Professional Documents
Culture Documents
15 - 17 OGOS 2006
INSTITUT PEMBANGUNAN KOMPETENSI , IPS, KUALA LUMPUR
SITE SELECTION
(a)
PLAN
SECTION A-A
Figure 20.1
c
(d)
Determine if site Size is Adequate Evaluate Topography and Likelihood of Gravity Flow
2.
Outlet Control
(a)
Primary Outlets
Primary outlets for detention basins shall be designed to reduce post-development peak flows to match predevelopment peak flows for both the minor and major system design storm ARI in accordance with Section 4.5. Design storm ARIs for the minor and major drainage systems shall be selected in accordance with Table 4.1.
Bypass Flows
Provision should be made in a dry detention basin to bypass low flows through or around the basin. This is necessary to ensure that the basin floor, particularly if it is grassed, is not inundated by small storms or continually wetted by dry weather baseflow. The minimum amount of bypass should be one half the 1 month ARI flow.
3.
The sizing of a detention facility requires an inflow hydrograph, a stage-storage curve, and a stage-discharge curve (sometimes called a rating curve). Inflow hydrographs for a range of design storm durations must be routed through the basin to determine the maximum storage volume and water level in the basin corresponding to the maximum allowable outflow rate. The design storm duration that will produce the maximum storage volume in a basin will vary depending on catchment, rainfall, and basin outflow characteristics, and is typically somewhere between one and three times the peak flow time of concentration for the basin catchment. The design storm duration that produces the maximum storage volume is called the critical duration.
Inflow Hydrographs
Various method can be use such as Time Area Method, Non Linear Resevoir Method, Kinematic Wave Method and Rational Method Hydrograph Method.
storage (Ip
Figure 20.2
10
15
20
25
30
Discharge (curnec)
Storage Discharge
4.
BASIN CONFIGURATION
Classification
An embankment that raises the water level a specified amount as defined by the appropriate dam safety group (generally 1.5 m to 3 m or more above the usual mean low water height, when measured along the downstream toe of the embankment to the emergency spillway crest), is classified as a dam.
Top Widths
Minimum recommended embankment top widths are provided in Table 20.1. Table 20.1 Minimum Recommended Top Width for Earthen Embankments (USDA, 1982)
3 to 4.5
Side Slopes
For ease of maintenance, the side slopes of a grassed earthen embankment and basin storage area should not be steeper than 4(H):l(V). However, to increase public safety and facilitate ease of mowing, side slopes of 6(H): 1(V) (or flatter) are recommended.
Bottom Grades
The floor of the basin shall be designed with a minimum grade of the likelihood of ponding.
l/ 00
Freeboard
The elevation of the top of the settled embankment shall be a minimum of 0.3 m above the water surface in the detention basin when the emergency spillway is operating at maximum design flow.
5.
Primary outlets are designed for the planned release of water from a detention basin. Basin outlets are ordinarily uncontrolled (i.e. without gates or valves), and may be a single stage outlet structure or several outlet structures combined to provide multi-stage outlet control.
Cross-section
...... . .. . .
........... .-
Figure 20.4
Orifices
For a single circular orifice, illustrated in Figure 0.5(a), the orifice flow can be determined using Equation 0.1.
where,
Q = the orifice flow rate (m3/s) Cd = orifice discharge coefficient (0.40 A, = area of orifice (m2), ~r 3 4 0 Do = orifice diameter (rn)
- 0.62)
H, = effective head on the orifice measured from the centre of the opening (m) g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
4
(a) Free Fall
(c) Multple
Figure 20.5
Weirs
(a)
Sharp-Crested Weirs
Typical sharp-crested weirs are illustrated in Figure 20.6. Equation 20.2 provides the discharge relationship for sharp-crested weirs with no end contractions (illustrated in Figure 20.6(a)).
where,
Q = Cm= B = H =
weir discharge (m3/s) 1.81 + 0.22 (HIH,), sharp-crested weir discharge coefficient weir base width (rn) head above weir crest excluding velocity head (m)
(c) Section
(d) Section
Figure 20.6
Sharp-Crested Weirs
(b)
Broad-Crested Weir
where, Q = weirdischarge (m3/s) CBCW= broad-crested weir coefficient B = weir base width (m) H = effective head above weir crest (m)
(c)
V-Notch Weir
The discharge through a V-notch weir is shown in Figure 0.7 and can be calculated using:
Q = 1.38 tan
where,
:( )
Q = weir discharge (m3/s) 6 = angle of V-notch (degrees) H = head on apex of V-notch (m)
Section A-A
Figure 20.7
(d)
V-Notch Weir
Proportional Weir
= 2.PIa0.'
b(H
-q)
1
where, Q = weir discharge (m3/s) H = head above horizontal sill (m) Dimensions a, b, x and y are as shown in Figure 20.8.
