QU TRNH KEO T I.

Cht keo t PAC

t u : - Cng dng: cht keo t dng trong x l nc v nc thi. - Thnh phn ha hc c bn: polyaluminium chloride, c thm cht kh trng gc clorin. 2 c tnh k thut : Mu sc: Bt mu trng T trng (tn/m3): 0,90 0,95 kim (%): 58 2 Al2O3 (%): 30 1 Cl- (%): 23 1 pH (dung dch 10%) = 4,2 4,4 Cc kim loi nng: trong tiu chun cho php ng gi: bao 25kg iu kin bo qun: trong bao b thnh phm, ni kh, thong mt. 3 u m : - Hn ch vic iu chnh pH nc ngun nh cc loi phn hin ang s dng, do tit kim liu lng ha cht (dng tng kim) v cc thit b i km nh thng ha cht v bm nh lng. - Liu lng s dng thp, bng cn to d lng. - Gim th tch bn.

- Tng trong ca nc sau lng, ko di chu k lc v tng cht lng nc sau lc. - Khng b chy nc hay vn cc sau khi m bao b.

4 Hng dn s dng : - Pha ch thnh dung dch 5 - 10% v chm vo nc ngun cn x l. - Liu lng dng x l nc mt: 1 10 g/m3 PAC ty theo c ca nc th. - Liu lng dng x l nc thi (nh my giy, dt nhum, ch bin thy hi sn, thc phm, l m gia sc, nc thi sinh hot,): 20 200 g/m3 ty theo hm lng cht l lng v tnh cht ca nc thi. II. C t keo t mu nhm

t u - Sn xut ti Vit Nam - Cng dng: Cht keo t dng trong x l nc v nc thi. - Thnh phn ha hc c bn: Al2O3 2 c tn k t ut Ch tiu Mu sc Thnh phn ha hc Al2O3 Fe2O3 Hm lng H2SO4 pH (dung dch 10%) Hm lng cn khng tan trong nc n v n v % % Gi tr Bt mu trng (Vit Nam) Gi tr 14,5% 0,2% 1,5% 2.3 3.5 0,5%

- i gi: bao 10kg - iu kin bo qun: trong bao b thnh phm, ni kh mt. 3. u, n c m Lm gim pH ca nc sau x l, bt buc phi dng vi hiu chnh li pH dn n chi ph sn xut tng. Khi cho qu liu lng cn thit xy ra hiu tng keo t b ph hu lm cho nc c tr li. Nh vy, khi c, mu nc ngun cao, nhm sunfat km tc dng. Phi dng thm mt s ph gia tr keo t, tr lng... Hm lng nhm tn d trong nc sau x l cao hn so vi khi dng cht keo t khc v c th cao hn mc quy nh v sinh (0,2mg/l) Tng trong ca nc sau lng, ko di chu k lc v tng cht lng nc sau lc. Khng b chy nc hay vn cc khi m bao b. 4. Hng dn s dng Pha ch thnh dung dch 5 10% v chm vo nc ngun cn x l. Liu lng s dng: X l nc mt: 1 - 10g/m3 phn nhm tu theo c ca nc th. X l nc thi (nh my giy, dt nhum, ch bin thy hi sn, thc phm, l m gia sc, nc thi sinh hot): 20 -200g/m3 ty theo hm lng cht l lng v tnh cht ca nc thi.
Hm lng cn l lng mg/l Liu lng phn nhm (Sn phm kh mg/l)

n 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 400 - 600 600 - 800 800 - 1000 1000 - 1400 1400 - 1800 1800 - 2200 2200 2500

25 - 35 30 - 45 40 - 60 45 - 70 55-80 60 - 90 65 -105 75 - 115 80 - 125 90 - 130

III. C t keo t mu st Cc mui st c s dng lm cht keo t c nhiu u im hn so vi cc mui nhm do:

- Tc dng tt hn nhit thp; - C khong gi tr pH ti u ca mi trng rng hn; - bn ln; - C th kh mi H2S. Tuy nhin, cc mui st cng c nhc im l to thnh phc ha tan c mu do phn ng ca ion st vi cc hp cht hu c. Qu trnh keo t s dng mui st xy ra do cc phn ng sau: FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 Trong iu kin kim ha: 2FeCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 + 3CaCl2 FeSO4 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 IV. Polymer

