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Jaypee Project
Jaypee Project
Contents SYNOPSIS OF SUMMER PROJECT............................................... 3 PREFACE ......................................................................................... 4 CERTIFICATE................................................................................... 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................... 6 DECLARATION.7 EXCLUSIVE SUMMARY .................................................................. 8 RESEARCH DESIGN...9 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.......................................................... 14 INTRODUCTION OF EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY ............................. 16 JAYPEE SOYA UNIT..21 DATA ANALYSIS22 REASONS FOR LESS PRODUCTION...25 SOIL SAMPLING.32 SOIL FERTILITY ............................................................................. 36 SOYA BEAN OIL EXTRACTION PROCESS.38 CONCLUSIONS..40 FINDING & SUGGESTIONS .......................................................... 44 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................. 48 APPENDIX...49
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To make a comparative study of Farmers of Rewa District (preference of crop, problems during cultivation) To analyze the preferred place to sell their crop.
Methodology: As 45 villages were allotted to me, I have to meet with farmers enquire about their methods of cultivation, kinds of crops for various seasons, how they manage water supply, where they sell the crop Limitation: Sample Size Limited
Through the research came to know that the condition of farmers in India, how they cultivate crops in unfavorable conditions.
PREFACE
This project is undertaken to fulfill the project work component of the PGDBM & MBA programme (2ND Semester). The project was prepared under the guidance of Dr R P Singh who has helped me in making of this project. This project is based on the survey of villages (from REWA-MANGAVAN-GUDH) .To make the topic more clearly I have gone through visiting villages and also taken the help of websites
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. SUMIT MAHESHWARI is a regular student of NEW DELHI INSTITUTION OF MANAGEMENT NEW DELHI. He has conducted an authentic research on the topic Comparative study of Farmers who cultivate soybean & Mustard.. and has completed her research methodology report successfully under the able guidance of Dr R P Singh. The report is being taken up as a part of summer research work for Post Graduation Diploma in Business Management & Master Of Business Management 2010 and being submitted thereof.
Dr R P Singh
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to grab this opportunity to praise the Almighty who has inherited me with the intellect which has enabled me to prepare this research. Then I would like to thank Jaypee Soya Processing Unit team and my research guide Dr R P Singh. For providing me with this opportunity of conducting this research work and helping me throughout the project. Sir without your precious guidance I wont be able to complete this project. I would also like to thank my parents and my friends who have always been very cooperative whenever I need them. In the end I would like to thank all those who have been associated with my research project.
Sumit Maheshwari
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project report is the result of hard work and determination of Sumit Maheshwari. This is to further declare that this project report is authentic and genuine work of Sumit maheshwari and not submitted by any other student previously.
DATE:
Sumit Maheshwari
EXCLUSIVE SUMMARY
The topic of my research is based on the Comparative study of Farmers who cultivate soybean & Mustard.. It is basically occupying space in the minds of customers on the parameter of superiority; over the other states give competition in the similar business. We decided to collect primary data through survey by using data collection sheet provided by the company. To do this ,we first analyzed the various parameters that contributes to the positioning of a brand .We went through a lot of options and finally narrowed down to few major parameters-
No. of farmers cultivating soybean Education of farmers Age wise Kinds of farmers Soil Sampling Cooperative Society Source of obtaining agri-inputs
RESEARCH DESIGN
Basically research is a systematic enquiry aimed at providing information that will solve managerial problems. A good design means that good research results can be obtained with minimum utilization of time, money and effort. Thus research design has to be developed very carefully as it forms the foundation for the entire research process that follows.
An ideal research design should consider the following factors: Identifying the exact research problems to be studied. The objective of the research The process of obtaining information Availability of adequate and skilled manpower Availability of adequate financial resources for carrying out research.
Business research can be defined as systematic enquiry that gives information to guide businesses in decision making.
A. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN: It is very important to select an appropriate research design before starting the research. There are several research design approaches which can be classified as: EXPLORATORY STUDIES: They are carried out to make problems suited to more precise investigation or to frame a working hypothesis from an operational perspective. They help in understanding and assessing critical issues of problems. They can not be used in cases where a definite result is desired. It included techniques like primary data analysis, surveys.