Figure 20.8
Culverts
Pipe or box culverts are often used as outlet structures for detention facilities. The design of these outlets can be for either single or multi-stage discharges
Erosion Protection
(a) Primary Outlets
The purpose of a secondary outlet (emergency spillway) is to provide a controlled overflow for flows in excess of the maximum design storm ARI for the storage facility. flattening of the downstream embankment face armouring the embankment crest and downstream face using regulated floodplain delineation and occupancy restrictions downstream representative of conditions without the detention storage providing extra waterway capacity downstream using a wide embankment crest such as is common with urban roads and streets (where rapid failure seldom occurs due to modest overtopping depths) using non-eroding embankment material such as roller compacted concrete using small tributary basins, where the rate and volume of discharge involved are limited, resulting in overtopping flows of short duration and non-hazardous proportions
Overflow Weir
The most common type of emergency spillway used is a broad-crested overflow weir cut through original ground next to the embankment. The transverse cross-section of the weir cut is typically trapezoidal in shape for ease of construction.
Q = , B H;.' C
Where, Q = emergency spillway discharge (m3/s) CSp= spillway discharge coefficient B = emergency spillway base width (m)
Hp = effective head on the spillway crest (m)
(20.6)
The discharge coefficient CSp in Equation 20.6 varies as a function of spillway base width and effective head. Design values for CSpare provided in Design Chart 20.2.
7.
PUBLIC SAFETY
Retarding basins should be provided with signs that clearly indicate their purpose and their potential danger during storms. Signs should be located such that they are clearly visible at public access points and at entrances and exits to outlet structures.. Gratings or trash racks may be used to help prevent this happening. A pipe rail fence should be provided on steep or vertical drops such as headwalls and wingwalls at the inlet and outlet to a primary outlet structure to discourage public access.
8.
LANDSCAPING
Aesthetics of the finished facility is therefore extremely important. Wherever possible, designs should incorporate naturally shaped basins with landscaped banks, footpaths, and selective planting of vegetation to help enrich the area and provide a focal point for surrounding development. 9.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Consultation Planned Maintenance and Inspection Effect of Design on Maintenance Costs Grassed Areas and Embankments Waterways Primary Outlets Sediment Removal Structural Repairs and Replacement
STORM PAY
Main window The user can refer Urban Stormwater Management Manual, MSMA (2000) for further detail and description when using a Storm Pay.
Create a New Project
At How to use worksheet, create a new project by moving a mouse to a button box under Input in General information at Catchment as shown below.
Precipitation
--+-----~---~
F :
Enter a "project title", "state", "nearest hydrology station" and "area of development" in General Information at I n ~ u worksheet as shown below. t
ProJect tile.
--
--- -
I
1
Perak
POND 1
State :
Calculating a Precipitation
In calculating a precipitation, the user needs to: calculates a time of concentration calculates a intensity selection of intensity, and calculate a loss and excess rainfall
Time of concentration
At How to use worksheet, before calculated a precipitation at selected duration, td, the user must calculated tc pre and tc post by moving a mouse to a button box under Input in at Time of concentrati~on Precipitation as shown below.
Enter a "length", "slope", "n manning", "area" and "wetted parameter" in Time of Concentration at Input worksheet as shown below.
Length, m
t ,min o
840
Slope, % n manning
P
M, min
Length, m Slope, W -
---V-I
IS
6.011 2
6
----.
--
Either tc pre or tc post, to view the output, moving a mouse to a button box under Output in time of concentration at Precipitation as shown below.
Intensity
At How to use worksheet, to calculated a intensity at selected duration, td, for selected system, the user can moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Intensity at Precipitation as shown below.
Enter a "Fd", "AN at selected system", "a, b, c & d", and/ or "deduction factor" in Intensity at Input worksheet as shown below.
'
Deductionfactor =
The output as shown in rfall insity minorari, rfall insity majorari and rfall insity emergency worksheet.
Selection of intensity
At How to use worksheet, the user can moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Intensity and temporal pattern at Selection of Intensity as shown below.
At Intenct temp petrn worksheet, for selection of intensity, the user must related to tc post. The selection of intensity must start from 0.5 tc post to 3 tc post. The value for selected tc and intensity for selected system must gain from rfall insity minorari, rfall insity majorari and rfall insity emergency worksheet. For values and referred table for temporal pattern, the user must refer to MSMA. Make sure the values represented selected tc (0.5 tc post to 3 tc post) as shown on Tables below.
Table 13.81
I i I i
Enter a "initial losses", "% pervious", "& impervious7', and "% propotional loss" in loss & excess rainfall Input worksheet as shown below.
Propotionctlloss. %
Impervious, ---- . - .- X -- .Propotional ts. % os
20
0
I
I "----
o so
0
'I
20
mlMhod
tc
3461 .5 3461.5
t,
3461.5 3461.5
2k
3461.5 3461.5
3t,
71923.0 126730.0
A2
3461 .S
I
Pormd
0.5 t c
I
t
25 7446
25
2tc
3c t
40
& I
"
Minor AR I
.-
Major ARI
4 ---------
40, 25 7.361
8341 1
40 25
8.251
55.
