Chapter 9 Student)

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Students Copy Chapter 9. Electronics

1

9. 1: USES OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O)

9.1.1: Thermionic Emission

1. What is Thermionic Emission?

....................................

2. (a) Label the Iigure oI a vacuum tube:

(b) The Iigure shows .... emitted are accelerated ...... the anode by the high
........ between the cathode and anode.
(c) A beam oI electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum is known as a ........

3. Factors that inIluence the rate oI thermionic emission
Factor EIIect on the rate oI thermionic emission
Temperature oI the cathode When the temperature oI the cathode increases, the rate
oI thermionic emission increases.
Surface area oI the cathode A larger surIace area oI the cathode increases the rate oI
thermionic emission.
Potential difference
between the anode and
cathode.
The rate oI thermionic emission is unchanged, when the
potential diIIerence increases, but the emitted electrons
accelerate Iaster towards the anode.

9.1.2 Properties of Cathode Rays
1. List the Iour characteristics oI the cathode rays.
(i) ............................
(ii) ...........................
(iii) ..........................
(iv) ..........................
CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS
Figure 9.1

2
Energy Change in A Cathode Ray

1. n a cathode ray tube, an electron with kinetic energy oI 1.32 10
-14
J is accelerated.
Calculate the potential diIIerence, ' between the cathode and the accelerating anode.
e 1.6 x 10
-19
C|
Solution.

V 10 25 . 8
10 6 . 1 10 1.32
2
1
energy Kinetic
3
19 14 -
2
L
L L

'
'
e' mv

2. n a vacuum tube, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential
diIIerence oI 2.5kV. Calculate.
(a) The initial electric potential energy oI the cathode ray.
(b)The maximum velocity oI the electron.
e 1.6 x 10
-19
C; m 9 x 10
-31
kg|
Solution.
(a) J 10 4 10 5 . 2 10 6 . 1 energy potential Electric
16 3 19
L L L L e'
(b)
14 2
10 4
2
1

L e' mv 2
10 9
10 4
31
14
2
L
L
L
v
-1 8 16
ms 10 98 . 2 10 89 . 8 L L v

3. I the potential diIIerence between the cathode and the anode in a CRO is 3.5 kV,
calculate the maximum speed oI the electron which hit the screen oI CRO.
e 1.6 x 10
-19
C; m 9 x 10
-31
kg|
Solution.
16 3 19 2
10 6 . 5 10 5 . 3 10 6 . 1
2
1

L L L L e' mv
15
31
16
2
10 24 . 1 2
10 9
10 6 . 5
L L
L
L
v
-1 6 15
ms 10 53 . 3 10 24 . 1 L L v

y using the principle oI conservation oI energy,
e' mv
2
2
1
,
Maximum velocity oI electron,
m
e'
v
2

v velocity oI electron
' Potential diIIerence between Anode and
Cathode
e Charge on 1 electron 1.6 x 10
-19
C
m mass oI 1 electron 9 x 10
-31
kg

Figure 9.2


3
9.1.3 Structure of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

1. Label all parts oI Cathode Ray Oscilloscope below.

2. Fill in the blank all components and its Iunctions.
ain part Component Function

Electron gun
Deflecting
system
Fluorescen
t screen

Figure 9.3

4
9.1.4 : The working Principle of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope.

1. Fill in the blank the structure oI CRO.

9.1.5 Uses of the CRO.
1. The uses oI cathode-ray oscilloscope are:
(a) .................
(b) ................
(c) ................

2. I the CRO in Iigure uses Y-gains oI 1.5 Vcm
-1
, calculate the value oI '
pp
.
Solution.
0 . 3 0 . 2 5 . 1 L ' V

To measure a D.C voltage:
The unknown voltage, ' (Y-gain) h
To measure a A.C voltage:
Peak-to-peak voltage, '
pp
(Y-gains) h
Peak voltage, '
p
(Y-gains)
2
1
L (h)
EIIective voltage or root-mean-square voltage, '
r.m.s
p
'
2
1

Short time intervals, t no. oI divisions between two pulses time-base value.