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1. DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES: Unlike exploratory studies, these come under formal research where the objectives are clearly established. In these, a researcher gathers details about all aspects of a problem situation. They form the basis for analytical, experimental and quasi-experimental studies which help in developing hypothesis.
2. CAUSAL STUDIES: The basic aim of causal studies is to identify the cause and effect relationship between variables. The basic premise of the causal relationship is that when we do a particular thing (cause), it gives rise to another thing(effect).There are three types of relationship that can arise(a) symmetrical (b) asymmetrical (c) reciprocal B. DATA COLLECTION A. Primary Sources At times, secondary data might prove to be inadequate or of no use to the researcher for making further marketing decisions. In such cases, the researcher has to go in for primary data research employing survey research methods. Surveys are normally carried out to obtain primary data. Primary data is the data which is gathered first hand to answer the research question being investigated. In our project the survey was conducted using questionnaire and meeting the respondents in person to get them filled.
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B. Secondary Sources A secondary data study is concerned with the analysis of already existing data that is related to the research topic in question. In secondary studies, secondary data is studied in order to analyze the future of a product. Secondary data is based on source, category, medium and database. Secondary data is used by managers as it is cheaper and takes less time to gather, thus saving them a lot of money and time that they would have otherwise spend in gathering primary data. It may provide alternative data methods that can be used for primary research. Also it generates requisite information for better creativity.
C. SCALING TECHNIQUES: Rating We have asked the respondents to rate various parameters according to the preference on the scale of ten with 10 representing the most preferred and 1 the least preferred. The respondents had a choice of giving the same rating to more than one parameter.
C. QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT AND PRE-TESTING: A properly designed questionnaire can tap the necessary information from the respondents. In framing a questionnaire the researcher must ensure that the questions are designed to draw information that will fulfill research objective. Also the researcher must make sure of the target population for the same. A questionnaire contains all the close ended questions. These questions give respondents a finite set of specified responses to choose from.
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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two-thirds of Indias people depend on rural employment for a living. Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India's yields for many agricultural commodities are low. Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are among the factors responsible. Farmers' access to markets is hampered by poor roads, rudimentary market infrastructure, and excessive regulation. World Bank: "India Country Overview 2008" The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors: According to World Bank's "India: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development", India's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity-enhancing investment. Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty. Government intervenes in labor, land, and credit markets. India has inadequate infrastructure and services. World Bank also says that the allocation of water is inefficient, unsustainable and inequitable. The irrigation infrastructure is deteriorating. The overuse of water is currently being covered by over pumping aquifers, but as these are falling by foot of groundwater each year, this is a limited resource. Illiteracy, general socio-economic backwardness, slow progress in implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce. Inconsistent government policy. Agricultural subsidies and taxes often changed without notice for short term political ends. The average size of land holdings is very small (less than 20,000 m) and is subject to fragmentation, due to land ceiling acts and in some cases, family disputes. Such small holdings are often over-manned, resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour. Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate, hampered by ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings.
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Irrigation facilities are inadequate, as revealed by the fact that only 52.6% of the land was irrigated in 200304, which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall, specifically the Monsoon season. A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy as a whole, while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth. Farm credit is regulated by NABARD, which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the subcontinent. At the same time overpumping made possible by subsidized electric power is leading to an alarming drop in aquifer levels.
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Domestic consumption of edible oils has been growing at 4.0-5.0 percent a year. The consumption in 2001-02 was around 25.75 million tons. Nonpackaged oils account for nearly 50.0 percent of consumption in both urban and rural markets. In the remaining 50.0 percent contributed by packaged oils, branded oils constitute a small portion of approximately 10.0-15.0 percent.