85
135
251
40
60
---t
I
55
25
85 40
I
135
- tp [min)
Qo [m3/s] Max. vol. estimated (m3]
60
-F
---
- --
- ---- ---
8627
pond parameter
1
Stalt detention level
Start invert level
I
Max. bund high
1
32.50
I
0.0 m
1
-
------
31.00 m
m 32.10 m
i
I
number
cliameter
rnM
Ae mmz ra diameter
H
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
Ho
Q m3/s (basis) 0.000 0.025 0.125 0.225 0.000 0.153 0 343 0.4mf
Time lndcx
Inflow l
Inflow l
Inflow l
APPENDIX
0.0.1
Polynomial expressions in the form of Equation 0.1 have been fitted to the published IDF curves for the 35 main citiesltowns in Malaysia. = a + b ln(t) + c(ln(t,l,I2 + d ( l t ~ ( t ) ) ~ (0.1)
where,
= duration (minutes)
The design rainfall depth Pdfor a short duration d (minutes) is given by, p d =&I -F~(P60 - 5 0 ) (0.2) where Pso, PbOare the 30-minute and 60-minute duration rainfall depths respectively, obtained from the published design curves. FD is the adjustment factor for storm duration Equation 0.2 should be used for durations less than 30 minutes. For durations between 15 and 30 minutes, the results should be checked against the published IDF curves. The relationship is valid for any ARI within the range of 2 to 100 years. Note that Equation 0.2 is in terms of rainfall depth, not intensity. If intensity is required, such as for roof drainage, the depth Pd (mm) is converted to an intensity I (mm/hr)'by dividing by the duration d in hours:
I,
Pd
d
~uratio n
(minutes)
1 ,
(, mm)
West Coast
East Coast
120
150
All
The following preliminary equations are recommended for calculating the 1,3,6-month and 1 year ARI rainfall intensities in the design storm, for all durations:
0.25 are where, 0.083 , ID ,0.5ID and ' I ~ the required 1,3,6-month and 1-year ARI rainfall intensities for ID D any duration D, and 2 ~ is the 2-year ARI rainfall intensity for the same duration D, obtained from IDF curves.
(a)
The formula shown below, known as Friend's formula, should be used to estimate overland sheet flow times. The formula was derived from previous work (Friend, 1954) in the form of a nomograph (Design Chart O.Error! Bookmark not defined.) for shallow sheet flow over a plane surface.
where,
to = overland sheet flow travel time (minutes) L = overland sheet flow path length (m)
n = Manning's roughness value for the surface S = slope of overland surface (Yo)
Note : Values for Manning's 'n ' are given in Table 0.2. Some texts recommend an alternative equation, the Kinematic Wave Equation. However this theoretical equation is only ,valid for uniform planar homogeneous flow. It is not recommended for practical application.
(b) Overland Flow Time over Multiple Segments Where the characteristics of' segments of a sub-catchment are different in terms of land cover or surface slope, the sub-catchment should be divided into these segments, and the calculated travel times for each combined.
Figure 1 . 33
(source: HP 1,19821
Table 0.2
Surface Type
Recommended
ConcreteIAsphal t** Bare Sand** Bare ClayLoam * * (eroded) Gravelled Surface** Packed Clay** Short Grass** Light Turf* Lawns* Dense Turf* Pasture* Dense Shrubbery and Forest Litter*
*
7
0.01 -0.06 0.012-0.033
From Crawford and Linsley (1966) - obtained by calibration of Stanford Watershed Model.
**
From Engman (1986) by Kinematic wave and storage analysis of measured rainfall runoff data.
However, it is incorrect to simply add the values of to for each segment as Equation 0.1 is based on the assumption that segments are independent of each other, i.e. flow does not enter a segment fiom upstream. Utilising Equation 0.1, the following method (Australian Rainfall & Runoff, 1998) for estimating the total overiand flow travel time for segments in series is recommended. For two segments, termed A and B (Figure 0.1):
t ~ o t a l = t ~ ( b + ~ B ( L ~ + L- ) ) Bt ~ ( ~ )
(0.6a)
where,
LA = length of flow for Segment A
LB = length of flow for Segment 6
~AW)
tBL..)
For each additional segment, the following time value should be added: (0.6b) t~ = ~ ~ ( L T ~ I ) - ti(Lrota1 - 4 )
where,
tadd = time increment for additional segment LTotal = total length of flow, including the current segment i
Lj
Segment Segment B
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
Travel Time
Figure 0.1
This procedure must be applied iteratively because the travel time is itself a function of rainfall intensity.
(c) Roof Drainage Flow Time While considerable uncertainty exists in relation to flow travel time on roofs, the time of flow in a lot drainage system to the street drain, or rear of lot drainage system is generally very small for residential lots and may be adopted as the minimum time of 5 minutes (Chapter 23). However, for larger residential, commercial, and industrial developments the travel time may be longer than 5 minutes in which case it should be estimated using the procedures for pipe and/or channel flow as appropriate.
(d)
The flow normally varies along the length of a kerbed gutter due to lateral surface inflows. Therefore, the flow velocity will also vary along the length of a gutter. As the amount of gutter flow is not known for the initial analysis of a sub-catchment, the flow velocity and hence the flow time cannot be calculated directly. An initial assessment of the kerbed gutter flow time must be made. An approximate kerbed gutter flow time can be estimated from Design Chart O.Error! Bookmark not defined. or by the following empirical equation:
where,
Equation 0.2 should only be used for L < 100 metres. Kerbed gutter flow time is generally only a small portion of the time of concentration for a catchment. The errors introduced by these approximate methods of calculation of the flow time result in only small errors in the time of concentration for a catchment, and hence high accuracy is not required.