Figure 9.4
Figure 9.5


5
3. The Iigure shows a trace on a CRO set at 5 Volt per division on the vertical axis.
(a) What is the maximum voltage (peak voltage)
indicated?
Solution.
Peak voltage, '
p
(Y-gains)
2
1
L (h)
divs 'div '
P
4
2
1
5 L L
' '
P
10

4. Figure shows a trace on an oscilloscope Ior an a.c source.
I the Y-gain is set to 1.5 Vcm
-1
and the time-base is 2 ms
cm
-1
.
(a) Calculate the peak voltage,'
p
oI the a.c source.
Solution.
cm 'cm '

P
4
2
1
5 . 1 L L
' '
P
0 . 3

(b) Calculate the Irequency, 1 oI the a.c source.
Solution.
2 4 L cm T ms cm

T 8 ms 1 125
1
T
H:

(c) Sketch the trace displayed on the screen iI the settings are changed to 1 Vcm
-1
and 1
ms cm
-1
.

5. The diagram shows the trace on the screen oI a CRO when an
a.c voltage is connected to the Y-input. The Y-gain control is
set at 2 V/div and the time base is oII.
Calculate the value oI :
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, '
pp
(b)Peak voltage, '
p
.
(c)Root-mean-square voltage, '
r.m.s

Figure 9.6
Figure 9.7
Figure 9.8


6
5 divs
Solution.
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, '
pp
(Y-gains) h
2V/div 6 divs
12 V
(b)Peak voltage, '
p
6 V
(c) '
r.m.s
p
'
2
1
24 . 4 6
2
1
L V

6. When two claps are made close to a microphone which is
connected to the Y-input and earth terminals, both pulses
will be displayed on the screen at a short interval apart as
shown in Iigure below. Measure the time lapse between the
two claps.
Solution.

7. Figure shows the trace displayed on the screen oI a
CRO with the time-base is set to 10 ms/div. What is the
Irequency, 1 oI the wave?
Solution.

8. An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Transmitted and
reIlected signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting oI 150 ms cm
-1
.
The diagram shows the trace oI the two signals on the screen oI the oscilloscope. The
speed oI sound in water is 1200 ms
-1
. What is the depth oI the sea?
Solution.

iv
Length between two pulses 5 divs
Time taken, t 5 divs msdiv
5 ms
Time interval .5 s
m 150
2
0.25 1200
d Hance,
t
2d
V waves, ultrasonic oI Speed
s 0.25 ms 250 sm ms 50 cm 5
Q and P between time d 2
oI distance a through travel to waves ultrasonic Ior taken Time
1 -

Distance Ior two complete wave 2 divs
Time taken 2 divs msdiv
2 ms
1requency, 1
T
1

ms 20
1
5 H:
Figure 9.9
Figure 9.10
Figure 9.11


7
9.2 SEICONDUCTOR DIODES

9.2.1 Properties of Semiconductors
1. Semiconductor is
...............................
............
2. Give the examples oI pure semiconductor:
(a) ...........
(b) .............
(c) ...........
9. What is the 'doping process?
....................................
....................................
10.ase on the Iigure, complete the statement below.
(a) n-type semiconductors

Silicon like Silicon doped with ......atoms such as ..... or
phosphorus ..... the number oI free electron. The phosphorus atoms have
.... valence electrons, with .. being used in the Iormation oI covalent bonds.
The fifth electron is free to move through the silicon. The silicon has
........... as majority charge-carriers and it thus known as an n-type
semiconductor.

a group oI materials that can conduct better than insulators but not as
good as metal conductors.
Silicon
Germanium
Selenium
oping is a process o1 adding a certain amount o1 other substances called /opants
such as Antimony and Boron to a semiconductor, to increase its con/uctivity.
pentavalent
antimony
increases
negative electrons
1ive 1our
Figure 9.12

8
(b)p-type semiconductors

Semiconductor like Silicon doped with ........ atoms such as ....
or indium has more positive holes. The oron atoms have only .....
valence electrons; hence .... oI the covalent bonds has a missing electron.
This missing electron is called a positive hole`. The majority charge-carriers in
this semiconductor are the ....... and this semiconductor is thus known
as a p-type semiconductor.