and several sub-centers across the country. Substantial funds werecommitted to the project by ICAR as well as USAID, which was providing technical assistance to anumber of agricultural universities in India at that time. Each main center had at least one breeder, one agronomist, one plant pathologist, one entomologist, one microbiologist, one food scientist, and one economist. Varietal trials were conducted at several locations in 1967 and 1968, and based on outstanding performance, Bragg (a soybean variety from Mississippi, USA) was released in 1968 for general cultivation. Sizable quantities of seed were imported and multiplied on the farm at Pantnagar University and on large farmers fields around Pantnagar in 1969. The first commercial crop was grown by farmers in 1970 and, with this, came numerous problems, questions, and challenges. First of all, Bragg seeds produced in India germinated poorly on farmers fields and the yellow mosaic virus which was earlier restricted to mung bean and had been noticed only sporadically on soybean became very serious on farmers fields (Nene, 1972). This was further complicated by a severe rust epidemic, which had not been noticed at all before (Singh et al., 1974). As if this were not enough discouragement to the farmers, their produce could find no market (Rathod, 1976). Soybeans detractors caused further confusion among the farmers and policymakers, overemphasizing antinutritional factors and forecasting that soybean would compete with other food crops and upset the countrys food balance, which was already precarious. A letter from ICAR came to the soybean coordinator at Pantnagar with a threat that if solutions to yellow mosaic, rust, and other production problems were not found soon, the project would be phased out. The soybean research team was, thus, faced with multifaceted problems that needed immediate solutions, and the young Indian scientists at Pantnagar and other centers were determined to make their efforts a success (Singh and Saxena,1979).
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Indian Firm Jaiprakash Associates Unexpectedly Enters Vegetable Oil Processing Industry
The company, which is targeting annual revenue of Rs 400 crore from the business by FY12, did not explain the synergies between the edible oils business and its mainstay infrastructure businesses, merely disclosing that the oil processing plant will be set up in Rewa in Madhya Pradesh where it has a strong presence in the power and cement sectors. "The plan is to procure oil seed from the farms in 100-km radius of Rewa. We want to turn Rewa into the most potent force in soya farming and ensure that farmers get the best price," said Manoj Gaur, executive chairman of Jaiprakash Associates. The growth prospects of the edible oil business in India have attracted interest from private equity and hedge funds. Baring Private Equity Partners Asia had picked up an 8.86 percent stake in KS Oils for Rs 90 crore in 2007. Citigroup Venture Capital International also owns a stake in KS Oils. The group with interests in cement, construction, real estate, hotel and power sectors has its biggest cement plant in Rewa in Madhya Pradesh and has also two more thermal power plants under construction in the state. The oil processing unit, which will have a capacity of 1 lakh tonnes per annum each for mustard and soya oil, will commence production in November 2010. The group's foray into edible oil will pit it against the likes of groups such as KS Oils, Adani Wilmar, Ruchi Soya, ITC, NDDB, Cargill and the Bhaskar Group. Its proposed brands -- whose names Mr Gaur declined to reveal -- will compete with NDDB's Dhara, Adani's Fortune, Agro Tech's Sundrop, Cargill's NatureFresh and Bungee's Dalda. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra are the major producers of edible oil, with MP accounting for almost half of total domestic soya produce. India consumes around 13 million tonnes of edible oil per annum, which includes 5.5 million tonnes of imported
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oil. The rapid increase in demand for edible oil has prompted several players to expand processing capacity, leading to difficulties in seed procurement during the off-season, which extends for up to six months a year for both soya and mustard. The government allows import of edible oil, but not of oil seed. So, during the off season, oil processing companies have to simultaneously contend with high seed prices and cheap oil imports. For local edible oil companies, there is an attractive export market for oil cakes -- a by-product of oil processing, which is used as cattle feed.
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DATA-ANALYSIS
Age Group 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-above Total No. of farmers 24 62 174 85 29 374
Age of farmers
8% 6% 17% 23% 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 46% 70-above
In Rewa district 69% of farmers are age of between 50-70 age group 60-70 years of farmers are doing farming for past 30-40 years & they are wholly dependent on farming so they are doing it. As far as age group 50-60 doing farming to follow there tradition.
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Education of farmers Primary Middle HSC SSC Graduate or Post Graduate Total
Education of farmers
Primary 16% Middle 6% 11% SSC 23% Graduate or Post Graduate 44% HSC
As far as e is concern of farmers are necessary for more production. If we see the chart only 16% of farmers are done UG/PG. It shows that the basics of good farming is lacking just because of poor education. Though the farmers produce good crop, but they gives more emphasis to traditional method rather than modern methods.ex:1 acre= 4 quintals (traditional method), 1acre= 6-7 quintals (modern method).