(e)
The time stormwater takes .to flow along a open channel may be determined by dividing the length of the channel by the average velocity of the flow. The average velocity of the flow is calculated using the hydraulic characteristics of the open channel. The Manning's Equation is recommended for this purpose: 1 V= - R 2 / 3 ~ 1 / 2 (0.8a)
n
2 1 ~3 1 / 2
(0.8b)
Where an open channel has varying roughness or depth across its width it may be necessary to sectorise the flow and determine the average velocity of the flow, to determine the flow time.
(f)
The velocity V in a pipe running just full can be estimated from pipe flow charts such as those in Chapter 25, Appendix 25.B where the flow, pipe diameter, roughness and pipe slope are known. The time of flow through pipe, t, ,is then given by:
L t --
P-v
(0.9)
where,
L
=:
0.0.2
For natural/landscaped catchments and mixed flow paths the time of concentration can be found by use of the Bransby-Williams' Equation 0.10 (AR&R, 1987). In these cases the times for overland flow and channel or stream flow are included in the time calculated. Here the overland flow time including the travel time in natural channels is expressed as:
0.0.3
Ratknal Formula
The Rational Formula is one of the most frequently used urban hydrology methods in Malaysia. It gives satisfactory results for small catchments only. The formula is:
where,
Table 4.3
1
Residential: Low density Medium density
High density
Commercial, Business, Industrial in Central Business District (CBD) areas of Large Cities
Table 14.4
-
Condition
Loss Model
Recommended Values
[mpervious Initial loss-Loss Areas rate Pervious Areas Initial loss proportional loss, or
Initial loss: 10 mm
Initial loss: 10 mm for all soils (i) Sandy open structured soil (ii) Loam soil (iii) Clays, dense structured soil (iv) Clays subject to high shrinkage and in a cracked state at start of rain ~nitial Infiltration Capacity fo A. DRY soils (little or no vegetation) Sandy soils: 125 mmihr Loam soils: 75 mmihr 25 mmihr Clay soils: For dense vegetation, multiply values given in A by 2 B. MOIST soils Soils which have drained but not dried out: divide values from A by 3 Soils close to saturation: value close to saturated hydraulic conductivity Soils partially dried out: divide values from A by 1.5-2.5 Recommended value of k is 4 h r Loss rate:
10 25 mmhr 3 - 10 mmhr 0.5 - 3 m d h r 4 - 6 mmihr
Horton model
Ultimate Infiltration Rate fc (mmhr), for Hydrologic Soil Group (see Note) A 10 - 7.5 B 7.5 - 3.8 C 3.8 - 1.3 D 1.3 - 0
Note: Hydrological Soil Group corresponds to the classification given by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Well drained sandy soils are "A"; poorly drained clayey soils are "D". The texture of the layer of least hydraulic conductivity in the soil profile should be considered. Caution should be used in applying values from the above table to sandy soils (Group A). Source: XP-SWMM Manual (WPSoftware, 1995).
Table O.Al Coefficients for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in Malaysia (30 5 t 5 1000 min)
State
Location
Data Period
1
I
I
Pahang
Highland
Kuantan
I
Terengganu Kuala Dungun Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu
Duration (min)
0.089 0.094
0.057 0.030
0.048 -
0.031
0.028
0.017
n,
10 min Duration
1
Time Period
2
Time Period
I
r
l i m e Per~od 1 4
Time Period
Time Per~od
Time Period
1 I
lime Period
'
10 min Duration
15 min Duratton
2 Time Period
2
Time Jer~od
Time Period
7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
Time Period
4 5 Time Per~od
Time Period
lime Period
CULVERT:
APPENDIX 27.A DESIGN FORM, CHARTS AND NOMOGRAPHS
I H C n - hiornograph- C l X o bd OX*
Pipe CuIvert
27-24 27-25 27-26
C U M
Row
Relative Discharge, Velocity and Hydraulic Radius in Part-full Box Culvert Flaw
Csitical - Depth in a Circular Pipe
27-27
27-31
27-32
M I with n = 0.024
n e
15 - 17 OGOS 2006
DISEDIAKAN OLEH
MOHD YAHAYA BIN AHMAD PEng
(a)
PLAN
SECTION A-A
Figure 20.1
() c
(d)
2.
Outlet Control
(a)
Primary Outlets
Primary outlets for detention basins shall be designed to reduce post-development peak flows to match predevelopment peak flows for both the minor and major system design storm ARI in accordance with Section 4.5. Design storm ARIs for the minor and major drainage systems shall be selected in accordance with Table 4.1. (b) Secondary Outlets (Emergency Spillways)
A hazard rating for the basin should be determined and a secondary outlet design ARI selected in accordance with the Federal Government or relevant State Government dam safety guidelines and ANCOLD (1986) and shall be designed to safely pass a minimum design storm of 100 year A T through the basin. R
Bypass Flows
Provision should be made in a dry detention basin to bypass low flows through or around the basin. This is necessary to ensure that the basin floor, particularly if it is grassed, is not inundated by small storms or continually wetted by dry weather baseflow. The minimum amount of bypass shouid be one half the 1month ARI flow.
3.
