محاضرات هندسة الاساسات د. طارق نجيب P2

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
PART 2
27 April 2012
Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb
Design of Wall Footing

Due to the lower strength of brick than
concrete, the critical section for
continuous wall is at b/4 within the wall
width

4/1
A strip of 1.0 m in the short
direction is to be designed
for moment and shear.
Minimum steel is to be taken
in the longitudinal direction,
punching will be safe.
1

.
27 April 2012
Wall
b/4
b
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
FOOTINGS

27 April 2012
M
Eccentricity, e
P
P
6* e
s1
1
B* L
L
2
M
P
s2
Soil Pressure
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s1
Soil Stress Distribution P
+
=
OR
OR
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Soil Stress
s1 qall soil ) 1(
3 Cases may be encountered )2(
Case (1): s2 compression ) 2(
Case (2): s2 = zero ) = 2(
Case (3): s2 tension ) 2(
Cases (1) and (2) are acceptable, ) 2( )1(
Case (3) needs special treatment
) 3(
Option (1): Offsetting the column distance (e)
Option (2): Calculate the actual soil pressure, and
design the footing for such case.
(e) :)1(
:)2(
27 April 2012
Soil stresses under

eccentrically loaded
footings

e < L/6
e = L/6
e > L/6
27 April 2012
+
=
P/A
M/Z
OR
OR
If the resultant lies

within core of
section, no tension, if
it lies outside core
there will be tension
B/6
L/6
L
27 April 2012
Moving the footing

under the column,
used with the moment
is fixed in value and
direction

(
)

27 April 2012
For footing subjected to Mx and My:

Option (2): Removing the tension zone
from the footing area to be L' * B'
L' = L 2 eL
B' = B 2 eB
:)2(
eL
eB
B'
L'
L
27 April 2012
10
Example (2):
Eccentrically Loaded Isolated Footing
Design a reinforced concrete isolated footing to
support the followings column loads at the ground
surface:
D.L. = 800 kN,
L.L. = 600 kN
MD.L. = 250 kN.m,
ML.L. = 150 kN.m
HD.L = 50 kN,
HL.L=25 kN.
Column dimensions, 80 x 40 cm
qall soil = 1.50 kg/cm2, fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 360 N/mm2.
F.L. = - 2.00 m from the ground level (G.L.).
Design a footing such that the soil pressure will be
approximately uniform.
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11
P
G.L.
2.0 m
F.L.
L
0.40
0.80
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12
Solution
-Column Service Loads Pc = PD.L. + PL.L.
- Pc = 800 + 600 = 1400 kN = 140.0 ton
-P at F.L. = 1.10 x Pc = 140.0 x 1.08 = 151.2 ton
Dimensions of P.C. footing
AR.C. = P / qall = 151.20 / 15.0 = 10.08 m2
Lp .c .
B p .c .
a-b
0.8 - 0.40
Ap.c.
10.08
3.37 3.40 m
2
2
a-b
0.8 - 0.40
Ap.c. 10.08 2.97 3.00 m
2
2
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13
-M at F.L. = MD.L. + ML.L. + MH

-MH = (HD.L. + HL.L. )* DF.L.
-MH = (5.0 + 2.5) * 2.0 = 15.0 t.m
-M at F.L. = 25.0 + 15.0 + 15.0 = 55.0 t.m
M
55.0
e
0.364 0.36 m
P 151.20
P
6* e
s1
1
B* L
L
2
151.20
6 * 0.36
s1
1
14.82 * (1 0.64)
3.0 * 3.4
3.40
2
s1 = at F.L. = MD.L. + ML.L. + MH

27 April 2012
14
0.36
3.40 m
Uniform soil pressure

3.00 m
P
fn
AR.C.
0.36
151.20
14.82 t/m 2
3.4 * 3.0
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0.40
0.80
15
-Ultimate Column Load
Pcu = 1.4*PD.L. + 1.6*PL.L.

