn lu l PLC c kt ni truyn thng vi thit b lp trnh. 6.4.9.1 Ti mt khi hoc ba khi C th ti khi chng trnh (OB1, chng trnh con, chng trnh ngt), System Block, v Data Block hay chn la mt trong ba khi ny t PLC v my tnh. Chng trnh trong PLC khng cha cc a ch k hiu hay thng tin status chart. Do , ta khng th ti mt bng Symbol Table hay Status Chart. 6.4.9.2 Ti vo mt d n mi hoc d n rng ti chng trnh v my tnh th mt cch khng lm nh hng n cc chng trnh ang m l ng n li v to mt d n mi, v d n mi l rng nn khng th v tnh ph hy d liu. y l cch thc an ton ly khi chng trnh, system block hoc thng tin data block. Nu mun ly s dng bng k hiu (symbol table) hoc status chart c to cho d n ny, th c th m d n c mn hnh STEP 7-Micro/WIN khc v copy cc thng tin ny vo d n c upload v. 6.4.9.3 Ti vo mt d n tn ti y l mt cch vit tt c cc phn ca chng trnh hin hnh bng chng trnh c np vo PLC trc . 6.4.9.4 Th tc ti d n t PLC v thit b lp trnh thc hin ti, thc hin cc bc sau:
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Chu Ch c
1. Trong STEP 7-Micro/WIN m mt d n gi cc khi s c upload t PLC. Nu mun upload vo mt d n rng, chn File > New hoc s dng biu tng New Project trn toolbar.
Nu mun upload vo mt d n tn ti, chn File > Open hoc s dng biu tng Open Project trn toolbar. trn
2. Chn File > Upload hoc s dng biu tng Upload toolbar khi ng qu trnh upload.
3. Hp thoi Upload xut hin yu cu chn cc khi: program block, data block, and system block. Hy chn cc khi mun Upload, v sau nhp OK.
Hnh 6.11: Ch khi upload t PLC v thit b lp trnh Nhn Yes chp nhn vic upload. STEP 7-Micro/WIN hin th mt thng bo khi upload cc khi thnh cng t PLC v thit b lp trnh hoc my tnh PC. 6.4.10 Np (download) mt d n vo PLC Khi cho php kt ni truyn thng gia PC v PLC, ta c th download chng trnh vo PLC. Cn lu rng khi download mt program block, data block hay system block vo PLC th ni dung ca cc khi c download vo s vit ln cc khi hin hnh trong PLC. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
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Chu Ch c
1. Trc khi download vo PLC, cn phi kim tra xem PLC ch Stop cha thng qua n bo STOP trn PLC. Nu cng tc chn ch trn PLC t v tr TERM th ta c th chn PLC ch RUN hoc STOP t my lp trnh. Nu PLC khng ch STOP, th nhp chut vo biu tng STOP PLC > STOP. trong toolbar hoc chn
Trong trng hp khng dng phn mm th chuyn cng tc chn ch cho PLC v v tr STOP. trong toolbar hoc chn 2. Nhp chut vo biu tng download File > Download. Hp Download xut hin. 3. Chn cc khi cn download. Thng thng l chn tt c. 4. Nhp OK bt u qu trnh download. 5. Nu download thnh cng, th mt hp thoi hin th thng bo: Download Successful. Tip tc n bc 12. 6. Nu loi PLC c chn cho chng trnh trong STEP 7/Micro/WIN khng ph hp vi PLC thc t, th mt hp thoi xut hin vi thng bo: "The PLC type selected for the project does not match the remote PLC type. Continue Download?". 7. t li loi PLC cho ph hp, chn No dng tin trnh downoad. 8. Chn PLC > Type vo hp thoi chn loi PLC. 9. C th chn ng loi PLC theo danh sch trong mc
ca hp thoi. Hoc nhp chut vo th ng loi PLC ang kt ni. STEP 7-Micro/WIN t ng tm
10. Nhp OK chp nhn loi PLC v ng hp thoi. 11. Khi ng li qu trnh download bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng download trong toolbar hay chn File > Download.
12. Ngay khi download thnh cng, ta phi chuyn PLC t STOP sang RUN trc khi PLC c th thc hin chng trnh. Nhp chut vo biu tng RUN trong toolbar hay chn PLC > RUN chuyn
84
Chu Ch c
PLC sang ch RUN khi cng tc chn ch cho PLC v tr TERM. Trng hp s dng cng tc th chuyn t v tr STOP sang RUN.
Hnh 6.12: Ca s Options * General Options - Th General: Chn th ny la chn Program Editor, Mnemonic Set, Programming Mode, Language, v Regional Settings(Measurement System, Time Format, and Date Format) mc nh. - Th Defaults: Chn th ny t v tr tp tin v loi PLC mc nh cho cc d n mi. Ta cng c th chn thm System Symbol Table cho tt c cc d n mi. - Th Colors: Chn th ny gn Font v Color cho cc ca s khc nhau. * Program Editor Options
85
Chu Ch c
- Th Program Editor: Chn th ny nh kch thc, hin th v font ca ca s son tho chng trnh. Chn trng thi hin th bn trong hay bn ngoi lnh. Cu hnh a ch theo k hiu. Ta cng c th chn cho php son tho ton t sau khi t mt lnh v nh dng t ng bt k m lnh STL c nhp vo. - Th STL Status: Chn th ny ty bin cch thc m Program Status c trnh din STL. Ta c th thay i cc t chnh sau: Watch Values, Operands, Logic Stack, Instruction Status Bits. * Other Options - Th Symbol Table: Chn th ny thit lp kiu font, kiu dng v kch thc ca bng k hiu (symbol table). Ta c th chn hin th cc k hiu trng nhau, khng c s dng. - Th Status Chart: Chn th ny thit lp kiu font, kiu dng v kch thc ca status chart. Cng c th thit lp vic nh a ch theo k hiu. - Th Data Block: Chn th ny thit lp kiu font, kiu dng v kch thc v rng ca data block. - Th Cross Reference: Chn th ny thit lp kiu font, kiu dng v kch thc ca bng cross reference. Cng c th thit lp vic nh a ch theo k hiu. - Th Output Window: Chn th ny thit lp kiu font, kiu dng v kch thc ca output window. - Th Instruction Tree: Chn th ny thit lp kiu font, kiu dng v kch thc ca Instruction Tree (cy lnh). Ta cng c th chn cho php t ng xp li ca instruction tree. - Th Navigation Bar: Chn th ny thit lp kiu font, kiu dng v kch thc ca navigation bar. - Th Print: Chn th ny thit lp kiu font, kiu dng v kch thc ca cc d n mun in. 6.4.11.2 Menu Custommize Menu custommize cho php ta thay i s xut hin ni dung trong toolbar v thm vo cc cng c c s dng thng xuyn vo menu Tools.
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Chu Ch c
Hnh 6.13: Ca s custommize. Chn menu lnh Tools > Customize thit lp cc la chn sau: - Th Commands: Cho php thay i s xut hin cc ni dung ca toolbars. - Th Add-On Tools: Cho php thm vo cc cng c c s dng thng xuyn vo menu Tools. * Thay i s xut hin: - Chn Show Tooltips nu mun cc nt nhn hin th cc thng tin v n khi con tr chut dng trn nt nhn. - Chn Show Flat Buttons nu mun cc nt nhn xut hin dng phng thay v xut hin dng 3-D. * Di chuyn mt nt nhn: - Chn mt toolbar t hp danh sch Category hin th cc nt nhn ca toolbar . di chuyn mt nt nhn t toolbar mc nh sang toolbar khc, th chn tn ca toolbar cha nt nhn cn di chuyn t hp danh sch Category. Ko nt nt nhn mong mun trong vng nt nhn ra vng toolbar thm n vo toolbar. - loi b mt nt nhn trn toolbar, ko nt nhn trn toolbar v b vo vng nt nhn ca hp thoi Customize.
87
Chu Ch c
* Th Add-On Tools: Thm mt cng c vo menu Tools. c im ny c d nh tit kim thi gian i vi cc cng c c s dng thng xuyn. thm mt cng c, nhp vo th Add-On Tools, nhp vo nt , v in vo cc vng di:
Bt k lnh c yu cu c bt u v kt thc bi du ngoc kp khi nhp vo vng command(v d: "xxx xxx"). - Menu Text: Chn mt tn nhn dng cng c trn menu Tools. - Command: Cung cp tn tp tin ca chng trnh cng c hay bat. file. - Arguments: Cung cp cc ch dng lnh s dng bi tp tin *.exe. - Initial Directory: Cung cp ng dn th mc ang m cho cng c. S dng nt tm cc tp tin v th mc.
Khi thm vo mt cng c thnh cng, trong menu Tools xut hin cng c thm.
Trng hp khng c PLC, th ta ch c th son tho chng trnh v lu tr li. Cn nu mun kim tra th cn phi c phn mm m phng S7200. Cc bc son tho mt d n mi: 1. M mn hnh son tho chng trnh 2. Nhp bng k hiu 3. Nhp chng trnh 4. Lu chng trnh 5. Download chng trnh vo CPU. 6. t CPU ch RUN. 7. Tm li v chnh sa chng trnh. hiu c phn mm STEP 7-Micro/WIN d dng, chng ta nn vit mt v d n gin c cho hnh 6.14 v bng thit lp vo/ra cho bng 6.1. Do mi bt u, ta nn vit chng trnh dng LAD, ri sau c th xem dng FBD hay STL.
88
Chu Ch c
LAD
STL
Hnh 6.14: V d son tho mt chng trnh mi K hiu S_Stop S_Right S_Left K1 K2 a ch I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 Q0.0 Q0.1 Ch thch Nt nhn dng ng c, thng ng (NC) Nt nhn ng c quay phi, thng h (NO) Nt nhn ng c quay tri, thng h (NO) Contactor cp in ng c quay phi Contactor cp in ng c quay tri
Bng 6.1: Bng xc nh kt ni dy vo/ra vi ngoi vi Cc bc thc hin: Bc 1: M mn hnh son tho chng trnh
m mn hnh Nhp chut vo biu tng Program Block son tho chng trnh (hnh 6.15). Ch ca s cy lnh (instruction tree) v vng son tho chng trnh. S dng cy lnh chn cc lnh c biu din dng LAD vo cc networks ca mn hnh son tho chng trnh bng cch ko v th cc lnh t cy lnh vo cc networks. c th nhp y cc ch thch (comment), th cn hin th cc ch thch trong mn hnh son tho chng trnh. Vo View > POU Comment hin th dng ch thch tiu chng trnh v View > Network comments hin th dng ch thch ca tng network.
89
Chu Ch c
Cy lnh
Hnh 6.16: Mn hnh son tho chng trnh Bc 2: Nhp bng k hiu Nhp chut vo biu tng Symbol Table son tho bng k hiu (hnh 6.17). Ct k hiu tng ng vi ct Symbol. Ct a ch tng ng vi ct Address. Ct ch thch tng ng vi ct comment. m mn hnh
Nhp cc thng tin (ch khng du) bng 6.1 vo bng Symbol Table. Vi:
Hnh 6.17: Mn hnh son tho bng k hiu Sau khi nhp xong, ta c bng k hiu nh hnh 6.18.
90
Chu Ch c
Hnh 6.18: Bng k hiu cc phn t trong chng trnh Trong qu trnh lp trnh c th pht sinh thm cc a ch mi. Khi pht sinh thm a ch mi, ta nn b sung a ch vo trong bng k hiu d dng cho qu trnh tm v x l li sau ny. Bc 3: Nhp chng trnh
Nhp chut vo biu tng Program Block son tho chng trnh (hnh 6.15). Nhp Network 1: Dong co quay phai
m li mn hnh
Khi n nt nhn S_Right (I0.1), th tip im I0.1 ng, nt nhn S_Stop l thng ng nn ng vo I0.0 lun lun c in hay tip im I0.0 cng ng, v bnh thng ng ra Q0.1 cng khng c in (0) nn tip im ny cng ng. Kt hp 3 tip im ny s c dng in cung cp cho cun dy Q0.0 (ni vi K1). Contactor K1 c in ng tip im ng lc ca n cp ngun cho ng c quay phi. Tip im Q0.0 (song song I0.1) ng duy tr dng cung cp cho Q0.0 khi nt nhn S_Right h ra. Nhp cc dng ch thch nh cho trong hnh 6.14. Nhp cc tip im nh sau: 1. Nhp p chut vo hnh tng Bit Logic hoc nhp chut vo du cng (+) ca s cy lnh hin th cc lnh trong bit logic. 2. Chn tip im Normally Open . 3. Gi chut tri v ko tip im vo network u tin. 4. Nhp chut vo ??? trn tip im v nhp vo a ch: I0.1 v sau nhn phm Enter. 5. Tng t t bc 2 n bc 4 nhp a ch I0.0 6. Chn tip im Normally Closed v sau nhp vo a ch Q0.1
91
Chu Ch c
Ch : khi g cc a ch I0.0, I0.1, Q0.0, Q0.1 c th ta s nhn c kt qu l cc a ch theo k hiu. hin li cc a ch tuyt i ta b kch hot View > Symbolic Addressing. R nhnh Network 1. gi chut tri v ko 1. Tng chn tip im Normally Open tip im vo v tr con tr chut (hnh 6.18) v t tn Q0.0.
Hnh 6.18: R nhnh network 2. con tr chut v tr nh hnh 6.19a v nhp chut vo biu tng line up kt thc (hnh 6.19b).
(a) Hnh 6.19: R nhnh network Nhp network 2: Dong co quay trai Tng t nh network 1. Bc 4: Lu chng trnh
(b)
Sau khi nhp hai network lnh, ta nhp xong chng trnh. Khi lu chng trnh, ta to mt d n bao gm loi CPU S7-200 v cc tham s khc. lu mt d n, thc hin nh sau: 1. Chn File > Save As 2. Nhp vo tn ca d n trong hp thoi Save As
92
Chu Ch c
3. Nhp OK lu d n. Bc 5: Download chng trnh vo CPU Sau khi lu d n, ta c th download chng trnh vo S7-200. Mi d n c lin kt vi mt loi CPU (CPU 221, CPU 222, CPU 224, CPU 224XP, hoc CPU 226). Nu kiu d n khng ph hp vi CPU ang kt ni, th STEP 7--Micro/WIN bo li khng tng thch v cc ng dn ta tip tc cng vic. Nu iu ny xy ra, chn Continue Download. Thc hin download chng trnh nh sau: 1. 2. Nhp chut vo biu tng Download trn toolbar hoc chn File > Download download chng trnh. Nhp OK download cc phn t chng trnh vo S7-200. Nu S7-200 ch RUN, mt hp thoi xut hin yu cu bn t S7200 ch STOP. Nhp chut vo Yes t S7-200 ch STOP.
Bc 6: t S7-200 ch RUN i vi phn mm STEP 7-Micro/WIN t CPU S7-200 vo ch RUN, th cng tc chn ch ca S7-200 phi c t v tr TERM hoc RUN. Khi t S7-200 ch RUN, th S7-200 thc hin chng trnh: 1. Nhp chut vo biu tng RUN RUN. trn toolbar hoc chn PLC >
2. Nhp OK chuyn ch hot ng ca S7-200. 3. Khi S7-200 i vo ch RUN th n RUN trn PLC sng. Bc 7: Tm li v chnh sa chng trnh Sau khi CPU ch RUN, ta c th kim tra li chng trnh bng cch n cc nt nhn S_Right, S_Stop, S_Left v quan st cc n LED Q0.0 v Q0.1. Nu n nt nhn S_Right, th n LED Q0.0 sng. n nt S_Stop, th n LED Q0.0 tt. n nt S_Left, th n Q0.1 sng. n nt S_Stop, th n LED Q0.1 tt. Nu vic kim tra khng t c kt qu nh m t, th c th gim st chng trnh bng cch chn Debug > Program Status hoc nhp chut vo biu tng . Da vo trng thi ca cc tip im v cc cun dy trong chng trnh m c th tm ra cc li v chnh sa cho ph hp vi yu cu cng ngh.
93
Chu Ch c
dng chng trnh, t S7-200 v ch STOP bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng STOP hoc chn PLC > STOP.
94
Chu Ch c
7.1
Trong cc CPU S7-200 c mt ngn xp gm 9 bit, chng c s dng cho cc cu lnh m d liu l dng bit. Khi vit chng trnh dng STL th ngi lp trnh cn hiu r v phng thc hot ng ca cc bit trong ngn xp. Ngn xp logic l mt khi gm 9 bit chng ln nhau. Tt c cc thut ton lin quan n ngn xp u ch lm vic vi bit u tin hoc vi bit u v bit th hai ca ngn xp. Gi tr logic mi u c th c gi (hoc c ni thm) vo ngn xp. Khi phi hp hai bit u tin ca ngn xp, th ngn xp s c ko ln mt bit. Ngn xp v tn ca tng bit trong ngn xp c biu din di y: S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Stack 0 bit u tin hay bit trn cng ca ngn xp. Stack 1 bit th hai ca ngn xp. Stack 2 bit th ba ca ngn xp. Stack 3 bit th t ca ngn xp. Stack 4 bit th nm ca ngn xp. Stack 5 bit th su ca ngn xp. Stack 6 bit th by ca ngn xp. Stack 7 bit th tm ca ngn xp. Stack 8 bit th chn ca ngn xp.
Trong 9 Stack, th Stack 0 l ngn xp quan trng nht. Gi tr logic ca n s l kt qu ca php ton logic. Hay ni khc i, sau mt php ton logic nh phn th kt qu ca php ton s c lu Stack 0. Nu gi tr logic Stack 0 c gi tr l 0 th kt qu thu c l 0, tng t nu c gi tr l 1 th kt qu thu c l 1. Ngoi ra gi tr logic 1 ca Stack 0 cn l iu kin bt buc cho vic thi hnh i vi mt s lnh.
95
Chu Ch c
S1
I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 ... M
S2
Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2
PLC
Q0.3 ... L
H1
H1
24V
a) Hnh 7.1
+ Lp bng k hiu m t tn v a ch ca bin (son tho bng cch m mc Symbol Table trong phn mm son tho):
96
Chu Ch c
Hnh 7.3 Chng trnh c biu din 3 dng LAD, FBD v STL.
I0.0
I0.1
I0.2
I0.3
...
PLC
Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 ... L
H1
24V
a) Hnh 7.4
LAD
FBD
STL
97
Chu Ch c
7.2.3
T hp cc cng AND v OR
Trong thc t, cc i tng iu khin ph thuc vo mt t hp cc lin kt logic AND v OR. Ty theo lin kt no ng trc m s c cc lnh STL khc nhau. 7.2.3.1 AND trc OR thc hin php OR hai lin kt AND li vi nhau th trong chng trnh vit dng STL phi s dng thm lnh OLD. V d 7.3:
b)
FBD
STL
Hnh 7.6 AND trc OR: a) Mch in, b) Ni dy vi PLC, c) Chng trnh 7.2.3.2 OR trc AND thc hin php AND hai lin kt OR li vi nhau th trong chng trnh vit dng STL phi s dng thm lnh ALD.
98
Chu Ch c
V d 7.4:
b) FBD STL
7.2.4
Php ton XOR c s dng khi c 2 tn hiu m nu chng c cng trng thi th ng ra s xung mc 0 cn nu 2 tn hiu ny khc trng thi th ng ra s ln mc 1. V d 7.5: s hnh 7.8a, mi mt nt nhn c gn 2 tip im (1NO v 1NC), khi tc ng nt nhn th c 2 tip im ny tc ng theo. n sng nu tc ng ch mt trong hai cng tc S1 hoc S2. Bng k hiu
99
Chu Ch c
S1
S2
H1
FBD
Hnh 7.9
r hn trng thi cc tip im c ni vi ng vo s v kt qu x l chng trnh trong PLC, ta xem bng 7.1. T bng ny, ta c mt s nhn xt nh sau: 1. Ng vo c logic 1 khi ng vo c in p.
100
Chu Ch c
2. Nu ng vo c ni vi tip im thng ng (NC), th ng vo trng thi bnh thng lun c in (n LED bo ng vo tng ng sng). N ch b mt in nu tip im NC b tc ng. 3. Nu ng vo c ni vi tip im thng h (NO), th ng vo trng thi bnh thng khng c in (n LED bo ng vo tng ng tt). N ch c in khi tc ng tip im NO. 4. Nu s dng tip im khng o trng thi tn hiu , th kt qu x l trong chng trnh c cng trng thi logic vi ng vo. , th kt qu x l 5. Nu s dng tip im o trng thi tn hiu trong chng trnh c trng thi logic ngc vi ng vo. 6. Khng c thay ty tin tip im thng h (NO) bng tip im trong chng trnh, cng nh tip im thng ng (NC) bng tip im
B to tn hiu nh phn Cm bin, nt nhn l mt Cm bin , nt nhn b tc ng c 1 LAD: khng tc ng 1 LAD: 0 in p ti ng vo PLC Trng thi tn hiu ti ng vo
NO
khng
tip im khng o
tip im o
tc ng khng 0
FBD: 0
FBD: 1
NC
khng tc ng c 1 STL: LD Ix.y 1 STL: LDN Ix.y 0
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Chu Ch c
V d sau y s lm sng t hn v vic x l cc tip im ni vi ng V d 7.6: Trong 3 mch di y (hnh 7.10), n H1 s sng khi n nt nhn S1 v khng n nt nhn S2. T v d ta nhn thy d ng vo c ni vi loi nt nhn no cng vn c th lp chng trnh tha mn c yu cu t ra. Tuy nhin vic s dng cc tip im thng m hoc thng ng trong qu trnh iu khin ph thuc vo cc qui tc an ton. Cc tip im thng ng lun lun c s dng cho cng tc hnh trnh v cng tc an ton, khng ch s nguy him nu dy in b t trong mch in cm bin. Cc tip im thng ng cng c dng tt my v l do tng t nh trn.
Hardware S1 E I0.0
PLC
S2 EI0.1 Q0.0 H1
S1 E I0.0
PLC
S1
S2 EI0.1
PLC
Q0.0 H1
Software
LAD
FBD
STL
7.4.1
102
Chu Ch c
Trong trng hp nu c hai nt nhn m my S1 v dng S2 cng tc ng m contactor c in th l mch t duy tr u tin m my. Bng k hiu K hiu S1 S2 K1 a ch I0.0 I0.1 Q0.0 Ch thch Nt nhn m my, thng h (NO) Nt nhn dng my, thng ng (NC) Contactor
a)
b)
Hnh 7.11 Mch u tin m my: a) mch iu khin, b) ni dy PLC LAD FBD STL
7.4.2
Trong trng hp nu c hai nt nhn m my S1 v dng S2 cng tc ng m contactor khng c in th l mch t duy tr u tin dng my. Bng k hiu K hiu S1 S2 K1 a ch I0.0 I0.1 Q0.0 Ch thch Nt nhn m my, thng h (NO) Nt nhn dng my, thng ng (NC) Contactor
103
Chu Ch c
a) LAD
b) FBD STL
Hnh 7.13
7.4.3
iu khin ON/OFF ng c c ch bo
Mt ng c in 3 pha c iu khin bng mt PLC S7-200. Khi nhn nt S2 (thng h) th ng c s chy. Khi nhn nt S1 (thng ng) th ng c s dng li. Cc ch hot ng chy v dng c bo bng 2 n bo H1 v H2. Cc thit b ng lc gm c: Cu ch 3 pha F1 CB bo v ng c (Motor CB) Q1 Contactor K1
Khi iu khin dng PLC th mch ng lc vn gi nguyn. Phn mch iu khin c bin i thnh chng trnh. Cn ch rng cc thit b in nh nt nhn, CB, n bo u gi nguyn khng thay i. Nu ta s dng PLC S7-200 loi DC/DC/DC th ng ra ca PLC cn phi kt ni vi mt relay trung gian K11 s dng ngun 24Vdc. Relay ny c dng ng in cho cun dy contactor K1 (hnh 7.15). Ring cc n bo ta c th thay th bng loi 24Vdc nhm tit kim relay trung gian. Ch : Cng c th s dng loi CPU DC/DC/RLY, th ng ra ca n c th kt ni trc tip vi cun dy K1. (xem thm chng 5 v ni dy PLC vi ngoi vi).
104
Chu Ch c
Bng k hiu K hiu S1 S2 K11 H1 H2 a ch I0.0 I0.1 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Ch thch Nt nhn dng my, thng ng (NC) Nt nhn m my, thng h (NO) Relay trung gian n bo ng c hot ng n bo ng c dng
a) a) Mch ng lc;
b) b) Mch iu khin
105
Chu Ch c
7.4.4
Mt ng c in 3 pha cn c iu khin o chiu. Khi n S1 (thng h) th ng c s quay phi v n H1 sng bo ng c ang quay phi. Khi nhn nt S2 (thng h) th ng c quay tri v n H2 sng bo ng c ang quay tri. ng c c th dng bt c lc no nu n nt dng S3 (thng ng) hoc ng c xy ra s c qu dng lm cho tip im ca thit b bo v Q1 tc ng (tip im 13, 14 ca Motor CB). Khi ng c dng n bo H3 sng. Tng t nh mc 7.4.3, ta s dng PLC S7-200 loi DC/DC/DC, ng ra ca PLC iu khin quay phi kt ni vi relay trung gian K11, ng ra ca PLC iu khin quay tri kt ni vi relay trung gian K21 s dng ngun 24Vdc. Cc relay ny c dng ng in cho cun dy contactor K1 v K2 (hnh 7.17). Ring cc n bo ta c th thay th bng loi 24Vdc nhm tit kim relay trung gian.