The sizing of a detention facility requires an inflow hydrograph, a stage-storage curve, and a stage-discharge curve (sometimes called a rating curve). Inflow hydrographs for a range of design storm durations must be routed through the basin to determine the maximum storage volume and water level in the basin corresponding to the maximum allowable outflow rate. The design storm duration that will produce the maximum storage volume in a basin will vary depending on catchment, rainfall, and basin oufflow characteristics, and is typically mewh here between one and three times the peak flow time of concentration for the basin catchment. The design storm duration that produces the maximum storage volume is called the critical duration.
Inflow Hydrographs
Various method can be use such as Time Area Method, Non Linear Resevoir Method, Kinematic Wave Method and Rational Method Hydrograph Method.
=rase
(*
Figure 20.2
Storage Discharge
4.
BASIN CONFIGURATION
Classification
An embankment that raises the water level a specified amount as defined by the appropriate dam safety group (generally 1.5 m to 3 m or more above the usual mean low water height, when measured along the downstream toe of the embankment to the emergency spillway crest), is classified as a dam.
Top Widths
Minimum recommended embankment top widths are provided in Table 20.1. Table 20.1 Minimum Recommended Top Width for Earthen Embankments (USDA, 1982)
Under 3
Side Slopes
For ease of maintenance, the side slopes of a grassed earthen embankment and basin storage area should not be steeper than 4(H):l(V). However, to increase public safety and facilitate ease of mowing, side slopes of 6(H): 1(V) (or flatter) are recommended.
Bottom Grades
The floor of the basin shall be designed with a minimum grade of 1% to provide positive drainage and rninimise the likelihood of ponding.
Freeboard
The elevation of the top of the settled embankment shall be a minimum of 0.3 m above the water surface in the detention basin when the emergency spillway is operating at maximum design flow.
5.
Primary outlets are designed for the planned release of water from a detention basin. Basin outlets are ordinarily uncontrolled (i.e. without gates or valves), and may be a single stage outlet structure or several outlet structures combined to provide multi-stage outlet control.
Cross-section
. ...- . . ...
:______.._..-
Figure 20.4
Orifices
For a single circular orifice, illustrated in Figure O.S(a), the orifice flow can be determined using Equation 0.1.
where,
Q = Cd = A, = Do =
the orifice flow rate (m3/s) orifice discharge coefficient (0.40 - 0.62) area of orifice (m2), n 0 8 4 orifice diameter (m)
H, = effective head on the orifice measured from the centre of the opening (m) g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
(c) Multple
Figure 20.5
Weirs
(a)
Sharp-Crested Weirs
Typical sharp-crested weirs are illustrated in Figure 20.6. Equation 20.2 provides the discharge relationship for sharp-crested weirs with no end contractions (illustrated in Figure 20.6(a)).
where,
Q = weir discharge (m3/s) CScw= 1.81 + 0.22 (H/H,), sharp-crested weir discharge coefficient B = weir base width (m) H = head above weir crest excluding velocity head (m)
(c) Section
(d) Section
Figure 20.6
Sharp-Crested Weirs
(b)
Broad-Crested Weir
(20.3)
where,
= weir discharge (m3/s) CBCW=broad-crested weir coefficient B = weir base width (m) H = effective head above weir crest (rn)
(c)
V-Notch Weir
The discharge through a V-notch weir is shown in Figure 0.7 and can be calculated using:
Q = 1.38 tan
;( )
where, Q = weir discharge (m3/s) B = angle of V-notch (degrees) H = head on apex of V-notch (rn)
Section A-A
V-Notch Weir
where,
Q = weir discharge (m3/s) H = head above horizontal sill (m) Dimensions a, b, x and y are as shown in Figure 20.8.
Figure 20.8
Culverts
Pipe or box culverts are often used as outlet structures for detention facilities. The design of these outlets can be for either single or multi-stage discharges
Erosion Protection
(a)
Primary Outlets
The purpose of a secondary outlet (emergency spillway) is to provide a controlled ovefflow for flows in excess of the maximum design storm ARI for the storage facility. flattening of the downstream embankment face armouring the embankment crest and downstream face using regulated floodplain delineation and occupancy restrictions downstream representative of conditions without the detention storage providing extra waterway capacity downstream using a wide embankment crest such as is common with urban roads and streets (where rapid failure seldom occurs due to modest overtopping depths) using non-eroding embankment material such as roller compacted concrete using small tributary basins, where the rate and volume of discharge involved are limited, resulting in overtopping flows of short duration and non-hazardous proportions
Overflow Weir
The most common type of emergency spillway used is a broad-crested overflow weir cut through original ground next to the embankment. The transverse cross-section of the weir cut is typically trapezoidal in shape for ease of construction.
Q = C, B H:.' ,
Where, Q = emergency spillway discharge (m3/s) CSP spillway discharge coefficient = B = emergency spillway base width (m)
H, = effective head on the spillway crest (m)
(20.6)
The discharge coefficient CSp in Equation 20.6 varies as a function of spillway base width and effective head. Design values for CSp are provided in Design Chart 20.2.
7.
PUBLIC SAFETY
Retarding basins should be provided with signs that clearly indicate their purpose and their potential danger during storms. Signs should be located such that they are clearly visible at public access points and at entrances and exits to outlet structures.. Gratings or trash racks may be used to help prevent this happening. A pipe rail fence should be provided on steep or vertical drops such as headwalls and wingwalls at the inlet and outlet to a primary outlet structure to discourage public access. 8.