- Pcu = 1.4*80.0 + 1.6*60.0 = 208.0 ton
-Pu at F.L. = 1.08 x Pc = 208.0 x 1.08 = 224.64 ton
-Ultimate Contact Pressure:
3.40 m
0.36
224.64
2
22.02 t/m
3.4 * 3.0
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3.00 m
f un
Pu
AR.C.
0.40
0.94 m
0.80
1.66 m
16
Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment
Long Direction
x1
x1
LR .C . - a
e
2
3.40 - 0.80
0.36 1.66 m
LR.C.
1.0
2
1
x * 1.0
M u / m' f un *
2
x1 I
1.66 2 * 1.0
M u / m' 22.02 *
30.34 m.t/m'
2
27 April 2012
17
Flexural Design
Mu
R
From
Chart,
for
R
2
f cu * bs * d
= 0.033, = 0.04
5
30.34 * 10
R
0.033
2
300 * 100 * 55
2
A
=
18.33
cm
f cu
s
As *
* bs * d
A
=
10
f
/m'
s
16
f
y
30
2
As 0.040 *
* 1000 * 550 1833.33 mm
360
0.6
0.6
2
As min
bs d
* 1000 * 550 917 mm
fy
360
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18
Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment in Short Direction
2
2
1
From Chart, for R =

0.021, = 0.025
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BR.C.
18.61* 10
R
300 * 100 * 55 2
0.021
1.30 * 1.0
M u / m' 22.02 *
2
18.61 m.t/m'
y1
y * 1.0
M u / m' f un
2
5
1.0
y1
3.00 - 0.40
1.30 m
a
LR.C.
19
Flexural Design
30
2
As 0.021 *
* 1000 * 550 962.50 mm
360
As = 9.63 cm2
As = 5f16 /m'
27 April 2012
20
Check of Shear
x2
x2
LR .C . - a - d
e
2
3.40 - 0.80 - 0.55
0.36 1.385 1.39 m

2
Qsh = 22.02* 1.39 * 3.00 = 91.82 ton
LR.C.
fun
Check of Shear:
Qsh
qu
qcu
BR.C. * d
BR.C.
91.82 * 1000
qu
5.56 kg/cm 2
300 * 55
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d/2
x2
21
Check of Shear
Allowable Shear
qcu 0.16
qcu 0.16
f cu
gc = 1.50
gc
30
2
0.72 N/mm
1.50
7.20 kg/cm
qu (5.56 kg/cm2) < qcu (7.20 kg/cm2) O.K.
27 April 2012
22
Check of Punching
ap = (a+d) = 0.80 + 0.55 = 1.35 m
bp = (b+d) = 0.40 + 0.55 = 0.95 m
Punching Section Perimeter:

bpunch = 2 [(a+d) + (b+d)]
bpunch = 2 [(1.35) + (0.95)] = 4.60 m
Qp=fun [LR.C. BR.C. ap*bp ]
LR.C.
Qp= 22.02*[3.40*3.00
ap
d/2
BR.C.
1.35*0.95] = 196.36 t
27 April 2012
bp
d/2
23
Check of Punching
qcup 0.316
qcup
qcup
f cu
gc
0.316
30
1.41 1.6 N/mm 2
1.5
ap
0.316 0.50
b
p
0.40
0.316 0.50
0.80
qcup
f cu
gc
30
1.41 N/mm 2
1.5
0.80 0.20
b
p
f cu
gc
4 * 0.55 30.0
2
qcup 0.80 0.20
2.43
N/mm
4.60 1.50
27 April 2012
24
Check of Punching
Qup
196.36 * 1000
2
qup
7.76 kg/cm
b punch * d
460 * 55
qup (7.76 kg/cm2) < qcup 14.10 kg/cm2 ) O.K.
For footing subjected to large lateral loads, check of
sliding should be performed. Sliding resistance will
be: Footing base resistance with underlying soils.
Passive earth pressure due to wall embedment
27 April 2012
25
Example (3): Isolated Footing Under

Moment and Horizontal Forces
Design a reinforced concrete isolated footing to
support the followings column loads at the ground
surface:
D.L. = 800 kN,
L.L. = 600 kN
MD.L. = 250 kN.m,
ML.L. = 150 kN.m
HD.L = 50kN,
HL.L=25 kN.
Column dimensions, 80 x 40 cm
qall soil = 1.50 kg/cm2, fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 360 N/mm2.
F.L. = - 2.00 m from the ground level (G.L.).
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26
P
G.L.
2.0 m
F.L.
L
0.40
0.80
27 April 2012
27
Solution
Dimensions of P.C. footing to avoid tension in the
soil:
L 6e
to avoid tension on the soil
L = 6*e + a
Or to be calculated by the usual method,
whichever is larger
6