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Kinds. of farmers
20% 30% Large Medium 20% Small Marginal
30%
Total 40% of farmers consists of large & medium, it show that why particular this region is major producer of soybean of the state is producing less than its capacity. Many farmers sale there land and they settled in city. Reason is simple fewer prices given to the farmers leads to demotivation and a bad impact on farming if large & medium type farmers feels the negligence than small & marginal farmers conditions is worst.
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District-wise Rainfall from 01.06.2010 to 16.06.2010 in Madhya Pradesh In MM Rain fall for the week ending on 16.06.2010 Def or Actual Normal Excess %Departures 0 21.4 0 11.5 3 0 2.2 1 12.6 14 0 0 8.8 0.4 75.8 4 0 0 0 4 35 29.8 9.3 29.2 18.7 39.1 17.9 14.2 25.5 19.5 9.7 12.3 19.8 11.3 30.2 11.6 17.1 13.7 12.8 12.9 -35.0 -8.4 -9.3 -17.7 -15.7 -39.1 -15.7 -13.2 -12.9 -5.5 -9.7 -12.3 -11.0 -10.9 45.6 -7.6 -17.1 -13.7 -12.8 -8.9 -100 -28 -100 -61 -84 -100 -88 -93 -51 -28 -100 -100 -56 -96 151 -66 -100 -100 -100 -69 Rain Fall for the period from 01.06.2010 to 16.06.2010 Def or Actual Normal Excess %Departures 0 21.8 0 11.5 3 0 2.8 1 12.6 14 0 0 9.1 2.6 80.6 4 4 0 2.5 5.6 61 47.7 19.1 49.9 31.3 56.6 32.6 27 41.9 31.5 24.9 23.4 36.1 20.5 50.4 25.8 44.2 23.9 23.9 31.4 -61.0 -25.9 -19.1 -38.4 -28.3 -56.6 -29.8 -26.0 -29.3 -17.5 -24.9 -23.4 -27.0 -17.9 30.2 -21.8 -40.2 -23.9 -21.4 -25.8 -100 -54 -100 -77 -90 -100 -91 -96 -70 -56 -100 -100 -75 -87 60 -84 -91 -100 -90 -82
District EAST MP ANUPPUR BALAGHAT CHHATARPUR CHINDWARA DAMOH DINDORI JABALPUR KATNI MANDLA NARSINGHPUR PANNA REWA SAGAR SATNA SEONI SHAHDOL SIDHI SINGARAULI TIKAMGARH UMARIA
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WEST MP ALIRAJPUR ASHOKNAGAR BARWANI BETUL BHIND BHOPAL BURHANPUR DATIA DEWAS DHAR GUNA GWALIOR HARDA HOSHANGABAD INDORE JHABUA KHANDWA KHARGONE MANDSAUR MORENA NEEMUCH RAISEN RAJGARH RATLAM SEHORE SHAJAPUR SHEOPUR SHIVPURI UJJAIN VIDISHA
35.9 0.3 29.3 42.7 4.3 20.4 0 4.2 22.8 7.9 2.2 5.6 0 7.7 29.2 0 7.3 13 2 0 14.6 54.4 12.3 2.8 0 6.3 2 12.5 7.1 10.3
20.2 12.4 26.3 21.1 8 15.4 24.7 7.9 25.2 21 14.2 11 20.1 22.4 20.9 25.9 22.1 25.7 14.1 8 15.6 17.4 16.2 17.3 18.3 20.8 11.6 11.3 25.7 15.6
15.7 -12.1 3.0 21.6 -3.7 5.0 -24.7 -3.7 -2.4 -13.1 -12.0 -5.4 -20.1 -14.7 8.3 -25.9 -14.8 -12.7 -12.1 -8.0 -1.0 37.0 -3.9 -14.5 -18.3 -14.5 -9.6 1.2 -18.6 -5.3
78 -98 11 102 -46 32 -100 -47 -10 -62 -85 -49 -100 -66 40 -100 -67 -49 -86 -100 -6 213 -24 -84 -100 -70 -83 11 -72 -34
42.1 0.3 29.3 42.7 4.3 20.4 0 4.2 22.8 19 2.2 10.6 0 7.7 35.7 0 7.3 17.1 2 0 15.9 54.9 12.3 2.8 0 6.3 13 15.6 9.7 10.3
33.7 17.7 43 32.8 14 28.1 42.7 12.9 43.1 38.2 23.9 17.4 29.6 38.6 34.5 38.9 34.2 43.3 22.8 12.1 22 30.1 27.3 28.5 32.4 30.8 17.2 21.2 38.4 29.7
8.4 -17.4 -13.7 9.9 -9.7 -7.7 -42.7 -8.7 -20.3 -19.2 -21.7 -6.8 -29.6 -30.9 1.2 -38.9 -26.9 -26.2 -20.8 -12.1 -6.1 24.8 -15.0 -25.7 -32.4 -24.5 -4.2 -5.6 -28.7 -19.4
25 -98 -32 30 -69 -27 -100 -67 -47 -50 -91 -39 -100 -80 3 -100 -79 -61 -91 -100 -28 82 -55 -90 -100 -80 -24 -26 -75 -65
Note : In Calculation of Excess, Deficient and their % Rainfall figures are taken correct to 0.1 MM. The Rainfall figures for the period are subject to correction on receipt of data. Legend :