106
Chu Ch c
L1
CB
Q1
S1
13
13
43
43
31
S2
K1
S3
14
K2
14
K1
44
K2
44
K1
32
21
21
31
K2
22 A1
K1
22 A1
K2
32
K1
A2
K1
A2
H1
H2
H3
Mch ng lc v iu khin o chiu quay ng c dng contactor Bng k hiu a ch Ch thch I0.0 Nt nhn dng my, thng ng (NC) I0.1 Nt nhn quay phi, thng h (NO) I0.2 Nt nhn quay tri, thng h (NO) I0.3 Tip im bo qu dng, thng ng (NC) Q0.0 Relay trung gian iu khin quay phi Q0.1 Relay trung gian iu khin quay tri Q0.2 n bo ng c quay phi Q0.3 n bo ng c quay tri Q0.4 n bo ng c dng
S3 Q1
24V
I0.0
I0.1
I0.2
I0.3
...
PLC
Q0.0 K21 K11 Q0.1 K11 K21 H1 H2 H3
24V
Q0.2
Q0.3
Q0.4
...
a) Hnh 7.17
107
Chu Ch c
Ch : Trong cc iu khin c o chiu quay th ti cc ng ra PLC iu khin 2 chiu quay ca ng c ta cn phi ni thm 2 tip im thng ng kha cho nhau ca 2 contactor (hoc relay) m bo an ton. Chng trnh PLC: Biu din LAD v STL:
108
Chu Ch c
7.5
Trong thit k cc chng trnh iu khin, ta c th c mt s lng ln cc logic c lin kt vi nhau. V d nh mch sau:
Vi cc lin kt logic nh th ny th vic tm li rt kh khn. d dng hn trong lp trnh v tm li, th cc kt qu trung gian s c lu vo mt nh. Trong S7-200 th cc nh ny l bit memory (M). Trong S7-200 c 32 byte nh M (t M0.0 n M31.7). Chng c xem nh l cc ng ra trung gian. Khi mt ngun cp th ni dung c nh trong cc bit nh M c th b mt hoc vn cn gi li ty thuc vo vic t thuc tnh cho vng nh ny l retentive (nh lu di) hay non-retentive (khng nh lu di). * Bit memory c thuc tnh Retentive: Cc bit c thuc tnh ny u gi li gi tr ca n khi ngun cung cp b mt. Ngha l nu trc khi b mt in, nh M c gi tr no th n vn gi nguyn gi tr khi PLC b mt in. Cc nh c ng dng nh cc trng thi hot ng ca my mc hay thit b trc khi b mt in. ln khi ng k tip th cc my mc hay thit b c th tip tc lm vic ti v tr trc lc mt in. Vng retentive c thit lp bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng system Block hoc vo menu View > Component > System Block. Chn mc Retentive Ranges. Nu chn th defauls th tt c cc vng nh c thuc tnh retentive u theo
109
Chu Ch c
chun ca nh sn xut. i vi vng nh M th bt u t byte MB14 n MB31. Tuy nhin chng ta vn c th t li theo mun (hnh 7.18). * Bit memory c thuc tnh non-retentive: Gi tr cc bit ny b xa khi PLC mt ngun cung cp. Theo chun nh sn xut th ta c MB0 n MB13 thuc tnh non-retentive.
Hnh 7.18: Mn hnh thit lp retentive memory. Khi s dng bit memory (M), ta c th lm cho chng trnh d c hn. S mch nh hnh 7.19.
I0.0 I0.1 I0.1 I0.3 I0.2 I0.1 I0.2
M0.0
M0.1
Hnh 7.19: Mch logic c lm cho d c hn vi bit memory. Chng trnh LAD v STL nh sau:
110
Chu Ch c
STL:
Lnh SET (S) l lnh thng dng rt thng c s dng v lnh ny u c trong hu ht cc PLC. Lnh Set s t trng thi ca mt hoc nhiu bit (thuc vng nh V, M, Q, T, C, SM, L) c a ch lin tc ln mc 1 v duy tr trng thi ny cho n khi b xa bng mt lnh khc. Chng ta c th Set mt ln ti a ti 255 bit. Lnh SET ch c thc hin khi Stack 0 c gi tr logic 1. C php STL: S S_Bit, n v n l s lng bit bt u t S_Bit. V d: Khi tn hiu ti I0.0 ln mc 1 th s set 3 bit t Q0.0 n Q0.2. Chng trnh 3 dng nh sau: LAD FBD STL v LAD:
111
Chu Ch c
7.6.2
Lnh Reset (R) t trng thi ca mt hoc nhiu bit c a ch lin tc xung mc 0. Tng t nh lnh Set chng ta c th Reset ti 255 bit nh thuc cc vng nh V, M, Q, T, C, SM, L. Lnh RESET ch c thc hin khi Stack 0 c gi tr logic 1. C php STL: R S_Bit, n v LAD: Vi S_Bit l bit u tin ca vng nh cn t xung mc logic 0. v n l s lng bit bt u t S_Bit. V d: Khi tn hiu ti I0.1 ln mc 1 th s reset 3 bit t Q0.0 n Q0.2 v logic 0. Chng trnh 3 dng nh sau: LAD FBD STL
7.6.3
Mch nh R-S
Mch nh l mch c hai trng thi n nh v thng qua tn hiu ng vo m trng thi ca n thay i. i vi mch iu khin dng relay v contactor ta c mch t duy tr. Cn trong PLC c khu R-S (vit tt ca Reset v Set). Mch nh R-S l rt cn thit trong k thut iu khin. N c xem l mt chc nng c bn trong hu ht cc loi PLC v c chia thnh hai loi l: u tin SET v u tin RESET. 7.6.3.1 u tin SET (khu SR) Biu din LAD: Vi: xxx: S1: R: OUT: v FBD: SR: a ch cn iu khin Ng vo Set. K hiu u tin Set. Ng vo Reset. Ng ra, c th ni vi mt a ch dng bit K hiu gi nh khu SR
112
Chu Ch c
ly khu SR, ta nhp chut vo du cng ca lnh, chn phn t SR v ko th vo network mong mun.
Khu SR tng ng vi mch t duy tr u tin m my trong iu khin dng contactor. 7.6.3.2 u tin RESET (khu RS) Biu din LAD: Vi: xxx: S: R1: v FBD: OUT: RS: a ch cn iu khin Ng vo Set. Ng vo Reset. K hiu u tin ReSet. Ng ra, c th ni vi mt a ch dng bit K hiu gi nh khu RS
Nu c hai iu kin cho S v R ln mc logic 1 th ng ra OUT l 0. Bng s tht S1 0 0 1 1 R 0 1 0 1 OUT Trng thi trc 0 1 0 trong cy
ly khu RS, ta nhp chut vo du cng ca lnh, chn phn t RS v ko th vo network mong mun.
Khu RS tng ng vi mch t duy tr u tin dng my trong iu khin dng contactor.
113
Chu Ch c
7.6.4
Khi s dng vi cc lnh S v R trong chng trnh PLC cn ch cc qui tc sau: Cc iu kin lm cho i tng iu khin mc tch cc (logic 1) c s dng vi lnh S. Cc iu kin lm cho i tng iu khin mc khng tch cc (logic 0) c s dng vi lnh R. Khi vit lnh S cho mt i tng iu khin th nht thit (ty theo yu cu cng ngh) phi c mt lnh R cho i tng iu khin . Nu lnh S c vit trc lnh R th kt qu thu c s l kt qu ca lnh R nu c hai iu kin cho S v R cng mc logic 1 ngha l i tng iu khin mc logic 0. Nu lnh R c vit trc lnh S th kt qu thu c s l kt qu ca lnh S nu c hai iu kin cho S v R cng mc logic 1 ngha l i tng iu khin mc logic 1. Khi vit chng trnh vi lnh S th khng c s dng tip im t duy tr (loi b tip im t duy tr). Ty theo cng ngh khi s dng cc iu kin cho lnh R th trng thi bnh thng cc iu kin ny phi c mc logic 0.
7.6.5
V d 7.7 : Mch u tin m my. Yu cu ca mch u tin m my nh mc 7.4.1, tuy nhin cn phi s dng mch nh R-S khi lp trnh. trnh lp li ta s dng li bng k hiu v s ni dy PLC mc 7.4.1 Phn tch: Theo yu cu ca mch ta c cc nhn xt sau: 1. 2. 3. 4. iu kin cho contactor K1 c in l nt nhn S1 c n nt nhn S1 c s dng vi lnh S. iu kin cho contactor K1 mt in l nt nhn S2 c n nt nhn S2 c s dng vi lnh R. Khi c hai nt nhn S1 v S2 cng n th contactor c in s dng mch nh u tin SET (khu SR). Trng thi bnh thng ca nt nhn S1 l thng h (logic 0 ti ng vo I0.0) nn khi lp trnh s dng tip im khng o trng thi tn hiu ( tip im ). Cn S2 l thng ng (logic 1
114
Chu Ch c
V d 7.8 : Mch u tin dng my. Yu cu ca mch u tin dng my nh mc 7.4.2, tuy nhin cn phi s dng mch nh R-S khi lp trnh. trnh lp li ta s dng li bng k hiu v s ni dy PLC mc 7.4.2 Phn tch: Theo yu cu ca mch ta c cc nhn xt sau: 1. iu kin cho contactor K1 c in l nt nhn S1 c n nt nhn S1 c s dng vi lnh S. 2. iu kin cho contactor K1 mt in l nt nhn S2 c n nt nhn S2 c s dng vi lnh R. 3. Khi c hai nt nhn S1 v S2 cng n th contactor mt in s dng mch nh u tin RESET (khu RS). 4. Trng thi bnh thng ca nt nhn S1 l thng h (logic 0 ti ng vo I0.0) nn khi lp trnh s dng tip im khng o trng thi tn hiu ( tip im ). Cn S2 l thng ng (logic 1 ti ng vo I0.1) nn khi lp trnh s dng tip im o trng thi tn hiu (tip im ).
115
Chu Ch c
n gin v d hiu, v d ny ly li yu cu cng ngh ca mch iu khin o chiu quay mc 7.4.4. Tuy nhin cn phi s dng mch nh R-S khi lp trnh. trnh lp li ta s dng li bng k hiu v s ni dy PLC mc 7.4.4. Phn tch: Theo yu cu cng ngh ta c cc nhn xt sau: 1. i vi contactor K1 (c ng in gin tip bi K11). iu kin Set (lm cho K1 c in): Nt nhn S2 c n. Tuy nhin v l do an ton K2 mt in mi c php m my nn phi kt hp thm iu kin K2 mt in. Set K1= S2 K 2 iu kin Reset (lm cho K1 mt in): C 2 kh nng l hoc nt nhn dng S1 c n hoc tip im bo v qu dng Q1 tc ng. Reset K1= S1 Q1 V l do an ton, K1 b mt in nu iu kin SET v RESET cho n cng logic 1 s dng khu SR.
2. i vi contactor K2 (c ng in gin tip bi K21) - iu kin Set: Nt nhn S3 c n. Tuy nhin v l do an ton K1 mt in mi c php m my nn phi kt hp thm iu kin K1 mt in. Set K2 = S3 K1 iu kin Reset: C 2 kh nng l hoc nt nhn dng S1 c n hoc tip im bo v qu dng Q1 tc ng. Reset K2= S1 Q1 V l do an ton, K2 b mt in nu iu kin SET v RESET cho n cng logic 1 s dng khu SR.
3. i vi n bo H1. - n sng khi K1 c in v tt khi K1 mt in H1=K1 4. i vi n bo H2 n sng khi K2 c in v tt khi K2 mt in. H2=K2 5. i vi n bo H3 n sng khi c K1 v K2 mt in. H3 = K1 K2 Theo cc phn tch ta vit c chng trnh nh sau:
116
Chu Ch c
FBD
LAD
STL
117
Chu Ch c
7.7.1
Lnh NOT
Lnh NOT o gi tr ca bit u tin trong ngn xp (Stack 0). Nu sau mt php ton nh phn m s dng lnh NOT th kt qu s b o li. Ngha l nu kt qu php ton nh phn lm cho Stack 0 c gi tr logic 1 th lnh NOT s cho kt qu l 0, v ngc li. - Kt hp lnh NOT sau cc cng logic nh OR, AND, XOR ta thu c cc cng NOR, NAND, XNOR. V d: - Cng NAND vi 2 ng vo I0.0 v I0.1 v ng ra Q0.0 l: FBD LAD STL
7.7.2
Hai lnh nhn bit cnh tn hiu l lnh nhn bit cnh ln (EU) v nhn bit cnh xung (ED). Lnh nhn bit cnh ln (EU) s t gi tr logic 1 vo bit u tin ca Stack 0 trong mt chu k qut chng trnh khi pht hin s chuyn trng thi t 0 ln 1 trong Stack 0. Cn cc trng hp khc n s t Stack 0 v 0. Lnh nhn bit cnh xung (ED) s t gi tr logic 1 vo bit u tin ca Stack 0 trong mt chu k qut chng trnh khi pht hin s chuyn trng thi t 1 xung 0 trong Stack 0. Cn cc trng hp khc n s t Stack 0 v 0. V d: Ly cnh ln ca I0.0 xut ra Q0.0, cn cnh xung xut ra Q0.1.
118
Chu Ch c
LAD
FBD
STL
Hnh 7.20: Gin thi gian ca v d ly cnh ln v xung ca tn hiu. V d 7.10: Vit chng trnh iu khin n gin cho bng ti sn phm (hnh 7.21). Khi sn phm A c vn chuyn n v tr cn thao tc th bng ti dng li (c pht hin bi cm bin CB1). n nt S1 th bng ti tip tc hot ng cho n khi no mt sn phm n ng v tr th dng li. Qu trnh c lp li nh trn. Phn tch: - iu kin Set bng ti: Nt nhn S1 - iu kin Reset bng ti: Cm bin CB1. - Sn phm n cm bin CB1 th bng ti dng li, nh vy cm bin lun b tc ng. Nu ta dng u tin Reset th khng th no khi ng li bng ti. Cn nu dng u tin Set th khi no sn phm qua khi cm bin mi c th bung tay th nt nhn S1 Dng lnh nhn bit cnh tn hiu khng ch. V chc chn sn phm qua cm bin th s dng lnh nhn bit cnh xung.
119
Chu Ch c
LAD
FBD
STL
7.8 Cc Bit nh c bit (Special Memory bits) Cc bit nh SM (Special memory bits) cung cp nhiu chc nng trng thi v iu khin, cng nh cung cp thng tin truyn thng gia S7-200 v chng trnh. Cc bit nh c bit c th c s dng dng bits, bytes, words v double words. Trong phn ny ch trnh by cc bit trng thi ca SMB0. Cn cc bit nh SM khc s c trnh by mi chng tng ng trong quyn sch ny v quyn tip theo (tp 2). SMB0 cha tm bit trng thi v c cp nht mi chu k qut ca S7-200. y l cc bit nh ch c. Bit SM0.0 SM0.1 SM0.2 SM0.3 SM0.4 SM0.5 SM0.6 SM0.7 Chc nng Bit lun lun c trng thi 1 Bit c trng thi 1 vng qut u tin ca chng trnh Bit bo d liu b tht lc (0:d liu cn , 1: d liu b tht lc). Bit bo PLC c ng ngun. (1: vng qut u tin, 0: cc vng qut cn li). Bit to ra xung c chu k 1 pht (0: trong 30s u, 1 trong 30s sau). Bit tao xung c chu k 1s (tn s 1 Hz) (0: trong 0,5s u ; 1 trong 0,5 s sau). Bit ln 1 mt vng qut v xung 0 vng qut tip theo. N c s dng lm ng vo ca b m vng qut. Bit bo v tr ca cng tc chn ch lm vic ca PLC (0: TERM, 1: RUN).
V d: Khi c tn hiu s c (ng vo I0.0 (NC) xung mc 0) th n bo s c (Q0.0) s nhp nhy 1 Hz. Nhn nt I0.1 Reset.
120
Chu Ch c
7.9
BT7.1
Cu hi v bi tp
Cc bi tp ng dng gi s dng CPU 224 DC/DC/DC iu khin. An ton cho l hi Mt thit b l hi c hi i vo v ra khi l c thc hin t ng qua b iu chnh t bn ngoi. L hi c t 3 b cm bin p sut P1, P2 v P3 cc v tr khc nhau kim sot qu p sut. Mch an ton s hot ng khi c s c, trng hp p sut trong l hi tng qu cao th van an ton t tnh Y1 s hot ng x bt hi ra ngoi. Cn c t nht bt k hai trong ba cm bin tc ng th mch an ton m van t tnh Y1. Hy : Vit chng trnh sao cho nu c bt k 2 trong 3 cm bin tc ng th van Y1 m. V s ni dy tn hiu phn cng
* Bng k hiu:
BT7.2
iu khin c cu my dp Mt c cu dp trong mt my dp nguyn liu (v d dp ra cc v hp) c th chuyn ng nng ln hay h xung nh mt ng c in M1 quay 2 chiu. m bo an ton cho tay ngi vn hnh th ch khi no ngi vn hnh dng c 2 tay nhn ng thi 2 nt nhn S1 (NO) v S2 (NO) th bn dp mi h xung. Khi h xung ng cng tc hnh trnh gii hn di S3 (NC) th t chy nng ln cho ti khi ng cng tc hnh trnh gii hn trn S4 (NC) th dng li. Chu k lp li
121
7 Cc php ton logic khi no ngi vn hnh li nhn 2 nt nhn S1 v S2. * Bng k hiu:
Chu Ch c
Hy : BT7.3 Vit chng trnh iu khin V s ni dy phn cng Bng ti chuyn vt liu
Mt thit b bng ti dng chuyn vt liu t thng cha vo xe gong. Hy vit chng trnh sao cho: Khi bt cng tc khi ng S0 (NO), th n H0 sng bo h thng sn sng lm vic. Khi nhn nt S1 (NO) ng c M1 chy ko bng ti v nguyn liu trong thng cha c vn chuyn theo bng ti. Khi nhn nt dng S2 (NC) th bng ti dng li. Khi xy ra s c qu dng (tip im nhit F3 (NC) tc ng) th ng c s dng li. v S cng ngh:
122
Chu Ch c
BT7.4
iu khin cng ra vo
Mt cng cng ty cn c iu khin 2 ch tay v t ng nh mt cng tc chn S0 c 2 v tr : ch tay: Nhn nt m S1 (NO) th ng c M1 quay phi v cng m ra, nu th tay ra th ng c dng li. Tuy nhin, nu cng m ra ng cng tc hnh trnh gii hn m S3 (NC) th cng dng li. Tng t, nu nhn nt ng S2 (NO) th ng c M1 quay tri v cng ng li, nu th tay ra th ng c dng li. Nu ng cng tc hnh trnh gii hn ng S4 (NC) th cng cng dng li. ch t ng: Nhn nt m th ca s m cho ti khi ng cng tc hnh trnh gii hn m S3 mi dng li. Khi nhn nt ng, cng s ng li cho ti khi ng cng tc hnh trnh ng S4 mi dng li. C th dng qu trnh ng hoc m bt c lc no nu nhn nt dng S5 (NC) hoc ng c b qu ti (tip im nhit F3 (NC) tc ng ). Trong qu trnh ng hoc m mt n bo H1 s sng ln bo cng ang hot ng. Hy : Vit 2 chng trnh con: Sub0 cho ch tay v Sub1 cho ch t ng. V s ni dy phn cng v S cng ngh:
123
Chu Ch c
BT7.5
Mt xe ko dng rt vt liu vo bn cha. Khi bt cng tc khi ng S0 (NO) th n H0 sng bo h thng sn sng lm vic. Khi nhn nt S1 (NO), ng c M1 c in ko xe di chuyn ln, ng thi n H1 chp sng vi tn s 1Hz. Khi xe ln ti v tr trn cng ng phi cng tc hnh trnh S4 (NC) th dng li. Nhn nt S2 (NO) ng c M1 o chiu v ko xe di chuyn xe xung, ng thi n bo H2 chp vi tn s 1Hz. Khi xe n v tr cui cng ng phi cng tc hnh trnh S3 (NC) th dng li. Khi ng c M1 c s c qu dng (tip im nhit F3 (NC) tc ng) th ng c s dng li) v n H0 s chp sng vi tn s 1Hz.. Qu trnh mi c khi ng khi bt li cng tc S0. Hy: Vit chng trnh iu khin V s ni dy phn cng vi PLC v Bng k hiu:
124
Chu Ch c
8.2 i s BOOL
i s BOOL c pht trin vo nm 1800 bi mt nh ton hc ngi Ai-len tn l James Bool. N cc k hu ch trong thit k cc mch s. N vn c s dng nhiu bi cc k s in v tin hc. Phng php thc hin l m hnh h thng logic bng cc cng thc ring l. Cng thc c th l s kt hp ca cc AND/OR n gin thnh cc dng mi. Vi cng phng php ny, ngi thit k mch c th ng dng cho lp trnh LAD. AND OR NOT NAND
X = A 0 0 1 1
AB
B 0 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 1
X = A 0 0 1 1
A+B
B 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 1
X =A A 0 1 X 1 0
X = AB A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 1
NOR
XOR
XNOR
X = A+B A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 0
X =
AB
B 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 0
X = AB A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 1
A 0 0 1 1
125
Chu Ch c
Cng thc Boolean bao gm nhiu bin v cc hot ng ging nh cc cng thc i s thng thng. Ba php ton c bn l AND, OR v NOT, hoc t hp ca cc php ton c bn l NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR. Cc php ton vi bng s tht c cho hnh 4.1. Mi php ton c trnh by bi mt cng thc n gin vi hai bin c s dng l A v B tnh gi tr X. Bng s tht l mt phng php n gin m t tt c cc t hp c th c l cho ng ra trng thi ON hoc OFF (1 hoc 0). Ch : Cng XOR thng c chuyn thnh cc cng tng ng nh sau:
X = A B = A B + A B
Cc nh l ca i s Bool 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. nh l: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Tin :
A+A =0 A 1 = A
AA = 0 A+A =1 1= 0 A+A =A AA = A
A+1=1
A 0 = 0 A + A B = A A ( A + B) = A
A=A (A + B) = A B (A B) = A + B ( A + B) + C = A + (B + C) ( A B) C = A (B C) A + A B = A + B A ( A + B) = A B A +B = B+ A A B = B A A + (B C) = ( A + B) ( A + C) A (B + C) = ( A B) + ( A C)
nh l DeMorgans
10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
126
Chu Ch c
( A + B ) ( A + C) = A C + A B ( A C + B C) = A C + B C ( A + C) (B + C) = ( A + C) (B + C) A = B.(C.( D + E + C ) + F .C )
Ch : Khi n gin cc biu thc i s Bool, php tan OR c u tin thp nn chng c thc hin trc. Php ton NOT c u tin cao nht, nn chng c n gin sau. Cch thc thc hin c th minh ha cho vic n gin mt biu thc i s nh sau:
Cc php ton c u tin cao c t trong ngoc ng dng nh l DeMorgans ng dng tip nh l DeMorgans B ngoc Chn cc s hng c cng tha s, y ch c NOT C t tha s chung ng dng nh l n gin
Cc tng thit k c th c chuyn i trc tip t cc biu thc i s Bool, hoc bng cc phng php khc ( cc chng sau). Cc biu thc i s Bool c th c n gin hoc sp xp li v sau chuyn sang s LAD hoc FBD hay ngn ng STL. Nu chng ta m t mt qui trnh iu khin bng li, th chng ta thng c th chuyn trc tip n thnh biu thc i s Bool nh hnh 8.2
127
Chu Ch c
v hnh 8.3. Trong v d, vic m t qu trnh c a ra trc. Trong cc ng dng thc t, iu ny c c nh vo cc b phn c ca h thng. Trong nhiu trng hp h thng cha c, vic thc hin s l mt bi tan cho ngi thit k. Bc k tip l xc nh b iu khin nn lm vic nh th no. Trong trng hp ny, cc cu lnh c vit ra trc tin, v sau chuyn i thnh biu thc i s Bool. Biu thc i s Bool c th c chuyn i theo dng mong mun. Cng thc u tin cha mt XOR, n khng th biu din dc dng LAD, nh vy nn chuyn n thnh dng cc cng tng ng s dng AND, OR v NOT. V d 8.1: iu khin nhit l nhit M t qu trnh: Mt l nhit c hai ca c th cp nhit cho thi kim loi c mi ca. B pht nhit cung cp nhit cho hai thi kim loi c. Nhng nu ch c mt thi kim lai c th nhit cung cp tr nn qu nng, gim nhit th mt qut gii nhit cho l s c bt. M t iu khin: Nu nhit qu cao v ch c mt thi kim loi c mt ca th bt qut. Gii Bng xc nh input/output: K hiu B1 B2 T F a ch I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 Q0.0 Ch thch Cm bin bo c thi kim loi c ca 1 Cm bin bo c thi kim loi c ca 2 Cm bin bo qu nhit Qut gii nhit
F = T (B1 B 2 )
F = T (B1 B 2 + B1 B 2 )
F = B1 B 2 T + B1 B 2 T
Chng trnh biu din ngn ng LAD, FBD v STL (i vi biu thc 2):
128
Chu Ch c
FBD
OLD A = T F
Hnh 8.2: Biu thc i s Bool c thit k theo ngn ng ca PLC S7-200 Chng trnh biu din ngn ng LAD, FBD v STL (i vi biu thc 3): LAD LD AN A A A OLD = F STL B1 B2 T B2 T
LDN B1 FBD
Hnh 8.3: Biu thc i s Bool c thit k theo ngn ng ca PLC S7-200 V d 8.2: Hy chuyn s logic sau y (hnh 8.4) thnh chng trnh trong PLC ngn ng LAD, FBD v STL: Gii: Nu c gi nguyn s logic th vic chuyn i chng trnh LAD s gp nhiu kh khn v trong PLC khng th biu din c cng NAND v NOR. V vy n gin hn, ta s dng phng php bin i s thnh biu thc i s Bool v sau n gin biu thc ny.
