Theories of (static) Failure Consider biaxial (plane stress) case first:

Basic idea is that if some combination of the principal stresses gets too large, the material will fail. We can think of the "safe" stresses as defining some region in terms of principal stress components:

p2

failure safe region

failure

p1
failure failure

Maximum Normal Stress Theory Failure occurs if either p1 or p 2 = f where f fracture stress as determined in a uniaxial tension test is the

f
p2

p1

 p2

p1

cast iron

Maximum Normal Stress Theory 1. Used to describe fracture of brittle materials such as cast iron 2. Limitations doesn't distinguish between tension or compression doesn't depend on orientation of principal planes so only applicable to isotropic materials 3. Generalization to 3-D stress case is easy:

p2

p1

p3

Maximum Shearing Stress (Tresca) Theory Failure by slip (yielding) occurs when the maximum shearing stress, max exceeds the yield stress f as determined in a uniaxial tension test

f
0

For biaxial (plane stress) case

p1 p 2 / 2 = f = f / 2 = max p1 / 2 p2 / 2

max

 max

p1 p 2 / 2 = f = f / 2 = max p1 / 2 p2 / 2

defines a hexagon in terms of the principal stresses

p2
p2 = f

p 2 p1 = f
p1 = f
45
p1 = f

p1
p1 p 2 = f

p 2 = f

1. Limitation doesn't depend on orientations of planes of extreme shear so only strictly applicable to isotropic materials

Maximum Distortional Strain Energy (von Mises) Theory elongation For 1-D state of stress

f
L A P load

axial strain

e=

Work done by P = strain energy (potential energy) of the bar Wk = U

Wk = Pd = Ad [ eL ] = AL de
so that U = AL de

and

AL =V = volume of bar

u=

U = de = strain energy/unit volume V

(strain energy density)

Maximum Distortional Strain Energy (von Mises) Theory

u = de
But = Ee so

u = E e de Ee 2 e = = 2 2

For a general 3-D state of stress with three principal stresses

1 u = ( p1e p1 + p 2 e p 2 + p 3e p 3 ) 2

Maximum Distortional Strain Energy (von Mises) Theory

u=

1 ( p1ep1 + p 2ep 2 + p3ep3 ) 2

By generalized Hooke's law

so

1 p1 ( p 2 + p 3 ) E 1 e p 2 = p 2 ( p1 + p 3 ) E 1 e p 3 = p 3 ( p1 + p 2 ) E e p1 =

u=

1 2 2 2 p1 + p 2 + p 3 2 ( p1 p 2 + p1 p 3 + p 2 p 3 ) 2E

Maximum Distortional Strain Energy (von Mises) Theory

u=

1 2 2 2 p1 + p 2 + p 3 2 ( p1 p 2 + p1 p 3 + p 2 p 3 ) 2E

Experiments have shown that a pure hydrostatic pressure will not cause yielding even under extremely large stresses so that failure by slip must be independent of the hydrostatic part of u. Let Then

p1 = p 2 = p 3 = p
up = 3 (1 2 ) 2 1 3 p 2 6 p 2 = p 2E 2E

and if we let

p=

( p1 + p 2 + p 3 ) 3

we have

up =

(1 2 ) + + 2 ( p1 p 2 p3 )
6E

Maximum Distortional Strain Energy (von Mises) Theory

Thus if we define the distortional strain energy density , ud , as

ud = u u p
it can be shown that

ud =

(1 + )

( 6E

2 2 2 p 2 ) + ( p1 p 3 ) + ( p 2 p 3 ) p1

The von Mises failure theory predicts failure with respect to slip (yielding) whenever ud equals uf as determined by a uniaxial tension test (1 + ) 2 2 uf = f 6E

Maximum Distortional Strain Energy (von Mises) Theory

ud = u f
2 2

gives
2

( p1 p 2 ) + ( p1 p3 ) + ( p 2 p3 ) = 2 2f
For the biaxial (plane stress) case this reduces to
2 2 p1 p1 p 2 + p 2 = 2 f

rotated ellipse

p2
f

45
f

p1

Maximum Distortional Strain Energy (von Mises) Theory

Recall that the total shear stress on the octahedral plane is given by
oct =
1 3

( p1 p 2 ) + ( p1 p3 ) + ( p 2 p3 )
2 2

so that if we say that failure occurs when oct equals the value of the octahedral stress at failure in a uniaxial tension test given by

( oct ) f =
we get again

1 2 2 f 3

( p1 p 2 ) + ( p1 p3 ) + ( p 2 p3 ) = 2 2f
2 2 2

Maximum Distortional Strain Energy (von Mises) Theory

1. In formulating this failure theory we used generalized Hooke's law for an isotropic material so the theory given is only applicable to those materials but it can be generalized to anisotropic materials. 2. The von Mises theory is a little less conservative than the Tresca theory but in most cases there is little difference in their predictions of failure. Most experimental results tend to fall on or between these two theories.

 p2

45

p1

steel copper aluminum

Tresca and von Mises Theories for 3-D stresses

Tresca

max

p1 p 2 / 2 = f = f / 2 = max p1 p 3 / 2 p 2 p3 / 2

von Mises

p 2 ) + ( p1 p 3 ) + ( p 2 p 3 ) = 2 2 p1 f
2 2 2

Both of these equations remain unchanged if we add equal principal stresses to all components, i.e.
1 = p1 + p 2 = p2 + p 3 = p3 + p

since both theories are independent of adding or subtracting a hydrostatic component

This means that in 3-D the yield surfaces are cylinders whose sides are parallel to a line that makes equal angles with all three principal stress directions

p2
n= 1 1 1 e p1 + e p2 + e p3 3 3 3

p1

p3
hexagon for Tresca, ellipse for von Mises