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Prices of the competitive commodities including oils. In the recent past there was drastic decline in the international price of soyabean oil. However, the impact of this decline in the world prices of edible oil had not been passed on to the consumers of the country as the government had imposed regulatory duty in addition to customs duty in the wake of failure of the local manufacturers in slashing prices. The government earlier slapped Rs.6,000 regulatory duty in three phases and merged it with the customs duty to extract maximum benefit from the decline in prices. In the recent past the customs duty on RBD palm oil had been increased to 55 per cent and 46 per cent on the soyabean oil import while regulatory duty had been reduced to Rs.500 per tonne after its adjustment in the customs duty. The prices of edible oil had crashed in the international market, but the local manufacturers deliberately did not slash the prices of ghee and cooking oil as a result the government increased customs duty and also levied regulatory duty to take advantage of variation in international prices. Big Gap in Production and Consumption The present stupendous deficiency in edible oils has become one of the serious most food issues in Pakistan. The total edible oil requirement for the 1998-99 was more than 1.6 million tonnes, of which about one third was produced locally and the rest was imported at the expense of about Rs.44 billion, a huge amount in foreign exchange. The increase in local edible oil production is about 2-3 per cent per annum, while the annual rise in total consumption is 10-11 percent. The rate of increase per annum in local production is sluggish creating a big gap in production and consumption, which is met through imports. Extinction of Extraction Industry The extraction industry for the first time seemed to be united over the issue of tariff on the import of oilseed. Almost 50 edible oil-extracting units of the country are facing a closure following the non-availability of the oilseeds raw material.
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Majorities of these units were established on the basis of the availability of the cottonseed as a raw material. However, following the entry of nondocumented units in this sector, it has become literally impossible for the documented sector to extract oil from the cottonseed oil. The extraction industry has got a new life, when some of the big importers brought in the Canola at zero per cent duty tariff and started their commercial operations. Many units, which were not operational for the last many seasons, started their commercial operations and they are also supporting the phenomena of the import of the oilseed at the zero.
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Crush margin In order to calculate the crush margin, one needs to know how much oil and meal is obtained by crushing a unit quantity of soybean. As a rule of thumb, one metric tonne of soybean yields around 180 kg or 0.18 tonnes of soy oil (18% yield) and 820 kg or 0.82 tonnes (82% yield) of soymeal. There is a small wastage amount which is usually not considered in calculations. However, it should be borne in mind that these numbers may vary marginally from year to year, depending on growing conditions. Also, there is considerable variability in the protein and oil content of soybeans among countries, states, regions within states, and among varieties. The actual yield of crude oil and meal per tonne of raw soybeans is determined by the soybean protein and oil content, along with processing conditions and efficiencies. Under domestic Indian conditions, processing charges roughly work out to Rs 750 per tonne to crush the seed and a further Rs 500 per 180 kg as refining cost of oil. The refining cost per tonne of crude soy oil is roughly Rs 2,500 and approximately 20% is factored for refining the 180 kg of oil derived from crushing 1 tonne of soybean. The crushers have the option to sell the crude soy oil without refining, in which case processing charges will be limited to Rs.750/tonne. However for the purpose of illustration we shall consider refined soy oil as the end product.