129
Chu Ch c
X = A B C + B B ( A + C) X = ( A + B + C + B) B ( A C ) X = A B AC + B B AC + C B AC + B B AC X = B AC + B AC + 0 + B AC X = B AC
T biu thc n gin ta c s logic sau v biu din LAD, FBD, STL (hnh 8.5).
LAD
STL LD AN A B A C X
FBD
Hnh 8.5: S logic v chng trnh trong PLC Tm li, ta s thu c cc biu thc i s Bool t vic m t yu cu cng ngh hoc mt s mch hoc mt s LAD. Cc biu thc c th c n gin bng cch s dng cc nh l ca i s Bool. V sau t biu thc ny ta c th chuyn thnh ngn ng LAD, FBD hay STL trong PLC. Khi n gin cc biu thc i s Bool ta cn ch mt s quy tc c bn sau: Loi b cc cng NOT khng cn thit. Thng thng c th thc hin bng cch thay th cc cng NAND v NOR bng mt biu thc n gin hn s dng nh l DeMorgan. Lai b cc cng thc phc tp nh XOR. Cc qui tc ny c th c m t nh v d sau:
130
Chu Ch c
A = B (C (D + E + C) + F C
Biu thc trn c th c biu din dng s mch logic nh sau:
Hnh 8.6: Minh ha cc qui tc n gin khi chuyn i biu thc i s Bool sang LAD
8.3.1
Cc k thut i s Bool
C mt vi k thut chung c s dng khi n gin cng thc. Cc k thut ny c biu din hnh 8.7.
A+CA= A+C
Chng minh:
Chu Ch c
AB + A = A
Chng minh:
AB + A
AB + A1
A( B + 1) A(1) A A + B + C = A BC
Chng minh:
A+ B+C ( A + B) + C ( A + B )C ( A B )C A BC
X = A B X = A+ B
X = A+ B X = A B
X = A B X = A B + A B
8.4.2 Multiplexers
132
Chu Ch c
Multiplexers l s a hp cc thit b c kt ni vi mt thit b n. N rt thng dng trong cc h thng in thoi. Mt chuyn mch in thoi c s dng xc nh in thoi no s c kt ni. Hnh 8.9 l mt b multiplexer. Ng ra X s c kt ni vi mt trong 4 ng vo D1, D2, D3 hoc D4 ty thuc vo gi tr ca cc ng A1 v A2. D1 D2 D3 D4 multiplexer X A1 0 0 1 1 A2 0 1 0 1 X D1 D2 D3 D4
A1 Hnh 8.9:
A2
Mt Multiplexer
Hnh 8.10:
D = ( A B) + C
133
Chu Ch c
Hnh 8.11:
Yu cu 2: Vit mt chng trnh sao cho ng ra D mc logic 1 khi nt n A c n, hoc ch B hoc ch C c n. Gii quyt:
D = A + (B C)
Hnh 8.13:
F = BF BR R = BF BR
y: F = ng c quay phi R = ng c quay tri BF = Nt nhn quay phi BR = Nt nhn quay tri
134
Chu Ch c
Hnh 8.14: Chng trnh quay phi, tri vit LAD 8.5.4 Cnh bo trm Cnh bo trm cho mt ngi nh nh sau: khi c s xm nhp ca k trm th cnh bo v n bo c kch hot. Cnh bo ny c kch hot nu k xm nhp b pht hin bng cm bin gn ca s v mt b pht hin chuyn ng. Cm bin ca s l loi thng ng, khi ca s v do k trm xm nhp th cm bin b ngt. Cm bin nhn bit chuyn ng c thit k khi mt ngi c pht hin th ng ra s mc 1. Ngoi ra cn c mt cng tc kch hot/khng kch hot cnh bo. Hot ng c bn ca h thng cnh bo, cc ng vo v ra ca b iu khin c cho bng sau: K hiu A W M S a ch Q0.0 I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 Ch thch n v cnh bo, ON=1 Cm bin ca s/ca chnh, thng ng Cm bin chuyn ng, thng h Cng tc kch hot cnh bo, ON=1
Hot ng c bn ca cnh bo c th c m t theo qui tc: 1. Nu cnh bo l ON, kim tra cm bin. 2. Nu cm bin ca s/ca chnh b ngt, bt m thanh cnh bo v n bo sng. Bc k tip l xc nh cng thc iu khin. Trong trng hp ny c 3 ng vo khc nhau v 1 ng ra, bng s tht c trnh by hnh 8.15. Input S 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 M 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 W 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Output A 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 Cnh bo tt
135
Chu Ch c
Biu thc Boolean v n gin c cho hnh 8.17 c vit t bng s tht hnh 8.16.
A = ( S M W ) + ( S M W ) + ( S M W ) A = S ( M W + M W + M W ) A = S (( M W + M W ) + ( M W + M W )) A = ( S W ) + ( S M ) = S (W + M )
Hnh 8.16: Biu thc Bool v c thc hin vi LAD Cng thc v mch cho hnh trn cng c th c n gin nh hnh 8.17.
Hnh 8.17: S mch theo biu thc Bool n gin v c thc hin vi LAD
136
Chu Ch c
M S V:
I0.1 I0.2
Cm bin chuyn ng, thng h Cng tc kch hot cnh bo, ON=1
Q = Bo yn tnh (0 = yn tnh) Bc 1: V bng s tht Bng s tht ca mch cnh bo trm nhhnh 8.18. Thay v chuyn i trc tip bng ny thnh biu thc, th ta t vo mt bng c ch hnh 8.19. Dng v ct c chn t cc bin ng vo. Vic quyt nh cc bin no s dng cho cc dng hoc cc ct c th ty v cc bng s trng khc nhau nhng vn s cho mt kt qu ging nhau. i vi cc bin c hai dng v ct th c sp xp theo th t ch gi tr ca bit s dng NOT. Trnh t khng phi l nh phn, nhng c t chc ch c mt bit thay i ti mt thi im. Nh vy trnh t ca bit l 00, 01, 11, 10. Bc ny rt quan trng. K tip l a cc gi tr l 1 trong bng s tht vo bng Karnaugh. Gi tr 0 cng c th c a vo nhng khng cn thit. S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 W 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Q 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
Hnh 8.18: Bng s tht mch cnh bo trm Trong v d, ba gi tr 1 t bng s tht c a vo trong bng. Bc 2: Chia cc bin vo. y chn SQ v MW Bc 3: V bng Karnaugh da vo cc bin vo
137
Chu Ch c
MW ( = 01)
MW ( = 11)
MW ( = 10)
Khi cc bit c nhp vo bng Karnaugh s c mt vi mu r rng. Cc mu tiu biu ny c phn no i xng. Hnh 8.20 c hai mu c khoanh trn. Trong trng hp ny, mt mu c hai bit ng k nhau. Mu th hai th kh nhn thy hn v cc bit nm ba bn phi v tri ca ct. Sau cc mu c th c chuyn thnh biu thc Boolean. thc hin trc tin ta quan st cc mu t dng th ba cho nn biu thc s c AND vi SQ. K tip l tm bit chung trong hai mu. Ta thy trong mu mt c M chung, mu 2 c W chung. Nhng ci ny by gi c th t hp thnh cng thc. Cui cng cng thc c chuyn thnh s LAD. Bc 4: Tm kim mu trong bng M l mu chung
Tt c trong dng SQ
W l mu chung
Hnh 8.20: Khoanh mu Bc 5: Vit thnh cng thc s dng cc mu A = S Q (M + W ) Bc 6: Chuyn i cng thc thnh s LAD
138
Chu Ch c
Bng Karnaugh l mt phng php c th c chn n gin biu thc thay cho i s Bool. N gip cho ngi hc d dng hn trong vic n gin cc biu thc. v d trn ch c 4 bin, nh vy ch c hai bin dng v hai bin ct. Nu c nhiu bin hn vn c th s dng. V d nu c nm bin ng vo th ta c th s dng ba bin cho dng hoc cho ct vi cc mu l 000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100. Nu c nhiu hn mt ng ra, th ta to bng Karnaugh cho mi ng ra.
8.7 Cu hi v bi tp
BT 8.1: Cng logic c biu din ngn ng LAD cho di y l cng AND hay OR?
BT 8.2: V mt s hnh thang vi ng ra D l 1 khi cng tc A v cng tc B c ng hoc khi cng tc C c ng. BT 8.3: V mt s hnh thang vi ng ra D l 1 khi nt nhn A c n hoc B hoc C c n. BT 8.4: a) Gii thch ti sao nt nhn stop phi l thng ng v nt nhn start phi l thng h. b) Xem xt mt trng hp mt ng vo PLC c ni vi nt nhn thng ng lm nt nhn stop. Tip im c s dng trong ngn ng LAD l thng h nh c cho di. Ti sao c hai l khng ging nhau? (v d cng l NC hoc NO)
BT 8.5:. To mt chng trnh n gin ngn ng LAD theo bng s tht c cho di vi ng ra trng thi ON khi cc nt nhn tng ng c n.
139
Chu Ch c
OUTPUT INPUT A Ng vo X ON Ng vo Y ON Ng vo Z ON 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 C 1 0 1 D 0 0 0 E 1 0 1 F 0 1 0 G 1 0 0 H 1 1 1
BT 8.6: Chuyn i biu thc i s Bool sau thnh chng trnh ngn ng LAD n gin nht c th c.
X = A ( A + A B)
BT 8.7: n gin cc biu thc sau: a) c)
b) d)
(( A B) + (B + A )) C + (B C + B C)
BT 8.10: Cho biu thc Boolean
X = A B C + (C + B )
a) V s mch s b) s hnh thang (khng ti gin), c) n gin biu thc. BT 8.11: n gin biu thc i s Boolean sau v vit chng trnh ngn ng LAD tng ng.
140
Chu Ch c
X = A + B( A + CB + DAC) + ABCD
a) Vit thnh s logic khi cha n gin biu thc. b) n gin biu thc. c) Vit thnh chng trnh ngn ng LAD theo biu thc n gin. BT 8.13: Cho bng s tht sau a)Ch ra t hp no cho kt qu l 1. b) Vit kt qu a) thnh biu thc i s Bool. c) n gin biu thc Bool b) A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Kt qu 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
BT 8.14: n gin biu thc sau thnh n gin nht v vit thnh chng trnh ngn ng LAD.
Y = C A + A + BC A + BC
BT 8.15: n gin biu thc sau s dng i s Bool v vit thnh chng trnh ngn ng LAD tng ng.
X = ( A + B A ) + (C + D + EC)
BT 8.16: Chuyn i chng trnh biu din LAD sau thnh biu thc i s. Sau n gin n v chuyn li ngn ng LAD.
141
Chu Ch c
BT 8.17: Cho s mch logic nh hnh v a) Vit thnh biu thc mch logic cho. b) n gin biu thc ny. c) V li s mch n gin hn theo cu b).
X = A + (B ( A + C) + C) + A B (D + E)
a) n gin biu thc s dng i s Bool. b) Thc hin s mch s theo biu thc ban u v biu thc c n gin cu a). c) Vit thnh chng trnh ngn ng LAD theo biu thc ban u v biu thc c n gin cu a) BT 8.19: n gin biu thc cho v sau vit thnh chng trnh ngn ng LAD v s mch s theo biu thc ban u v biu thc n gin.
A + (B + C + D) (B + C) + A B (C + D)
BT 8.20: Lp bng Karnaugh theo bng s tht di y.
142
Chu Ch c
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Kt qu 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
BT 8.21: S dng bng Karnaugh n gin bng s tht sau v vit thnh chng trnh ngn ng LAD.
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
X 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
143
Chu Ch c
CD
CD
0 0 0 1
CD
0 0 0 1
CD
1 0 0 0
AB AB AB AB
1 0 0 0
BT 8.23: Cho bng s tht hnh BT 8.23 v vit thnh chng trnh PLC ngn ng LAD vi s tr gip bng k thut n gin biu thc l bng Karnaugh hay i s Bool. BT 8.24: Kim tra bng s tht hnh BT 8.24 v vit thnh chng trnh PLC ngn ng LAD s dng bng Karnaugh. BT 8.26: Cho bng s tht hnh BT 8.25 vi cc ng vo A, B, C v D v ng ra X. Chuyn n thnh chng trnh PLC LAD s dng bng Karnaugh. BT 8.25: Tm biu thc Boolean n gin nht i vi bng Karnaugh c cho hnh BT 8.26 m khng s dng i s Bool. Vit chng trnh LAD.
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Y 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Hnh BT 8.23
Hnh BT 8.24
144
Chu Ch c
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Z 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
Hnh BT 8.25
Hnh BT 8.27
Hnh BT 8.26 BT 8.27: Cho bng s tht nh hnh BT 8.27 a) b) Tm biu thc i s Bool s dng bng Karnaugh. V s LAD s dng bng s tht (khng phi biu thc Boolean).
145
Chu Ch c
BT 8.29: a) Xy dng bng s tht cho cc vn sau y: i) C 3 nt nhn A, B, C. ii) Ng ra l 1 nu bt k hai nt nhn no c n. iii) Nu C c n th ng ra s lun lun 1. b) c) Vit thnh biu thc Bool. Vit thnh biu thc Boolean s dng bng Karnaugh. Vit ra biu thc Boolean n gin nht i vi bng Karnaugh
BT 8.30: di y
AB
CD
1
AB
AB
AB
1
CD CD CD
1
X = ( A + B A )A + (CD + CD + CD)
a) Biu thc Boolean ny c th c chuyn trc tip thnh LAD. Gii thch nu cn thit, thc hin bt k cc thay i c yu cu c th chuyn thnh LAD. Vit ra LAD, da vo kt qu bc a). n gin biu thc s dng i s Bool v vit ra LAD mi. Vit bng Karnaugh i vi biu thc Boolean, v cho bit n c th c s dng thu c biu thc Bool n gin nh th no.
b) c) d)
146
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
B nh thi (Timer)
T_typ: Cho bit loi Timer. C th l TON, TONR hay TOF ???ms: Bo phn gii ca timer, t ng xut hin theo Txxx. Thi gian tr hon = [PT] x [???ms]. V d ta c
147
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
y l loi On-delay timer, c tn gi l T37, c phn gii l 100ms. Thi gian tr hon l : 10 x 100ms = 1s.
phn gii
1ms 10ms 100ms
Ch : V TON v TOF s dng cng s timer, nn khng th t cho c hai c cng s Timer. V d t TON l T37 th khng c t TOF l T37. V d: Bt cng tc I0.0 (NO) th sau 5s ng ra Q0.0 ln mc 1.
Dng Timer T40, phn gii 100ms, hng s thi gian 50. Thi gian tr hon = 50x100ms=5s Tip im T40 ng li sau 5s.
148
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Qua gin trn ta nhn thy timer TON tr hon c ht thi gian t trc (v d 5s) th trng thi tn hiu ti ng vo IN cn c duy tr mc 1 trong sut khong thi gian ny. Nu sau 5s m ng vo IN vn duy tr mc 1 th gi tr hng s thi gian trong timer s tip tc tng cho ti khi t gi tr ti a l 32767. ly TON, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mong mun. Nhp s Timer cho TON, iu kin cho ng vo IN v gi tr PT theo mong mun.
phn gii
1 ms 10 ms 100 ms
V d: Xt on chng trnh
149
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
Tn hiu I0.0 kch hot timer TONR T1 c phn gii 10ms (thi gian = 100 x 10ms = 1s)
Sau 1 s ng ra Q0.0 ln mc 1
100
60
T1
Q0.0 I0.1(Reset)
ly TONR, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp s Timer cho TONR, iu kin cho ng vo IN v gi tr PT theo mong mun.
150
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
vo IN xung 0, th timer m cho n khi thi gian tri qua t n gi tr thi gian t trc. Khi t n gi tr t trc, Timer Bit c t v 0 v gi tr hin hnh dng m. Nu ng vo IN 0 trong khong thi gian ngn hn gi tr t trc, th Timer Bit gi 1. xa timer, c th s dng lnh Reset (R). Lnh Reset s lm cho Timer Bit mc logic 0 v gi tr hin hnh ca timer (Timer Current) =0. C 192 timer TON/TOF trong S7-200 c phn chia theo phn gii nh bng sau: S Timer
T32, T96 T33 T36, T97 T100 T37 T63, T101 T255
phn gii
1ms 10ms 100ms
Ch : V TON v TOF s dng cng s timer, nn khng th t cho c hai c cng s Timer. V d t TON l T37 th khng c t TOF l T37. V d: Xt on chng trnh I0.0 chuyn trng thi t mc 1 xung mc 0 s kch hot timer off delay tnh gi. Thi gian = 10 x 100ms = 1s
Sau 1s k t khi tn hiu ti I0.0 chuyn t 1 xung 0 ng ra Q0.0 s xung mc 0 Gin thi gian:
ly TOF, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp s Timer cho TOF, iu kin cho ng vo IN v gi tr PT theo mong mun.
151
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
thc hin, s dng 2 timer TON kha cho nhau. Ty thuc vo xung cn ly c thi gian ton v toff l bao nhiu m ta c th chn s timer TON ph hp. Trong ng dng ny, chn T254 v T255 lm timer to xung v thi gian th ty theo ngi s dng mong mun cho vo gi tr ton v toff ng PT ca timer (ch thi gian = [PT]x100ms). Xung c lu bit M10.7. Chng trnh: LAD FBD STL
9.5.2
9.5.2.1 Timer xung (Pulse timer) Timer xung s cho ng ra l mt xung khi tn hiu vo mc logic 1 c thi gian ln hn hay bng thi gian t timer xung. d hnh dung xem gin thi gian ca chng trnh to timer xung vi ng ra timer l Q0.0, ng vo tn hiu l I0.0, thi gian xung l 5s nh sau:
152
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
LAD
STL
9.5.2.2 Timer xung c nh (Extended Pulse timer) Timer xung s cho ng ra l mt xung khi c mt xung tn hiu vo. d hnh dung xem gin thi gian ca chng trnh to timer xung vi ng ra timer l Q0.1, ng vo tn hiu l I0.1, thi gian xung l 5s nh sau:
153
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
9.5.3
M t hot ng Mt ng c in 3 pha c th o chiu quay. Khi n nt nhn quay phi S1 (NO) th ng c quay phi, n H1 sng bo ng c quay phi. Khi n nt nhn quay tri S2 (NO) th ng c quay tri, n H2 sng bo ng c quay tri. ng c c th dng bt c lc no nu n nt nhn dng S3 (NC) hoc xy ra s c qu dng lm cho tip im (NC) ca thit b bo v Q1 (motor CB) tc ng. Khi dng th n bo H0 sng. Vic o chiu quay khng th thc hin c sau khi nt dng S3 c n v cha ht 5s ch cho ng c dng hn. n bo ch i H3 s chp tt vi tn s 1Hz trong thi gian ch ng c dng hn. S mch ng lc v ni dy vi PLC: chng 7, ta s dng PLC S7-200 loi DC/DC/DC. chng ny gip bn c lm quen vi nhiu loi ng ra, S7-200 c s dng l loi AC/DC/RLY (Xem thm chng 5). Do ng ra ca PLC l loi relay nn ta c th ni trc tip ng ra vi cun dy ca contactor iu khin ng c, tuy nhin cn ch n mch an ton cho cc ng ra.
154
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Bng xc nh vo/ra (Bng k hiu) K hiu a ch Ch thch S1 I0.0 Nt nhn quay phi, NO S2 I0.1 Nt nhn quay tri, NO S3 I0.2 Nt nhn dng, NC Q1 I0.3 Tip im motor CB bo v qu ti, NC K1 Q0.0 Contactor iu khin quay phi K2 Q0.1 Contactor iu khin quay tri H0 Q0.2 n bo ng c dng H1 Q0.3 n bo ng c quay phi H2 Q0.4 n bo ng c quay tri H3 Q0.5 n bo ch o chiu Phn tch: Trong cc bi ton iu khin ng c, ta cn phi ch xem, nu c s c xy ra vi cc nt nhn c lm cho ng c hot ng khng theo mong mun hay khng. phng trng hp ny xy ra, ngi lp trnh phi to ra mt kha. i vi mch o chiu quay, c khng ch thi gian dng ( y l 5s) th kha s khng ch khng cho ng c khi ng khng theo mong mun cng nh sai chiu quay. Nu kha cha c xa v 0, th khng th khi ng hay o chiu ng c c. Trong bi ton ny, kha xa v 0 khi c 2 nt nhn S1 v S2 khng c tc ng ( trng thi bnh thng), hoc thi gian ch dng ht. Kha c chn l M2.0 Khi nt nhn dng S3 c n, ng c dng v phi i trong thi gian 5s mi dng hn, nn ta cn nh li trng thi ny trong thi gian 5s lm iu kin SET cho kha M2.0. Chn memory bit M2.3. nh thi 5s, s dng Timer TON. Chn timer T33
155
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
156
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
9.5.4
M t hot ng n trc ca Garage khng c tt ngay lp tc khi n cng tc, m n vn cn sng thm mt khong thi gian na (khong 1 pht) cho ngi i. Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S1 H1 I0.0 Q0.0 Cng tc n chiu sng Garage Ch thch
Ni dy PLC:
S1 24V AC
I0.0
I0.1
I0.2
I0.3
1M
L1
AC/DC/RLY 1L 2L
AC
STL
157
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
9.5.5
S cng ngh
Hnh 9.2: S cng ngh thit b rt. M t hot ng Khi bt cng tc S1 th thng t kho cha thng rng s c a vo bng ti, v bng ti vn chuyn thng hot ng. Khi mt thng rng n di bn cha (c nhn bit bi cm bin S2) th bng ti dng. Van Y1 m rt cht lng trong bn vo thng. Sau thi gian 5s th thng cha y. Van Y1 ng li, mt thng rng s c a vo bng ti v bng ti tip tc di chuyn cho n khi no thng n di bn cha th dng li. Qu trnh c lp li. Nu cht lng trong bn cha ht th ci H1 s bo vi tn s 1Hz. Nu thng cha trong kho ht th bng ti cng t ng dng sau thi gian 15s k t thng cui cng c rt y. Ch : Y2 l mt solenoid c s dng chn thng trong kho. thng rt vo bng ti ch cn solenoid c in trong thi gian 100ms. Bng xc nh vo/ra (Bng k hiu) K hiu S1 S2 S3 Y1 Y2 K1 H1 a ch I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Ch thch Cng tc ON/OFF thit b rt Cm bin bo thng ng v tr, (NO) Cm bin bo bn rng, bn rng =0 Van x cht lng vo thng cha t thng cha ln bng ti Contactor iu khin ng c M ko bng ti Ci bo bn cha rng
158
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
S ni dy vi PLC
159
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
160
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
9.6 Cu hi v bi tp
BT9.1 n hnh lang hoc n cu thang c nh thi. Trn tng ca cc hnh lang chung c, trc mi ca cn h c gn mt nt nhn (gi s hnh lang c 6 cn h tng ng 6 nt n t S1 n S6) . Khi tc ng nt nhn th n chiu sng hnh lang (gm c 6 n H1 n H6) s sng trong thi gian 1 pht ri sau t ng tt. Nu trong thi gian 1 pht m c mt nt nhn no c n tip tc th n s sng thm 1 pht na k t lc n sau cng. Yu cu: 1. Lp bng xc nh vo/ra 2. V s ni dy vo/ra v ngun cp cho PLC S7-200 AC/DC/RLY. 3. Vit chng trnh v sau np vo PLC kim tra. BT9.2 To OFF-delay Timer T mt ON-delay timer, hy vit chng trnh to OFF-delay timer theo s mc 9.4. BT9.3 iu khin n v Qut ht Trong mt phng v sinh c trang b mt n chiu sng v mt qut ht kh. Khi vo phng, bt cng tc ln v tr ON th n sng. Nu trong phng lu hn thi gian 3 pht th qut ht t ng hot ng. Khi ra khi phng bt cng tc v v tr OFF th n tt. Nu qut ht hot ng th sau khi n tt khong 5 pht n mi t ng dng. Yu cu: 1. Lp bng xc nh vo/ra 2. V s ni dy PLC vi ngoi vi
161
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
2. Vit chng trnh iu khin v np vo PLC kim tra BT9.4 iu khin bm nc Mt bn cha nc c lm y bi mt bm M. Bm ny c hai ch hot ng:
max
* Ch tay: t cng tc chn ch S1 v tr Manu. n H1 sng bo ch tay. ch tay, bm ch c th hot ng nu n nt nhn S1 ON (NO). Bm s t ng tt nu n nt nhn S2 OFF (NC) hoc nc trong bn t n gi tr max (c pht hin bi cm bin S5).
