Microprocessor

Presented by Jit Saha 1st Year M.Tech CSE

4/21/2012

Jit saha-KGEC

Content
1. What is microprocessor 2. Analogy between microprocessor and human brain 3. Microprocessor building block 4. Microprocessor control signal 5. Instruction set 6. Factors influencing microprocessors performance
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Content-contd
7. key architectural trends in microprocessor 8. Microprocessor generation 9. Indian microprocessor in future 10.Application of microprocessor 11. Reference

4/21/2012

Jit saha-KGEC

1.What is microprocessor
Multipurpose ,programmable, clock driven Reads binary instruction from a storage device Binary data as i/p and process data according to instruction Made up from a semiconductor, Silicon
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2.Analogy between microprocessor and human brain

Way of getting input Processing of information sending processed information. Speed or efficiency

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3.Microprocessor building block

Data Cache
RAM

Memory Bus

I/O

Bus Interface Unit

System Bus

Control Unit

Arithmetic & Logic Unit Registers Floating Point Unit Registers

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Instruction Decoder

Instruction Cache
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Bus Interface Unit

Receives instructions & data from main memory Sending instruction to the instruction cache, & data to the data cache Receives the processed data and sends it to the main memory
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Instruction Decoder
Receives the instructions from instruction register Decodes them into a form ,understandable by the processing units It passes on the decoded instruction to the control unit
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Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)

Works with integer number
Performs arithmetic and logical operation Modern uPs have two almost identical ALUs

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Floating-Point Unit (FPU)

known as the Numeric Unit
Support 32 to 64 bit floating point operation Required for doing graphics, engineering and scientific work
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Registers
Made of collection of flip-flop used for temporary storage Two types
User visible register Control and status register

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Registers-contd
User visible registers General purpose Address Condition codes Control & status register Program counter Instruction register Memory address register Memory buffer register
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Control Unit
The brain of the microprocessor Manages the whole microprocessor Tasks include fetching instructions & data, storing data, managing input/output devices
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4.Microprocessor control signal

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5.Instruction Set
Microprocessor execute it by the language it knows
Low-level, simple instructions Each uP family has its unique instruction set
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6.Factors influencing microprocessors performance

clock frequency word-width caching algorithm and the right cache size functional units architecture
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7.Key Architectural Trends

Technology enhancements
Faster transistors More transistors (Moores Law)

architectural directions
Memory hierarchies Instruction level parallelism
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Key Architectural Trends-contd

Introducing cache memory
Increasing cache size Introducing Multilevel caches(L1,L2,L3)

Advances in caching techniques

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Key Architectural Trends-contd

Overlapping execution in a pipeline Issuing multiple instruction per clock
Dynamic schemes
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8.Microprocessor Generations
First generation: 1971-78
(16-bit, <50k transistors)

Second Generation: 1979-85

(32-bit , >50k transistors)

Third Generation: 1985-89

(Reduced Instruction Set Computer/RISC, >100k transistors) Fourth Generation: 1990 (64-bit, > 1M transistors,
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9.Indian microprocessor in future

Initiative by Indian government The name Zerone, initial investment $200m Motivation comes from the security reason Based on Suns Open Sparc open source design
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10.Application of microprocessor
Instrumentation
Control Communication

Office Automation and Publication

Consumer
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11.Reference
Books
Microprocessor architecture, programming, and applications with the 8085 by Ramesh S. Gaonkar Microprocessor by v ram

URL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microproces sors http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indiangovernment-to-develop-india-microprocessor/
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