An Introduction To Networking: Updated January 2009

An Introduction to Networking
Chapter 1 Updated January 2009

Raymond Pankos Business Data Networks and Telecommunications, 7th edition May only be used by adopters of the book
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Builds
Slides with the blue mouse icon in the upper right hand corner are build slides Not everything on the slide will appear at once Each time the mouse click icon is clicked, more information on the slide will appear The number by the mouse icon gives the number of builds on the slide (the number of mouse clicks)
1-2
1-1: Black Box View of Networks What Is a Network?

Preliminary definition: A network is a communication system that allows application programs on different hosts to work together
Application 1 Network Application 2
Host A Host B
1-3
Hosts
Hosts
Any computer attached to a network is called a host Including client PCs, servers, mobile phones, etc.
Host Host
Host Cat (Ignores Internet)

Host
1-4
Networked Applications
What are Networked Applications?

Applications that can only exist because of networking E-Mail The World Wide Web Facebook YouTube
Etc.
1-6
Application Standards
Application standards govern communication between application programs
Allow products from different vendors cannot talk to one another For example, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) standardizes communication between any browser and any Web servers Different applications use different standards E-mail uses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and other standards
1-7
Application Standards
Application standards govern communication between application programs
Standards are also called protocols Many standards have protocol in their names
Example: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTTP is an open standard (not controlled by any vendor) Open standards drive down product costs
Vendor-controlled standards are called proprietary standards

1-8
1-2: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

1
HTTP is a Client/Server Protocol

The client is the browser; it sends a request The server is the Web server; it sends a response Most application standards are client/server protocols
HTTP Request Message (Asks for File) HTTP Response Message (Contains the Requested File)
Browser
Web server Program
Client Host
Web server 1-9
1-3: The ARPANET and the Internet

ARPANET
Some of the first networked applications were created for the ARPANET Created by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) around 1970 Served researchers doing business with DARPA
Connected many sites around the United States
1-10

Soon, Many Similar Networks Appeared
CSNET in computer science
BITNET in business and the social sciences Tower of Babel situationno interconnection
This was frustrating to users
1-11

Next, DARPA Created the Internet in 1980 to Connect Networks Together
Initially, commercial activity was forbidden
Became commercial in 1995

Today, the Internet is almost entirely commercial Almost no government money flowing in to run the Internet
1-12
1-4: Traditional Internet Applications

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
E-Mail
The World Wide Web (WWW) E-Commerce
Buying and selling on the Internet
1-13
1-5: The Internet Versus the World Wide Web (and Other Applications)
World Wide Web (Application)
E-Mail (Application)
FTP (Application)
Other Applications
The Internet (Transmission System)
The Internet is a global transmission system. The WWW, e-mail, etc., are applications that run over the Internet global transmission system
1-14
1-6: Newer Internet Applications

3
Instant Messaging (IM) Streaming Audio and Video

No need to wait until the entire file is downloaded before beginning to see or hear it
Voice over IP (VoIP)

Telephony over the Internet or other IP networks
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Applications

Growing processing power of PCs allows PCs to serve other PCs directly
1-15
1-6: Newer Internet Applications

Web 2.0
A hazy term that focuses on using the Internet to facilitate communication among people Including the creation of communities In addition, the users themselves typically generate the content Blogs, wikis, podcasts Examples: community building sites such as MySpace and Facebook, video sharing sites such as YouTube, virtual worlds such as Second Life, and specific information sharing sites, such as craigslist
1-16
1-7: Corporate Network Applications

Corporate Network Applications are Specific to Businesses
Can consume far more corporate network resources than traditional and new Internet applications combined
Transaction-Processing Applications
Simple, high-volume repetitive clerical transaction applications Accounting, payroll, billing, manufacturing, etc.
Not all corporate network applications are transactionprocessing applications

1-17

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Applications
Serve individual business functions while providing integration between functional modules
Inter-Function Transaction Sales Manufacturing Purchasing Warehousing
Accounting
Billing
Inter-Function Transaction
Inter-Function Transaction
Shipping 1-18

Organizational Communication Applications
E-mail, etc.
Groupware Integrate multiple types of communication, organize communication for retrieval, and provide multiple ways to disseminate and retrieve information
1-19

Converged Networks
Voice and data traditionally have needed different networks
Convergence: Moving voice/video and data networks to a single network Can save the corporation a great deal of money by only having a single network Many technical issues remain
1-20
1-8: File Service

File Server
1. User saves data file to file server, which is backed up nightly 2. Later, user can retrieve the data file from any other computer
3. Others can retrieve the file and even edit it if they are given permission
1-21
1-8: File Service