H1 ON OFF
Manu
Auto
min
Hnh 9.3 S cng ngh iu khin bm * Ch t ng: Khi t cng tc S1 v v tr Auto, th bm nc hot ng t ng. Nu nc xung di mc min (pht hin bi cm bin S4) th bm s c ng in bi contactor K1. Khi nc trong bn ln n v tr max th contactor mt in v ng c bm nc dng. ch t ng th n H1 tt. Nhm loi tr s sng snh ca mt nc khi bm lm cho cm bin bo mc nc v tr max khng chnh xc, th ng c bm nc cn phi ko di thi gian hot ng thm 1s na ri mi dng hn cho c hai trng hp Manual v Auto. Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 K1 H1 Yu cu: 1. V s mch ng lc ni contactor vi ng c bm nc 3pha 2. Lp bng xc nh vo/ra I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 I0.4 Q0.0 Q0.1 Ch thch Cng tc chn ch , 0: Auto; 1: Manual Nt nhn m my bm nc ch Manual, NO Nt nhn dng bm nc ch tay, NC Cm bin bo bn nc min, NC Cm bin bo bn nc max, NC Contactor iu khin ng c bm nc n bo ch Manual.
162
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
3. V s ni dy PLC 4. Vit chng trnh iu khin v np vo PLC kim tra. BT9.5 iu khin ca l Mt ca l c chc nng m, ng v v tr bt k c iu khin bi mt cylinder. v tr bnh thng th ca l c ng. Khi tc ng nt nhn S1 (NO) th ca l m ra v khi n cng tc hnh trnh gii hn m ca S4 (NC) th dng li. Nu ca m ra v tr gii hn m ca S4 th s t ng ng li sau thi gian 6s hoc nt nhn ng ca S2 (NO) c n. Khi n gii hn ca ng S5 (NC) th vic ng ca kt thc. Qu trnh ng ca dng ngay lp tc nu cm bin L1 (NO) b tc ng. Nhng nu cm bin quang khng b tc ng th qu trnh ng ca vn tip tc. Khi ca l ang dch chuyn c th dng bng cch n nt dng S3 (NC).
S cng ngh
Hnh 9.4 iu khin ca l bng kh nn vi van 5/3. Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 L1 Y1 Y2 I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 I0.4 I0.5 Q0.0 Q0.1 Nt nhn m ca l Nt nhn ng ca l Nt nhn dng, NC Cng tc hnh trnh gii hn m ca, NC Cng tc hnh trnh gii hn ng ca, NC Cm bin quang, NO Van iu khin cylnder ng ca Van iu khin cylnder m ca Ch thch
163
9 B nh thi (Timer) Yu cu: 1. V s ni dy vi PLC 2. Vit chng trnh v np vo PLC kim tra.
Chu Ch c
BT9.6 iu khin qu trnh khi ng ng c rotor dy qun Nhm trnh dng in khi ng cao trong cc ng c rotor dy qun c gn thm cc in tr ph. Khi tc ng nt nhn m my S1 (NO), th contactor K1 c in. Cc contactor K2, K3 v K4 bt u ng ln lt cch nhau mt khong thi gian l 5s. Khi contactor cui cng l K4 c ng th rotor c ngn mch v ng c hot ng ch nh mc. Khi tc ng nt nhn S0 (NC) th ng c dng. S cng ngh
Hnh 9.5: iu khin khi ng ng c rotor dy qun Yu cu: 1. Lp bng xc nh vo/ra 2. V s ni dy vi PLC loi DC/DC/DC 3. Vit chng trnh v np vo PLC kim tra. BT9.7 Gim st hot ng bng ti bng cm bin pht xung Mt bng ti c truyn ng thng qua mt ng c. Khi bng ti hot ng th cm bin gim st bng ti S2 pht xung c in p 24V vi tn s 10Hz. Khi bng ti ng yn th S2 pht ra tn hiu 0. Khi c li xy ra, v d bng ti b kt, tn hiu gim st khng pht ra, ta cng khng bit l ng c c tt hay khng. Trong trng hp ny, ng c ko bng ti phi dng ngay lp tc v chung bo bng ti b li H1 vang vi tn s 2Hz. Bng ti khi ng bng nt nhn S1 (NO). Bng ti dng bng nt nhn S0 (NC).
164
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
S cng ngh
Hnh 9.6: Gim st hot ng bng ti bng cm bin pht xung. Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S0 S1 S2 K1 H1 Yu cu: 1. V s ni dy vi PLC loi DC/DC/DC 2. Vit chng trnh v np vo PLC kim tra. BT9.8 Gim st hot ng bng ti bng thi gian Mt bng ti vn chuyn sn phm c truyn ng thng qua mt ng c. Sn phm trn bng ti c nhn bit bi hai cm bin S2 v S3. Thi gian ti a sn phm di chuyn t S2 n S3 l 3s. Nu vt qu thi gian ny th bng ti xem nh b li. Khi b li th ng c ko bng ti dng ngay lp tc v mt chung bo pht ra vi tn s 3Hz. Bng ti khi ng bng nt nhn S1 (NO). Bng ti dng bng nt nhn S0 (NC). I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 Q0.0 Q0.1 Nt nhn dng, NC Nt nhn m my, NO Cm bin gim st bng ti, xung Contactor iu khin ng c bng ti n bo Ch thch
S cng ngh
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9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
Hnh 9.7: Gim st hot ng bng ti bng thi gian. Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S0 S1 S2 S3 K1 H1 Yu cu: 1. V s ni dy vi PLC loi DC/DC/DC 2. Vit chng trnh v np vo PLC kim tra. BT9.9 Khi ng Sao-tam gic Thc hin trnh t khi ng t ng sao-tam gic ca mt ng c in khng ng b 3 pha rotor lng sc vi PLC theo s hnh 9.8. Khi n nt nhn S1 (NO), th ng c hot ng ch sao (K1 v K2 ng). V sau mt thi gian t trc (gi s 10s), th t ng chuyn sang ch tam gic (K2 mt in, K3 c in). Khi n nt S0 (NC) th ng c dng ngay lp tc. Trong trng hp qu ti (c bo bi tip im nhit F2) th ng c cng dng. I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 Q0.0 Q0.1 Nt nhn dng, NC Nt nhn m my, NO Cm bin gim st sn phm 1, NO Cm bin gim st sn phm 2, NO Contactor iu khin ng c bng ti Chung bo Ch thch
S mch ng lc
166
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Hnh 9.8: Mch ng lc khi ng sao-tam gic. Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S0 S1 F2 K1 K2 K3 Yu cu: 1. V s ni dy vi PLC loi AC/DC/RLY 2. Vit chng trnh v np vo PLC kim tra. BT9.10 Kim tra cht lng sn phm hp c vn chuyn trn mt bng ti. Cc hp cch nhau mt khong nh. Cc hp c ng np cn c kim tra tnh trng y. Vic kim tra cht lng c thc hin vi mt ngun pht tia Gamma, u thu s pht tn hiu 1 nu hp khng c y. Vic o c thc hin xong nu cng tc hnh trnh S1 b tc ng (pht ra tn hiu 1). Trng hp hp khng c y th sau thi gian o 2s, van Y1 iu khin Cylinder y hp km cht lng ra ngoi. S cng ngh I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Nt nhn dng, NC Nt nhn m my, NO Bo qu dng, NC Contactor ngun Contactor chy sao Contactor chy tam gic Ch thch
167
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Chu Ch c
Hnh 9.9: Kim tra cht lng sn phm Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S1 S2 S3 Y1 Yu cu: 1. V s ni dy vi PLC loi AC/DC/RLY. 2. Vit chng trnh v np vo PLC kim tra. BT9.11 iu khin n giao thng Mt giao l c li i dnh cho ngi i b v t hot ng hai ch ngy v m. * Ch ngy n hot ng hon ton t ng theo gin thi gian hnh 9.10. Ch ngy c chn khi cng tc S1 logic 1. * Ch m Khi t cng tc S1 logic 0 th b iu khin chuyn sang hot ng ch m. Khi chuyn sang ch m th ch ngy b ct ngay lp tc. Tt c cc n u tt, ch c n vng ng dnh cho t chp tt vi tn s 1Hz. S cng ngh v gin thi gian I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 Q0.0 Ch thch Cng tc hnh trnh, NO (tc ng S1=1) Ngun tia Gama, khng y S2=1 Cm bin bo Cylinder n cui hnh trnh, NO Van iu khin Cylinder
168
Chu Ch c
9 B nh thi (Timer)
Hnh 9.10: S cng ngh n giao thng v gin thi gian Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S1 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 I0.0 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 t t vng t xanh i b i b xanh Ch thch Cng tc chn ch , 1: ngy; 0: m
169
10 B m (Counter)
Chu Ch c
10
B m (Counter)
10.1
Gii thiu
Trong nhiu trng hp, vic kim tra mt s lng xc nh phi thng qua tng cc xung. C th thc hin m cc xung ny bng cc b m. S dng b m c th gii quyt c mt s vn sau: m s lng So snh vi mt gi tr t trc cc trng hp bng nhau, nh hn, ln hn. Kim tra s khc bit v s lng.
Trong iu khin v tr th vic s dng b m tc cao l khng th thiu. Phn iu khin v tr v b m tc cao s c trnh by chi tit trong tp 2 ca b sch ny. chng ny ch cp n cc b m thng thng. B m cng c th s dng thc hin cc nhim v nh: Cng cc xung ca b pht xung nhp v da vo gi cc giai on iu khin lin tip nhau. Hoc cc yu cu iu khin theo chu k lp nh iu khin n giao thng. Cc PLC thng c 3 loi b m: b m ln, b m xung, b m ln-xung. C 256 b m S7-200 c a ch t C0 n C255. Chng cng c 3 loi b m l: + B m ln CTU (Up Counter). + B m xung CTD (Down Counter). + B m ln-xung (Up/Down Counter). Khi s dng mt counter chng ta cn phi xc nh cc thng s sau: Loi counter (CTU, CTD hay CTUD) S ca counter s s dng, khng c gn cng mt s counter cho nhiu counter. Khai bo gi tr cn m cho counter. Tn hiu xung cung cp cho b m. Tn hiu xa b m.
170
Chu Ch c
10 B m (Counter)
10.2
PV: Gi tr t trc cho b m. Biu din s Integer. Mi khi tn hiu ti CU t mc 0 ln 1 th b m s tng gi tr hin hnh ca n ln 1 n v. Khi gi tr hin hnh ca b m (Cxxx) ln hn hoc bng gi tr t trc ti ng vo PV (Preset Value) th ng ra bit ca counter (counter bit) s ln mc 1. Gi tr m ln ti a l 32.767. Phm vi ca b m l C0 n C255. B m s b xa v 0 khi ng vo Reset (R) ln mc 1, hoc khi s dng lnh Reset xa b m. V d: C mi xung t 0 chuyn ln 1 ti ng vo I0.0, b m s tng 1 n v. T xung th 5 tr i ng ra Q0.0 s ln 1. Nu c xung vo ti ng I0.1 th ng ra Q0.0 xung 0. LAD FBD STL
Gin xung:
171
10 B m (Counter)
Chu Ch c
ly counter CTU, trong cy lnh bm vo du (+) ca biu tng , sau chn , bm v gi chut tri ko th vo v tr mong mun trong chng trnh. Nhp cc thng tin Cxxx, CU, R v PV.
10.3
Mi khi tn hiu ti CD t mc 0 ln 1 th b m s gim gi tr hin hnh ca n xung 1 n v. Khi gi tr hin hnh ca b m (Cxxx) bng 0, th Counter Bit Cxxx ln 1. B m xa Counter Bit Cxxx v np gi tr t trc PV khi ng vo LD (load) ln mc 1. B m s dng m khi gi tr hin hnh bng 0 v counter bit Cxxx ln 1. Phm vi ca b m l C0 n C255. Khi xa b m bng lnh Reset, counter bit b xa v gi tr hin hnh c t v 0. ly counter CTD, trong cy lnh bm vo du (+) ca biu tng , sau chn , bm v gi chut tri ko th vo v tr mong mun trong chng trnh. Nhp cc thng tin Cxxx, CD, LD v PV. V d: S dng b m xung C2, gi tr hin hnh gim t 3 tr v 0. Vi I0.1 logic 0 v mi ln I0.0 chuyn t 0 ln 1 th b m C2 gim i mt n v. Khi gi tr hin hnh trong b m C2 bng 0 th ng ra Q0.0 ln 1. Khi I0.1 1 th b m c t trc gi tr m l 3. LAD FBD STL
172
Chu Ch c
10 B m (Counter)
Gin xung:
10.4
PV: Gi tr t trc cho b m. Biu din s Integer. Lnh m ln-xung (CTUD) s m ln mi khi ng vo m ln (CU) t mc 0 ln 1, v m xung mi khi ng vo m xung (CD) chuyn t 0 ln 1. Gi tr hin hnh Cxxx gi gi tr hin hnh ca b m. Gi tr t trc PV c so snh vi gi tr hin hnh mi khi thc hin lnh m. Khi t n gi tr max (32.767), th cnh ln k tip ti ng vo m ln b m s t v gi tr min (-32.768). Khi t n gi tr min (-32.768), th cnh ln k tip ti ng vo m xung b m s t v gi tr max (32.767). Khi gi tr hin hnh Cxxx ln hn hoc bng gi tr t trc PV, th Counter Bit Cxxx ln 1. Ngc li Counter Bit Cxxx bng 0. Phm vi ca b m l C0 n C255. B m s b xa v 0 khi ng vo Reset (R) ln mc 1, hoc khi s dng lnh Reset xa b m. ly counter CTUD, trong cy lnh bm vo du (+) ca biu tng , sau chn , bm v gi chut tri ko th vo v tr mong mun trong chng trnh. Nhp cc thng tin Cxxx, CU,CD, R v PV.
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10 B m (Counter)
Chu Ch c
V d: S dng b m xung C3. Ng vo m ln ni vi I0.0. Ng vo m xung ni vi I0.1. Xa b m bng I0.2. Khi b m c gi tr hin hnh >=4 th ng ra Q0.0 ln 1. LAD FBD
Network 1 LD LD LD I0.0 I0.1 I0.2
STL
CTUD C3, 4
Network 2 LD = C3 Q0.0
Gin xung:
10.5
ng dng b m
10.5.1 m sn phm c ng gi
Sn phm ng gi c a vo mt thng cha bng mt bng ti (ko bi ng c M). Mi thng cha c 10 sn phm. Khi sn phm c m th bng ti dng li cho ngi vn hnh a mt thng rng vo. Sau khi ngi vn hnh n nt S1(NO) tip tc th bng ti hot ng. Qu trnh c lp i lp li cho n khi no n nt dng S0 (NC). Sn phm trc khi a vo thng s i qua cm bin quang S2 (NC). S cng ngh:
174
Chu Ch c
10 B m (Counter)
Hnh 10.1: m sn phm c ng gi Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu S0 S1 S2 K1 a ch I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 Q0.0 Nt nhn dng, NC Nt nhn khi ng bng ti, NO Cm bin nhn bit sn phm, NC Contactor iu khin ng c M Ch thch
Ni dy vi PLC
Phn tch * ng c ko bng ti: iu kin hot ng: - Nt nhn S1 (NO) c tc ng iu kin dng: - Nt nhn dng S0 (NC) c tc ng, hoc - m 10 sn phm (b m C1). Nu s dng Set, Reset:
175
10 B m (Counter)
Chu Ch c
S0 C1
V u tin dng my nn s dng u tin Reset. Ngoi ra khi m 10 sn phm th Counter Bit C1 lun lun =1 nn ng R ca khu RS ta s dng cnh ln i vi bit C1. * B m C1: V m n 10 sn phm th pht tn hiu ng c dng, nn y s dng b m ln. iu kin ng vo m ln CU: = S2 Gi tr t cho b m PV:= 10 iu kin xa b m R:= cnh ln K1 Ch : V chn Reset(R) ca b m s xa b m v 0 theo mc logic nn ta phi s dng cnh ln ng vo. Chng trnh LAD STL
Network 1 ON/OFF bang tai LD I0.1 LDN I0.0 LD C1 EU OLD NOT LPS A Q0.0 = Q0.0 LPP ALD O Q0.0 = Q0.0 Network 2 Dem san pham LDN I0.2 LD Q0.0 EU CTU C1, 10
10.5.2 Kim sot ch cho Garage ngm Mt Garage ngm c 20 ch u xe. ng vo c hai n bo: n bo hiu Garage ht ch, n xanh bo hiu Garage cn ch trng. ng vo v ng ra ch cho php mt xe chy. S cng ngh c cho hnh 10.2. Hai cm bin S1 v S2 c t gn nhau nhn bit xe vo v ra.
176
Chu Ch c
10 B m (Counter)
S1
S2
24V
I0.0
I0.1
I0.2
I0.3
...
S7-200 DC/DC/DC
Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 ... 1L
Xanh
24V
Hnh 10.2: S Ragare ngm v s ni dy PLC Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S1 S2 Xanh Phn tch * Nhn bit xe vo/ra V Garage ngm ch c mt ca ra vo cho mt ln xe chy, nn khng th ly ring l mt cm bin nhn bit xa vo v cm bin cn li nhn bit xe ra v s c s trng lp v khng r rng. gii quyt, kt hp c hai cm bin ny. Gin xung cho xe vo r ra Garage nh sau: I0.0 I0.1 Q0.0 Q0.1 Ch thch Cm bin nhn bit xe vo/ra Cm bin nhn bit xe ra/vo n bo ht ch u xe n bo cn ch u xe
T gin thi gian ta nhn thy: Tn hiu xe vo:= cnh ln S2 AND mc logic 1 ca S1 Tn hiu xe ra:= cnh ln S1 AND mc logic 1 ca S2
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10 B m (Counter)
Chu Ch c
* B m V s lng xe trong Ragage thay i khi c xe vo v ra, nn y s dng b m ln v xung. Ngoi ra, n gin khi khi ng li PLC th b m xa v 0, ta c thng tin cho cc ng vo ca b m nh sau: Ng vo m ln CU:= Tn hiu xe vo Ng vo m xung:= Tn hiu xe ra Ng vo gi tr t trc PV:= 20 Ng vo xa b m R:= SM0.1
C1
10.6
Cu hi v bi tp
BT10.6.1 iu khin bn sy
Mt bn sy hot ng nh sau:
178
Chu Ch c
10 B m (Counter)
Khi n nt khi ng S1 (NO), th bn sy quay phi 20s, t ng dng li 5s, sau quay tri 20s, t ng dng li 5s. Qu trnh c lp i lp li cho n khi n nt dng S2 (NC) hoc sau thi gian 20 chu k lp s t ng dng li. Yu cu: 1. 2. 3. Lp bng xc nh vo ra (khi lp bng ch lit k lun cc bit nh, b m, timer v ngha ca chng trong chng trnh). Lp bng ni dy vi PLC Vit chng trnh iu khin v np vo PLC kim tra.
BT10.6.2 iu khin b n mn Mt b cha dung dch n mn n mn phn ng cn tha trn tm mch in. Gi cha cc tm mch c treo vo mt cn nh hnh 10.3. Khi n nt khi ng S1 (NO) th cn h gi xung n gii hn di S3 (NC) t cc tm mch in ngp trong dung dch n mn. Sau thi gian 15s th cn nng ln n gii hn trn ca cn S2 (NC) th t ng h xung tr li. Chu k lp li c 6 ln th t ng dng hoc c th n nt dng S0 (NC). Khi h thng ang hot ng th n bo H1 sng.
Hnh 10.3 S cng ngh b n mn Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch S0 S1 S2 S3 K1 K2 H1 I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Nt nhn dng, NC Nt nhn khi ng, NO Cng tc hnh trnh gii hn trn, NC Cng tc hnh trnh gii hn di, NC Contactor iu khin ng c ko gi ln Contactor iu khin ng c h gi xung n bo h thng hot ng Ch thch
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10 B m (Counter)
Chu Ch c
Yu cu: 1. V s ni dy PLC 2. Vit chng trnh iu khin BT10.6.3 Kim sot bng chuyn sn phm Mt h thng bng chuyn sn phm c cho theo s cng ngh nh hnh v 10.4. Khi n nt "start" th bng chuyn thng hot ng. Khi thng ng cng tc hnh trnh S3 (NO) th bng chuyn thng dng li, bng chuyn sn phm ng gi bt u chuyn ng. Cm bin S2(NC) c dng m s lung sn phm. Khi m c 12 sn phm th bng chuyn sn phm dng v bng chuyn thng li bt u chuyn ng. B m c t li v qu trnh vn hnh lp li cho n khi n nt "stop" (NC).
Hnh 10.4 S cng ngh bng chuyn sn phm Bng xc nh vo/ra K hiu a ch Start Stop S2 S3 K1 K2 Yu cu: 1. V s ni dy PLC 2. Vit chng trnh iu khin I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 Q0.0 Q0.1 Ch thch Nt nhn khi ng h thng, NO Nt nhn dng h thng, NC Cm bin m s lng sn phm, NC Cng tc hnh trnh nhn bit thng, NO Contactor iu khin ng c bng chuyn thng Contactor iu khin ng c bng chuyn sn phm
180
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
11
iu khin trnh t
11.1
Trong phn ny cp n vic t chc v cu trc cho chng trnh PLC, ngha l trong chng trnh iu khin gm cc phn c lin quan n cc vn nh cc ch hot ng, cc chc nng c bn, trnh t x l, kch hot cc ng ra, hin th trng thi theo trnh t sau: 1. Bt u chng trnh 2. Cc ch hot ng v cc chc nng c bn Khi to v tr c bn. Cc iu kin cho php ca ng ra. Mch logic iu khin. Kch hot cc ng ra. Xut cc ch th, ch bo.
Cc thit b vt l c iu khin u c v tr c bn, v d khi cc c cu tc ng cc trng thi OFF v cc cng tc hnh trnh v tr h. Tt c cc yu t ny c th c t hp logic vi nhau bo hiu v khi to v tr c bn, v c lp trnh nh l mt bc trong chui trnh t. on chng trnh chc nng khi ng hay dng qu trnh iu khin. Hu ht cc iu khin trong cng nghip u c nt khi ng (START) v nt dng (STOP) m c th lp trnh cho hnh vi ca chng. Cc nt ny c lp trnh bng cc tip im logic thc hin khi ng hay dng ton b hot ng iu khin ca PLC. Cng c th c mt cng tc bng tay cho php hay khng cho php cc ng ra, dng khi kim tra chng trnh. on chng trnh x l iu khin
181
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
y l phn chnh ca chng ny, bao gm vic thit k v lp trnh cc iu khin dng c ch trnh t hay logic t hp. Cc kt qu ca s t hp logic trn thng khng trc tip kch cc c cu chp hnh, m thng qua cc nh trung gian. on chng trnh kch cc ng ra Cc tn hiu ng ra dng kch c cu tc ng c kho ln bi cc nh trung gian hnh thnh t cc on chng trnh x l iu khin. on chng trnh xut cc ch th, ch bo Cc trng thi ca qu trnh hot ng thng c biu th bng n, chung ngi vn hnh my c cc quyt nh thch hp. Vic lp trnh theo cu trc nh trn nhm lm cho chng trnh iu khin c tin cy cao hn, d hiu hn, cho php xc nh li nhanh chng v rt ngn c thi gian bo tr, sa cha.
11.2
iu khin trnh t
182
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
Bn nng v tr di Hng ha c a vo bn Khi ng 1 Nng Khi ng 2 Ly hng Hng ha c ly 3 H Gii hn di 4 Hon tt Hnh 11.1: V d h thng nng hng c biu din theo s chc nng trong iu khin trnh t. u im ca phng php iu khin trnh t l: Thit k, lp trnh nhanh v n gin. Cu trc chng trnh r rng. Thay i d dng trnh t thc hin. Nhn bit nhanh chng cc nguyn gy ra li. Nhiu kiu hot ng khc nhau c th thc hin c. NS H thng h hot ng NS Bng ti hot ng NS H thng nng hot ng
T cc u im ny m trong thc t rt nhiu bi ton iu khin c gii quyt bng phng php iu khin trnh t. iu khin trnh t c th chia lm hai loi: iu khin trnh t theo thi gian .
