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Ng ngha ca
lun l v t
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Din dch ca 1
Th d :
= <R, F, C>
R = {}, F = {s(_), p(_,_)}, C = {}.
Din dch I :
D = Z+ ,
I() = 0.
I(s) l hm suc (phn t k) trong Z,
I(p) l hm + trong Z.
Nu x c gn 3 th s(s() + s(x)) = 6.
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Din dch ca 1
Th d :
= <R, F, C>.
R = {}, F = {s(_), p(_,_)}, C = {}.
Din dch I :
D = {word | word l t trn tp k t {a, b}},
I() = a.
I(s) l hm kt ni k t a vo cui t,
I(p) l hm kt ni 2 t.
Nu x c gn aba th
s(s() + s(x)) = aaabaaa.
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Din dch ca 1
Th d :
Drinkers paradox[15]: There is someone in the
pub such that if he/she is drinking then
everybody in the pub is drinking.
More formally:
x (drink(x) y drink(y)).
Prove that this formula is valid.
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nh gi CT ng trong 1 dd
Th d :
F = x y ( (p(x) q(y)) ( t q(t) z q(z)) )
Cho din dch : D = {, }, {p(), p(), q(), q()}.
Ly x = ,
* ly y = : p()q() ( t)q(t)(z)q(z).
(1 1) (1 1) = 1.
* ly y = : p()q() ( t)q(t)(z)q(z).
(1 1) (1 1) = 1.
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nh gi CT ng trong 1 dd
Ly x = ,
* ly y = : (p()q()) ( t q(t) z q(z)).
(0 1) (1 1) = 1.
* ly y = : (p()q()) ( t q(t) z q(z)).
(0 1) (1 1) = 1.
Vy cng thc F ng trong din dch trn.
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nh gi CT ng trong 1 dd
Th d :
F = x y ( (p(x) q(y)) ( t q(t) z q(z)) )
Din dch I :
D = {, , },
{p(), p(), p(), q(), q(), q()}.
Ly x = ,
ly y = : (p() q()) ( t q(t) z q(z)).
(1 1) (1
0).
Vy cng thc F sai trong din dch I.
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Ng ngha
Cc khi nim :
Hng ng
Hng sai
Kh ng-Kh sai
M hnh
Tng ng (=)
H qu lun l ()
c nh ngha tng t nh trong LLM.
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Ng ngha
Nhn xt :
Cc nh ngha hng sai, hng ng, kh ng,
kh sai, m hnh, tng ng, h qu lun l
l working trong LLM nhng non-working
trong LLVT.
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Hi giao m rng
Hi, giao m rng.
K hiu AiI = A1 A2 A3,
AiI = A1 A2 A3, vi I = {1, 2, 3}
nh ngha giao m rng :
x AiI i (x Ai)
nh ngha hi m rng :
x AiI i (x Ai)
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( i, x Ai) ( i, x Bi).
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(*)
(**)
(*) tng ng vi x y K y x K.
(**) tng ng vi y x K / x y K.
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Cc b > Ton b
Lng t ton b khng nh hng n phm
vi ca lng t cc b.
C th i tn bin ca lng t cc b v cc
hin hu nm trong phm vi nh hng ca n.
Th d :
F = x (p(x) x q(x))
= x (p(x) y q(y)).
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nh l (soundness).
Nu F H th F H.
nh l (completeness).
Nu F H th F H.
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Soundness
Th tc c F H c gi l sound nu c
F H th F H.
Mt s trng hp, th tc c tnh sound khng
tm thy li gii, mc d li gii tn ti (*).
Completeness
Th tc c F H c gi l complete nu
F H th c F H.
Mt s trng hp, th tc c tnh complete ni
c th tm thy li gii, mc d li gii khng
tn ti (*).
Bi tp
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Min i tng
1. Th gii tht c cc i tng sau :
D = {, , , }, hng : cMinh, hm : fnn(_).
V t : ptrn(_,_), ptrn(_), pvung(_), pthoi(_).
Cho 1 din dch I :
D = {, , , },
cMinh =.
ptrn = {(, ), (, )}.
ptrn = {}.
pthoi = {, }.
pvung = {}.
fnn = {(, ), (, ), (, ), (, )}
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Min i tng
a. Hy nh gi cc CT sau trong din dch I :
pvung(cMinh),
ptrn(cMinh, fnn(cMinh)),
x pvung(x),
x y (ptrn(x, y) ptrn(y, x)) trong dd I.
b. Chng minh KB dn xut H :
KB : x ( pvung(x) pthoi(x))
(x)( ptrn(x) pthoi(x)).
H = x ( ptrn(x) pthoi(x)).
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Din dch
2. Cho din dch I c :
D = {a,b},
{p(a, a), p(a, b), p(b, a), p(b, b)}.
nh gi cc cng thc sau :
a. x y p(x, y)
b. x y p(x, y)
c. x y p(x, y)
d. y p(a, y)
e. x y (p(x, y) p(y, x))
f. x p(x, x)
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Din dch
3. Tm mt din dch trn D = {a,b} cng thc
F = x y (p(x,y) p(y,x)) c gi tr sai.
4. Cho din dch I :
D = {1, 2}, a = 1, b = 2, f(1) = 2, f(2) = 1,
{p(1,1), p(1,2), p(2,1), p(2,2)}.
nh gi cng thc sau trong din dch I :
a. p(a, f(a)) p(b, f(b))
b. x y p(y,x)
c. x y (p(x, y) p(f(x), f(y))).
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Ht slide
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