2. A multiuser version of the program is required 1. A program is Installed on the file server; Less expensive than installing it on many individual PCs File Server
3. For execution, a copy is downloaded from the file server
4. Note that the program is executed on the client PC, not on the file server!
1-22
Quality of Service (QoS)
1-9: Network Quality of Service (QoS)

Quality of Service (QoS)
Indicators of network performance
Speed, etc.
Metrics
Ways of measuring specific network quality-of-service variables The metric for speed is bits per second
1-24
1-10: Transmission Speed

Measuring Transmission Speed
Measured in bits per second (bps)
In metric notation: Increasing factors of 1,000 Not factors of 1,024 Kilobits per second (kbps)-note the lowercase k Megabits per second (Mbps)
Gigabits per second (Gbps)

Terabits per second (Tbps)
1-25

Measuring Transmission Speed
What is 23,000 bps in metric notation?
What is 3,000,000,000 bps in metric notation? What is 15,100,000 bps in metric notation?
Occasionally measured in bytes per second

If so, written as Bps, rather than bps Usually seen only in file downloads
1-26

3
Writing Transmission Speeds in Proper Form

The rule for writing speeds (and metric numbers in general) in proper form is that there should be 1 to 3 places before the decimal point 23.72 Mbps is correct (2 places before the decimal point) 2,300 Mbps has four places before the decimal point, so it should be rewritten as 2.3 Gbps (1 place) 0.5 Mbps has zero places to the left of the decimal point. It should be written as 500 kbps (3 places) Leading zeros do not count
1-27

How to convert 1,200 Mbps to proper form, to 12.02 Gbps
Number 12,020 Suffix Mbps
Must divide number by 1,000

12,020 12.02
So must multiply suffix by 1,000

Mbps Gbps
1-28

How to convert .2346 Mbps to proper form, to 234.6 kbps
Number 0.2346 Multiply by 1,000 0.2346 234.6
Suffix Mbps Divide by 1,000 Mbps kbps
1-29

How should you write the following in proper form?
549.73 kbps 0.47 Gbps 11,200 Mbps .0021 Gbps
1-30

Rated Speed
The speed in bits per second that you should get (advertised or specified in the standard)
Throughput
The speed you actually get Almost always lower than the rated speed
On Shared Transmission Lines

Aggregate throughputtotal throughput for all users
Individual throughputthe individual users share of the aggregate throughput
1-31
1-11: Cost
Network Demand, Budgets, and Decisions
Figure 1-12 shows that network demand is growing explosively, while network budgets are growing slowly This creates a cost squeeze that affects every decision Overspending in one area will result in the inability to fund other projects
Figure 1-12
1-32
1-11: Cost
Systems Development Life Cycle Costs
Hardware: Full price: advertised base price plus necessary options
Software: Full price: advertised base price plus necessary options Labor costs: Networking staff and user costs Outsourcing development costs Total development investment
1-33
1-11: Cost
1
Systems Life Cycle (SLC) Costs

System development life cycle (SDLC) versus system life cycle (SLC) SLC has ongoing costs after development Total cost of ownership (TCO)
Total cost over entire life cycle SLC includes carrier costs
Carrier pricing is complex and difficult to analyze Must deal with leases, which lock the firm in for months or years
1-34
1-13: Other Quality-of-Service Metrics

We Have Already Seen Speed and Cost
Availability
The percentage of time a network is available for use Our availability last year was 99.9%
Downtime is the amount of time a network is unavailable

Measured in minutes, hours, etc. In July, we had five minutes of downtime.
1-35

Error Rates
Packet error rate: the percentage of packets lost or damaged
Bit error rate: the percentage of bits lost or damaged
1-36

Latency and Jitter
Latency
Delivery delay, measured in milliseconds
For instance, 250 ms is a quarter of a second
Bad for real-time applications

Voice and video Network control messages
1-37

Latency and Jitter
Jitter Variation in latency between successive packets Makes voice sound jittery
Figure 1-14
1-38

Service Level Agreements
Customers want guarantees for performance
Provider pays penalties if the network does not meet its service metrics guarantees Often specified on a percentage basis At least 100 Mbps 99.5% of the time To guarantee this speed 100% of the time would be impossible, and even 99.99% would be far more expensive
1-39

Specify a worst case
Speed SLAs Low speed is the worst case
So an SLA would guarantee a lowest speed that would be delivered

E.g., no worse than 1 Mbps) Customer would like higher speeds But wants no less than 1 Mbps
1-40

Latency SLAs
Would an SLA specify a lowest latency or a highest latency? Ask yourself, Which is worse: large latency or small latency? The answer: Large latency is worse So specify a maximum latency No more than 100 ms 99% of the time
1-41