Given the above, the crush margin (from crushing 1 tonne of soybean) can be calculated as per the following formula: Crush Margin = [(price of soy oil x 0.18) + (price of soy meal x 0.82)] - [price of soybean + processing cost]
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Note that the price of soy oil, meal and bean should all be expressed in Rs per tonne. This is important because the price of oil is usually quoted in Rs/10kg, that of bean in Rs/quintal and that of meal in Rs/tonne. For example, as on June 26, 2008 the spot prices of bean, oil and meal in Indore, the hub of soybean industry in India were Rs 2,669 per quintal, Rs 692.95 per 10 kg and Rs 20,300 per tonne respectively. Converted into constant units of Rs/tonne, the prices are Rs 26,690, Rs 69,295 and Rs 20,300 per tonne respectively.
Thus, the crush margin would be [(69,295 + 20,300) - (26,690 + 1,250)] or Rs 1,173.70 per tonne. As the prices of bean, oil and meal change on a daily basis, so too does the crush margin
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Soil Sampling
S.no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Village Name Saman Ratehra Gadriya Bundha Jhivla Kosta Chorgadi Sirkini Chowdiyaar Nodiya Ramnai Bhaluha Bhaluhi Paipkhara Raipur kalchuriyan Khuj Khaira Mehsuva516 Mehsuva517 Mahiya Rithi Mehraha tola Jogenhai Sursakala Sursakhud Madhi Awi Umeri Devgaon Kuiyakala Paliya Omeri Vyohara460 Vyohara461
Farmers Name Ramavtar,ramnaresh Lalvendra,Vinod Kundeshwar Singh,Devendra Singh,Jagdish Singh Padmini saket,Ramgopal patel Nageshwar,Ragnesh,Rajiv Kashim Khan,Lalita tiwari Asha Kole,Mahavir,Rajroop Madhav,Prabhulal Rajak,Budha Sen Surendra Singh,Lalji Singh,Rammani Seshmani Singh,Ramdas Sharma,Ashok Sharma Vishnudev Singh,Mohanlal Patel Devki Dwivedi,Brijwan kushwaha,Brijendra Shukla Shivendra Singh,shivlal,Kamta Pandey Vasudha Bhushan,Madhav Prasad,Mankamna Abhayraj Singh,Narendra Singh Bhupendra Singh,Lalbahadur,Ram Singh Rajesh Tiwari,Ramsaloni Tiwari,Babulal Aditya Singh,subhash singh,Deepraj Singh Dhakar Chaurasia,Lussur,Raja Chaurasia Shivprasad Tripathi,Shivshankar,Praveen kumar Ramsharan Patel, Ramavtar,Bhimsen Bansi lal,Sanjay,yagyasen Munendra Shukla,Ramruchi Shukla,Ayodhya Bidi Mishra,Daddi Tiwari,Ramayan Tiwari Rakesh Tiwari,Rajesh Tiwari,Ashish Tiwari Sohan lal Shukla,Pramod Tripathi,Angira Tiwari Shankar Mishra,Vinod Tiwari,Rama Tiwari Ramji Tiwari,Pramod,Sadhulal Tiwari Maheshwar Pidiha,Anand Pidiha,Siddharth Pidiha Susheel Patel,Usha Patel,Thakurdin Patel Sundarlal Mishra, S.k.Sharma Arun Upadhyay,Anand Sharma,Hiralal Ramsiya Tiwari,Ganesh Sharma,Ramakant Muni Dubey,Sitaram,Ramnivas
No. of samples 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 32
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Vyohara462 Bhita Padariya Goruari169 Goruari170 Sotha621 Sotha622 Tiwini Ratehri Budhwa
Brijmohan Patel,Sampath,Seshmani Patel Yagyasen Patel,Dilip Patel,Ramprakash Patel Bhagirathi Patel,triveni prasad,Ugrasen Deenbandhu Kushwaha,Srishtidar,Panna Lal Anjani Kumar,Indrajeet,Pashnath P.N.Patel,Salikram Patel,Ramgopal patel Srikrishna Pandey Munendra Tiwari,Rasraman Tiwari,Ramnaresh Tiwari Chandrabhan, Shyam Tiwari,Ramshiromani Brahmadin Patel,Rajendra Patel,Tejbhan Patel TOTAL SAMPLES
3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 130
For every crop whether it soybean or rice fertility of soil is important. As I have collected 130 samples of 44 it was found that there are 2 types of soils black soil and brown soil.