183
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
iu khin trnh t theo thi gian : iu khin trnh t theo thi gian th iu kin chuyn tip ch ph thuc vo thi gian. Cc khu nh thi, b m thi gian to ra iu kin chuyn tip. iu khin trnh t theo qu trnh : iu khin trnh t theo qu trnh th iu kin chuyn tip ph thuc vo cc tn hiu ca thit b c iu khin. Cc thng bo v t cc s kin ca x l c th l v tr van cc b gim st hot ng, lu lng p sut, nhit , dn, nhn Trong nhiu trng hp cc thng bo v t vic x l phi c bin i thnh tn hiu nh phn . Mt dng ca iu khin trnh t ph thuc vo qu trnh x l ca iu khin theo hnh trnh, iu kin chuyn tip ca n ch ph thuc vo cc tn hiu hnh trnh ca thit b c iu khin .
S din t bng li hay ghi ra giy m t qu trnh iu khin thng di, kh theo di v khng chnh xc. Nh cp, ton b qu trnh iu khin s d hiu hn khi n chia thnh nhng n v con (sub-units) hay x l con (sub- processor). Mi n v con sau c th c xy dng theo dng trnh t v kha ln thc hin mt chc nng no theo yu cu. Cn c cc phng php m t h thng trnh t nh trn sao cho r rng v d theo di qu trnh hot ng. Cc phng php din t c th tu chn: logic relay (relay logic diagram), cng logic (logic schematics), lu (flowcharts) v s chc nng (function charts) nh hnh 11.2. Cc phng php ny khng thay th cho bc din t bng li m n h tr rt nhiu cho bc ny. Vic p dng phng php no tu thuc ch yu vo kinh nghim v phng php . Ngi phn tch thit k h thng c kin thc tt v k thut s hay v my tnh th thng dng 3 phng php sau, cn phng php logic relay c dng i vi nhng ngi quen vi thit k mch relay.
184
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
(a) Bt u
No
iu kin chuyn bc Bc 2 X l 2 X l 3
No
Tip tc
Hnh 11.2 : Cc phng php m t h thng iu khin logic: (a) logic relay; (b) cng logic; (c) lu ; (d) s chc nng
C hai phng php c lin h trc tip n mch vt l, nn vic dng PLC thay th h thng relay truyn thng l l tng. Cc phng php ny thng dng cho h thng iu khin dng t hp cc ng vo hay cc h thng trnh t qui m nh v s biu din cho trnh t qui m ln phc tp v kh theo di. Phng php biu din theo lu
Phng php ny thng dng khi thit k phn mm cho my tnh, nhng li ph bin biu din trnh t hot ng ca h thng iu khin. Lu c quan h trc tip n s m t bng li h thng iu khin, ch ra
185
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
tng iu kin cn kim tra tng bc v cc x l trong cc bc theo chui trnh t. Cc x l trong lu c ghi trong 1 ch nht, trong khi cc iu kin c ghi vo hnh thoi. Tuy nhin, phng php ny chim nhiu khng gian khi biu din h thng iu khin ln v tr nn nng n. Phng php s chc nng
Phng php ny ngy cng tr nn ph bin biu din cc hot ng trnh t, cho php th hin chi tit v cc x l cng nh trnh t cc hot ng trong qu trnh iu khin. Vi vi cch dng cc k hiu gn v c ng, phng php ny c c u im ca cc phng php trn, vic biu din bc tin trnh hot ng mch lc v r rng. Trong tng bc ta c th ghi ra cc iu kin set v reset, iu kin chuyn trng thi v cc tn hiu iu khin khc. S chc nng cn th hin c lc khi kim tra v th h thng. i s Boolean
Cho d dng phng php no i na, mt khi cc chc nng c c t r rng th chng phi c chuyn i sang dng m t c th chuyn thnh chng trnh PLC. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cch chuyn i cc chc nng thnh 1 chui lin tip biu thc boolean, v t chuyn thnh ngn ng PLC. Mt khi quen vi k thut ny, ta c th d dng chuyn i s c t chc nng thnh biu thc boolean bt k l n c c t bng phng php no. Ta cng c th c t ton b h thng iu khin logic bng biu thc boolean, mc d vic dng biu thc Boolean thng km hiu qu v mt thi gian thit k v khng d hiu i vi nhng ngi cha c kinh nghim v cc h thng iu khin. Gii php dng Boolean d sao i na cng tit kim c khng gian biu din trn giy khi thit k. Trong cc phng php lp trnh cho iu khin trnh t trn th phng php s chc nng c u im hn cc phng php khc. Cho nn chng ny chn phng php s chc nng lm c s chnh cho vic thit k iu khin trnh t.
11.3
Trong bi ton iu khin trnh t, thc hin mt cch c h thng cng vic iu khin v trnh ti a nhng thiu st, nhm ln th th tc thit k bi ton trnh t bao gm cc bc nh sau: Bc 1: Xy dng s phi hp thao tc cng ngh ca my hoc h thng thit b cn iu khin. y l cng vic c yu cu tng t nh khi bt tay vo vic thit k mt my mi. Ngi thc hin s cn c vo yu cu hot ng ca my t hnh dung v phn tch ra mt trnh t cc thao tc tht chi tit ca cc
186
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
khu chp hnh hoc tng b phn chp hnh ca my cng nh s hot ng gia chng. Qu trnh phn tch v thc hin vic phi hp cc chuyn ng hoc cc thao tc thng c thc hin di dng mt s phi hp. S c thc hin di dng cc di hnh ch nht t k tip nhau. Mi di tng trng cho din bin theo thi gian qu trnh hot ng ca mt khu chp hnh hoc mt b phn chp hnh nhm thc hin mt thao tc cng ngh no . S phi hp cc thao tc cng ngh cho php ngi thit k hnh dung ton b qu trnh hot ng ca my hoc ca h thng thit b bao gm trnh t cc thao tc v thi im bt u cng nh kt thc thc hin ca tng thao tc. S phi hp ny s l c s cho vic son tho chng trnh iu khin trn PLC cng ng thi l ti liu gc cho vic hiu chnh s lm vic my hoc h thng v sau. Bc 2: Lp s khi iu khin trnh t. Cn c vo s phi hp cc hot ng hoc cc thao tc ca cc b phn chp hnh trn my thit k, ngi cn b k thut s thc hin mt cng vic tng t tip theo l lp s khi iu khin trnh t (dng lu (flowchart) hoc s chc nng (funtion-chart)). Cng vic ny l mt bc tip cn hn na ca qu trnh iu khin. Tu theo mc quen s dng cch biu din no m ngi thit k s la chn cc phng php biu din qu trnh iu khin m t chui trnh t cc thao tc cng ngh cng nh cc tn hiu iu khin cho tng thao tc. Bc 3: Chun b phn cng v m t cc tham s vo/ra. Cng vic la chn cc c cu chp hnh nh la chn cc loi ng c, xylanh kh nn hoc xylanh du p, la chn cc loi van iu khin,, c lin quan mt thit vi qu trnh iu khin tng hp do nhiu yu t nh c tnh k thut ca c cu tc ng c ph hp vi my thit k hay khng, kt cu c ph hp hay khng, khng gian c cho php b tr loi c cu tc ng hay khng; v mt yu t quan trng c tnh cht quyt nh l thi gian v tc p ng ca c cu tc ng c la chn c ph hp, tha mn vi yu cu phi hp trn my hay khng. Ngi thit k phi la chn k tm kim cc c cu tc ng ph hp nht v m t y cc thng s k thut ca c cu tc ng, chng hn nh cc gi tr in p, dng in tc ng vo ng c in hay tc ng vo cc van in t iu khin cc van kh nn. Cc tn hiu trn c lin quan mt thit vi cc tn hiu ng ra ca PLC. Tng t, cc tn hiu t cc cm bin; phn nh trng thi ca c cu tc ng, c a n cc ng vo ca PLC. Thng qua vic la chn v m t cc tham s vo/ ra ny, ngi thit k s cung cp cc s liu cn thit cho vic thit k cc mch giao tip gia PLC vi mch cng sut ca cc c cu tc ng, xc nh s ng vo/ ra la chn PLC thch hp.
187
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Bc 4: Lp trnh. Vi y cc d liu c cung cp t cc bc thc hin trn, cng vic tip theo ca ngi lp trnh l son tho chng trnh iu khin cho PLC thc hin vic iu khin my hoc h thng hot ng ng cho chu trnh thit k. Tu theo kh nng quen s dng loi ngn ng lp trnh trn PLC no m ngi lp trnh s chn la son tho chng trnh. Vi cc chng trnh n gin, cc phn mm ca cc hng cho php bin dch c chng trnh c vit t ngn ng ny sang ngn ng khc. Bc 5: Chy th v hon chnh chng trnh. y l cng vic ht sc t nhin phi thc hin sau khi lp trnh. Vic chy th chng trnh c thc hin trong 2 ch : Ch gi lp (ch offline): Cho chy chng trnh v theo di p ng ca cc ng ra thng qua cc n LED. n LED ng ra c th s biu th cho tn hiu xut ng ra cho c cu tc ng v p ng ca chng. Ch thc (ch online): Sau khi chy th v iu chnh chng trnh trong ch gi lp hon ho. Chuyn ch hot ng trn PLC v ni phn mch giao tip vi mch cng sut iu khin my chy trong ch thc. Trong ch ny, vi cc p ng thc ca cc c cu tc ng khi khng ti v khi c ti s gip cho ngi lp trnh hiu chnh chng trnh ln cui trc khi a vo vn hnh thc s trong sn xut.
11.4
Mt bi ton iu khin trnh t c th chia lm 4 phn : Chui trnh t Kiu hot ng Cc thng bo Kch hot ng ra .
Mi lin h gia cc phn c biu din theo s hnh 11.3. 11.4.1 Chui trnh t Ht nhn ca iu khin trnh t l chui trnh t. Chng trnh iu khin theo cc bc bit c x l y. Cc bc trnh t ring l c kch hot ph thuc vo iu kin chuyn tip. 11.4.2 Kiu hot ng iu kin cho cc ch hot ng khc nhau c x l trong phn kiu hot ng. Cc loi hot ng sau thng c s dng trong k thut iu khin . a. Ch t ng:
188
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
Trong ch t ng, sau khi tn hiu khi ng c kch hot th trnh t iu khin xy ra cc chui trnh t hon ton t ng khng cn n bng iu khin . C cu chp hnh s c iu khin theo chui trnh t . b. Ch tay hay hot ng theo bc Trong ch hot theo tng bc th chui trnh t c chuyn tip bng tay . ch ny cn c thm s phn bit : chuyn tip c iu kin v chuyn tip khng iu kin. Ch lm vic ny dng kim tra chng trnh trong vn hnh v x l li . c. Ch thit b Trong ch ny, tng c cu chp hnh c th c tc ng bng tay m khng ph thuc vo chng trnh iu khin. Cc kha an ton vn c hiu lc trong ch ny. Cc ch lm vic khc nhau c iu khin bng iu khin. Ty theo ch hot ng c iu chnh m chui trnh t xut lnh v phn thng bo tip nhn tn hiu di dng tn hiu sn sng, tn hiu chuyn tip, tn hiu kha v tn hiu hin th. Tn hiu t bng iu khin Kiu hot ng Thnh phn thng bo: Loi hot ng Li Chui trnh t Hin th bc
V tr c bn
Cho php
C cu chp hnh
Hnh 11.3: Cu trc ca mt bi ton iu khin trnh t i vi mi ch hot ng thng phi ch n qui tc an ton. Cc qui tc an ton nht c th c tm tt sau y : Cc tnh trng nguy him gy tai nn cho ngi, my mc cng nh vt liu phi c trnh. My mc phi c trng thi ng yn (khng hot ng) khi ngun c in tr li nu xy ra tnh trng mt in.
189
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Cc cng tc dng khn cp v cc cng tc gii hn an ton phi lun trng thi sn sng khi c s c. Bi vy cc thit b bo v ny cn phi c tc dng trc tip n phn cng sut ca c cu chp hnh. Trong trng hp xy ra s c t dy hay ni t th h thng khng c php t khi ng cng nh khng c php hot ng.
Cc qui tc chung ny c thc hin ty theo mi nhim v iu khin. 11.4.3 Cc thng bo Trong phn chng trnh ny, cc thng bo cn thit ca iu khin c t bng iu khin. Cc thng bo iu khin bao gm ch th ch hot ng c t, ch th s bc hin hnh v ch th li xy ra. 11.4.4 Kch hot ng ra Cc lnh thc hin cc bc n ca chui trnh t c kch hot trong phn chng trnh xut lnh, ng thi n c lin kt vi tn hiu sn sng ca phn ch hot ng v cc tn hiu kha t qu trnh x l. y cn lu n cc lnh iu khin bng tay ca c cu chp hnh trong ch hot ng thit b. * c im ca iu khin trnh t: Cc c im quan trng nht ca iu khin trnh t c th k ra nh sau : Cc bc trnh t c thc hin k tip nhau theo mt trnh t xc nh cho trc. Trnh t ny ch c th b nh hng khi c tn hiu cho php chui trnh t v reset chui trnh t. Khi c tn hiu cho php chui trnh t v iu kin chuyn tip c tc ng th bc sau c thc hin. Vic ng mch cho bc k tip ph thuc vo iu kin chuyn tip c iu khin t qu trnh hay thng qua cc iu kin thi gian. Khi bc sau c set th bc trc phi b reset. Cc li trong mt chui trnh t c th c xc nh v phn tch mt cch nhanh chng. Vic tm li gii hn trong cc bc c set v iu kin chuyn tip ca chng, cc li c tm ra y. Khu an ton c thit lp khng ph thuc vo trnh t chng trnh v tn hiu ca n c lin kt vi cc khu tng ng ca phn kch hot ng ra.
11.5
Cc k hiu
Vic biu din iu khin trnh t c thc hin theo s khi. N biu din vn iu khin cn gii quyt, khng ph thuc vo cch thc
190
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
thc hin ca n nh ch hot ng, s lp t dy dn cng nh v tr lp t. S khi b sung thm cch m t hot ng. Nh cc yu cu cn thit trong hot ng v cng ngh c biu din c ng, r rng. Nh vy s khi cng l mt cng c thch hp din t qui trnh cng ngh gia nh sn xut v ngi s dng. Dng biu din cho iu khin trnh t c cho theo bng 11.1. ngha K hiu chung cho bc n : Bc thc hin xxx: Tn bc thc hin Lnh: A : Loi lnh. B : Tn gi v tc dng ca cc lnh ti thit b c gii thch bng ch ( v d : bng ti dng ) C : V tr ngt ca lnh. ng dn tc dng n : s k hiu ca v tr ngt Tm tt ca cc ng dn tc dng X,Y,Z : Tn cc iu kin c m t ngn hay dng ch. K hiu cc cng logic. 1: Cng OR & : Cng AND =1: Cng XNOR Cc r nhnh &: AND 1: OR K hiu n xxx
X Y Z
=1
&
&
11.6
Bc trnh t
Mt bc trnh t c cho nh hnh v 11.4. Phn trn c k hiu n l s bc, phn di dng m t ngn chc nng ca bc. Bc n c
191
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
set nu tt c cc ng vo I c gi tr logic 1. Cc ng ra Q bc c set c gi tr 1 v sn sng set cho bc tip theo ( n+ 1 ). Bc s b reset nu nh bc sau ( n+ 1) c set. Ngoi ra mt bc c th b nh hng bi tn hiu reset R v tn hiu t do F . Tn hiu n t bc trc I Chuyn tip khng iu kin. Cho php F F R I iu kin chuyn tip
n Text Q
Hnh 11.4: K hiu ca mt bc vi cc ng vo v ra V d sau l mt chng trnh biu din mt bc tng ng trong iu khin trnh t. y l trng hp n gin nht gm c mt khu nh vi cng AND t ng S. Khu trnh t ny c th b Reset vi lin kt OR thm vo ng R. F I I
Trong th hin chng trnh th mt bc c set tng ng vi mt bit memory. Cu trc ca chui tun t tng ng trnh t cc bc iu khin ca d n. C 2 phng php biu din :
192
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
Bc c bn iu kin khi ng Bc 1 Lnh 1 Lnh 2 iu kin chuyn tip cho bc 2 Bc 2 Lnh 3 Lnh 4 iu kin chuyn tip cho bc 3 Bc 3 Lnh 5
Bc c bn
Hnh 11.5: Cc cch biu din theo cc chun khc nhau hai phng php biu din trn, chng ny ch trnh by s biu din theo DIN 40719.
11.7
Cc lnh cho ng ra ca mt bc phn kch hot ng ra ca khu iu chnh c in vo dng bn phi ca hnh ch nht ca k hiu bc. K hiu lnh theo bc c k hiu nh sau: I I
193
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Vng B: Ch tc dng ca lnh gii thch bng ch (v d ng c c in, n H1 sng . . .). Vng C: K hiu v tr ngt ca lnh xut. Nu v tr ngt khng tn ti th c th b vng ny. Mi k hiu c th s dng nhiu ng vo vi cc tc dng khc nhau. Cc tc dng c bit c k hiu thng qua ch ci: Ng vo cho php: F. Ng vo reset: R. Ng vo cho cc thng bo li: RC. Mt k hiu lnh cng c quyt nh v cc ng ra, hoc c biu din trc tip bng ng dn tc dng hoc s lnh ca n c in vo vng C. Cc ng ra c k hiu RC dng thng bo li t khu iu chnh. Cc loi lnh sau c th c in vo vng A: Lnh D SD NSD NS R S SH T ST ngha Lnh tr hon thi gian Lnh tr hon thi gian v c duy tr Lnh tr hon thi gian v khng c duy tr Lnh khng c duy tr Reset li cc phn t b set Lnh c duy tr Lnh c duy tr trong trng hp mt in Lnh gii hn thi gian Lnh c duy tr v gii hn thi gian
* Lnh NS (khng c duy tr) Lnh NS ch c tc dng khi no bc ph thuc c kch hot. Nu bc sau c ng mch th lnh NS khng cn tc dng na. V d lnh
I0.2 NS Q0.0 I1.0 M0.0 Van 5 ON
M0.3
& Q0.0
194
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
* Lnh NSD (tr hon thi gian v khng c duy tr) Lnh NSD tc dng nh lnh NS, vic xut lnh xy ra ty thuc vo qu trnh ca thi gian tr hon t c iu chnh trc. V d lnh Biu din s logic
M1.5 I0.7 I0.4 M1.2 5 M1.5 NSD Q0.5 Qut ON, T37= 3s & I0.7 I0.4 M1.2
3s 0
& Q0.5
* Lnh T (gii hn thi gian ) Lnh gii hn thi gian b xo thng qua mt bc. N ng in sau mt thi gian xc nh nu bc cn tch cc. Nu bc thot khi trc thi gian nh trc th lnh cng mt tc dng theo. V d lnh
I1.0 I0.1 M2.2 & 6 T Q1.2 Tn hiu cnh bo T37=10s T37
10 0
M0.6
& Q1.2
* Lnh S (duy tr) Lnh duy tr c set trong mt bc v gi lun sau nu nh bc khng cn tc dng na. Bi vy lnh S phi c xa bi lnh reset ( R) mt bc khc.
195
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
V d lnh
I0.4 I1.0 I1.1 I1.2 F F R 3 S Q0.3 Motor ON M1.4 I1.2
&
M0.3
S 1
12
M2.0
&
M1.4 Q0.3
* Lnh SD (tr hon thi gian v c duy tr ) Lnh SD c tc dng nh lnh S. Tuy nhin ng ra c tc dng sau qu trnh thi gian tr hon t c iu chnh trc. V d lnh
I0.2 I0.7 I1.0 M2.1 R F F 5 SD Q0.7 Van ON, T38=5s R I= 0 M3.0 T38 R Q0.7 Van STOP t 0 S 1
M0.5
12
M1.5
& Q0.7
* Lnh SH (duy tr trong trng hp mt in) Lnh SH c tc dng nh lnh S nhng sau lnh c duy tr, nu nh v mt nguyn nhn no in p cung cp b mt.
196
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
13
SH
Van ON
* Lnh ST (duy tr v gii hn thi gian) Lnh ST c tc dng nh lnh S. N cng cn c set nu nh bc ph thuc khng cn c Set na v ch ko di trong mt khong thi gian t c iu chnh trc. V d lnh
I0.2 I1.4 F 5 M0.5 M2.2 F
12
Q1.5 Ci OFF
S 1
M1.4
& Q1.5
11.8
Ty theo yu cu iu khin m ngi vn hnh c th t trng thi hot ng ca thit b cc trng thi hot ng khc nhau. Ty theo ch lm vic c t m ch cho tn hiu ng ra cc iu kin xc nh. Mt h thng iu khin trnh t y bn cnh chui trnh t cn bao gm ch lm vic, cnh bo v xut lnh. Trong chng ny ch trnh by ch hot ng vi cc cnh bo, hin th bc v xut lnh trong iu khin trnh t, cc ch hot ng bao gm: Ch t ng
197
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Hnh 11.6: Bng iu khin tiu biu iu khin trnh t trnh trng cc nt nhn cng nh cc n bo vi cc yu cu cng ngh t ra cho cc bi tan iu khin th cc nt nhn v cng tc trn bng iu khin c k hiu l I1, I2, I3, I4 v cc n bo l Q0 Q4 vi Q0..Q3 l b m ch th bc trnh t cn Q4 l bo ch t ng. Nhim v ca cc nt nhn, cng tc nh sau: Cng tc I1: tay. Nt nhn I2: Chp nhn ch Khi I1 = 1 (ch t ng) th khi tc ng I2 th chui trnh t c t v v tr c bn (v tr c bn) v ln tc ng k tip th ch t ng c thc hin. Nu chui trnh t ang sn sng v tr c bn th ch cn tc ng mt ln I2 ch t ng c thc hin. Khi I1 = 0 (ch tay) mi ln tc ng I2 s i n bc k tip trong chui trnh t. Nt nhn I3: Cho php hot ng Nt nhn phi c tc ng ch hot ng theo bc n l, kch hot ng ra ca mi bi. Nt nhn I4: Dng Kt thc ch hot ng t ng khi n bc cui cng trong chui trnh t. T ng/tay Chn ch hot ng. Nu I1 = 1 l ch t ng, I1 = 0 l ch
198
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
Hnh 11.7: Cu trc chng trnh iu khin trnh t theo cc tn hiu vo/ra Ghi ch: Tn hiu cho php 1 i vi chuyn mch tip theo c iu kin (t ng) Tn hiu cho php 2 i vi chuyn mch tip theo khng iu kin (tay) Tn hiu cho php 3 i vi vic xut lnh Di y l cc on chng trnh cho cc khu trong ch hot ng vi: Cc tn hiu vo l cc ng vo I1, I2, I3, I4, I0, GM0 v M0 Cc tn hiu ra l Q4, B0, B1, B2, B3 v cc nh ph l B10, B11 v B12.
199
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Tn hiu B0:
Tn hiu Q4 v B1:
Tn hiu B12:
Tn hiu B2: Cho php chuyn mch tip theo khng iu kin
200
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
on chng trnh trn l chng trnh tng qut ca cc ch hot ng vi iu khin trnh t. Ty theo tng bi ton c th m ta s gn cho cc ng vo I1, I2, I3, I4, I0, Q4 cc ng vo v ra tng ng; GM0, M0, B0, B1, B2, B3, B10, B11 v B12 gn cho cc nh M tng ng.
11.9
Cc v d ng dng
Trong cc v d s khng trnh by phn kt ni dy vi PLC na. Phn ny yu cu bn c t thc hin. 11.9.1 My phay n gin M t hot ng: Khi n nt khi ng S1 th bn my di chuyn v hng phi. Khi bn my gp cng tc hnh trnh S2 th t ng quay ngc tr li. Trong chiu chy ngc, nu bn phay ng cng tc hnh trnh S3 th t ng o chiu. Qu trnh c th lp i lp li. Khi n nt dng S0 th bn phay tip tc quay cho ht chu k v ch dng li khi tr v v tr c bn (gii hn tri).