9.2.2 The p-n junction (Semiconductor diode)
1. What is the Iunction oI semiconductor diode?
....................................
....................................
2. Label the p-n junction below and draw a symbol oI the diode.

trivalent Boron
positive holes
three
one
The 1unction o1 semiconductor diode is to allow current to 1low through it in one /irection
only.
Figure 9.13
ptype ntype
Positive hole Negative electron

Symbol
pn function
Figure 9.13

9
-
-
3. (a) Forward-biased
(i) n Iorward-bias, the p-type oI the diode is connected to ........ and the n-
type is connected to the ........ oI the battery.
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in Iorward-bias.

(iii) Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes Ilow in the diagram.

(b) Reverse-biased
(i) n reverse-bias, the p-type oI the diode is connected to ........ , and the n-
type is connected to the ........ oI the battery.
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in reverse-bias.

4. Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes Ilow in the diagram.

5. What the meaning oI rectiIication?
....................................
....................................

negative terminal
positive terminal
positive terminal
negative terminal
The bulb is light up

The bulb does not light up

The bulb is light up

The bulb does not light up

#ecti1ication is a process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode.
Figure 9.14
Figure 9.15

10
6. The Iigure shows a halI-wave rectiIier circuit that is connected to CRO.
(i) Sketch waveIorm oI the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the time-
base is on.

(ii) Sketch waveIorm oI the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.

7. The Iigure shows a Iull-wave rectiIier circuit that is connected to CRO.
(i) Draw arrows to show the current Ilow in the 1irst hal1 cycle and
to show the current Ilow in second hal1 cycle in the diagram.
(ii) Sketch the waveIorm oI the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the
time-base is on.

%4#
a
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.18

11
(iii) Sketch waveIorm oI the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.

8. What is the Iunction oI the capacitor?
.......................................

9.3 TRANSISTOR
9. 3.1 Terminals of a Transistor.
1. What is a transistor?
....................................
2. Draw and label symbol oI n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor.

3. State the Iunction Ior each terminal in a transistor.
(a) The emitter, E :
...............................
(b)The base, :
....... .......................
(c) The collector, C:
.................................

cts as a current regulator or smoother.
%4#

a
transistor is a silicon chip which has three terminals labeled as base, collector and emitter.
n-p-n transistor
Base, B
Collector, C
Emitter, E
p-n-p transistor
Base, B
Collector, C
Emitter, E
cts as a source o1 charge carriers, providing electrons to the collector.
Controls the movement o1 charge carriers (electrons) 1rom the emitter (E) to the collector (C).
#eceives the charge carriers 1rom the emitter (E)
Figure 9.19

12
9.3.2 Transistor circuit
1. (a) Transistor circuit with 2 batteries.

(b) Transistor circuit with 1 battery.

2. The working circuit oI a transistor used as a potential divider can be connected as shown
in Iigure. The voltage across R
x
and R
y
can be calculated as Iollows.
'
# #
#
'
y
'
+
'
+
'
# #
#
'
y
y
Y
'
+
'
+

BE : ..............
CE : ..............
I
b
: ..............
I
c
: ..............
#

: ................
#
2
: ................
E

: ................
E
2
: ................
# : ................
#y : ................
Base circuit
Collector circuit
Base current
Collector current
Limit the base current
Limit the collector current
Supply energy to the base circuit
Supply energy to circuit.
Potential divider
Potential divider