What would an SLA guarantee for availability?
1-42

What would an SLA guarantee for error rates?
1-43
1-15: Network Security

Security
Security attacks can be extremely expensive
Companies need to install defenses against attacks Chapter 9 discusses network security in depth
1-44

Authentication
Goal is to stop impostors Supplicant attempts to prove its identity to a verifier Example: user logging into a server is a supplicant; the server is a verifier
Proofs of identity are called credentials

Credentials: Password
Supplicant: True User?
Verifier: Server
1-45

Cryptographic Protections
Eavesdroppers may intercept your messages Read and even change messages Send new messages impersonating the other side
Cryptography is the use of mathematics to protect information in storage or in transit
Encryption for confidentiality An eavesdropper cannot read encrypted messages The legitimate receiver, however, can decrypt the message
1-46

Firewall
Examines each packet passing through it Drops and logs provable attack packets It lets other packets get through, even if suspicious
Passes
Other Packets Drops
Arriving Packet
Provable Attack Packet

1-47

Host Hardening
Some attacks will inevitably get past safeguards and reach hosts
Hosts must be hardened to withstand attacks Hardening is a set of protections we will see in Chapter 9 Example: installing antivirus software on the host Example: downloading security updates
1-48
Switched Networks
Figure 1-16: Ethernet Switch Operation

In switched networks, Messages are called frames Switch connectors are called ports Ethernet Switch
Host A1- wishes to send a frame to Host C3

The frame must pass Through the switch D4-47-55-C4-B6-9F
A1-44-D5-1F-AA-4C
C3-2D-55-3B-A9-4F B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65
1-50
Ethernet Switch Host A1- sends the frame to the switch
UTP
D4-47-55-C4-B6-9F
Frame To C3 C3-2D-55-3B-A9-4F B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65
A1-44-D5-1F-AA-4C
1-51
Switching Table Port Host 10 A1-44-D5-1F-AA-4C 13 B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 15 C3-2D-55-3B-A9-4F 16 D4-47-55-C4-B6-9F
Ethernet Switch
Frame To C3 UTP
D4-47-55-C4-B6-9F The switch reads the destination address in the frame. It looks up the address (C3-) in the switching table. It reads the port number (15) C3-2D-55-3B-A9-4F B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65
A1-44-D5-1F-AA-4C
1-52
Switching Table Port Host 10 A1-44-D5-1F-AA-4C 13 B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 15 C3-2D-55-3B-A9-4F 16 D4-47-55-C4-B6-9F The switch sends the
Ethernet Switch
frame out Port 15, to the destination host.
D4-47-55-C4-B6-9F Frame To C3
A1-44-D5-1F-AA-4C
C3-2D-55-3B-A9-4F B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65
1-53
1-17: Switched Network in a Multistory Building
On each floor, hosts connect to a workgroup switch via wire or wireless transmission
A core switch connects the workgroup switches to each other

1-54
1-17: Switched Network in a Multistory Building

3 Wall Jack
Client
Workgroup Switch 2
Server
Workgroup Switch 1 Wall Jack
To WAN
Router
Core Switch
Frames from the client to the server go through Workgroup Switch 2, through the Core Switch, through Workgroup Switch 1, and then to the server 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1-55
Figure 1-18: Four-Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Copper Wiring
1-56
1-19: Packet Switching and Multiplexing
In packet switching, the sending host breaks each message into many smaller packets
Sends these packets out one at a time

Packets are routed to the destination host
1-57
1-19: Packet Switching and Multiplexing
Multiplexing reduces cost. Each conversation only has to pay for its share of the trunk lines it uses
1-58
Routed Networks (Internets)
1-20: Routed Networks

The 1980s: A Switched Tower of Babel
At first, there were only switched networks Soon, there were many incompatible switched networks Users on different switched networks could not communicate with each other
Switched Network 1 Switched Network 2 SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
1-60

Routers and Routed Networks
Routers were created connect different switched networks together Routed networks are also called internets
Routed Network (Internet) Switched Network 1 Switched Network 2 SW Router
SW SW
SW Router
SW SW 1-61

Routers and Routed Networks
Routers are more complex (and expensive) than switches Designed to work no matter how complex the internet Require more hands-on administration than switches
Routed Network (Internet) Switched Network 1 SW SW SW Router Switched Network 2 SW Router SW SW 1-62
Terminology
Internet
Capitalization of Internet
Internet with a capital I is used for the global Internet we all use each day
internet with a lower-case i is used when talking about a smaller internet or about internets in general In all cases, capitalized at the beginning of a sentence
internet
1-63

Originally, only switched network addresses existed
Different switched network technologies used different address schemes A universal address scheme was necessary to represent any host on any network in the world.
Cerf and Kahn Created this Universal Address

These were called IP address 32 bits long
Usually expressed in dotted decimal notation, such as 128.171.17.13.