201
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Thc hin vit chng trnh iu khin my phay ny theo phng php trnh t. S cng ngh:
START S1 STOP S0
Bn phay gii hn phi, I0.2 NS Bn phay chy v hng tri (contactor K2), Q0.1
Hnh 11.9: S iu khin theo trnh t my phay n gin Bng k hiu: K hiu a ch Cc bin vo S0 I0.0 Nt nhn dng, NC Ch thch
202
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
S1 S2 S3 K1 K2
Nt nhn khi ng Cng tc hnh trnh bo gii hn phi, NC Cng tc hnh trnh bo gii hn tri,NC Contactor iu khin bn phay chy v hng phi Contactor iu khin bn phay chy v hng tri
Cc bin ra
203
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Biu din STL: Network 1 Buoc co ban LD I0.1 LDN I0.0 NOT LPS A M1.0 = M1.0 LPP ALD O M1.0 = M1.0 Network 2 Buoc 1: Quay phai LDN M0.0 AN I0.3 A M1.0 LD M1.2 NOT LPS A M1.1 = M1.1 LPP ALD O M1.1 = M1.1
204
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
Network 3 Buoc 2: Quay tri LD M1.1 AN I0.2 LD M1.3 NOT LPS A M1.2 = M1.2 LPP ALD O M1.2 = M1.2 Network 4 Buoc 3: Ket thuc LD M1.2 AN I0.3 LD M1.1 O M0.0 ON I0.0 NOT LPS A M1.3 = M1.3 LPP ALD O M1.3 = M1.3 11.9.2 Bng chuyn m to M t hot ng:
Network 5 Thuc hien nhiem vu trong buoc 1: Contactor K1 LD M1.1 = Q0.0 S M0.0, 1 Network 6 Thuc hien nhiem vu trong buoc 2: contactor K2 LD M1.2 = Q0.1 Network 7 Thuc hien nhiem vu trong buoc 3 LD M1.3 R M0.0, 1
Khi n nt khi ng ON th bng chuyn thng hot ng. Khi thng n v tr th dng li v bng chuyn to hot ng. Nu s lng to m c bng 12 th bng chuyn to dng. Bng chuyn chy tip cho n khi mt thng th hai ng v tr th dng li. Qu trnh c lp i lp li cho n khi no n nt OFF. S cng ngh:
205
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Bng chuyn to
Hnh 11.10: S cng ngh bng chuyn m to Bng k hiu: K hiu a ch Cc bin vo OFF ON CB_tao CB_thung Cc bin ra K1 K2 Q0.0 Q0.1 Contactor iu khin bng chuyn to Contactor iu khin bng chuyn thng I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 Nt nhn dng, NC Nt nhn khi ng h thng Cm bin to, NC Cm bin thng ng v tr,NO Ch thch
206
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
(M1.0) Q S0 (I0.0)
S R
Nt nhn khi ng S1 (I0.1) Nt nhn dng S0 (I0.0) nh khi ng tt (M0.0) B.chuyn to dng
NS B.chuyn thng hot ng (contactor K1), Q0.0 S nh khi ng, M0.0 R Xa b m to C1 Thng ng v tr (I0.3) NS NS Cm bin to (I0.2)
Hnh 11.11: S iu khin theo trnh t bng chuyn m to Chng trnh Biu din LAD:
207
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
208
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
Chng trnh biu din STL: Network 1 Buoc co ban LD I0.1 LDN I0.0 NOT LPS A M1.0 = M1.0 LPP ALD O M1.0 = M1.0 Network 2 Buoc 1: Bang chuyen thung LDN M0.0 AN Q0.1 A M1.0 LD M1.2 ON I0.0 NOT LPS A M1.1 = M1.1 LPP ALD O M1.1 = M1.1 Network 3 Buoc 2: Bang chuyen tao LD I0.3 EU A M1.1 LD M1.3 ON I0.0 NOT LPS A M1.2 = M1.2 LPP ALD O M1.2 = M1.2 Network 4 Buoc 3: Ket thuc LD C1 A M1.2 LD M1.1 ON I0.0 NOT LPS A M1.3 = M1.3 LPP ALD O M1.3 = M1.3 Network 5 Thuc hien nhiem vu trong buoc 1 LD M1.1 = Q0.0 S M0.0, 1 Network 6 Thuc hien nhiem vu trong buoc 2 LD M1.2 = Q0.1 Network 7 Dem tao LD M1.2 AN I0.2 LD M1.1 CTU C1, 12 Network 8 Thuc hien nhiem vu buoc 3 LD M1.3 R M0.0, 1
209
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
11.10 Cu hi v bi tp
BT 11.1 n giao thng Mt giao l hnh nh v c ch lm vic nh hnh 11.12 S cng ngh v gin thi gian
ng-Ty
ng-Ty vng
ng-Ty xanh
Nam-Bc
Nam-Bc vng
Nam-Bc xanh
60s 10s 60s 10s
210
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
Bng k hiu K hiu a ch S1 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 I0.0 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Q0.5 Cng tc h thng ng-Ty ng-Ty vng ng-Ty xanh Nam-Bc Nam-Bc vng Nam-Bc xanh
Ch thch
Khi bt cng tc S1 v v tr ON th h thng n giao thng hot ng theo s thi gian trn. v tr OFF th ton b h thng n tt. Hy vit chng trnh iu khin theo phng php trnh t. BT 11.2 Xe chuyn nguyn liu
Hnh 11.13: S cng ngh xe chuyn nguyn liu Bng k hiu K hiu a ch Start End 1 Fill 1 I0.0 I0.1 I0.2
Ch thch Khi ng h thng, thng h. Cng tc hnh trnh trm x, thng ng Cm bin bo xe rng, thng ng.
211
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Cng tc hnh trnh trm np, thng ng. Cm bin bo y, thng h. Dng, thng ng. Ch bc, thng h. Ch t ng, thng h. Xe chy v hng A Xe chy v hng B Van x nguyn liu Van thy lc
M t hot ng Xe vn chuyn nguyn liu hot ng nh sau: * Xe vn chuyn nguyn liu c th thc hin qua cng tc chn ch : - Ch t ng: I0.6 - Ch bc: I0.7 * V tr c bn: Xe v tr cng tc hnh trnh End 2 (I0.3 v xe cha c lm y. Ch t ng: Khi xe v tr c bn v cng tc chn ch t ch t ng, khi nhn nt khi ng (I0.0) th van x Y1 m, vt liu c vo xe, cm bin Fill 2 dng nhn bit xe c y. Khi xe y th van x Y1 mt in v xe chy v hng B sau thi gian n nh 5s, xe dng li ti B (trm nhn nguyn liu) khi chm cng tc hnh trnh S2. Xy lanh thy lc ca thit b x c iu khin v tm chn trn xe c m vt liu c rt vo bn cha. Khi xe x ht vt liu cm bin S4 pht ra tn hiu 1, pit tng thy lc ca thit b x mt in, tm chn tr v v tr c, xe dng 5 giy sau chy v hng A. Chu k hot ng c lp li. Nu trong chu k hot ng m nt dng c n th qu trnh vn tip tc cho n khi xe tr v v tr c bn (xe rng v trm nhn nguyn liu) v dng hn. Ch bc: mi bc thc hin phi thng qua nt nhn start. V d : khi n start xe ng v tr van x c m, khi xe y th S3 tc ng, van x ng li. Nu tip tc n start th xe chy v hng B. Hy vit chng trnh iu khin xe chuyn nguyn liu ny theo iu khin trnh t.
212
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
BT 11.3
Thit b v nc chai
Hnh 11.14: S cng ngh thit b v nc chai Bng k hiu K hiu S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 a ch I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 I0.4 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Ch thch Gii hn trn ca cn v nuc, thng ng Gii hn di ca cn v nc, thng ng Cm bin v tr chai, thng h Khi ng h thng, thng h Chai ng v tr trong kt, thng h Van x nuc H cn v nc xung Nng cn v nc ln Bng ti vn chuyn chai rng n bo kt y
M t
213
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
Thit b v nc chai hot ng nh sau: Trc khi vn hnh thit b v nc chai th cc chai rng phi c t ln bng ti. Nu sau nt nhn khi ng ( I0.3) c tc ng, th bng ti s vn chuyn chai rng vi thi gian tr hon ban u l 1s. Bng ti dng li khi c mt chai n cm bin v tr (I0.2). By gi cn v nc s h t trn xung, khi n gii hn di (I0.1) th dng li, sau 1s th van x s c m nc vo chai, van x s ng li khi chai y thi gian lm y ko di khong 3s. Sau khi van x ng li 1s th cn v nc c nng ln, n gii hn trn (I0.0) th dng li. Sau 1s th bng ti vn chuyn chai rng li tip tc v qu trnh c th lp li. Chai y nc c a sang bng ti a chai vo kt khi bng ti chai rng hot ng, khi chai ng v tr trong kt th c mt tn hiu pht ra (I0.4). Qu trnh c lp i lp li cho n khi no s lng chai trong kt 12 th n bo sng ln v h thng dng li. Qu trnh mi li bt u khi nt nhn khi ng c tc ng. Hy vit chng trnh iu khin s dng phng php trnh t. BT 11.4 My un thanh kim loi S cng ngh:
Hnh 11.15: S cng ngh my un thanh kim loi Cc thanh kim loi cn c un mt u theo theo mt khun cho trc (s cng ngh). Qui trnh hot ng ca my nh sau: Thanh kim loi cn un c t ln khun un n nt khi ng S0 th xy lanh Cyl.1 h xung gi ly thanh kim loi.
214
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
Khi thanh kim loi c gi cht (nhn bit bi cng tc hnh trnh S2) th xy lanh Cyl.2 h xung un thanh kim loi vung gc trc. Sau khi un xong th t ng nng ln nh cng tc hnh trnh S4. Khi xy lanh Cyl.2 tr v v tr c bn (nhn bit bi S3) th xy lanh Cyl.3 c y un thanh kim loi giai an un cui theo nh hnh ca khun un. Khi xy lanh Cyl.3 n v tr S6 th t ng rt ngc v. Khi xy lanh Cyl.3 rt v n v tr c bn (nhn bit bi S5) th xy lanh Cyl.1 cng rt v v tr c bn ca n (nhn bit bi S1). Lc ny thanh kim loi c t do. Ngi s dng c th ly ra v t mt thanh kim loi mi vo. V mt chu k mi li c th bt u.
Hy vit chng trnh iu khin s dng phng php trnh t. BT 11.5 My doa ming ng kim loi ng kim loi cn c doa ming theo mt khun cho trc (s cng ngh). S cng ngh:
Hnh 11.16: S cng ngh my doa mig ng kim loi. My hot ng nh sau: Ngi vn hnh t ng kim loi cn doa ming vo v tr sao cho ming ng phi chm vo c chn ming ng. Sau n nt nhn S0, xy lanh Cyl.1 s kp ng li. khi ng c kp th c chn ming ng t ng rt v. Xy lanh Cyl.2 s h xung doa ming ng theo khun A. thi gian doa khang 3s. Sau xy lanh Cyl.2 rt v v khun B c xylanh Cyl.4 a vo. Sau khi khun B c a vo th xy lanh Cyl.2 h xung doa ming ng theo khun B. Tng t nh khun A vic doa khong 3s. Sau xy lanh Cyl.2 tr v v tr c bn ca n v xy lanh Cyl.4 cng rt khun B v v t
215
11 iu khin trnh t
Chu Ch c
khun A v v tr sn sng cho ng kim loi k tip. Sau khi ming ng c doa theo khun B xong th xy lanh kp ng Cyl.1 co v th ng kim loi khi hm kp. Xy lanh Cyl.2 c y tr v v tr chn ming ng. Mt chu k mi li c th bt u. Hy vit chng trnh iu khin s dng phng php trnh t. BT 11.6 Bn trn
Hai loi cht lng khc nhau c trn v c nung nng n mt nhit xc nh theo s cng ngh nh hnh v. M t hot ng: Sau khi nt nhn S0 c tc ng th van Y1 m cho cht lng A vo bn n cng tc gii hn mc S2 th ng li. Sau ng c khuy c cp in v van Y2 c m. Khi cng tc gii hn mc S3 tc ng th van Y2 ng li v in tr nung H c cp in. Cm bin nhit S4 thng bo nhit t n nhit cho trc th in tr nung v ng c khuy mt in v van Y3 c m. Khi cng tc bo mc S1 thng bo rng bn x ht th van Y3 ng li v mt qu trnh mi c lp li nu nt nhn S0 c tc ng. S cng ngh:
216
Chu Ch c
11 iu khin trnh t
I1 I2 I3 I4
Q4
Bo ch t ng
Hin th bc
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q0
Bng k hiu: K hiu a ch Cc bin vo I1 I2 I3 I4 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q4 Y1 Y2 Y3 H M I1.1 I1.2 I1.3 I1.4 I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 I0.4 Q0.6 Q0.7 Q1.0 Q1.1 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4
Ch thch Cng tc tay/t ng Chp nhn ch Cho php hot ng Dng Nt nhn khi ng Cng tc hnh trnh bo mc cht lng 1 (bn rng) Cng tc hnh trnh bo mc cht lng 2 Cng tc hnh trnh bo mc cht lng 3 Cm bin nhit Ch th b gi tr 1 Ch th bc gi tr 2 Ch th bc gi tr 4 Ch th ch t ng Van Y1, van m Q0.0=1 Van Y2, van m Q0.1=1 Van Y3, van m Q0.2=1 in tr nung ng c khuy
Cc bin ra
217
Chu Ch c
12.1
Khi nim v mc ch
An ton ca mt thit b in khng ch ch i vi PLC m cn ch n tng th cc hot ng bn ngoi my mc v thit b. S an ton ca mt trang b in phi c thc hin khng ph thuc vo loi iu khin, v d iu khin bng contactor hay PLC. Khi nim an ton c hiu theo ngha kh nng ca mt h thng c tc dng trong mt gii hn cho trc trong mt khong thi gian xc nh m khng c nguy him xy ra. An ton ch c th t c trong khong gii hn cho trc. Cc gii hn ny thuc v cc iu kin mi trng nh: Nhit m S tc ng c kh Bo dng ng S dng ng Thi gian hot ng Khng gy nguy him n tnh mng v sc khe con ngi Bo m cho my mc, thit b trc cc s c ng tic Bnh thng trong cc trng hp li
Mc ch ca an ton l:
12.2
H hng PLC
Trong thc t ch ra rng 95% tt c cc h hng l do thit b ngoi vi. Cc h hng c th l: t dy dn n thit b hay khu iu chnh Cc h hng c cu chp hnh nh nt nhn, cng tc, cng tc hnh trnh. H hng khu iu chnh.
Cn i vi h hng do PLC gy ra th vo khong 5%. Hu ht l do cc khi vo/ra, b x l trung tm hay ngun cung cp. H hng cc thit b iu khin c phn b nh sau:
218
10%
95%
H hng ngoi vi
T s trn, ta c th phn on c cc li xut hin u tm li thit b ngoi vi hay PLC. Cc li ngoi vi c th nhn bit, nu: Tt c cc ng vo/ra ca PLC c LED hin th Vi s gip ca thit b lp trnh (t ch Online) Nu cc thng bo li c th c thc hin vi phn mm
Cc li PLC c th c nhn bit nu cc trng thi bn trong h thng c ch th vi cc LED bo trng thi, v d nh: Gim st chng trnh iu khin, iu khin chu k Kim tra ngun cung cp Gim st nhit ....
219
Chu Ch c
Cc li nguy him v khng nguy him c th xut hin l li tch cc (tn hiu 1 ng ra, ng l ra n phi l 0) hoc li khng tch cc (tn hiu 0 ng ra, ng l ra n phi l 1). 12.3.2 Cc cch gii quyt cho hot ng an ton ca thit b iu khin PLC Khng c mt gii php k thut an ton no c gi tr chung cho tt c cc vn iu khin, v mi s iu khin c c im ring, iu kin cng ngh, trnh t hot ng, qui lut v iu kin mi trng. T , i vi mi thit b phi c quyt nh ly phng php k thut an ton no trnh c cc s c ng tic cho ngi v my mc. Hin ti vn cha c gii p tha mn v phn cng v phn mm cho vn an ton. Cc nh ch to PLC a vo cc chc nng an ton ca thit b iu khin PLC. Chng gip cho ngi dng trnh c tnh trng ng my ca thit b t ng thc hin c cht lng v hiu qu cao. C th tm tt cc cch gii quyt cho hot ng an ton nh sau: Cu trc PLC an ton Thit b gim st bn trong h thng ca PLC (gim st hot ng chng trnh (watch-dog), phng php nh du kim tra). Thit k ng (s ng mch li, dng khn cp, thi gian gim st, d phng ) Lp trnh an ton khi t dy Cc mch an ton cao Lp mch bo v cc ng ra
Cc mch an ton cao Cc mch an ton cao l cc thit b iu khin ph c thc hin ng ra ca PLC cho chc nng an ton. Cc thit b iu khin ny m nhn chc nng an ton ring cho thit b iu khin Cc kha Cc kha cn thit trnh cc trng thi ng mch khng mong mun. C cc loi kha cng khc nhau sau: * Kha 2 ng vo (hnh 12.10) Trng hp ny ch s dng i vi cc mch iu khin ng c quay phi, tri dng contactor. Cn trong PLC khng bt buc.
220
Chu Ch c
* Kha ng ra (hnh 12.11) y cc ng ra c kha cho ln nhau s dng tip im thng ng. iu ny trnh cho cc contactor iu khin ng c quay phi v quay tri ng cng lc. Loi kho ny PLC l loi kha c ch nh bt buc, v hin tng dnh tip im ca contactor v li lp trnh gy ra.
Trai 24 Vdc
PLC
Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Q0.5 Q0.6 Q0.7 L+
Phai
K2 K1
K1 K2
24 Vdc
PLC
Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Q0.5 Q0.6 Q0.7 L+
Phai Trai
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Trong kha ny cn phi lp trnh sao cho vic tc ng nt nhn trong mt thi gian xc nh (v d 0,2s). * Cng tc gii hn an ton mt thit b nng, nu cng tc hnh trnh b h hng th s c nguy him xy ra, v vy cn phi c cc cng tc hnh trnh an ton v n bo tip im b h hng.
PLC
Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Q0.5 Q0.6 Q0.7
S10
Tren
L+
S11
Duoi
24 Vdc
K1
K2
Nang Ha
Hnh 12.16: S dng cng tc gii hn an ton Cng tc bo v ng c Cng tc bo v ng c l mt cng tc 3 cc bo v qu ti cho ng c. Chng c lp t trc tip vo mch in chnh ca ng c c iu khin. Tn hiu hi tip v ca cng tc bo v ng c c ni vo ng vo ca PLC.
221
Chu Ch c
L1 L2 L3 N
OFF
ON
F2
F1
Bao ve dong co
S1
S5
K1
PLC
Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Q0.5 Q0.6 Q0.7 L+
F1
K1
24 Vdc
M 3~
Hnh 12.17: S dng cng tc bo v ng c trong h thng iu khin bng PLC Cng tc dng khn cp Cng tc dng cp phi c tch ra khi khu truyn ng v thit b iu chnh. Thng qua tc dng ca n c th trnh c s nguy him cho ngi v thit b. Tt c cc thit b cnh bo khng c php tt khi c s tc ng bi nt dng khn cp. Chng gip cho bit trng thi s c xy ra. Hnh v di y v d mt mch DNG KHN CP.
OFF ON
L1 F1 F2 F3
S1
S5
K5 K6
S9
~ = -
24 Vdc M
PLC
S10
1L
K5 K6
Q0.0 Q0.1
2L
Q0.2 Q0.3
3L
Q0.4 Q0.5
H1 K5 K6 K1 K2
H2
K4
K3
K3
K4
Hnh 12.18: V d mch DNG KHN CP trong h thng iu khin bng PLC
222
Chu Ch c
Cc contactor K1, K2 l cc khu khng nguy him v vy khng cn thit phi ct mch bng nt dng khn cp S9. Cc n H1, H2 l cc thit b cnh bo. Cc contactor K3, K4 dng iu khin cc ng c, y l khu nguy him nn nht thit phi b ct in nu nt dng khn cp S9 c n. Khi nt dng khn cp S9 c tc ng th cc contactor K5, K6 mt in, cc tip im K5, K6 c ni vi ng vo I0.4 (dng cho dng khn cp) s tr v trng thi bnh thng (thng h), thng qua chng trnh K3 v K4 s b mt in. Lp trnh an ton khi t dy Lp trnh an ton khi t dy c ngha l khi t dy mt tn hiu ng vo th cng khng c nguy him xy ra. V d trong hnh 3.15 l trng hp t dy s khng xy ra s c nguy him. S t dy c th gy ra tc dng nguy him, nu tn hiu 0 ngn cn s ct truyn ng, ng mch truyn ng hoc ngn cn cc cnh bo nguy him. Ngc li s t dy c th khng gy nguy him, tn hiu 0 ct truyn ng, ngn cn s ng mch truyn ng v ng cc cnh bo nguy him, mc d khng c nguy him tn ti. T s suy on ny c th a ra cc yu cu sau cho cc tn hiu ng vo: B pht tn hiu truyn ng phi c tn hiu 1 khi tc ng n (vd: tip im thng h). B pht tn hiu ct truyn ng khi tc ng phi c tn hiu 0 (vd: tip im thng ng).
OFF
S1
B pht tn hiu cnh bo nguy him, khi tc ng hay biu th nguy him phi c tn hiu 0 ng vo PLC
t dy to ra tn hiu 0
I0.0
PLC
Q0.0
Nu mt b pht tn hiu trong iu khin thi hnh nhiu chc nng th cn phi c xem xt, chc nng no cn c thc hin trc cng nh chc nng no biu din s quan trng k thut an ton. y phi t ra cu hi: S iu khin xy ra nh th no khi t dy? Vi s xem xt c tnh nguyn tc ny cho php thit b iu khin t chng trnh thc hin an ton cc bc tip theo. Nu cc yu cu an ton c t cao hn, th li nguy him phi c nhn bit thng qua cc bin php ph v ngn cn cc tc dng ca n.
K1
12.4 Bo v cc ng ra PLC
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Chu Ch c
Trng hp cc ng ra ca PLC ni vi cc cun khng th cn phi bo v cho chng trnh hin tng qu p khi ng ra mt in. Ty theo ng ra c thit k cho ng dng m c th s dng cc linh kin thch hp bo v. 12.4.1 Bo v ng ra dng Transistor Ng ra S7-200 DCTransistor c diode zenner bo v cho n. Vic lp thm mt diode bn ngoi cng gip cho vic bo v ng ra khi ti mc vi cun cm trnh qu p trn cc diode ni. C hai cch lp cc mch bo v nh hnh 12.20 v 12.21 (trch t s tay S7-200). Trong trng hp ny cng c th s dng mch bo v dng diode hoc diode kt hp vi zenner nhng in p UZ ca Zenner phi ly n 36V.
zener 8.2V ; 5W
12.4.2 Bo v ng ra Rle c ngun iu khin DC Trong trng hp ny ngi ta thng s dng mng in tr/t in v in p iu khin c th n 30VDC. 12.4.3 Bo v ng ra Rle v ng ra AC c ngun iu khin AC Khi s dng rle hoc ng ra AC ng ct ti 115V/220 VAC, th c th bo v bng in tr/t in hoc cng c th s dng Varistor gii hn in p nh nhng ch rng in p lm vic ca Varistor t nht phi ln hn 20% in p lm vic bnh thng.
y minimum
Cun dy
224
Chu Ch c
12.5
Cu hi v bi tp
BT 12.1: Hy gii thch ti sao nt nhn dng phi l thng ng v nt nhn khi ng phi l thng h? BT 12.2: Hy cho bit iu g xy ra nu mt nt nhn thng ng c s dng m my trong mt h thng khi dy ni vi nt nhn b t? V iu g xy ra cho mt h thng c nt nhn thng h c s dng lm nt nhn dng khi dy ni vi nt nhn b t? BT 12.3: Hy v s ni dy cho PLC c cc ng vo c ni vi mt cm bin PNP v mt cm bin NPN. Cc ng ra c ni vi hai n bo cng sut nh 24VDC, hai relay 24VDC iu khin hai contactor tng ng. Trong mch c gn h thng dng khn cp. BT 12.4: Hy v s in v s kh nn cho mt h thng iu khin bng PLC. H thng bao gm cc linh kin c lit k di y. Trong mch c gn h thng dng khn cp. Mt ng c 3 pha/50 HP Mt cm bin NPN Mt nt nhn thng h (NO) Mt cng tc hnh trnh thng ng (NC) Hai n bo cng sut thp 24VDC Mt van c 2 cun dy 24VDC.
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Chu Ch c
13
13.1 Kt ni ng vo/ ra ca PLC t mt s iu khin c tip im Trong nhiu trng hp, cn ci to mt h thng iu khin vi relay v contactor thnh h thng iu khin vi PLC. Mt cu hi t ra l chng ta cn gi li nhng phn no trong h thng iu khin, cn phn no s loi b i? d dng trong vic chuyn i, c th p dng phng php sau chuyn i t mt h thng iu khin c sang iu khin vi PLC: V phn cng: Xc nh cc b to tn hiu (v d: nt nhn, cng tc, cm bin . . .) cn thit nht trong h thng iu khin, mi b to tn hiu ty theo loi to ra tn hiu no nn c kt ni vi mt ng vo ca PLC tng ng, v d nu b to ra tn hiu nh phn th c kt ni vi cc ng vo s, cn b to ra tn hiu tng t th kt ni vi ng vo tng t (ng vo analog). Cn cc b to tn hiu cn li nu khng cn thit th c th b i v s c thc hin bng chng trnh trong PLC. Tng t xc nh cc c cu chp hnh (i tng iu khin) cn thit nht, thng thng cc i tng ny l cc n bo, contactor chnh, van t, .v.v.. Tu theo loi m mi i tng iu khin c th kt ni trc tip hoc gin tip vi cc ng ra tng ng, mi mt i tng iu khin cn mt ng ra. Nu cc i tng iu khin cn dng iu khin ln th yu cu phi s dng r le trung gian. V d nh cc contactor chnh iu khin cc ng c cng sut ln th ng ra ca PLC s c ni vi mt r le trung gian v thng qua tip im ca r le trung gian iu khin cc contactor ny. Cn cc i tng iu khin khng tc ng trc tip n qu trnh iu khin m ch ng vai tr trung gian h tr cho qu trnh iu khin nh r le trung gian th c th loi b v c thay th bng mt nh no trong chng trnh ca PLC. Sau khi xc nh c s lng cc ng vo, ng ra cn thit v h thng in cung cp cho phn iu khin th tin hnh n vic la chn loi PLC ph hp.