LANDSCAPING
Aesthetics of the finished facility is therefore extremely important. Wherever possible, designs should incorporate naturally shaped basins with landscaped banks, footpaths, and selective planting of vegetation to help enrich the area and provide a focal point for surrounding development.
9.
Consultation Planned Maintenance and Inspection Effect of Design on Maintenance Costs Grassed Areas and Embankments Waterways Primary Outlets Sediment Removal Structural Repairs and Replacement
STORM PAY
Main window The user can refer Urban Stormwater Management Manual, MSMA (2000) for further detail and description when using a Storm Pay. Create a New Project
At How to use worksheet, create a new project by moving a mouse to a button box under Input in General information at Catchment as shown below.
Precipitation
. -++-
. -+.
Enter a "project title", "state", "nearest hydrology station" and "area of development" in General Information at Input worksheet as shown below.
Calculating a Precipitation
In calculating a precipitation, the user needs to: calculates a time of concentration calculates a intensiw selection of intensity, and calculate a loss and excess rainfall
Time of concentration
At How to use worlcsheet, before calculated a precipitation at selected duration, td, the user must calculated tc pre and tc post by moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Time of concentration at Precipitation as shown below.
Enter a "length", "slope7', "n manning", "area" and "wetted parameter" in Time of Concentration at Input worksheet as shown below.
n manning
Slope, X
0.011
Either tc pre or tc post, to view the output, moving a mouse to a button box under Output in time of concentration at Precipitation as shown below.
Intensity At How to use worksheet, to calculated a intensity at selected duration, td, for selected system, the user can moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Intensity at Precipitation as shown below.
Enter a "Fd", "ARI at selected system", "a, b, c & d", and/ or "deduction factors' in Intensity at Input worksheet as shown below.
Deduction fuctor =
The output as shown in rfall insity minorari, rfall insity majorari and rfall insity emergency worksh.eet. Selection of intensity At How to use worksheet, the user can moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Intensity and temporal pattern at Selection o Intensity as shown below. f
---5
At Intenct temp petrn worksheet, for selection of intensity, the user must related to tc post. The selection of intensity must start from 0.5 tc post to 3 tc post. The value for selected tc and intensity for selected system must gain from rfall insity minorari, rfall insity majorari and rfall insity emergency worksheet. For values and referred table for temporal pattern, the user must refer to MSMA. Make sure the values represented selected tc (0.5 tc post to 3 tc post) as shown on Tables below.
1 1 1 1 I 11 1 1
Loss and excess rainfall The method used in calculating Loss and excess rainfall is Loss Method. At How to use worksheet, either for pre-development or post-development, at selected A N , the user can calculated loss and excess rainfall by moving a mouse to a button box under Input in Loss and excess rainfall at Precipitation as shown below.
Enter a "initial losses", "% pervious", "& impervious", and "% propotional loss" in loss & excess rainfall Input worksheet as shown below.
100
20
0
-80 0
lllelhod
Time k e a Melhod
0.5t c 3461.5
1
1
t c
3461.5
0.51, 3461.5
1
1
h.
3461.5
2t;
I
1
3, t 71923.0
A 1
3461.5
31.001m
1
1
--
- " -
Length,L Width, W
1
1
number
Area mm2
diameter
17613.75
APPENDIX
0.0.1
Polynomial expressions in the form of Equation 0.1 have been fitted to the published IDF curves for the 35 main citieshowns in Malaysia. ln(qt) = a + b ln(t) + c(ln(tjy2 + d(ln(t)13 (0.1)
where,
R&
= the average rainfall intensity (mmfhr) for ARI and duration t = duration (minutes)
The design rainfall depth Pd for a short duration d (minutes) is given by, ' d =40 F~(P60 - 4 0 ) (0.2) where P30, P60 are the 30-minute and 60-minute duration rainfall depths respectively, obtained from the published design curves. FD is the adjustment factor for storm duration Equation 0.2 should be used for durations less than 30 minutes. For durations between 15 and 30 minutes, the results should be checked against the published IDF curves. The relationship is valid for any ARI within the range of 2 to 100 years. Note that Equation 0.2 is in terms of rainfall depth, not intensity. If intensity is required, such as for d roof drainage, the depth P (mm) is converted to an intensity I (mm1hr)'by dividing by the duration d in hours:
Table 0.1
(mm)
East Coast
West Coast
100
180
The following preliminary equations are recommended for calculating the 1,3,6-month and 1 year ARI rainfall intensities in the design storm, for all durations:
0.25 where, 0.083Z , I' ,0.5ID 'ZD are the required 1, 3, dmonth and 1-year ARI rainfall intensities for and any duration D, and 2~~ is the 2-year ARI rainfall intensity for the same duration D, obtained from IDF curves.
(a)
The formula shown below, known as Friend's formula, should be used to estimate overland sheet flow times. The formula was derived from previous work (Friend, 1954) in the form of a nomograph (Design Chart O.Error! Bookmark not defined.) for shallow sheet flow over a plane surface.
where,
to
L n S
Note : Values for Manning's 'n' are given in Table 0.2. Some texts recommend an alternative equation, the Kinematic Wave Equation. However this theoretical equation is only .valid for uniform planar homogeneous flow. It is not recommended for practical application.