Host IP addresses are globally unique
1-64

So Hosts on an Internet Have Two Addresses Example
The authors computer has the Ethernet address AF-23-B9-C8-4E-38 This is its address on its Ethernet switched network The authors computer also has the IP address 128.171.17.13 This is its globally unique IP address
1-65

Packets and Frames
Packets are called frames in switched networks
Packets are called packets in routed networks A packet is carried in a frame within each switched network
Packet
Frame
1-66
Routers, Frames, and Packets

A frame arrives at a router
The frame contains a packet
The router takes the packet out of the frame

The router puts the packet into a new frame appropriate for the next network and sends it out The packet continues; the frame does not
Packet Frame 1 Packet Network 2 Router Frame 2 Packet Network 2
1-67
1-21: Routed Network (Internet)

2. Packet travels through three switched networks
1. When a packet is sent, the packet travels all the way from the source host to the destination host 3. The packet travels in three framesone in each switched network
1-68

In this example, the internet has three networks
When a packet is sent,
That one packet goes all the way from the source host to the destination host The packet travels in three different frames along the way, one in each network A frame only travels through a single network
1-69

Suppose that a packet has to travel through seven networks
When a packet was sent, How many packets go from the source host to the destination host? How many frames will there be along the way?
1-70
1-22: The Global Internet

1. User PC Host Computer Access Line Router NAP ISP ISP NAP ISP 4. Internet Backbone (Multiple ISP Carriers) 1. Web server Host Computer Access Line
NAP
ISP
2. User PCs Internet Service Provider
5. NAPs = Network Access Points Connect ISPs

3. Web servers Internet Service Provider 1-71
1-22: The Global Internet

How is the Internet Financed?
Through ISP subscriber payments Residences typically pay $10 to $100 per month Business typically pay thousands or tens of thousands of dollars per month
Like the telephone network The telephone network is supported by customer payments to telephone carriers
Almost no government money involved
1-72
1-22: The Internet

The TCP/IP Standards
The set of protocols that governs the Internet
Standards for both applications and packet delivery Created by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1-73
1-23: Domain Name System (DNS) Domain Name System (DNS)

IP addresses are official addresses on the Internet and other internets Hosts can also have host names (e.g., cnn.com)
Not officiallike nicknames

If you only know the host name of a host that you want to reach, your computer must learn its IP address
DNS servers tell our computer the IP address of a target host whose name you know
Like looking up someones name in a telephone directory
1-74
1-23: Domain Name System (DNS)

1
1. Client Host wishes to reach Voyager.cba.hawaii.edu; Needs to know its IP Address DNS Table Host Name IP Address Voyager.cba.hawaii.edu 128.171.17.13 Local DNS Host
2. Sends DNS Request Message The host name is Voyager.cba.hawaii.edu
Voyager.cba.hawaii.edu 128.171.17.13
1-75
1-23: Domain Name System (DNS)

2
DNS Table 3. DNS Host looks up the target hosts IP address Host Name IP Address Voyager.cba.hawaii.edu 128.171.17.13 DNS Host
4. DNS Response Message The IP address is 128.171.17.13 5. Client sends packets to 128.171.17.13
Voyager.cba.hawaii.edu 128.171.17.13 1-76
LANs and WANs
1-25: LANs and WANs (Study Figure)

Category Abbreviation Distance Span Local Area Networks LAN Customer premises (apartment, office, building, campus, etc.) Wide Area Networks WAN Between sites within a corporation or between different corporations
Wide Area Network Building LAN
Campus LAN
Home LAN
1-78
1-25: LANs and WANs

Category Can use switched network technology? Local Area Networks Yes Wide Area Networks Yes
Can use routed network Yes, especially in large technology? LANs
Yes, in fact, that is what the Internet is
Many students are surprised that LANs can be routed and that WANs can be switched
1-79
1-25: LANs and WANs

Category Implementation Ability to choose technologies Need to manage technologies Local Area Networks Do it yourself High High Wide Area Networks Must use a carrier with rights of way Low Low
1-80
1-25: LANs and WANs

Category Local Area Networks Cost per bit transmitted Low Wide Area Networks High with arbitrary Changes unrelated to costs
Therefore, typical transmission speed
Usually 100 Mbps to 10 About 256 kbps to 50 Gbps Mbps
In economics, you learned that when unit price goes up, people will purchase less of the product Because WANs cost much more per bit, companies learn to live with fewer bits per second
1-81
Network Management
1-26: Network Management