1. Gii thiu PAM l cht keo t dng polyme tan trong nc c s dng tr lng lm trong nc cp v nc thi. PAM c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh: Lc du, kim loi, dt nhum, sn xut giy v x l nc bo v mi trng. 2. Thng s k thut

Ch tiu

Thng s k thut Nonionic Anionic Bt trng 88 1200-2200 0.05 1~1

Cationic Bt trng 88 300~1600 0.05 1~1.5

Ngoi quan Bt trng Hm lng cht rn () 88 Khi lng phn t (x104 >1200 0.05 AM residual () Thi gian ho tan (h) 1~1.5 3 u n c m

PAM lng tnh Bt trng 88 300~1000 0.05 1~1.5

- Hn ch vic iu chnh pH nc ngun nh cc loi phn hin ang s dng, do tit kim liu lng ha cht (dng tng kim) v cc thit b i km nh thng ha cht v bm nh lng. - Liu lng s dng thp, bng cn to d lng. - Gim th tch bn. - Tng trong ca nc sau lng, ko di chu k lc v tng cht lng nc sau lc. - Khng b chy nc hay vn cc sau khi m bao b. 4 Hng dn s dng PAM c ho tan vo nc theo t l thch hp ti khi tan hon ton, PAM s tan nhanh hn nu pha vo nc m. T l PAM trong nc l 0.01%-0.1% (~1g/1000ml, max 5g/1000ml). Chm 100ppm200ppm PAM vo nc cn x l, tuy nhin t l ny khng c nh m thay i theo yu cu cht lng nc u ra v cht lng nc u vo. T l thch hp cn c vo kt qu Jartest thc t ti c s. La chn loi PAM thch hp cho mi trng nc khc nhau, c th l: PAM Anionic thch hp cho x l nc thi c mc c, hm lng ion kim loi cao mi trng nc c pH > 7 PAM Cationic thch hp cho x l nc thi c hm lng ion cht hu c cao trong mi trng nc c pH < 7. PAM Non-ionic thch hp cho vic tch hn hp ion cht hu v v c.

PAM ion lng tnh c s dng khi nc thi rt kh x l, trong cng nghip ho cht v sn xut giy. PAM c ng trong bao 10kg v 25kg Nhn xt thm 1 Phn nhm km hiu qu khi x l nc ngun c c v kim cao, nhng u th ca PAC li khng r rt i vi nc ngun c c thp v nghing v axit, trung tinh. Khng th thuyt phc cc c s ang n inh sn xut v cung cp nc sinh hot phi thay i cht keo t khi phn nhm vn pht huy hiu qu tt. Ngc li, nhng c s s dng nc ngun c c qu cao (ti vi trm hay trn mt nghn n v NTU), vic s dng PACN-95 hay PAC rt hp l. 2. Khng th xem nh tc ng ca n gi cht keo t v ti Cng ty cp nc ln gi thnh nc sinh hot. n gi ca PAC (tt nhin dn ti n gi PACN-95), ca WAC, PACS. . . u cao hn n gi phn nhm. 3. Nguyn liu c hiu qu nht trong vic sn xut nhm sunfat l nhm hydroxit v axit sunfunc. Nguyn liu cho sn xut PAC l nhm hydroxit v axil clohydric; cn nguyn liu cho sn xut WAC l nhm hydroxit, axit clohydric v axit sunfuric. Sn xut PACl mt bin php hu hiu cho vic thng bng kh clo ca cc nh my xt - clo nhng li l tin bt buc phi tm kim ngun tiu th mi cho mt lng ln axit sufuric do khng sn xut phn nhm (khong 0,5 tn axit mt tn phn nhm). Mt dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut WAC ca hng Krebs (Php) , c kh nng cho ta 3 sn phm nhm suafat, PAC v WAC ty theo ch iu hnh. Vic iu hnh sn xut cht keo t l tuy theo nhu cu tng thi im tng thi gian ca th trng trong nc v yu cu xut khu. V V c a t sn xut 2 dng cc, bt - Khi ti vi cho d nc (3,5m3 nc cho mt tn vi) thu c vi nho, 1 tn vi cc to ra 1,6 2,2 m3 vi. - Khi ti vi khng cho d nc (0,7m3 nc cho 1 tn vi) thu c vi ti dng bt st. V vi c ha tan thp nn thng nh lng d cho vo nc di dng sa vi. VI S a: L bt mu trng d ht m cha 95% Na2Co3: 1% NaCl VII. Xt NaOH: L bt mu trng c bay hi trong khng kh c cha (92 95%) NaOH.(2,5 3%)Na2CO3; (1,5 3,75%)NaCl v 0,2% Fe2O3.