M
55.0
e
0.36 m
P 151.20
L1p.c. = 6*e + a = 6 * 0.36 + 0.80 = 2.96 3.00 m

27 April 2012
28
-Column Service Loads Pc = PD.L. + PL.L.

- Pc = 800 + 600 = 1400 kN = 140.0 ton
-P at F.L. = 1.10 x Pc = 140.0 x 1.08 = 151.2 ton
Dimensions of P.C. footing
AR.C. = P / qall = 151.20 / 15.0 = 10.08 m2
L2 p .c . Ap.c.
a -b
0.8 - 0.40
10.08
3.37 3.40 m
2
2
Therefore, Lp.c. is chosen to be 3.40 m

B p .c . Ap.c.
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a-b
0.8 - 0.40
10.08 2.97 3.00 m
2
2
29
s1
P
6 * e 151.20
6 * 0.36
s1
1
B* L
L 3.0 * 3.4
3.4
2
s2
= 14.82*(1 + 0.635)
= 24.23 t/m2 > 15.0 t/m2, unsafe
= 14.82*(1 - 0.635)
= 5.41 t/m2 > 0.0 (no tension), safe
The footing length is increased to 5.00 m to reduce

the soil stress s1. For such large footing, increase
the footing weight to be 0.15 of the column load.
5.00
.
. 0.15
27 April 2012
30
-P at F.L. = 1.15 x Pc = 140.0 x 1.15 = 161.0 ton

M 55.0
e
0.34 m
P 161.0
P
6* e
161.0
6 * 0.34
s1
1
B* L
L 3.0 * 5.0
5.0
2
s1
s2
= 10.73*(1 + 0.408)
= 15.11 t/m2 15.0 t/m2, considered safe
= 10.73*(1 0.408)
= 6.35 t/m2 > 0.0 (no tension), safe
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31
161
Column
R.C.
55.0
P.C.
6.35 t/m2
15.11 t/m2
Soil Pressure under the P.C. footing

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32
- Assume tp.c. = 40 cm
- Reinforced Concrete Dimensions:
LR.C. = Lp.c. 2 x = 5.00 2 * 0.40 = 4.20 m
BR.C. = Bp.c. 2 x = 3.00 2 * 0.40 = 2.20 m
AR.C. = LR.C. * BR.C. = 4.20 * 2.20 = 9.24 m2
R.C. Footing Design
Forces and Moments at the interface between
reinforced and plain concrete footings:
-Ultimate Column Load
Pcu = 1.4*PD.L. + 1.6*PL.L.

- Pcu = 1.4*80.0 + 1.6*60.0 = 208.0 ton
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33
R.C.
2.20 m
3.00 m
4.20 m
0.40
0.80
P.C.
5.00 m
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34
-Mu at R.C. top level = 1.4 MD.L. + 1.6 ML.L. + MH

-MHu = (HD.L. + HL.L. )* DR.C.
-MH = (1.4*5.0 + 1.6*2.5) * 1.60 = 17.60 t.m
-M at R.C.-P.C. Interface
= 1.4*25.0 + 1.6*15.0 + 17.6 = 76.60 t.m
DR.C. = DF.L. tp.c. = 2.00 0.40 = 1.60 m

M u 76.60
e1
0.368 0.37 m
Pu 208.0
208.0
6 * 0.37
f u1
1
22.51* (1 0.53)
2
4.2 * 2.20
4.20
fu1 = 22.51*(1 + 0.53) = 34.44 t/m2

fu2 = 22.51*(1 0.53) = 10.58 t/m2
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35
Contact Pressure between R.C. & P.C.
208 t
x1
76.6
10.58 t/m2
fu3 =24.76 t/m2
34.4 t/m2
1.70
2
f u 3 34.40 - 34.40 - 10.58 *
24.76 t/m
4.20
27 April 2012
36
Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment
Long Direction
x1
LR .C . - a
x1
4.20 - 0.80
1.70 m
2
f u1 f u 2 34.40 24.76
f un avg
29.58 t/m 2
2
2
x1
1.7
M u / m' f un avg * x1 * 29.58 * 1.7 *
42.75 m.t/m'
2
2
Mu
R
2
f cu * bs * d
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42.75 * 10
R
0.047
2
300 * 100 * 55
37
Flexural Design
From Chart, for R = 0.047, = 0.058
f cu
As *
* bs * d
fy
30
2
As 0.058 *
* 1000 * 550 2658.33 mm
360
As = 26.58 cm2 As = 7f22 /m'