Strategic Network Management
As far as possible, build a coherent roadmap
Pay special attention to decisions that lock you in for long periods of time Legacy technologies are technologies selected previously that limit services today For upgrading, service benefits must exceed update costs
1-83

Product Selection with Multicriteria Decision Making
The entire systems development life cycle (SDLC) must be followed For network products, corporations buy instead of make network elements Must use multicriteria decision making (Figure 1-26) Select purchasing criteria (speed, cost, etc.) Give each criterion an importance weight Rate each product on each purchasing criteria
1-84
1-27: Multicriteria Decision Making in Purchase Decisions
Criterion
Functionality
Availability Cost Ease of Management Electrical Efficiency Total Score
Product A Product B Criterion Criterion Criterion Product Criterion Weight Rating Score Rating Score (Max: 5) (Max: (Max: 10) 10) 5 9 45 7 35 2 5 4 7 4 8 14 20 32 7 9 6 14 45 24
9 120
8 126
1-85

Ongoing Management
After the SDLC ends
The most important (and expensive) part of the systems life cycle Often discussed in terms of OAM&P Operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning
1-86

Ongoing Management (OAM&P)
Operations
Moment-by-moment traffic management Network operations center (NOC) using SNMP (see Figure 1-29)
1-87

Maintenance Fixing things that go wrong Conducting preventative maintenance Should be separate from the operations staff
1-88

Provisioning (Providing Service)
Includes physical installation Includes setting up user accounts and services Reprovisioning when things change Deprovisioning when accounts and services are no longer permitted Collectively extremely expensive
1-89

Administration
High end: planning Middle: analysis of operations to indicate needed changes Low: paying bills, managing contracts, etc.
1-90
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
1-29: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

Network Management Software (Manager)
Managed Device
The manager manages multiple managed devices from a central location Collects information about each managed device Can sometimes reconfigure managed devices remotely
Managed Device
1-92
Figure 10-13: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

Network Management Agent (Agent), Objects Managed Device
Manager talks to a network management agent on each managed devicenot to the managed device directly
1-93
Network Management Software (Manager) Data
Management Information Base (MIB) Manager collects data about each device; stores the data in a Management Information Base (MIB)
Data
1-94

1. Command (Get, Set, etc.) 2. Response
3. Trap (Alarm) Initiated by a Managed Device Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Messages
Managed Device
1-95
1-29: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Notes

Remote management can greatly reduce the TCO by reducing labor costs, despite the higher cost of managed devices
Central Management
Device costs Higher
No Central Management
Lower
Labor costs TCO
Much Lower Lower
Much Higher Higher
1-96
Key Points
Perspective
Definition of a network Networked applications Quality of Service
Network Technology
Switched versus routed networks (internets) The global Internet LANs versus WANs
Network Management
1-97
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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An Introduction to Networking

Chapter 1 Updated January 2009

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-1: Black Box View of Networks What Is a Network?

Host Cat (Ignores Internet)

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

What are Networked Applications?

Example: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Vendor-controlled standards are called proprietary standards

1-2: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP is a Client/Server Protocol

Web server Program

Web server 1-9

1-3: The ARPANET and the Internet

Connected many sites around the United States

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-3: The ARPANET and the Internet

This was frustrating to users

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-3: The ARPANET and the Internet

Became commercial in 1995

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-4: Traditional Internet Applications

World Wide Web (Application)

The Internet (Transmission System)

1-6: Newer Internet Applications

Instant Messaging (IM) Streaming Audio and Video

Voice over IP (VoIP)

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Applications

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-6: Newer Internet Applications

1-7: Corporate Network Applications

Not all corporate network applications are transactionprocessing applications

1-7: Corporate Network Applications

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-7: Corporate Network Applications

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-7: Corporate Network Applications

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-8: File Service

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-8: File Service

3. For execution, a copy is downloaded from the file server

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Quality of Service (QoS)

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-9: Network Quality of Service (QoS)

1-10: Transmission Speed

Gigabits per second (Gbps)

1-10: Transmission Speed

Occasionally measured in bytes per second

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-10: Transmission Speed

Writing Transmission Speeds in Proper Form

1-10: Transmission Speed

Must divide number by 1,000

So must multiply suffix by 1,000

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-10: Transmission Speed

Number 0.2346 Multiply by 1,000 0.2346 234.6

Suffix Mbps Divide by 1,000 Mbps kbps

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

1-10: Transmission Speed