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Chu Ch c
Thit lp bng xc nh cc ng vo/ra vi cc ngoi vi tng ng v ch ghi ch li cng chi tit cng tt. Thc hin vic ni dy cc ng vo, ng ra ca PLC vi cc b to tn hiu iu khin v i tng iu khin. Trong qu trnh ni dy cn lu n cc nguyn tc an ton trong h thng iu khin (xem mc 4.3). Tt c vic kt ni dy trong h thng iu khin trc y s c bin i thnh chng trnh trong PLC. V phn mm: Vic vit chng trnh c th thc hin theo hai cch: Cch 1: Ty theo yu cu cng ngh m c th thit lp gii thut iu khin v vit chng trnh theo gii thut iu khin ny. Cch 2: Vn duy tr hot ng ca h thng nh c, hay ni khc i l khng cn thit phi lp li gii thut iu khin v tt c c thit k trong s iu khin cng trc y m ch cn bin i s iu khin ny thnh chng trnh trong PLC. Cch ny tng i d dng v c th khng b li khi lp trnh. Trong phn ny trnh by phng php chuyn i theo cch 2 theo cc bc nh sau: Thc hin vit chng trnh ln lt cho mi i tng iu khin, mi i tng iu khin c vit mt on chng trnh v c ghi ch c th d dng sa li. Ch c cc iu kin cn thit nht cho i tng iu khin mi c vit vo on chng trnh iu khin n. Nu mt s i tng iu khin c cng chung mt nhm iu kin, th nhm iu kin ny nn c c vit ring mt on chng trnh v ct kt qu vo mt nh trong PLC. Nu i tng iu khin no cn nhm iu kin ny th ch cn ly kt qu c cha trong nh. iu ny gip cho cu trc chng trnh mch lc v vic c chng trnh tr nn d dng hn. Cc i tng iu khin khng cn thit (v d contactor trung gian) s c thay th bng mt nh trong PLC. Nu cc i tng iu khin no cn n tip im ca r le trung gian ny th ch cn thay th bng tip im ca nh. Ty theo h thng iu khin c phc tp hay khng m c th phn chia thnh nhiu khi chng trnh d dng trong qu trnh qun l.
Hnh 13.1 l mt v d v vic chuyn i mt s iu khin ca ra vo c quan bng contactor thnh h thng iu khin vi PLC (ch dng li vic chuyn i kt ni dy, cn chng trnh thc hin cc chng sau). Da vo cc bc trn, ta nhn thy cc nt nhn, contactor cn thit dc gi li nh trong bng xc nh kt ni vo/ra vi ngoi vi v PLC c chn y l loi CPU 224 DC/DC/relay. Do contactor K1 v K2 khng c
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Chu Ch c
php c in ng thi nn theo quan im an ton cn phi kha cho hai contactor ny li vi nhau. Bng xc nh kt ni vo/ra vi ngoi vi K hiu S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 K1 K2 H1 H2
24Vdc F1
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4
Ch thch Nt nhn dng, thng ng Nt nhn m ca, thng h Nt nhn ng ca, thng h Cng tc hnh trnh gii hn ca m, thng ng Cng tc hnh trnh gii hn ca ng, thng ng Cun dy contactor K1, iu khin m ca Cun dy contactor K2, iu khin ng ca n bo ca ang m n bo ca ang ng
S0 S2 S1 S3 K2 K1 0V K2 S4 K1 K2 K1 K2
24Vdc
K1
PLC
Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Q0.5 Q0.6 Q0.7 K2 K1 K2 H1 H2 24Vdc L
H1
H2
K1
a)
b)
Hnh 13.1: Kt ni ng vo/ ra ca PLC t mt s iu khin c tip im 13.2 Chuyn i iu khin t contactor thnh PLC
Contactor l mt chuyn mch bng in. Ty theo loi v phm vi ng dng m n c phn thnh 2 loi l contactor chnh v contactor ph. Contactor chnh l contactor chu ti, n c s dng ng, ct in cho ti nh ng c, thit b chiu sng, thit b nung, van t, thng v.v Trong ng dng vi iu khin bng PLC th contactor chnh l thit b khng th thiu.
228
Chu Ch c
Cotactor ph ch c s dng tng thm tip im trong mch iu khin. Chnh v th trong vic iu khin vi PLC th cc contactor ph c thay th bng cc nh (bit Memory) trong chng trnh PLC. Cc b nh thi (timer) nh ng mch chm hoc m mch chm trong mch iu khin vi relay v contactor s khng cn thit trong iu khin vi PLC, chng s c thay th bng cc timer tng ng trong chng trnh PLC. Trong vic chuyn i, cc b to ra tn hiu nh nt nhn, cng tc, cng tc hnh trnh, cm bin v.v tht s cn thit s c gi li. Cn nhng tip im khng cn thit s c x l thng qua chng trnh. Vic thc hin chuyn i t iu khin bng contactor thnh PLC c th xem chng 4 (kt ni dy PLC vi ngoi vi). Ngoi ra cn ch thm mt s im sau: Cc tip im c ni song song tng ng l cc cng OR trong chng trnh PLC Cc tip im c ni ni tip tng ng l cc cng AND. V phng din an ton trnh s c do t dy th cc nt nhn m my phi l thng h (loi NO (Normal Opened)). Cc nt nhn dng my phi l thng ng (loi NC (Normal Closed)). Mi nt nhn, cng tc, cm bin v.v ty theo nhim v c th ni vi mt ng vo (iu ny c ngha l khng nht thit mt b to ra tn hiu nh phn phi ni vi mt ng vo s). Mi mt ng ra ca PLC s c kt ni vi mt i tng iu khin nh n bo, cun dy relay, cun dy contactor. Tuy nhin cn phi ch n phng din an ton v in p iu khin. Nu in p cun dy relay, n bo hoc cun dy contactor khc vi in p ca cc ng ra th bt buc phi s dng relay lm thit b trung gian. H iu hnh trong PLC hon ton khng bit u l tip im thng ng u l tip im thng h m ch bit ng vo PLC c in p (mc logic 1) hay khng c in p (mc logic 0). Cho nn khi vit chng trnh cn c bit ch n vn ny (xem li k chng 7 php ton nh phn). Khi s dng vi cc lnh S v R trong chng trnh PLC cn ch cc qui tc sau: o o o Cc iu kin lm cho i tng iu khin mc tch cc (logic 1) c s dng vi lnh S. Cc iu kin lm cho i tng iu khin mc khng tch cc (logic 0) c s dng vi lnh R. Khi vit lnh S cho mt i tng iu khin th nht thit (ty theo yu cu cng ngh) phi c mt lnh R cho i tng iu khin .
229
Chu Ch c
Nu lnh S c vit trc lnh R th kt qu thu c s l kt qu ca lnh R nu c hai iu kin cho S v R cng mc logic 1 ngha l i tng iu khin mc logic 0. Nu lnh R c vit trc lnh S th kt qu thu c s l kt qu ca lnh S nu c hai iu kin cho S v R cng mc logic 1 ngha l i tng iu khin mc logic 1. Khi vit chng trnh vi lnh S th khng c s dng tip im t duy tr (loi b tip im t duy tr). Ty theo cng ngh khi s dng cc iu kin cho lnh R th trng thi bnh thng cc iu kin ny phi c mc logic 0.
o o
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Chu Ch c
M t: Ty theo yu cu m cc t b cng sut phn khng C1, C2, C3, C4 s c ng vo li in. C mi ln n nt nhn S1 th mt b t b c ng vo li in. ct t b ra khi li th n nt nhn S2. Thc hin vi PLC: Phn tch: Trong mch iu khin s dng 2 nt nhn S1 v S2, y l cc nt nhn cn thit ng v ct t b cho nn cn phi gi li. Nh vy thc hin iu khin bng PLC ta s dng 2 ng vo s kt ni vi 2 nt nhn ny. Trong s mch iu khin trn gm c 4 contactor chnh K8, K9, K10, K11. y l cc thit b khng th thiu v bt buc phi gi li ng ct t vi li in. iu khin 4 contactor ny ta s dng 4 ng ra ca PLC. Ch : n gin v khng lp li nhng m t nh trong chng 7, cc bi tp ny c s dng vi CPU 224 AC/DC/Relay. iu khin 4 contactor chnh theo nhim v t ra cn n 7 contactor ph K1A, K2A, K3A, K4A, K5A, K6A, K7A. Cc contactor ph ny l cc thit b h tr trong iu khin bng contactor v vy khng cn thit phi gi li. N s c thay th bng cc nh trong PLC. i vi mch ny, ngi thit k c th s dng hai cch lp trnh Cch 1: Chuyn thnh chng trnh theo nh s iu khin trnh by Cch 2: Theo yu cu cng ngh t ra r rng, ta s thc hin theo 2 cch Cch 1: theo s mch iu khin contactor c sn tin li trong qu trnh chuyn i ta nn lp mt bng k hiu kt ni gia PLC v cc thit b ngoi vi cng nh cc qui i tng ng. Khi lp bng k hiu nn ghi ch y thng tin d dng trong qu trnh vit chng trnh. Bng k hiu K hiu S1 S2 Bin ng ra K8 K9 Q0.0 Q0.1 Contactor chnh K8, ng t b C1 Contactor chnh K9, ng t b C2 a ch (PLC) I0.0 I0.1 Ch thch Nt nhn ng t b vo li in, thng h Nt nhn ct t b khi li in, thng h
Bin ng vo
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Chu Ch c
Contactor chnh K10, ng t b C3 Contactor chnh K11, ng t b C4 Contactor ph K1A Contactor ph K2A Contactor ph K3A Contactor ph K4A Contactor ph K5A Contactor ph K6A Contactor ph K7A
Kt ni dy vi PLC:
Hnh 13.3: Ni dy cc ngoi vi vi ng vo ra PLC khi iu khin bng PLC Chng trnh PLC LAD:
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Chu Ch c
233
Chu Ch c
234
Chu Ch c
Cch 2: Theo yu cu cng ngh Theo cch thc iu khin t ra, c mi ln tc ng S1 th mt contactor chnh c ng in, tc ng S2 th ct in tan b. Mc ch ca vic thm cc contactor ph l tng thm s lng tip im. Nu thc hin bng chng trnh ta c th a trc tip ra cc ng ra t Q0.0 n Q0.3 m khng cn phi qua cc nh M0.4 n M0.7. M0.3 cng c th loi b, thay th trc tip bng nt nhn S2 (I0.1). T vic phn tch mch iu khin, ta c th lm cho chng trnh c n gin hn. Ngoi ra ta thay th lun mch t duy tr bng mt khu SR. Chng trnh by gi rt n gin nh sau: Chng trnh c vit LAD:
235
Chu Ch c
236
Chu Ch c
13.2.2 Thit b nghin Phn ny trnh by mt khu trong h thng iu khin sn xut gm l vn chuyn vt liu nghin. Vt liu nghin t ci nghin s c bng ti vn chuyn vo mt xe t di bng ti. Qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu c nghin c khi ng nu xe vo v tr vn chuyn v nt nhn S1 c n. m bo an ton th
237
Chu Ch c
trc tin bng ti phi hot ng trc 2 giy sau mi ng in cho ci nghin. Khi xe y (c bo bi cm bin cn) th ci nghin ngay lp tc b ngt in. Bng ti cn tip tc vn chuyn cho ht vt liu trn bng ti xung xe vi thi gian l 3 giy. Trong qu trnh hot ng c th dng bng nt nhn S0. S cng ngh:
v Hnh 13.4: S cng ngh thit b nghin S mch ng lc v iu khin bng contactor:
Hnh 13.5: Mch ng lc v iu khin bng contactor ca thit b nghin. Contactor chnh K1 iu khin ng c M1 ca bng ti, contactor chnh K2 iu khin ng c M2 ca ci nghin.
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Chu Ch c
Phn tch: Trong mch iu khin s dng cc nt nhn S0, S1, cng tc hnh trnh S2, tn hiu bo xe y S3. y l cc tn hiu iu khin khng th loi b. Cn phi c 4 ng vo cho cc tn hiu ny. Ngoi ra cn c tn hiu bo v qu dng ng c l F2 v F4 cng cn c ni vi cc ng vo. Mt iu cn ch l cc nt nhn, cng tc hnh trnh, tip im bo v qu dng l cc khu c kh cho nn khng th thay i c m phi s dng li (ngha l gi nguyn tnh nguyn thy ca n). Nn khi chuyn thnh chng trnh th vn m bo hot ng ng theo yu cu cng ngh m s mch iu khin bng contator th hin v khng c s thay i no vi cc b pht tn hiu ny. Cc contactor chnh K1 v K2 cn phi c 2 ng ra iu khin Contactor ph K3A c thay th bng mt nh. Cc b nh thi K4T c thay th bng mt timer OFF delay, K5T c thay th bng mt timer ON delay. Bng k hiu K hiu S0 S1 S2 S3 F2 F4 K1 K2 K3A K4T K5T a ch (PLC) I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 I0.4 I0.5 Q0.0 Q0.1 M0.0 T37 T38 Ch thch Nt nhn dng, thng ng (NC) Nt nhn khi ng h thng, thng h (NO) Cng tc hnh trnh, bo xe ng v tr (NO) Tn hiu bo xe y, thng ng (NC) Tip im bo v qu dng M1, (NC) Tip im bo v qu dng M2, (NC) Contactor chnh K1, iu khin .c nghin M1 Contactor chnh K2, iu khin .c bng ti M2 Contactor ph K3A OFF delay timer, nh thi dng bng ti, 3s ON ddelay timer, nh thi khi ng M1, 2s
Bin ng vo
Bin ng ra
Kt ni dy vi PLC:
239
Chu Ch c
240
Chu Ch c
13.3
iu khin kh nn
Trong k thut iu khin bng kh nn, ngi ta phn bit cc phn t iu khin sau: Khu tn hiu: Pht ra tn hiu khi phn t iu khin t n mt gi tr xc nh i vi cc i lng vt l. Khu iu khin: Phn ng li theo cc tn hiu n v c nh hng n trng thi ca khu iu chnh. Khu iu chnh: iu khin dng nng lng sinh cng v thay i trng thi ca cc phn t lm vic.
Nu thc hin thay th mch iu khin kh nn bng chng trnh iu khin PLC, th khu iu chnh iu khin cho cc phn t lm vic by gi in t. D cc van xung in t hay van in t s dng l xo c s dng, th n cn ph thuc vo yu cu cng ngh v an ton. Khi chuyn i thnh chng trnh PLC th cc khu ny cn gi li. Van xung trong k thut iu khin kh nn c hai ng vo iu khin v c c tnh nh. Theo cch thc hot ng c th so snh n vi khu nh RS. Vic chuyn i tht s n gin nu ta thay tt c van xung bng khu nh RS. Ng vo iu khin ca khu iu chnh SET ca van tng ng vi iu kin cho set, v ng vo cn li tng ng vi reset ca khu RS. Van xung s dng 2 cun dy t. iu khin, mt cun dy s s dng ng ra khng o ca khu nh RS. Cn cun dy th hai ta s dng ng ra o ca khu nh RS. Ty theo yu cu cng ngh m mch iu khin kh nn m nhn, m ta c th s dng hng iu khin cho cc van tng ng. Sau khi tt c c xc nh, mch iu khin kh nn c th c chuyn i trc tip thnh chng trnh LAD. Mt s qui tc cn ch :
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Chu Ch c
Khu iu chnh ca xylanh lm vic c thay th bng van in t. Tt c cc van xung c thay th bng khu nh RS. Xc nh c tnh logic ca mch. Chuyn i mch thnh chng trnh PLC.
13.3.1 My un thanh kim loi Cc thanh kim loi cn c un mt u theo theo mt khun cho trc (s cng ngh). Qui trnh hot ng ca my nh sau: Thanh kim loi cn un c t ln khun un n nt khi ng S0 th xy lanh Cyl.1 h xung gi ly thanh kim loi. Khi thanh kim loi c gi cht (nhn bit bi cng tc hnh trnh S2) th xy lanh Cyl.2 h xung un thanh kim loi vung gc trc. Sau khi un xong th t ng nng ln nh cng tc hnh trnh S4. Khi xy lanh Cyl.2 tr v v tr c bn (nhn bit bi S3) th xy lanh Cyl.3 c y un thanh kim loi giai an un cui theo nh hnh ca khun un. Khi xy lanh Cyl.3 n v tr S6 th t ng rt ngc v. Khi xy lanh Cyl.3 rt v n v tr c bn (nhn bit bi S5) th xy lanh Cyl.1 cng rt v v tr c bn ca n (nhn bit bi S1). Lc ny thanh kim loi c t do. Ngi s dng c th ly ra v t mt thanh kim loi mi vo. V mt chu k mi li c th bt u.
S cng ngh:
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Chu Ch c
Hnh 13.8: S mch iu khin bng kh nn. Phn tch: T s iu khin bng kh nn ta nhn thy cc van xung chnh trong mch l 1.1, 2.1 v 3.1. Khi chuyn sang iu khin bng chng trnh nht thit ta phi thay cc van ny bng cc van xung in t c c tnh nh. Mi van xung in t c 2 cun dy. V vy cn phi c 2 ng ra s iu khin mi van. Tng cng ta cn c 6 ng ra iu khin 3 van ny. thc hin iu khin bng chng trnh PLC, cc van xung c thay th bi cc khu RS, cc ng ra ca cc khu nh c th c s dng iu khin trc tip cc van xung in t thay th Y1, Y3, v Y5 cng nh Y2, Y4 v Y6 (s cngngh). Hai van xung 0.1 v 0.2 l hai van h tr trong mch iu khin bng kh. Hai van ny khng phi l cc van chnh. V vy khi chuyn thnh chng trnh n s c thay th bng cc nh. Van 0.1 l M0.0, v van 0.2 l M0.1. Theo s mch iu khin, ta c: a1=
243
Chu Ch c
Mi v tr ca cc xy lanh u c xc nh bi cc cng tc hnh trnh (CTHT). Xy lanh Cyl.1 nhn bit bi S1 v S2, xy lanh Cyl.2 nhn bit bi S3 v S4, xy lanh Cyl.3 nhn bit bi S5 v S6. Cc cng tc hnh trnh ny khng th thiu trong iu khin. Ngoi ra khi ng cn c nt nhn S0. Nh vy cn n 7 ng vo s. Bng k hiu K hiu a ch (PLC) Bin ng vo S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Bin ng ra Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Van 0.1 Van 0.2 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Q0.5 M0.0 M0.1 iu khin xy lanh Cyl.1 gi thanh kim loi a xy lanh Cyl.1 v v tr c bn iu khin xy lanh Cyl.2 un vung gc a xy lanh Cyl.1 v v tr c bn iu khin xy lanh Cyl.3 un theo khun a xy lanh Cyl.1 v v tr c bn Van 0.1 Van 0.2 I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 I0.4 I0.5 I0.6 Nt nhn khi ng, thng h CTHT nhn bit v tr c bn xy lanh Cyl.1 CTHT nhn bit v tr gi thanh kim loi ca xy lanh Cyl.1 CTHT nhn bit v tr c bn xy lanh Cyl.2 CTHT nhn bit v tr un ca xy lanh Cyl.2 CTHT nhn bit v tr c bn xy lanh Cyl.3 CTHT nhn bit v tr un ca xy lanh Cyl.3 Ch thch
Kt ni dy vi PLC:
244
Chu Ch c
245
Chu Ch c
246
Chu Ch c
ng kim loi cn c doa ming theo mt khun cho trc (s cng ngh). My hot ng nh sau: Ngi vn hnh t ng kim loi cn doa ming vo v tr sao cho ming ng phi chm vo c chn ming ng. Sau n nt nhn S0, xy lanh Cyl.1 s kp ng li. khi ng c kp th c chn ming ng t ng rt v. Xy lanh Cyl.2 s h xung doa ming ng theo khun A. thi gian doa khang 3s. Sau xy lanh Cyl.2 rt v v khun B c xylanh Cyl.4 a vo. Sau khi khun B c a vo th xy lanh Cyl.2 h xung doa ming ng theo khun B. Tng t nh khun A vic doa khong 3s. Sau xy lanh Cyl.2 tr v v tr c bn ca n v xy lanh Cyl.4 cng rt khun B v v t khun A v v tr sn sng cho ng kim loi k tip. Sau khi ming ng c doa theo khun B xong th xy lanh kp ng Cyl.1 co v th ng kim loi khi hm kp. Xy lanh Cyl.2 c y tr v v tr chn ming ng. Mt chu k mi li c th bt u. S cng ngh:
Hnh 13.10: S cng ngh my doa mig ng kim loi. S mch iu khin kh nn:
247
Chu Ch c
2.02
3.02
1.1
2.1
3.6
3.1
4.1
3.2
3.5
4.2
4.3
0.4 0.1
1.2
Khi ng
Hnh 13.11: Mch iu khin bng kh nn my doa ming ng kim loi. Phn tch: T s iu khin bng kh nn ta nhn thy cc van xung chnh trong mch l 1.1, 3.1 v 4.1 s c thay th bng cc van xung in t, v trong chng trnh PLC s s dng cc khau RS. iu khin cc van ny ta cn 2 ng ra Van 2.1 trong s c thay th bng van in t c l xo hi phc v tr. iu khin van ny ta dng mt ng ra. Ba van xung 0.1, 0.2 v 0.3 l cc van h tr trong mch iu khin bng kh. N c thay th bng cc nh. Van 0.1 l M0.0, van 0.2 l M0.1, v van 0.3 l M0.2. Theo s iu khin th: a1 = a2 =
M0.0 & M0.1 & M0.2 M0.0 & M0.1 & M0.2 M0.0
248
Chu Ch c
Khu iu chnh tr 3.5 c thay th bng mt timer. Theo s cng ngh ta cn n 6 CTHT v mt nt nhn khi ng t S0 n S6 . Nh vy cn n 7 ng vo s. Bng k hiu K hiu S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Bin ng ra Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Van 0.1 Van 0.2 Van 0.3 Q0.0 Q0.1 Q0.2 Q0.3 Q0.4 Q0.5 Q0.6 M0.0 M0.1 M0.1 y xy lanh Cyl.1 Rt xy lanh Cyl.1 v Rt xy lanh Cyl.2 v y xy lanh Cyl.3 Rt xy lanh Cyl.3 v y xy lanh Cyl.4 Rt xy lanh Cyl.4 v Van 0.1 Van 0.2 Van 0.3 a ch (PLC) I0.0 I0.1 I0.2 I0.3 I0.4 I0.5 I0.6 Ch thch Nt nhn khi ng, thng h CTHT nhn bit v tr c bn xy lanh Cyl.1 CTHT nhn bit v tr gi ng kim loi ca xy lanh Cyl.1 CTHT nhn bit v tr rt v ca xy lanh Cyl.2 CTHT nhn bit v tr rt v ca xy lanh Cyl.3 CTHT nhn bit v tr doa ca xy lanh Cyl.3 CTHT nhn bit v tr y ca xy lanh Cyl.4
Bin ng vo
249
Chu Ch c
250
Chu Ch c
251
Chu Ch c
252
Chu Ch c
13.4
Cu hi v bi tp
BT 13.1 iu khin l nhit bng nt nhn Hai l nhit cn iu khin bng mt nt nhn. ln nhn u tin, th l nhin th nht hot ng. ln nhn th hai th l nhit th hai c a vo hot ng. V ln nhn th ba th c hai l nhit cng tt. Cc l nhit c cung cp in thng qua cc contactor K11 v K12. Ngoi ra cc n tn hiu H11 v H12 dng bo l nhit tng ng ang hot ng. Mch iu khin:
253
Chu Ch c
Hy chuyn sang iu khin s dng PLC theo cc yu cu sau: 1. Thit lp bng k hiu. 2. V s kt ni dy vi PLC 3. Vit chng trnh iu khin theo hai cch: a. S kt ni dy cng b. Theo yu cu cng ngh BT 13.2 iu khin n qung co n qung co cn c iu khin nh sau: ng cng tc S1. Sau 10s n E1 sng Sau 20s n E2 sng Sau 30s n E3 sng Sau 40s tt c cc n u tt Sau bt u t ng li chu k mi Hy chuyn sang iu khin s dng PLC theo cc yu cu sau: 1. Thit lp bng k hiu. 2. V s kt ni dy vi PLC 3. Vit chng trnh iu khin theo hai cch: a. S kt ni dy cng b. Theo yu cu cng ngh S mch ng lc:
254
Chu Ch c
S mch iu khin:
L1 S1 K7T K1 K4T K5T
K2
BT 13.3 My khoan Mt mu g cn c khoan mt l gia. S cng ngh khoan mu g c cho nh hnh v. S cng ngh:
255
Chu Ch c
1.02
1.01
2.02
1.1
2.1
3.1 4.1
4.0
1.3
2.2
3.2
Hy chuyn sang iu khin s dng PLC theo cc yu cu sau: 1. Thit lp bng k hiu. 2. V s kt ni dy vi PLC 3. Vit chng trnh iu khin theo hai cch: a. S kt ni dy cng b. Theo yu cu cng ngh
256
Chu Ch c
14
Cc h thng iu khin logic trong thc t x l vi cc d liu nh phn. c im ca cc my tnh iu khin hin nay l x l d liu, cht lng iu khin, v.v... ngy cng tng vi b x l d liu s s dng PLC. Cc bin qu trnh s c th c tm thy trong tt c lnh vc ca iu vng h nh trong cc thit b c kt ni cho hot ng qu trnh v gim st hoc trong iu khin ca cc thit b trng. Mc ch ca gim st qu trnh l cung cp thng tin v my mc hoc h thng hot ng nhanh chng, ngn gn v r rng theo tng pht, cng nh s ng lc can thip, iu khin v tc ng n qu trnh. Trong hu ht cc iu khin n gin trc y, cc thit b vo ra nh mn hin th 7-on v cc nt nhn xoay s c s dng hin th v nhp gi tr s. Ngy nay cc thit b thao tc v gim st thng minh thng c kt ni vi PLC. Ngy nay cc thit b x l, thu thp d liu v iu khin qu trnh c cung cp trc tip vi cc bin s thng qua h thng bus trng. Vic kt ni cc thit b trng, nh bin tn hay h thng cn, s dng cc module vo ra analog cng ngy cng khng c s dng na. Tu thuc vo kiu thit b c kt ni, nhiu dng s khc nhau m ha d liu c s dng truyn d liu gia thit b v PLC, cng nh lu tr v x l d liu trong PLC.