I
e

Remember:
e

b

c

e
~
c
~
b
c
~~~~
b
No
b,
No
c

I
e

Figure 9.20
Figure 9.21

13
(a) Figure shows a transistor circuit. The bulb can be lighted up when potential diIIerence, '
across resistor P is 2V and resistance P is 10 k. Calculate the maximum resistance, S so
that the bulb is lighted up.

9.2.3 Transistor as an Automatic Switch.
1. Complete the statement below.

The switching action is produced by using a potential divider. n a working circuit
shown in Iigure, a resistor, R
X
and a ........... are being used to Iorm a
potential divider. I the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is .... and
the transistor switches .... However, iI the resistance oI the variable resistor is
increased, the base voltage will...... When the base voltage reached a certain
minimum value, the base current, I
B
switches on the transistor. A large collector current,
I
C
Ilows to light up the bulb.

2. What type oI transistor is used in an automatic switch circuit?
....................................

ulb
Solution.
'
# #
#
'
p s
p
p
'
+
'
+

V 6
10 10
10 10
V 2
3
3
'
+
'
L +
L
s
#

30000 10 10
3
L +
S
#
k #
S
20 20000
I
C

I
E

I
B

R
X

R
Y
ase voltage
attery voltage
increases
variable resistor
:ero
o11
Transistor npn
Figure 9.22
Figure 9.23

14

3. (a) Light Controlled Switch
(i) Complete the statement below.

Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that Iunctions as a light controlled switch.
The ........... (LDR) has a very high resistance in the .... and a low
resistor in ......... R is a Iixed ...... The LDR and R Iorm a potential
divider in the circuit.
n bright light, the LDR has a very .... resistance compared to R. ThereIore, the base
voltage oI the transistor is too .... to switch on the transistor.
n darkness, the resistance oI the LDR is very ... and the voltage across the LDR is
... enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the bulb. This circuit can be
used to automatically switch .. the bulb at night.

(ii) Complete the table below.
Condition R
LDR
V
LDR
R V
R
Transistor (ON or OFF)
Daylight
Darkness
Remember
c
~~~~
b
(iii) How can the circuit in Iigure be modiIied to switch on the light at daytime?
....................................

light-dependent resistor dark
bright light
resistor
low
low
large
high
on
low low
high high
high high
low
low ON
OFF
The circuit can be modi1ied by interchanging the positions o1 the L# and resistor #.
I
C

I
E

1k
R
LDR
10 k
6 V
Figure 9.24

15
(b) A Heat-Controlled Switch
(i) Complete the statement below.

Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that Iunction as a heat controlled switch.
A .......is a special type oI resistor. ts resistance becomes very ... when it is
cold. When the thermistor is heated, its resistance .... rapidly. At room
temperature, the thermistor has a .... resistance compared to R. ThereIore, the base
voltage oI the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor.
When the thermistor is heated, its ...... drops considerablely compared to R.
ThereIore, the ......, '
B
is high enough to switch ... the transistor. When the
transistor is switch on, the relay switch is activated and the relay is switched .... The
circuit can also be used in a fire alarm system.