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What is Soil?
The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that has been subjected to and shows effects of genetic and environmental factors. Soil is the topmost layer of the earth's surface. It consists of a mixture of minute particles of disintegrated rocks, minerals, organic matter and bacteria. Soil is formed when forces of nature such as temperature, rain, wind, waves, animals and plants act on rocks and break them into tiny pieces over a long period of time. The depth of soil is not the same in all parts of the country. Soil may be only a few centimeters deep in some places while in others it may extend to as much as 30 meters. Soil consists of four layers. The first or topmost layer of soil is made up of minute soil particles and decayed plant and animal matter. This layer is vital for the cultivation of crops. The second layer is made up of fine particles like clay; the third layer is a combination of weathered basic rock materials and soil while the fourth layer consists of un-weathered hard rocks. India has various types of soil ranging from the fertile alluvial of the IndoGangetic plains to the black and red soils of the Deccan Plateau. Each type of soil benefits different types of crops through their unique physical, chemical and biological properties. Alluvial soil is a fertile soil rich in potassium. It is highly suitable for agriculture, especially for crops such as paddy, sugarcane and plantain. Red soil has high iron content and is fit for crops like red gram, Bengal gram, green gram, groundnut and castor seed. Black soil is rich in calcium, potassium and magnesium but has poor nitrogen content. Crops like cotton, tobacco, chilly, oil seeds, jowar, ragi and maize grow well in it. Sandy soil is low in nutrient content but is useful for growing trees such as coconut, cashew and casuarinas in areas with high rainfall. Soil may sometimes get eroded through factors such as wind, running water, overgrazing of animals and human activities such as construction. In addition, soil may also be depleted of its fertility if a particular crop is cultivated repeatedly in the area. This is when soil testing is vital. The quality of soil available in an agricultural area may be tested at soil testing laboratories. Here, the sample of soil is analysed and recommendations are made about what elements are needed to optimize it. Quality soil is one of the most
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important farming inputs. High yields and good produce can be achieved only when the right type of soil is used for a certain crop. For areas in which suitable soil is not available, one may add nutrients in the form of fertilizers to enrich it. Keeping this in mind, the government has set up a large number of soil testing labs all over the country. For more details, one may visit the links mentioned below.
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Soil Fertility Soil Fertility takes into account the presence of minerals like nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous. This helps in procuring the right fertilizers and choosing a suitable variety of seed in order to get the highest possible crop productivity. Fertile Soil Fertility has the following characteristics: It is rich in nutrients necessary for basic plant nourishment. This includes nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It consists of adequate minerals such as boron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, sulphur and zinc. These minerals promote plant nutrition. It contains Soil Fertility organic matter that improves the structure of the Soil Fertility. This enables the Soil Fertility to retain more moisture. The Soil Fertility pH is in the range 6.0 to 6.8. It has a good Soil Fertility structure which results in well-drained Soil Fertility. It consists of a variety of micro-organisms that support plant growth. It often contains large amounts of topsoil Fertility.
Types of soil
Black Soil Also known as regur or black cotton soil Dark grey to black in color. High clay content Highly moist retentive Develop cracks in summer Rich in iron, calcium, magnesium, carbonate & aluminum. Poor in phosphorus, nitrogen & organic matter. Crops: oilseeds, wheat, rice, millets.
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Brown Soil Formed under high temperature & rainfall with wet & dry spell Silica is leased due to high rainfall Remnants of iron & aluminum oxide is left behind is now as laterite. Becomes hard when exposed to air
Red Soil Formed due to weathering old crystalline rocks. More sandy less clayey. Rich in iron Poor in phosphorus. Porous & friable. Crops: Rice, potato, wheat.
