CELLULAR RESPIRATION

ENERGY FOR CELLS

WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION?

1. Conversion of food into hexose carbohydrates such as glucose and its subsequent breakdown 2. May involve breakdown of glucose

Respiration can be conveniently divided into two parts

1. Cellular (internal or tissue) respiration - the biochemical processes which take place within living cells that release the energy from glucose 2. Gaseous exchange (external respiration) the processes involved in obtaining oxygen needed for respiration and the removal of gaseous waste such as carbon dioxide.

Three stages in cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) 3. Electron transfer system

WHAT ORGANELLE INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESSES?

1. Vary in size 2. Usually rod shape 3. Diameter ~ 1.0 m 4. Length ~ 2.5 m 5. The wall - two membranes 6. Inner membrane forms cristae 7. Most necessary enzymes attached to inner membrane

GLYCOLYSIS
1. The first stage in the breakdown of glucose 2. Occurs in cytoplasm of the cell 3. Produces two molecules of pyruvates for each molecule of glucose degraded 4. Total energy yield - two ATP directly and six ATP from two reduced NAD molecules = 8 ATP

Stages of glycolysis
Glucose (6C) ATP ADP

Glucose-P (6C)
Fructose-P (6C)

Fructose bisphosphate (6C)

Triose-P (3C) Triose bisphosphate (3C) Triose phosphate (3C) Pyruvate (3C) ADP ATP Triose-P (3C)

KREB CYCLE (Citric acid cycle/ TCA cycle)

TCA cycle involves a series of biochemical

reaction
What are the functions TCA cycle?
1. Produce energy by releasing chemical energy in acetyl CoA (2C) produce reducing power = NADH , FADH2

2. Produce intermediates

 Pyruvate can be produced in Glycolysis

We can get energy from pyruvate, BUT HOW?
Via the process in the TCA cycle

but : Pyruvate cannot enter TCA cycle directly it must be converted to Acetyl-CoA To start TCA cycle: Acetyl CoA + OAA citrate

Overview of Krebs cycle

8 steps in TCA cycle.

1. Introduction of 2C as acetyl-CoA 2. Isomerization of citrate to isocitrate 3. Oxidation of isocitrate 4. Oxidation of -ketoglutarate

5. Cleaving of succinyl-CoA
6. Oxidation of succinate 7. Hydration of fumarate 8. Oxidation of malate

Importance of Krebs cylce

1. It provides hydrogen atoms which ultimately yield the major part of the energy derived from the oxidation of s glucose molecule 2. It is a valuable source of intermediates which are used to manufacture other substances, e.g. fatty acids, amino acids, carotenoids

Connection with others pathways/reactions

ELECTRON TRANSFER SYSTEM

1. At the end of Krebs cycle, glucose has been oxidised completely 2. Much of the energy is in the form of hydrogen atoms which are attached to the hydrogen carriers NAD and FAD 3. Other carriers are iron-containing proteins called cytochromes 4. Allows the production of ATP from ADP = oxidative phosphorylation

Energy molecules production

1 3 2

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)

Electron transport generates energy. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to generate Energy from food Oxygen diffuses easily across cell membrane Oxygen is highly reactive so it accepts electron easily

In eukaryotic cells protons are transported from the matrix of the mitochondria across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space located between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

Intermembrane space

matrix

H+ ions that are formed during ETC are transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space
[H+] in the intermembrane space is higher than in the matrix. Consequence ?

Proton gradient arise Proton motive force

Proton must diffuse from high concentration to low concentration. But the inner membrane is impermeable to proton ! How proton will get back into the matrix ?
The chemioosmotic theory

 Proton must pass through the inner membrane following the concentration gradient

They pass through a special proton channel = ATP synthase

The flow of proton drives the synthesis of ATP !

Intermembrane space

matrix

Lots of ATP formed !

Production of Energy from Glucose

SUMMARY

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ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS
Acetaldehyde fermentation Produce pyruvate Certain anaerobic bacteria Alcoholic fermentation Produce ethanol Yeast and other plants Lactic acid fermentation Produce lactate Higher animals especially in the muscle

ASSIGNMENT
Give an example of the application of aerobic or anaerobic respiration and elaborate the concepts behind it.