(b) Overland Flow Time over Multiple Segments Where the characteristics of segments of a sub-catchment are different in terms of land cover or surface slope, the sub-catchment should be divided into these segments, and the calculated travel times for each combined.
figure 1 . 33
Table 0.2
Surface Type
Recommended
ConcreteIAsphal t** Bare Sand** Bare ClayLoam** (eroded) Gravelled Surface** Packed Clay** Short Grass** Light Turf? Lawns* Dense TurfF Pasture* Dense Shrubbery and Forest Litter*
*
From Crawford and Linsley (1966)
**
From Engman (1986) by Kinematic wave and storage analysis of measured rainfall runoff data.
However, it is incorrect to simply add the values of to for each segment as Equation 0.1 is based on the assumption that segments are independent of each other, i.e. flow does not enter a segment from upstream. Utilising Equation 0.1, the following method (Australian Rainfall & Runoff, 1998) for estimating the total overland flow travel time for segments in series is recommended. For two segments, termed A and B (Figure 0.1): (0.6a) trofd~ ~ A ( L + )~ B ( L ~ - f ~B(LA) = ~ + )
where,
LA = length of flow for Segment A LB = length of flow for Segment 6 tNU) = time of flow calculated for Segment A over
length LA
tBc..) =time for Segment 6 over the lengths indicated
For each additional segment, the following time value should be added: (0.6b) tadd = t i ( L w ) - t i ( L , ~ a ,- 4 )
where,
t&
LTm
Li
= time increment for additi'onal segment = total length of flow, including the current segment i
Segment Segment B
Length
b~+ - , ~l l
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
Travel Time
Figure 0 1 .
This procedure must be applied iteratively because the travel time is itself a function of rainfall intensity.
Roof Drainage Flow Time While considerable uncertainty exists in relation to flow travel time on roofs, the time of flow in a lot drainage system to the street drain, or rear of lot drainage system is generally very small for residential lots and may be adopted as the minimum time of 5 minutes (Chapter 23). However, for larger residential, commercial, and industrial developments the travel time may be longer than 5 minutes in which case it should be estimated using the procedures for pipe and/or channel flow as appropriate.
(c)
(d)
The flow normally varies along the length of a kerbed gutter due to lateral surface inflows. Therefore, the flow velocity will also vary along the length of a gutter. As the amount of gutter flow is not known for the initial analysis of a sub-catchment, the flow velocity and hence the flow time cannot be calculated directly. An initial assessment of the kerbed gutter flow time must be made. An approximate kerbed gutter flow time can be estimated from Design Chart O.Error! Bookmark not d e f i n d or by the following empirical equation:
where,
t, = kerbed gutter flow time (minutes) L = length of kerbed gutter flow (m)
S = longitudinal grade of the kerbed gutter (%)
Equation 0.2 should only be used for L < 100 metres. Kerbed gutter flow time is generally only a small portion of the time of concentration for a catchment. The errors introduced by these approximate methods of calculation of the flow time result in only small errors in the time of concentration for a catchment, and hence high accuracy is not required.
(e)
The time stormwater takes to flow along a open channel may be determined by dividing the length of the channel by the average velocity of the flow. The average velocity of the flow is calculated using the hydraulic characteristics of the open channel. The Manning's Equation is recommended for this purpose: 1 V= - R 2 / 3 ~ 1 / 2 (0.8a)
n
* -60
2 1 3 'I2
Where an open channel has varying roughness or depth across its width it may be necessary to sectorise the flow and determine the average velocity of the flow, to determine the flow time.
(f)
The velocity V in a pipe running just full can be estimated from pipe flow charts such as those in Chapter 25, Appendix 25.B where the flow, pipe diameter, roughness and pipe slope are known. The time of flow through pipe, t , ,is then given by:
L t,, =V
(0.9)
where, L
0.0.2
For natural/landscaped catchments and mixed flow paths the time of concentration can be found by use of the Bransby-Williams' Equation 0.10 (AR&R, 1987). In these cases the times for overland flow and channel or stream flow are included in the time calculated. Here the overland flow time including the travel time in natural channels is expressed as:
where,
0.0.3
Rational Formula
The Rational Formula is one of the most frequently used urban hydrology methods in Malaysia. It gives satisfactory results for small catchments only. The formula is:
where,
Qy = C = YIt = A =
yyear ARI average rainfall intensity over time of concentration, tc,(mm/hr) drainage area (ha)
Table 4.3
Average Recurrence Interval (AN) of Design Storm (year) Quantity Minor System Major System (see Note 2 and 3)
3 month ARI (for all types of development
Quality
1
Residential: Low density Medium density High density
Commercial, Business and Industrial Commercial, Business, Industrial in Central Business District (CBD) areas of Large Cities
Table 14.4
Condition
Loss Model
Recommended Values
[m~ervious Initial loss-Loss 4reas rate Pervious Areas Initial loss proportional loss, or Initial loss-Loss rate,
Initial loss: 10 mm for all soils (i) Sandy open structured soil (ii) Loam soil (iii) Clays, dense structured soil (iv) Clays subject to high shrinkage and in a cracked state at start of rain
Horton model
Initial Infiltration Capacity fo A. DRY soils (little or no vegetation) Sandy soils: 125 mmhr Loam soils: 75 mm/hr 25 mmhr Clay soils: For dense vegetation, multiply values given in Aby2 B. MOIST soils Soils which have drained but not dried out: divide values from A by 3 Soils close to saturation: value close to saturated hydraulic conductivity Soils partially dried out: divide values from A by 1.5-2.5 Recommended value of k is 4 h r
Ultimate Infiltration Rate fc (mmhr), for Hydrologic Soil Group (see Note)
Note: Hydrological Soil Group corresponds to the classification given by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Well drained sandy soils are "A"; poorly drained clayey soils are "D". The texture of the layer of least hydraulic conductivity in the soil profile should be considered. Caution should be used in applying values from the above table to sandy soils (Group A). Source: XP-SWMM Manual (WPSoftware, 1995).