As min
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0.6
0.6
2
bs d
* 1000 * 550 917 mm
fy
360
38
Flexural Design
1.00
f u4 34.40 - 34.40 - 10.58 *
28.73 t/m 2
4.20
f u1 f u 2 34.40 28.73
f uns avg
31.57 t/m 2
2
2
0.90 2 * 1.0
M u / m' 31.57 *
2
12.79 m.t/m'
BR.C.
y12 * 1.0
2
y1
M u / m' f un
27 April 2012
1.0
y1
2.20 - 0.40
0.90 m
LR.C.
39
Flexural Design
12.79 * 10 5
R
0.014
2
300 * 100 * 55
From Chart, for R =

0.014, = 0.020
f cu
As *
* bs * d
fy
30
As 0.020 *
* 1000 * 550 916.67 mm 2
360
As = 9.17 cm2, As = 5f16 /m'

27 April 2012
40
Check of Shear
x2
LR .C . - a - d
f u shear
x2
4.20 - 0.80 - 0.55
1.43 m
2
1.43
34.40 - 34.40 - 10.58 *
26.29 t/m 2
4.20
f u1 f u shear 34.40 26.29

f unshear avg
30.35 t/m 2
2
2
Qsh = 30.35* 1.43 * 2.20 = 95.48 ton

LR.C.
Check of Shear:
Qsh
qu
qcu
BR.C. * d
27 April 2012
d/2
BR.C.
x2
41
Check of Shear
95.48 * 1000
qu
7.89 kg/cm 2
220 * 55
Allowable Shear : qcu 0.16
qcu 0.16
f cu
gc
gc = 1.50
30
0.72 N/mm 2 7.20 kg/cm 2
1.50
qu (7.89 kg/cm2) > qcu (7.20 kg/cm2) Unsafe.

Increase d to 60 cm, and t to 65 cm, then x2 = 1.40
m, fu-shear-avg = 30.43 t/m2, Qsh =93.72 ton,
qu = 7.10 kg/cm2 < 7.20 kg/cm2, O.K.
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42
Contact Pressure for Punching
208
d/2
1.40 m
1.40 m
76.6
10.58 t/m2
34.4 t/m2
fu6 =18.52 t/m2
fu5 =26.46 t/m2

1.40
f u5 34.40 - 34.40 - 10.58 *
26.46 t/m 2
4.20
2.80
f u6 34.40 - 34.40 - 10.58 *
18.52 t/m 2
4.20
27 April 2012
43
Check of Punching
fu-punch-avg = (26.46 + 18.52)/2 = 22.49 t/m2
ap = (a+d) = 0.80 + 0.60 = 1.40 m
bp = (b+d) = 0.40 + 0.60 = 1.00 m

bpunch = 2 [(a+d) + (b+d)]
bpunch = 2 [(1.40) + (1.00)] = 4.80 m
LR.C.
Qp=fun [LR.C. BR.C. ap*bp ]
ap
Qp= 22.49*[4.20*2.20
27 April 2012
BR.C.
1.40*1.00] = 176.32 t
d/2
bp
d/2
44
Check of Punching
qcup 0.316
qcup
qcup
f cu
gc
0.316
30
1.41 1.6 N/mm 2
1.5
ap
0.316 0.50
b
p
0.40
0.316 0.50
0.80
qcup
f cu
gc
30
1.41 N/mm 2
1.5
0.80 0.20
b
p
f cu
gc
4 * 0.60 30.0
2
qcup 0.80 0.20
2.50
N/mm
4.80 1.50
27 April 2012
45
Check of Punching
Qup
176.32 * 1000
2
qup
6.12 kg/cm
b punch * d
480 * 60
Check of footing sliding, F.S. = FResisting/FSliding:
FSliding
FResisting
FResisting
= Horizontal forces
= P tan d for sand, d = up to f
= Ca * L for clay, Ca 0.80 C,
L = footing length
Ignore passive resistance for shallow depths, and
take it for relatively large depths.
F.S. > 1.50
27 April 2012
46
Check of Development Length

Ld = 60f for deformed high grade bars
(long direction)
Ld1 = 60*2.20 = 132 cm
x1 = 170 cm > Ld O.K.
5 f16 /m'
7 f22 /m'
(short direction)
Ld2 = 60*1.60 = 96 cm (short direction)
y1 = 90 cm < Ld2, bend bars upward
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47
DESIGN OF COMBINED
FOOTINGS