QU TRNH KH TRN QU TRNH KH TRNG I. Kh trng bng Clo 1.Ti sao phi kh trng 2. Kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht ca clo Khi cho clo tc dng vi nc, phn ng c trng xy ra l qu trnh thy phn clo, to thnh axit hypoclorit v axit clohydric : Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl dng phn ly ta c : Cl2 + H2O 2H+ + OCl- + ClTng t khi dng clorua vi lm cht kh trng ta c : Ca(OCl)2 + H2O CaO + 2HOCl 2HOCl 2H+ + 2OClKh nng dit trng ca clo ph thuc vo hm lng HOCl c trong nc. Nng HOCl ph thuc vo lng ion H+ trong nc hay ph thuc vo pH ca nc. Khi : pH = 6 th HOCl chim 99,5%, OCl- chim 0,5% pH = 7 th HOCl chim 79%, OCl- chim 21% pH = 8 th HOCl chim 25%, OCl- chim 75% HOCl khng phn ly l thnh phn kh trng chnh trong nc, thnh phn ny ch c gi tr cao pH thp, iu cng ni ln rng qu trnh dng clo kh trng trong nc ch c c hiu qu cao khi tin hnh pH thp. * Khi nc c mt amoniac hoc hp cht c cha nhm amoni, chng c th tc dng vi clo axit hypoclorit hoc ion hypoclorit sinh thnh cc hp cht cloramin theo cc phn ng sau : NH3 + HOCl NH2Cl + H2O monocloramine NH2Cl + HOCl NHCl2 + H2O dicloramine NHCl2 + HOCl NCl3 + H2O tricloramine Sn phm monocloramine v dicloramine sinh thnh ty thuc vo tr s pH ca mi trng. Tr s pH cng cao, lng clo kt hp to thnh dicloramine cng thp v nng monocloramine cng cao. Hn na, nhiu nghin cu cho thy rng, nng lc dit trng ca monocloramine thng thp hn so vi nng lc dit trng ca dicloramine khong t 3 n 5 ln, so vi clo, nng lc dit trng ca dicloramine li thp hn t 20 n 25 ln. Chnh iu gii thch v sao qu trnh kh trng li xy ra c hiu qu hn khi tr s pH ca mi trng thp. m bo cho qu trnh kh trng t c hiu qu hon ton, ngi ta thng tnh n mt lng clo d thch hp trong nc sau qu trnh kh trng. Trong h thng kh trng c cha amoniac hoc cc hp cht c cha nhm amoni, lng clo tham gia phn