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cause hearth problems. Hydrogenated soybean oil is used in foods that require more solid fat such as margarines.
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CONCLUSION
Agriculture in India has always been the most important economic sector. The sector accounts for around 24% of the GDP; it plays a fundamental role in the Indian economy whereby it employs 65% of the working population. Agriculture is fundamental to the Indian social structure, political stability and industrial growth.
KEY FEATURES OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY Agriculture sector alone accounts for 18% of the total value of the country's exports. Apart from being the largest producer of pulses, tea and milk, 51 major crops of the world are also produced in India. India is also the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits, vegetables, ground nut and sugarcane.
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India is the world's second largest producer of food and agricultural produce after China and has the potential of being the largest agricultural Country.
Understanding the large social impact that agriculture has on the society, the Government has taken several initiatives to promote the growth of the sector. Over the next two decades, the National Policy on Agriculture aims to attain:
A growth rate in excess of 4% per annum in the agriculture sector; Growth that is based on efficient use of resources and conserves soil, water and bio-diversity; Growth with equity i.e. growth which is widespread across regions and farmers; Growth that is demand driven and caters to domestic markets and maximizes benefits from exports of agricultural products. Growth that is sustainable technologically, environmentally and economically. Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of pulses and oilseeds in the country. The State also shares a major share of the National agriculture production. About 25% of pulses and 40% of grams are grown in the state. Out of the total gross cropped area 59% is sown in the Kharif season(soybean) and 41% in the Rabi season.
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Maharashtra, (28%)
MP, (60%)
The most common varieties in India on the other hand, are grown during the relatively short monsoon season, and have maturity durations of not more than 100 days. However, there are several other factors that give rise to the comparatively low yield. Water stress is likely to be a significant factor. Adequate moisture is vital at critical growth periods of soybean, but nearly all soybean production in India is under rain-fed conditions, and thus water availability is dependent on the frequency and amount of the monsoon rains. Inefficient use or lack of access to inputs such as seed, fertilizers and pesticides limits productivity. A lack of weed control measures means the soybean crop is often highly infested with weeds. The soybean crop is often affected by diseases, for example, rust, and yellow mosaic virus. Farmers very rarely use any plant protection measures, and there is little seed replacement or adoption of improved varieties.
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Soybean sowing is often done hurriedly with the onset of monsoon without the desired level of cultivation. Inadequate tillage exacerbates the weed problem. Water-logging in low-lying fields leads to stunted growth and nitrogen deficiency.
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Suggestions
Contract Farming: Future Trend in Agriculture As we see that today many big firms are doing contract farming for the benefits of both the parties. Contract farming is an emerging concept in MP that provides vast opportunities for potential investors wherein the production and supply of agricultural/ horticultural produce are pre agreed under forward contracts between producers/ suppliers and buyers. The contract details the type of agri commodity required at a time and a price, and in the required quantity. Contract farming provides a proper linkage between the farm and the market. The concept of contract farming is being recognized in MP as the most promising opportunity for an investor. State has the potential to develop and increase the production of horticulture crops for each of the 11 Agro-climatic sub-zones. Many opportunities are also available at each part of the value chain in agro processing industries.
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Assured market for their produce Adequate & quality agri input supplies Free technical know-how. improved access to local markets. Assured markets and prices (lower risks) especially for non traditional crops. Assured and often higher returns. enhanced farmer access to production inputs, mechanization and transport services Additional key benefits for contract partners Assured quality and timeliness in delivery of farmers products Improved local infrastructure, such as roads and irrigation facilities in sugar out grower areas, tea roads, dairy coolers/collection centers, etc Lower transport costs, as coordinated and larger loads are planned, an especially important feature in the case of more dispersed producers
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If Jaypee soya processing unit adopt the measures mentioned in the report the firm can definitely change the picture of soybean farming in Rewa District as well as it will also increase the business & provide employment opportunities.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://india.gov.in/citizen/agriculture/soil.php http://www.developmentinaction.org/summer-2009/sustainability-of-soybeanproduction-in-madhya-pradesh.html http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/contract-farming/faq/en/ http://www.google.com Dr. R.P Singh- Soya Bean Plant In charge Mr. Phiji J Philip Reporting In Charge.
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Appendix
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