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48
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
1- Site Investigation
2- Design of Shallow Foundations:
a- Design of Isolated Footings.
b- Design of Isolated Footings under
Eccentric Loads.
c- Design of Combined Footings.
d- Design of Strap Beam.
e- Design of Raft Foundations
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49
Combined Footing
Pc2

Pc1
Reinforced Concrete
Plain Concrete
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50
Combined Footings are used in:

1- Two adjacent columns with interfering footings.
2- To connect neighbor column with an interior
column
:
. -1
. -2
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51
Property
Line
Neighbor
Column
27 April 2012
52
Pc1
Pc2
xr
S
L
Pc 2 * S
Resultant: R = Pc1 + Pc2 xr
Pc1 Pc2
For the plain concrete footing:
LP.C. = 2 * xr + C1/2 + C2/2 + (1 ~ up to 2 m)
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53
1.10 * Pc1 Pc2

AP .C .
qall - soil
AP .C .
BP .C .
LP.C.
Dimensions of Plain Concrete = LP.C. * BP.C.

Choose Plain Concrete thickness, tP.C.
Projection distance, x = tP.C.

Dimensions of Reinforced Concrete:
LR.C. = LP.C. 2 * x BR.C. = BP.C. 2 * x
Assume the thickness of R.C.

27 April 2012
54
Ultimate Column Loads

Puc1 = 1.4 * Pc1 Dead + 1.6 * Pc1 Live
Puc2 = 1.4 * Pc2 Dead + 1.6 * Pc2 Live
For Columns C1 and C2 respectively
)2( ) 1(

f un1
27 April 2012
Puc 1 Puc2
t/m'
LR.C.
55
Combined Footing Pressure and Deflections
27 April 2012
56
Puc1
Puc2
xr
S
Mmax. 1
fun1 (t/m')
LR.C.
Mmax. 3
27 April 2012
Mmax. 2
57
Puc1
Puc2
xr
S
fun1 (t/m')
LR.C.
d/2
27 April 2012
Qsh2
d/2
Qsh1
58
Design for Flexure in the Longitudinal Direction

Reinforced concrete depth and main upper
Reinforcements are determined using Mmax1

Mmax1
Lower longitudinal reinforcements under

column (2) are determined using Mmax2
) 2(
Mmax2
27 April 2012
59
Pc2
Pc1
Longitudinal Reinforcements

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60
Design for Flexure in the Short Direction

Assume that all the column load is distributed
under the column as a hidden beam on width
only with extension of d/2 from each side

d/2

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61
Puc1
d/2
Puc2
d/2
d/2
d/2
Hidden Beams
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62
Puc2
Puc1
d/2
d/2
d/2
d/2
Reinforcements in the Short Direction

27 April 2012
63
Check of Punching

ap2
ap1
d/2
d/2
bp1
bp2
d/2
d/2
Qp1 =Puc1 - fun *[ap1*bp1 ]

Qp2 =Puc2 - fun *[ap2*bp2 ]
27 April 2012
64
Example (4): Design of Combined Footing

From Dr. Mashour Ghonaim Book
Design a combined footing to support the two
columns shown in Figure.
Column C1, 0.30 * 0.40 m, working load = 1320 kN
Column C2, 0.30 * 0.70 m, working load = 1960 kN
Allowable soil pressure = 175 kN/m2
Concrete, fcu = 25 N/mm2; Steel, fy = 400 N/mm2
0.40
0.30
C1
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0.70
S = 3.60 m
0.30
C2
65
Solution
Pc1=132t
Pc2=196t
xr =2.15
S = 3.60 m
L
Resultant: R = Pc1 + Pc2 = 132.0 + 196.0 = 328.0 ton
Pc 2 * S 196 * 3.60
xr
2.15 m
Pc1 Pc2 132 196
For the plain concrete footing:
LP.C. = 2 * xr + C1/2 + C2/2 + (1 ~ up to 2 m)
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66
LP.C. = 2 * 2.15 + 0.20 + 0.35 + 1.15 = 6.00 m
1.10 * Pc 1 Pc2 1.10 * 132 196

AP .C .
20.62 m 2
qall - soil
17.50
AP .C . 20.62
BP .C .
3.44 3.45 m
LP.C.
6.00
Plain concrete footing dimensions:
Lp.c. = 6.00 m, Bp.c. = 3.45 m, tp.c. Taken 40 cm
R
2.15 m
0.40
0.30
3.0 m
27 April 2012
S = 3.60 m
0.70
0.30
3.45
3.0 m
67
Dimensions of Reinforced Concrete:

Projection distance x = tp.c. = 40 cm
LR.C. = LP.C. 2 * x = 6.00 2 * 0.40 = 5.20 m
BR.C. = BP.C. 2 * x = 3.45 2 * 0.40 = 2.65 m
Assume the thickness of R.C. = 80 cm
Puc1 = 1.5 * Pc1 = 1.50 * 132.0 = 198.0 ton

Puc2 = 1.5 * Pc2 = 1.50 * 196.0 = 294.0 ton
Ultimate contact pressure per meter run
f un 1
Puc 1 Puc2 198.0 294.0

/m'
94.62 t/m'
27 April 2012
LR.C.
5.20
68
198
294
1.15
0.45
P2
x=2.09
3.60
P1
94.62 t/m'
5.20 m
Point of zero shear:

Puc1 = fun1 * x ,
198 = 94.62 * x, x = 2.09 m
Moment at point of zero shear (Mmax1):
2.09 2
M max 1 198.0 * 2.09 - 0.45 - 94.62 *
118.07 m.t
2
27 April 2012
69
1.15 2
M max 2 94.62 *
62.57 m.t
22
0.45
M max 3 94.62 *
9.58 m.t
2
Moments at different points
Point
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
27 April 2012
M (m.t)
30.27
3.55
-19.61
2.96
70
198
0.45
4
294
1.15
2.15
3
3.60
118.07
94.62 t/m'
5.20 m
Bending Moment Diagram
19.61
19.61
2.96 9.58
27 April 2012
3.55
62.57
30.27
71
0.45
198
d/2
P2 4
R
2.15
d/2
294
1.15
1 P1
3.60 2
94.62 t/m'
5.20 m
Shear Force Diagram
117.54
42.58
27 April 2012
155.42
185.19
101.96
41.16
108.81
72
Flexural Design in the Long Direction

For a concrete cover of 7 cm, d = 80 7 = 73 cm
M max 1 118.07
M max / m'
44.55 m.t/m'
BR.C.
2.65
5
Mu
44.55 * 10
R
2
R
0.033
2
f cu * bs * d
250 * 100 * 73
f cu
For R = 0.033, = 0.04 As *
* bs * d
f
y
25
As 0.040 *
* 1000 * 730 1825.0 mm / m'

2
400
As = 6f20/m'
27 April 2012
73
Flexural Design in the Long Direction

As min
0.6
0.6
bs d
* 1000 * 730 1095 mm 2
fy
400
As min = 10.95 cm2, As min = 6 f16 mm/m'

Under column C2, M1 = 30.27 m.t
M 1 30.27
M 1 / m'
11.43 m.t/m'
BR.C.
2.65
R = 0.009, take = 0.02, As = 9.13 cm2
Therefore, for moments at points (2), (3), (4)
take the minimum area steel of As = 12.00 cm2
= 6f16/m'
27 April 2012
74
0.25
Flexural Design in the

198
d1/2Short Direction d1/2
294
d1/2
bc2=1.41
bc1=1.01
)1( = bc1
)2( = bc2
In the short direction, d1 = d 2 = 73 2 = 71 cm
bc1 = ac1 + 0.25 + d1/2
= 0.40 + 0.25 + 0.71/2 = 1.005 m 1.01 m
bc2 = ac2 + 2*(d1/2) = 0.70 + 2*(0.71/2) = 1.41 m
27 April 2012
75
Flexural Design in the Short Direction
294 t
198 t
1.18
2.65
2.65
f'u1 = 74.72 t/m'
f'u2 = 110.94 t/m'
Puc1 198.0
f
74.72 t/m'
BR.C.
2.65
Puc2 294.0
'
fu2
110.94 t/m'
BR.C.
2.65
'
u1
27 April 2012
76
M f
'
u1
'
uc1
'
M 'u 2 f uc2
2
1
y
1.18
74.72 *
52.02 m.t
2
2
2
2
y1
1.18
110.94 *
77.24 m.t
2
2
Under column C2, M'u2 = 77.24 m.t

5
77.24 * 10
Mu
R
0.043
R
2
2
250 * 141* 71
f cu * bs * d
f cu
* bs * d
For R = 0.043, = 0.0522 As *
fy
25
2
As 0.052 *
* 1410 * 710 3267.0 mm
400Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb
27 April 2012
77