14.1
257
Chu Ch c
din dng Binary v Hexadecimal, nhng v khng r rng, nn chng khng cn ph hp na. V l do ny, c php ca STEP7 ch cung cp gi tr ca integer biu din decimal. V d: Biu din s +662 v -662
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DEC: + 662
Du ca s dng
BIN.: 2# 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
+29 2
7
HEX:
16 #0 2 9 6
6 x 160 = 6 9 x 161 = 144 2 = 512 2 x 16 662
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
6 5
4 3 2 1 0
DEC: - 662
Du ca s m Biu din s b hai
BIN.: 2# 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
HEX:
16# F D 6 A
Khng du
Hnh 14.1: Biu din s integer Trong h thng my tnh s, tt c cc gi tr c lu tr dng m binary. Ch cc s 0 v 1 c s dng trong h thng s nh phn. C s 2 ca h thng s ny l kt qu t s ca cc s c gi tr. Gi tr ca mi v tr ca s nh phn l kt qu ca ly tha ca c s 2. N c biu din dng 2#.... . Gi tr s m l s biu din cc s nh phn dng b hai. Trong dng biu din ny, bit c trng s ln nht (most significant bit) (bit s 15 cho kiu d liu Integer) c gi tr - 215. V gi tr ny ln hn tng ca tt c cc gi tr cn li, nn bit ny c lm bit thng tin du. Nu bit = 0, th gi tr dng; nu bit = 1, th gi tr l m. Vic chuyn i gia cc s nh phn thnh s decimal c thc hin bng cch cng cc gi tr ca cc v tr c bit = 1. (xem v d). H thng s hexadecimal cung cp 16 ch s khc nhau (0 n 9 v A n F). y l h thng s theo c s 16. Do , gi tr mi v tr ca s hexadecimal c kt qu t ly tha ca c s 16. Cc s Hexadecimal c xc nh vi dng 16#. Cc ch s A n F biu din theo gi tr s decimal 10 n 15. Gi tr 15 l gi tr cui cng c th c m ha nh phn ca 4 bit khng du. 4 bit nh phn to thnh mt s ca s hexadecimal. Hng s trong dng s Hexadecimal khng c s dng cho cc gi tr s integer.
258
Chu Ch c
S7-200 s dng s decimal (khng phi BCD) xc nh mt hng s kiu d liu Double Integer. V d: Biu din s +540809 v 540809
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DEC: +540809
Du ca s dng
BIN.: 2# 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
HEX:
(khng du)
16#
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
6 5
4 3 2 1 0
DEC: - 540809
Du ca s m Biu din s b hai
BIN.: 2# 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
HEX:
(khng du)
16#
B F
259
Chu Ch c
e = Exponent (8 Bit)
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 ..... S Real = +1.5 * 2 126-127 = 0.75 2-23
cc s m cng c th c xc nh bng nt nhn s xoay vng m BCD, th S7-200 m ha du trong bit c trng s cao nht (most significant bit). Bit du = 0 ch s dng. Bit du = 1 ch th s m. S7-200 chp nhn cc s BCD m 16-bit (du + 3 digits) v m 32-bit (du + 7 digits). Phm vi biu din ca s BCD 16 bit t - 999 n + 999, phm vi biu din ca s BCD 32 bit t -9999999 n + 9999999. Khng c nh dng d liu cho vic xc nh cc gi tr theo m BCD trong S7-200. Tuy nhin ta c th xc nh s decimal vi m BCD c cho s HEX. M nh phn ca s HEX v s decimal m BCD th ging nhau. V d: Biu din s 662 BCD 16 bit v BCD 32 bit
260
Chu Ch c
16 Bit:
HEX:
Sign (+) 0 0
16#
0
0 0
DEC: + 662
32 Bit: BIN.: 2# 0 x x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
HEX: 16#
0 0 0 0 2 9 6
DEC: + 662
Lnh MOVB IN,OUT: Lnh Move Byte (MOVB) thc hin sao chp ni dung ca byte IN sang byte OUT. Lnh MOVW IN,OUT: Lnh Move Word (MOVW) thc hin sao chp ni dung ca word IN sang word OUT Lnh MOVD IN,OUT: Lnh Move Double Word (MOVD) thc hin sao chp ni dung ca double word IN sang double word OUT. Lnh MOVR IN,OUT: Lnh Move Real (MOVR) thc hin sao chp ni dung ca mt s thc IN sang s thc OUT. Lnh SWAP IN: Lnh Swap Byte (Swap) thc hin tro i ni dung ca byte thp v byte cao trong word IN. Vi: * X: C th l B (Byte), W (Word), D (Double word) hoc R(Real). * IN: D liu cn sao chp, c th l byte, word, double word hoc real ty theo X l B, W, D hay R.
261
Chu Ch c
* OUT: V tr ca ni cn sao chp n, c th l byte, word, double word hoc real ty theo X l B, W, D hay R. * EN: L ng vo bit. Cho php thc hin lnh c vit LAD hoc FBD. Trng hp khng cn thit c iu kin ng vo EN th phi s dng SM0.0. * ENO: Ng ra bit. Cho php kt ni song song hoc ni tip vi cc hp khc. Nu php ton x l khng c li th EN=ENO. ly lnh MOV mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mt trong cc biu tng lnh cn ly l: : sao chp Byte : sao chp Word : sao chp double Word : sao chp s thc
gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0, Byte c ni dung cn sao chp t ng IN v byte cha ng thng tin sao chp cha OUT. V d: Copy nh s thc VD50 vo nh s thc VD60 khi M1.0 tch cc. Chng trnh c vit nh sau: LAD: LD STL: M1.0 MOVR VD50, VD60
* C php dng lnh SWAP trong LAD nh sau: LAD IN Ton hng (Word): VW, IW, QW, MW, SW, SMW, T, C, LW, AC, *VD, *AC, *LD
ly lnh SWAP mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly l: , gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit
262
Chu Ch c
nh SM0.0, word cn tro i ni dung gia byte thp v byte cao t ng IN. V d: nh VW40 c gi tr c biu din s Hex l CAFE. Gi tr ny s c o li thnh FECA khi ng vo I2.0 c kch hat. Chng trnh c vit nh sau: LAD: LD STL: I2.0 SWAP VW40
263
Chu Ch c
Vi: * X: C th l B (Byte), W (Word), D (Double word). * IN: V tr u tin ca mng d liu cn sao chp, c th l Byte, Word hoc double Word ty theo X. * OUT: V tr u tin ca mng d liu cn lu tr thng tin sao chp. c th l Byte, Word hoc double Word ty theo X. * N: S lng Byte, Word, Double word c sao chp, c gi tr t 0 n 255.
* EN, ENO: tng t nh lnh MOVE. ly lnh BLKMOV mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mt trong (+) biu tng (sao chp mng Byte), (sao cc lnh cn ly l: chp mng Word), (sao chp mng double Word ), gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0; Byte, word hoc double word (ty theo lnh) u tin ca mng cn sao chp t ng IN v s lng tng ng c t vo chn N. V d: Khi kch hot I1.0 th ni dung ca mt mng gm 4 byte bt u t Byte VB10 s c copy sang vng nh gm c 4 byte khc c byte u tin l VB100. Chng trnh c vit nh di y: LAD: FBD:
LD BMB
STL:
I1.0 VB10, VB100, 4
Gi thit ni dung ca mng cn sao chp l: Byte Ni dung VB10 20 VB11 21 VB12 22 VB13 23
14.3
Vi chc nng so snh, gi tr ca hai ton hng ca cng kiu d liu s c so snh vi nhau. Kt qu ca so snh l mt gi tr logic, nu ng theo chc nng so snh th kt qu logic l 1, cn nu sai kt qu logic l
264
Chu Ch c
0. Ty thuc vo loi CPU ca h S7-200 m c th c t hoc nhiu chc nng so snh.Cc chc nng so snh i CPU 22x c th l: Ton hng 1 (IN1) D liu c th l: Byte, Int,DInt, Real Chc nng so snh > : Ln hn >= : Ln hn hoc bng == : Bng nhau <> : Khng bng nhau (khc nhau) <= : B hn hoc bng < : B hn Ton hng 2 (IN2) D liu c th l: Byte, Int,DInt, Real
Khi so snh gi tr Byte (B) th khng cn phi n du ca ton hng, ngc li khi so snh l cc s Int (I), Dint (D), Real (R) th phi ch n du ca tan hng. C php tng qut cho php tan so snh LAD l: Vi: X: l php so snh. N c th l: + So snh byte: >B, >=B, ==B, <>B, <B, <=B + So snh s Int: >I, >=I, ==I, <>I, <I, <=I + So snh s Dint: >D, >=D, ==D, <>D, <D, <=D + So snh s Real: >R, >=R, ==R, <>R, <R, <=R + n1: Gi tr cn c so snh (gi tr cha bit). + n2: Gi tr so snh (gi tr bit). i vi ngn ng LAD v FBD, khi kt qu so snh l ng, th lnh so snh s t tip im (LAD) hoc ng ra (FBD) trng thi ON. i vi ngn ng STL, khi kt qu so snh l ng th lnh so snh Load, AND, hoc OR gi tr 1 vi gi tr nh ca ngn xp. ly cc lnh so snh mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly, gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp gi tr cha bit theo lnh cn so snh (byte, word, double word) vo v tr cc du chm hi nm trn lnh. Nhp gi tr bit (thng l cc con s) hoc gi tr c cha trong cc nh byte, word, double word vo v tr cc du chm hi nm di lnh. V d 14.2: Gii hn gi tr. Vit mt chng trnh thc hin nhim v sau: Nu gi tr MW20 nm trong phm vi (50;500) th s cho php xut gi tr ra ng ra MW22. Nu gi tr MW20 ln hn gi tr 500 th ng ra s MW22 l gi tr 500 v n bo gi tr max sng. Nu gi tr MW20 nh hn gi tr 50 th ng ra s MW22 l gi tr 50 v n bo gi tr min sng. Ch cc ng vo ra s l Int. Gii:
265
Chu Ch c
Ch thch Gi tr s cn bit c vt ngoi phm vi (50;500) Gi tr nm trong phm vi cho php n bo gi tr ln hn 500 n bo gi tr nh hn 50
STL
Network 1 Kiem tra gia tri vao MW20, 50 MW20, 500
Network 2 Bao vuot qua gia tri 500 LDW>= MW20, 500 = MOVW Q0.0 500, MW22
Network 3 Bao nho hon gia tri 50 LDW<= MW20, 50 = MOVW Q0.1 50, MW22
14.4
Php ton s hc
nhiu nhim v m nh m sn phm, m s vng quay, m xung .v.v... th kt qu m phi c gim st. Bn cnh cc php tan so snh bit cn phi c thm cc php ton s hc nh cng, tr, nhn, chia. Cn cc php ton khc nh sin, cos, tan, PID .... s c kho st tp 2 ca b sch k thut iu khin lp trnh PLC SIMATIC S7-200.
14.4.1. Cng v tr
Cc php tan cng v tr c th thc hin c i vi cc s Integer (16 bit), Double integer (32 bit) v s thc (32 bit). Ty thuc vo php tan l cng hoc tr dng s no m kt qu thu c s dng s .
266
Chu Ch c
Khi c li do trn hoc gi tr khng hp l th bit SM1.1 c set ln mc logic 1. C php lnh biu din cho php ton cng v tr nh sau: Php ton cng Biu din LAD:
ADD_x
Thc hin: IN1 + IN2 = OUT Biu din STL: +I IN1, OUT +D IN1, OUT +R IN1, OUT Thc hin: IN1 + OUT = OUT
Thc hin: IN1 - IN2 = OUT Biu din STL: -I IN1, OUT -D IN1, OUT -R IN1, OUT Thc hin: OUT IN1 = OUT
Ch thch * x: c th l I (Integer), DI (Double integer), R(Real). * EN = 1: cho php cng hoc tr. * ENO = 0: khi c li. * IN1, IN2, OUT: cc ng vo ra dng s c cng kiu d liu vi x.
ly lnh cng hoc tr s nguyn mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau (cng s Integer), tr chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly l: ( cng s DInt), ( tr s Integer), hoc ( tr s DInt), gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0. Nhp cc bin ca php ton tng ng vo cc ng IN1 v IN2. Nhp bin cha kt qu ng OUT. ly lnh cng hoc tr s thc (real) mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly l: (cng s real), ( tr s real), gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0. Nhp cc bin ca php ton tng ng vo cc ng IN1 v IN2. Nhp bin cha kt qu ng OUT.
267
Chu Ch c
Khi c li do trn hoc gi tr khng hp l th bit SM1.1 c set ln mc logic 1. Nu kt qu l zero th SM1.0 =1, kt qu m th SM1.2 =1, v SM1.3 =1 nu chia cho 0. C php lnh biu din cho php ton nhn v chia nh sau: Php ton nhn Biu din LAD:
MUL_x
Thc hin: IN1 * IN2 = OUT Biu din STL: *I IN1, OUT *D IN1, OUT *R IN1, OUT Thc hin: IN1 * OUT = OUT
Thc hin: IN1 / IN2 = OUT Biu din STL: /I IN1, OUT /D IN1, OUT /R IN1, OUT Thc hin: OUT / IN1 = OUT
Ch thch * x: c th l I (Integer), DI (Double integer), R(Real). * EN = 1: cho php nhn hoc chia. * ENO = 0: khi c li. * IN1, IN2, OUT: cc ng vo ra dng s c cng kiu d liu vi x.
ly lnh nhn hoc chia s nguyn mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau (nhn s Integer), tr chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly l: ( nhn s DInt), ( chia s Integer), hoc ( chia s DInt), gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0. Nhp cc bin ca php ton tng ng vo cc ng IN1 v IN2. Nhp bin cha kt qu ng OUT. ly lnh nhn hoc chia s thc (real) mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly l: (nhn s real), ( chia s real), gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0. Nhp cc bin ca php ton tng ng vo cc ng IN1 v IN2. Nhp bin cha kt qu ng OUT.
268
Chu Ch c
Gii Bng k hiu K hiu a ch S1 S2 So_SP So_Thung I0.0 I0.1 MD20 MD24 Ch thch Cm bin nhn bit sn phm Nt nhn xa s lng sn phm Gi tr sn phm m c S lng thng
STL
Network 1 Xoa so luong san pham I0.1
14.5
Tng v gim l mt hnh thc khc ca qu trnh m. Lnh tng hoc gim cng 1 vi ng vo hoc ly ng vo tr 1 v kt qu c a ra ng ra. Lnh tng hoc gim thc hin c vi byte, word v double word. Biu din tng qut LAD:
xxx_y
vi xxx_y c th l: INC_B (tng byte), INC_W (tng word), INC_DW (tng double word). DEC_B (gim byte), DEC_W (gim word), DEC_DW (gim double word).
ngha:
269
Chu Ch c
* Tng: IN + 1 = OUT * Gim: IN -1 = OUT Biu din STL: Lnh tng: Byte: Word: Double word: ngha: INCB OUT INCW OUT INCD OUT OUT + 1 = OUT Lnh gim: DECB OUT DECW OUT DECD OUT OUT -1 = OUT
ly lnh tng hoc gim thanh ghi mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly l: : tng byte : tng word : tng double word : gim byte : gim word : gim double word
gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0. Nhp cc bin cn tng hoc gim ng IN. Nhp bin cha kt qu ng OUT. (thng thng ng vo v ra c chung mt bin). V d 14.4: Hy vit mt chng trnh con cho khu tng gim tc ng c trn mn hnh iu khin TP170micro khi n phm (+) th tc ng c tng dn ln, cn khi n phm (-) th tc ng c gim dn xung.
Gii Nhm gip cho bn c d hiu, c mi ln n mt phm (+) hoc phm (-) th tc ng c tng hoc gim i mt vng quay. y c th c nhiu phng php nhng ch gii hn kin thc c bn trong quyn sch, cn cc kin thc nng cao xin bn c tp 2.
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Ch thch
STL
Network 1 Tang toc dong co
Cc lnh logic s l: * Lnh o byte (INVB), o word (INVW), o double word (INVD) s o cc bit ng vo IN v kt qu c a ra ng OUT.
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* Lnh AND Byte (ANDB), AND Word (ANDW), v AND Double Word (ANDD) thc hin AND cc bit tng ng ca hai gi tr ng vo IN1 v IN2 v kt qu c a ra OUT. * Lnh OR Byte (ORB), OR Word (ORW), v OR Double Word (ORD) thc hin OR cc bit tng ng ca hai gi tr ng vo IN1 v IN2 v kt qu c a ra OUT. * Lnh XOR Byte (XORB), XOR Word (XORW), v XOR Double Word (XORD) thc hin XOR cc bit tng ng ca hai gi tr ng vo IN1 v IN2 v kt qu c a ra OUT. ly cc php ton logic s mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly l: : : o byte o word : o dword : AND byte : AND word : AND double word : OR byte : OR word : OR double word : XOR byte : XOR word : XOR double word
gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0. Nhp cc bin cn tng hoc gim ng IN. Nhp bin cha kt qu ng OUT. (thng thng ng vo v ra c chung mt bin).
14.6.2. ng dng
14.6.2.1 Che v tr cc bit Mt ng dng ca php tan AND s l che v tr bit. lm n i nhng v tr bit khng cn thit hoc khng mun xut hin th ta s dng mt n, nhng v tr bit cn thit ta cho gi tr 1 v lm n nhng bit khng cn thit bng cch cho bit tng ng gi tr 0. V d ta cn ly 4 bit cui cng ca VW100 th ta s OR VW100 vi mt n sau: 0000 0000 0000 1111 v kt qu c cha vo VW200. Chng trnh: LAD STL
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14.6.2.2 Chn thm bit Mt ng dng ca php tan OR s l chn bit. Mun cho bit no trong thanh ghi ln mc 1 th ta s OR bit tng ng vi gi tr 1. V d ta mun 4 bit cui ca VW100 c gi tr 1 th ta s OR n vi gi tr sau: 0000 0000 0000 1111. Chng trnh: LAD STL
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* EN, ENO: Xem mc 14.2.1 C php chung biu din STL l: * Dch tri byte: * Dch tri word: SLB OUT, N SLW OUT, N
* Dch tri double word: SLD OUT, N Ch : STL, th kt qu sau php dch tri s c cha vo chnh thanh ghi cn dch. V d: Khi bit M10.0 t 0 1 th yu cu dch tri byte VB10 i 3 v tr, kt qu cha vo VB10. LAD STL
Chiu dch
14.7.1.2 Dch phi php ton dch phi, cho php dch byte, word v double word. C php chung biu din LAD l: Vi: SHR_x * x: C th l B (Byte), W (Word), DW (Double word). * IN: Thanh ghi cn dch phi c th Byte, Word hoc Double word. * OUT: Ni lu tr gi tr sau khi dch phi. c th Byte, Word hoc Double word. * N: S lng bit cn dch phi. Ty theo dch byte, word hay double word m N c gi tr max l 8, 16, 32. * EN, ENO: Xem mc 14.2.1 C php chung biu din STL l:
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* Dch phi byte: * Dch phi word: * Dch phi double word:
Ch : STL, th kt qu sau php dch phi s c cha vo chnh thanh ghi cn dch. ly cc php ton dch thanh ghi mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo du (+) biu tng chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly l: : : : dch tri byte dch tri word dch tri double word : dch phi byte : dch phi word : dch phi double word
gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0. Nhp cc bin cn dch ng IN. S bit cn dch ng N. Nhp bin cha kt qu ng OUT. (thng thng ng vo v ra c chung mt bin). V d: Khi bit M10.0 t 1 0 th yu cu dch tri byte VB10 i 3 v tr, kt qu cha vo VB10. LAD STL
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
SM1.1
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
Chiu dch
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i vi cc gi tr khc ca s m ln quay ln hn 8 (i vi byte), ln hn 16 (i vi word) hoc 32 (i vi double word), th lnh s thc hin vi s m ln quay mi bng phn d ca s ln quay c chia cho 8, 16 hoc chia cho 32. Nu c thc hin php ton quay (khc 0) th ni dung ca bit sau cng thot ra khi thanh ghi c cha vo nh SM1.1. Cn nu sau khi thc hin php quay m kt qu thu c ca cc thanh ghi l 0 th nh SM1.0 c h iu hnh t gi tr l 1. Trong PLC h S7-200, ngoi ngn ng c biu din theo chun IEC 1131-3, cn c ngn ng c biu din theo chun ca hng sn xut (Siemens). Cc lnh quay thanh ghi c cho nh sau: 14.7.2.1 Quay tri php ton quay tri, cho php quay byte, word v double word. C php chung biu din LAD l: Vi: ROL_x * x: C th l B (Byte), W (Word), DW (Double word). * IN: Thanh ghi cn quay tri c th Byte, Word hoc Double word. * OUT: Ni lu tr gi tr sau khi quay tri. c th Byte, Word hoc Double word. * N: S lng bit cn quay tri. * EN, ENO: Xem mc 14.2.1
C php chung biu din STL l: * Quay tri byte: * Quay tri word: * Quay tri double word: RLB OUT, N RLW OUT, N RLD OUT, N
Ch : STL, th kt qu sau php quay tri s c cha vo chnh thanh ghi cn quay. ly cc php ton quay thanh ghi mn hnh son tho LAD, ta nhp chut vo du (+) biu tng trong cy lnh. Sau tr chut vo mt trong cc lnh cn ly l: : Quay tri byte : Quay tri word : Quay tri double word : Quay phi byte : Quay phi word : Quay phi double word
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gi chut tri, ko v th vo v tr mong mun. Nhp iu kin cho ng vo EN, nu lc no cng thc hin th s dng bit nh SM0.0. Nhp cc bin cn quay ng IN. S bit cn quay ng N. Nhp bin cha kt qu ng OUT. (thng thng ng vo v ra c chung mt bin). V d: Khi bit M10.0 t 0 1 th yu cu quay tri byte VD10 i 4 v tr, kt qu cha vo VD10. LAD STL
14.7.2.2 Quay phi Tng t nh php ton quay tri, php ton quay phi cho php quay byte, word v double word. C php chung biu din LAD l: Vi: ROR_x * x: C th l B (Byte), W (Word), DW (Double word). * IN: Thanh ghi cn quay phi c th Byte, Word hoc Double word. * OUT: Ni lu tr gi tr sau khi quay phi. c th Byte, Word hoc Double word. * N: S lng bit cn quay phi. * EN, ENO: Xem mc 14.2.1 C php chung biu din STL l: * Quay phi byte: * Quay phi word: * Quay phi double word: RLB OUT, N RLW OUT, N RLD OUT, N
Ch : STL, th kt qu sau php quay phi s c cha vo chnh thanh ghi cn quay.
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