Table O.Al Coefficients for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in Malaysia (30 I t < 1000 min)
State
Location
Data Period
Pahang
Kaub
Cameron Highland
Temerloh
Terengganu
Kuala Dungun
Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu
Duration (min)
2 3 6 12 8 6 6
0.090 0.120 0.208 0.220 0.080 0.110 0.232 0.090 0.120 0.050
0.060 0.101 0.089 0.057 0.048 0.031 0.028 0.017 0.119 0.094 0.030 0.040 0.030 30 mlnute Duratton
0,6
10 min Durahon
15 min Duration
0.4
1 Time Period
Time Period
Time Period
8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
Time Period
Time Pertod
Trne Period
Tiwe Period
Table 0.B2 Temporal Patterns - East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia Duration (min) No. of Time Periods
'
1 0 15 3 0 60 10 2 10 8 30 6
2 3 6 1 2 8 6 6
0.090 010 .2 028 .0 010 .6 010 .2 010 .1 022 .3 000 .9 010 .3 010 .4 000 .6 011 009 007 008 001 008 007 .0 .8 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 0 1 9 0.094 0 0 0 .1 .3 0.100 000 .9
30 minute Durahon
10 min Duration
15 mln Durat~on
Time Perrod
Time Period
Time Period
Time Period
Time Period
(# these patterns can also be used in Sabah and Sarawak, until local studies are carried out)
CULVERT:
APPENDIX 27A DESIGN FORM, CHARTS AND NOMOGRAPHS
2. 72
1 Entrance ~ o s s ~ o e f ~ c i e n t s
27-22
27-25 27-26
I
1
27.7
27-27
2. 78 2. 79 27.10
1 27-3
27-32
CASE STUDY
_ I -
USING MSMA CONCEPT TO SOLVE FLOOD PROBLEM FOR SG. KERAYONG SRI JOHOR POND
.I
j
i
!
i P S Wayah Perukutwn
Butiran Kontrak
-
Organisasi Projek
:Kettrade Sdn. Bhd. :RM 95.150.000.00 :28 Nov 2005 :3 Jan 2006 : 2 Julai 2008
&c $
LOKASI PROJEK
5.rr . A I =
FLOOD HYDROGRAPH
Elevation-Area-Storage
A I
Doenion n o r k flood r l o r l g paad Pond iolct and oullrl w o r k s Outlet channel Other ancillary works
500 m m drop
Bed level 30 50 rn
.-
<
18 m
p a
-..---.--
~ - ~ -
Study Objectives
Physical Hyddraulie Model Study
To determine effectiveness of reltrence (original) design in diverting the requisite proportion of inflow to detention pond Based on test findings on reference design, to recommend design modifications where necessary for further testing To determine final dimensions of inlet configuration to achieve the desired diversion To study the effects of a nearby DBKL drain, and a log boom, on the flood diversion
FINDINGS
Reference Design
The design is not able to divert > I70 111 to the 13s
detention pond Modified Design 1 The design is able to divert over 170 mYs flow to the diversion drain at the peak discharge of 350 m31s Not in favour of a constriction located upstream of LRT bridge crossing
FINDINGS
Modified Design I1
I
FIXDINGS
Modified Design 1x1
The design is able to divert about 170 m3/s to the detention pond during peak flood discharge of 350 m31s for both the nose shapes tested Flood water starts to overflow into detent~on pond when flood discharge exceeds about 35 m3/s Modified Design I11 is preferred for its wider 12 m constriction and con~paratively better flo\v conditions.
The design is able to divert over 170 m3/s flow to the diversion drain at the peak discharge of 350 m3/s The 9 r constriction appears excessive to n client
Other fmdings
Maximum measured water fwd d& apstream of Sg Kerayong w s 3494 when ModifbDdDesigd1 a was tested Maximum measured water level dong ajetrem of Sg Kerayong in Modified Design I11 was 34.67 m instailation of the log boom, aad varying flow conmitition from DBKL drain (up to 10% of total) have little impact on the flow d i s t n i o n at the bifurcation
POND DESIGN
CH ZOOB - CH350B
I.
Prov. Sum
UTILITIES 4LLOCATION
PENGAUHANSETXNGGAN
, -