As = 32.67 cm2 = 9f22
)2(
1.41
Under column C1, M'u1 = 52.02 m.t

55.02 * 10 5
R
0.041 For R = 0.041, = 0.0492
2
250 * 101* 71
25
As 0.0492 *
* 1005 * 710 2194.0 mm 2
400
As = 21.94 cm2 = 6f22
)1(
1.01
27 April 2012
78
0.45
198
d/2
P2 4
R
2.15
d/2
294
1.15
1 P1
3.60 2
94.62 t/m'
5.20 m
Shear Force Diagram
117.54
42.58
27 April 2012
155.42
185.19
101.96
41.16
108.81
79
Design for Shear

Qsh = 117.54 ton
Check of Shear:
Qsh
qu
qcu
BR.C. * d
117.54 * 1000
qu
6.08 kg/cm 2
265 * 73
f cu
gc = 1.50
Allowable Shear : qcu 0.16
gc
25
qcu 0.16
0.65 N/mm 2 6.50 kg/cm 2
1.50
qu (6.08 kg/cm2) < qcu (6.50 kg/cm2) Safe.

27 April 2012
80
Check of Punching
f un
Pc1 Pc 2
AR.C.
ap2 = (a2+d) = 0.70 + 0.73 = 1.43 m

bp2 = (b2+d) = 0.30 + 0.73 = 1.03 m 198 294 35.70 t/m 2
5.20 * 2.65

bpunch2 = 2 [(1.43) + (1.03)] = 4.92 m
Qp2=Puc2 - fun [ap2*bp2 ] = 294.0 35.70*[1.43*1.03]
= 241.42 ton
ap2
bp1
27 April 2012
bp2
ap1
81
Check of Punching
qcup 0.316
qcup
qcup
f cu
gc
0.316
25
1.29 1.6 N/mm 2
1.5
ap
0.316 0.50
b
p
0.30
0.316 0.50
0.70
qcup
qcup
27 April 2012
f cu
gc
25
2
1.20 N/mm
1.5
0.80 0.20
b
p
4 * 0.73
0.80 0.20
4.92
f cu
gc
25.0
2.59 N/mm 2
1.50
82
Check of Punching
Qup
241.42 * 1000
2
qup
6.72 kg/cm
b punch * d
492 * 73
27 April 2012
83
Longitudinal Reinforcements,
27 April 2012
84
Reinforcements in the Short Direction

Under
Column C2
Under
Column C1
27 April 2012
85

محاضرات هندسة الاساسات د. طارق نجيب P2

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محاضرات هندسة الاساسات د. طارق نجيب P2

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SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Design of Wall Footing

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Soil Stress Distribution P

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Soil stresses under

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

If the resultant lies

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Moving the footing

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

For footing subjected to Mx and My:

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

-M at F.L. = MD.L. + ML.L. + MH

s1 = at F.L. = MD.L. + ML.L. + MH

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Uniform soil pressure

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

-Ultimate Column Load

Pcu = 1.4*PD.L. + 1.6*PL.L.

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

From Chart, for R =

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

3.40 - 0.80 - 0.55

0.36 1.385 1.39 m

Qsh = 22.02* 1.39 * 3.00 = 91.82 ton

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

qu (5.56 kg/cm2) < qcu (7.20 kg/cm2) O.K.

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Punching Section Perimeter:

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Example (3): Isolated Footing Under

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

L1p.c. = 6*e + a = 6 * 0.36 + 0.80 = 2.96 3.00 m

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

-Column Service Loads Pc = PD.L. + PL.L.

Therefore, Lp.c. is chosen to be 3.40 m

The footing length is increased to 5.00 m to reduce

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

-P at F.L. = 1.15 x Pc = 140.0 x 1.15 = 161.0 ton

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Pcu = 1.4*PD.L. + 1.6*PL.L.

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

-Mu at R.C. top level = 1.4 MD.L. + 1.6 ML.L. + MH

DR.C. = DF.L. tp.c. = 2.00 0.40 = 1.60 m

fu1 = 22.51*(1 + 0.53) = 34.44 t/m2

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Contact Pressure between R.C. & P.C.

fu3 =24.76 t/m2

Pcu = 1.4PD.L. + 1.6PL.L.

L1p.c. = 6e + a = 6 0.36 + 0.80 = 2.96 3.00 m

Pcu = 1.4PD.L. + 1.6PL.L.

Qp1 =Puc1 - fun [ap1bp1 ]