ng to thnh cloramine c gi l clo kt hp, tng hm lng ca clo t do di dng Cl2, HOCl v ClO-, lng Clo kt hp c gi l clo hot tnh kh trng, do kh nng dit trng ca clo t do v clo kt hp khc nhau m lng clo d cn thit m bo kh trng trit cng dc nh gi mc khc nhau. Thng thng m bo hiu qu ca qu trnh kh trng, ta iu chnh lng clo cho vo sao cho hm lng clo d cn li trong nc thi sau khi tip xc khng nh hn 1,5 mg/l. * Kh clo d trong nc : Kh d lng clo trong nc khi clo ha vi liu lng cao c th dng phng php ha hc. Kh clo bng ha cht nh dng SO2, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3 theo cc phn ng sau : Cl2 + SO2 +2H2O 2HCl + H2SO4 Cl2 + Na2SO3 + H2O 2HCl + Na2SO4 4Cl2 + Na2S2O3 + 5H2O 2NaCl + 6HCl + 2H2SO4 Axit clohydric v axit sunfuric hnh thnh c trung ha bng kim d ca nc. kh ht 1mg clo d cn n 0,9 mg SO2. Ngoi ra c th dng than hot tnh lc clo d. Lp lc hp th qua than hot tnh c chiu dy t 2 n 2,5m, kch thc ht t 1,5 n 2,5mm, tc lc 20 - 30m/h. Ti sinh than hot tnh khi n ht kh nng hp th clo c tin hnh bng ra qua dung dch kim nng hoc canxi hypoclorit. Phng php lm thong b mt ch kh c mt phn clo d ha tan, cn hypoclorit do khng bay hi nn phng php ny km hiu qu hn. Kh clo v cloramine bng phng php lm thong ch t hiu qu khi pH ca mi trng nh hn 5. Canxi hipoclorit c cng thc ha hc Ca(ClO)2, clorua vi l sn phm ca qu trnh phn ng clo vi vi ti, trong clorua vi cng c th cha n 40 - 45% canxi hypoclorit vi lng clo hot tnh t 20 n 25%. Clorua vi d ht m v phn hy kh clo nn cn c bo qun kh ro, cn thn. Ca(OCl)2 + H2O CaO + 2HOCl 2HOCl 2H+ + 2OClClo dioxit c cng thc ha hc l ClO2, clo dioxit l cht kh mu xanh, c tnh kh trng rt mnh v n c th tiu dit vi khun, cc loi k sinh trng v virus m nhng h thng s dng clo khc khng dit c, d ha tan trong nc v km bn di nh sng. Clo dioxit thng dng kh trng nc c cha phenol hoc c hm lng cht hu c cao do khng phn ng to ra clophenol. Clo dioxit c sn xut trc tip ti ch bng cch sc kh clo vo dung dch natri clorit hay canxi clorit c axit ha : 2NaClO2 + Cl2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl Ca(ClO2)2 + Cl2 2ClO2 + CaCl2 Hn ch ca clo dioxit l gi thnh cao v i hi k thut phc tp, gy nguy hi khi phn ng vi cacbon hot tnh, to ra odor v gy n mn thit b. Lng clo sinh ra phi c quan trc thng xuyn trong h thng vn hnh. Natri hipoclorit c cng thc ha hc l NaOCl, dung dch NaOCl (cha n 12% lng Clo) c ch bng cch in phn mui n hoc phn ng trc tip clo vi dung dch NaOH. Hm lng clo hot tnh ph thuc vo iu kin phn ng v c th c t 6 n 8g/l kh s dng qu trnh in phn hoc c th cao hn khi s dng phn ng trc tip

clo vi dung dch NaOH. Cng ging nh clo dng kh, NaOCl ha vo nc s to ra NaOH v HOCl. NaOCl + H2O NaOH + HOCl HOCl H+ + OCl iu kin nhit cao v pH thp, dung dch NaOCl d phn hy, to kh Cl2 v gy nhim mi trng. 3. Cc yu t n ng n qu trnh kh trng nc bng clo 3.1 Hm lng v thi gian tip xc: Cng thc tnh thi gian tip xc: Nt : S Coliform thi gian t, MPN/100ml. N0 : S Coliform thi gian ban u t0, MPN/100ml. Ct : Hm lng clo d thi gian t. t : Thi gian lu nc, pht 3.2 nh hng ca pH Bng 1: pH Lng clo d ti thiu mg/l Clo t do sau 10 pht tip xc Clo hot tnh kt hp dng cloramin sau 60 pht tip xc 6 7 0,2 1,0 7 8 0,2 1,50 8 9 0,4 1,80 9 10 0,8 > 10 > 10 Yu t pH l yu t quan trng quyt nh hiu qu ca qu trnh kh trng bng clo. Khi pH tng, hiu qu kh trng gim. Lng clo d ti thiu cn thit ng vi cc gi tr pH khc nhau dit trng hon ton c th hin bng 1. Hiu qu kh trng ca HOCl cao hn so vi OCl-. HOCl phn ly yu pH thp, do hiu qu kh trng cao hn khi pH thp. 3.3 nh hng ca nhit Nhit tng lm cho nht gim, ng thi chuyn ng nhit tng ln, qu trnh khuch tn cht kh trng qua v t bo sinh vt tng v qu trnh kh trng t hiu qu cao. So vi clo, cloramine chu nh hng ca nhit mnh hn. 3.4 nh hng ca nng Khi tng nng cht kh trng, thi gian tip xc cn thit s gim xung v mi quan h ny c biu th qua quan h : Cn.t = K C : Nng cht kh trng; t : Thi gian cn thit kh trng n mt gii hn nht nh; n : S m; K : Hng s qu trnh. 4. H thng kh trng bng cho v cu to b tip xc cc trm x l nc thi cng sut ln, giai on kh trng bng clo c thc hin cc cng trnh sau y:

 Trm cloator (khi s dng clo hi), trm cloua vi hay trm hypoclorit (kh trng cloua vi hay hypoclorit tng ng) B hay mng xo trn clo vi nc thi B tip xc 4.2 B xo trn Hiu qu kh trng ca nc thi ph thuc vo kh nng xo trn u dung dch clo vi nc thi, thi gian tip xc gia chng v hm lng clo d. Cng on xo trn c thc hin ti b xo trn hay thit b xo trn. Thit b xo trn c th thit k l cng trnh c lp hay kt hp vi b tip xc Thit b xo trn n gin v c s dng rng ri nht l b xo trn nh hnh di. Nc thi trc khi dn vo ngn trn s c khuch tn vi dung dch clo thng qua ng khuch tn clo. Trong ngn trn, cnh khuy trn u clo vi nc thi sau c dn vo b tip xc. B tip xc c thit k vi dng chy ziczc qua tng ngn to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh tip xc gia Clo v nc thi (theo hnh 7). Nhim v ca b tip xc l cho nc thi sau x l v dung dch clo tip xc mt khong thi gian, trung bnh thi gian tip xc l 30 pht l tiu dit vi trng cha trong nc thi. Thi gian ny c tnh k c thi gian nc thi theo mng dn t b tip xc ra ngun tip nhn. Thit k b tip xc ging nh thit k b lng nhng khng cn c thanh gt bn. iu quan trng nht cn quan tm l thi gian tip xc, sao cho t nht 80 90% nc thi c lu li trong b thc hin trn vn thi gian cn thit tip xc vi clo. S lng b tip xc thit k khng c nh hn 2 n nguyn, cho php thc hin lm si bt nc trong b tip xc bng kh nn vi cng 0,5 m3/m2.h. Trong giai on kh trng bng clo c xy ra qu trnh keo t cc cht hu c cn li trong nc thi v lng xung y b tip xc. Do , tc nc chy trong b phi m bo sao cho cn l lng tri ra khi b l t nht. Tc ny thng khng ln hn tc nc chy trong b lng t II. Tnh ton b tip xc clo: Th tch hu ch ca b tip xc: trong : : lu lng ln nht, m3/h. t: Thi gian tip xc, h vi Trong : 30: thi gian tip xc theo quy nh, pht. l: Chiu di mng dn n im x, m v: Tc nc chy trong mng dn, m/s Lng cn lng trong b tip xc ph thuc vo loi cht kh trng c s dng, liu lng ca chng v mc x l nc thi. Th tch ca cn lng b tip xc c tnh theo cng thc: Trong : a: Lng cn lng trong b tip xc, l/ng.ng Ntt: Dn s tnh ton theo cht l lng, ngi.

Th tch cn ca b tip xc c th tnh theo lu lng nc thi vi lng cn lng, lt cho m3 nc thi vi m 98% v ly nh sau: - Sau x l c hc: 1,5 l/m3 nc thi - Sau x l sinh hc khng hon ton earotank: 0,5 l/m3 - Sau x l sinh hc hon ton. M t h thng thit b kh trng: Thit b dng kh trng nc thi bng clorua vi thng c mt hay hai thng ha trn, hai thng dung dch v mt thng nh lng. Thng ha trn lm nhim v trn clorua vi vi nc nhn c dung dch clorua vi dng sa c nng 2,5% , sau khi qua thng nh lng dung dch clorua vi dn n mng trn trc khi qua b tip xc. Dung tch hu ch ca thng dung dch c th xc nh theo cng thc: W = a.Q/1000.b.n Trong Q- lu lng trung bnh ca nc cn kh trng m3/ngy a- liu lng clo hot tnh b- nng dung dch clorua vi, ly khng ln hn 25% n- s ln ha trn clorua vi trong ngy, ly trong khong 2-6 ln ph thuc vo cng sut ca trm Dung tch thng ha trn ly khng qu 50% dung tch thng dung dch i vi cc trm x l cng sut trung bnh, thng dng cc thit b trn c hc trn clorua vi. trnh n mn do clo, cc cnh v trc ca thit b trn c hc nn lm bng g. Tt c cc thng u c np y. Hm lng clo cn thit kh trng cho nc sau lng, 3-15mg/L.. Thi gian tip xc loi b vi sinh khong 20-40 pht. Nc thi sau khi qua b tip xc clo t tiu chun x ra ngun loi B. N NH HA NC Thm Ca(OH)2 hoc NaOH tng pH trc khi cho nc vo cc b cha