Ethel C.

Ong College of Computer Studies De La Salle University

Outline
Motivation
ANSI-SPARC 3-Level Architecture Data Independence Data Models

Motivation
All users should be able to access same data, but have

different views.
A users view should be immune to changes made in

other views.
Users should not need to know the physical database

storage details in order to access the database

Motivation
DBA should be able to change the database storage

structures without affecting the users views.

DBA should be able to change the conceptual structure

of the database without affecting all users.

ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture

External Level
Users view of

the database Describes that part of the database that is relevant to a particular user

Conceptual Level
Community

view of the database Describes what data is stored in the database and relationships among the data

Internal Level
Physical

representation of the DB on the computer Describes how the data is stored in the database

Differences Among the Levels

Data Independence and the Three-Level Architecture

Logical Data Independence

Refers to the immunity of the external schemas to

changes in the conceptual schema Changes in the conceptual schema, such as adding or removing entities, should not require changes to external schema or rewrites of application programs

Physical Data Independence

Refers to the immunity of the conceptual schema to

changes in the internal schema Changes in the internal schema, such as data type changes, use of different file organizations, storage structures/device changes, should not require any change to conceptual or external schemas

Data Model
Integrated collection of concepts for describing data,

relationships between data, and constraints on the data in an organization Purpose:

To represent data in an understandable way

Categories of Data Models

Object-Based EntityRelationship Semantic Functional ObjectOriented Record-Based Relational Network Hierarchical Physical

Entity-Relationship Model

Relational Model

Network Model

Hierarchical Model

Semantic Model