(ii) What is the Iunction oI a diode is used in the heat-controlled circuit?
....................................
....................................
(iii) Complete the table below.
Temperature R
Thermistor
V
Thermistor
R V
R
Transistor (ON or OFF)
High
Low
Remember
c
~~~~
b

thermistor
high
drops
high
resistance
base voltage on
To protect the transistor 1rom being damaged by the large induced e.m.1 in the relay
coil when the collector current, I
C
drops to :ero.
low low
high high
high high
low
low
ON
OFF
on
Relay
Alarm
R

R
Thermistor Diode
Figure 9.25

16
9.2.4 Transistor as a Current Amplfier
1. Complete the statement below.

A transistor Iunctions as a current ampliIier by allowing a small current to control a
larger current. The magnitude oI the ........,
C
is primarily determined by the
.........,
. A ..... change in the base current,
will cause a ....

change in the collector current,
C
. The current ampliIication can be calculated as Iollows:

2. Name the type oI the transistor used.
....................................
3. What will happened to the readings oI the miliammeter, m and microammeter, 3 when
the resistance oI R is reduced?
....................................
4. A transistor is said to have two states, the ON` state and OFF` state.
(a) Explain the meaning oI the ON` state oI a transistor.
.................................
(b) Explain the meaning oI the OFF` state oI a transistor.
.................................
.................................
(c) What is the Iunction oI the rheostat, R?
.................................
(d) What is the Iunction oI the resistor, S?
.................................
I
C

I
E

R
1

R
2

R

mA
3A
Current AmpliIication
B
C
I
I

collector current
base current small big
When a transistor is in the ON state, currents 1low in the base and in the collector circuit.
When a transistor is in the ON state, there is no current in the base and in the collector
circuit.
To change the base current.
To control and limit the base current.
npn transistor
The readings on miliammeter and microammeter increase.
Figure 9.26

17
9.4 Logic Gates
9.4.1 Analysing Logic gates
1. What is a logic gate?
....................................
2. Complete the table below.
Gates Symbol Truth table
AND gate

nput Output
B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1 1
OR gate

nput Output
B Y
0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOT gate

nput Output
Y
0 1
1
switching circuit that is applied in computer in computer and other electronic devices.
Y

B
Y

Y

B

18
NAND
gate

nput Output
B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1
NOR gate

nput Output
B Y
0 0 1
0 1
1 0
1 1

9.4.2 Combinations of logic Gates
1. Find the output Y Ior each combination oI logic gates.

The truth table:

nput Output
B P Y
0 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 0
Y

B
Y

B
Y

B
P
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1

Figure 9.27

19
2.

The truth table:

3.

The truth table:

nput Output
B P Q Y
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0
nput Output
B
B
X Y
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
Y

B
P 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1

Q
Y

B
B
0011
0101

X
Figure 9.28
Figure 9.29

20
4.

The truth table:

5.

The truth table:

nput Output
B P Q Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
nput Output
B P Q Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
Y

B
P
Q
0011
0101

Q
S
R
P
Q
Figure 9.30
Figure 9.31

21
6. Figure shows a logic gate system which switches on an air-conditioner automatically.

Keys:
The light detector (nput J): n the day, logic '1.
At night, logic '0.
The heat detector (nput K): Hot, logic '1.
Cool logic '0.

(a) Complete the truth table below:

(b)ased on the truth table in (a), state the conditions in which the air-conditioner conditions
in which the air-conditioner will operate and Iunction normally.
....................................

nput Output
J K L
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1
L
Light
detector
Heat
detector

Input J
Input K
irconditioner
On a hot say or daytime On a hot night
Figure 9.32

22
Reinforcement Chapter 9
Part A: Objective questions
1. Which oI the Iollowing is not a property
oI cathode rays?
A. t is positively charged.
. t travels in a straight line.
C. t can be deIlected by magnetic Iield.
D. t can be deIlected by electric Iield.

2. Cathode rays consists oI
A. Fluorescent particles
. Light rays Irom a screen
C. eams oI Iast moving particles
D. Light rays Irom hot Iilament

3. A beam oI electrons is being deIlected
due to a potential diIIerence between
plates P and Q.

Which oI the Iollowing statements is not
true?
A. The potential at plate P is positive.
. The deIlection would be greater iI
the potential diIIerence is greater.
C. The deIlection would be greater iI
the electrons are moving Iaster.
D. The electron beam will return to
straight line iI a suitable magnetic
Iield is applied between the plates.

4. The Iigure 9.34 shows the trace
displayed on a CRO with the Y-gain
control is turned to 3.75 V/div.
What is the maximum value oI the
potential diIIerence being measured?

A. 2.5 V
. 5.5 V
C. 7.5 V
D. 12.5 V
E. 15.0 V

5. n p-type semiconductor
A. The number oI holes are equal to the
number oI electrons.
. The number oI the holes are more
than the number oI electrons.
C. The number oI the holes are less than
the number oI electrons.

6. Which oI the Iollowing is not true about
diode?
A. t can be used to rectiIy alternating
current.
. t can only conduct electricity when
it is connected in Iorward in Iorward
bias in a circuit.
C. t is Iormed by joining an n-type and
a p-type semiconductor.
D. The majority charge carriers in the
diode are electrons.

7. The Iigure 9. 35 shows the arrangement
oI silicon atoms aIter an atom P is doped
to Iorm an extrinsic semiconductor.

Which oI the Iollowing is not true?
A. The conductivity oI the
semiconductor increases.
. The semiconductor becomes an n-
type.
C. The majority charge carrier is
electron.
D. Atom P is a trivalent atom.

Figure 9.34
P
Q
Figure 9.33
Figure 9.35

23
8. The Iigure 9.36 shows a rectiIier circuit.
Which oI the Iollowing statements is
true?

A. A rectiIier changes d.c to a.c.
. Device P allows current to Ilow in
any directions.
C. Device Q acts as a rectiIier.
D. The rectiIier circuit would still work
iI device P is reversed.

9. The Iigure 9.37 shows a circuit
consisting oI two diodes and a bulb.
When the switch is on, the bulb does not
light up.
What needs to be done to light up the
bulb?

A. Replace the diode with a new one.
. Reverse the connection oI the diode.
C. ncrease the number oI bulbs.
D. Connect a resistor in series with the
bulb.

10.

Figure 9.38 shows Iour identical bulbs,
P, Q, R and S, and Iour electronic
components connected in a circuit.
Which oI the Iollowing bulbs will light
up continuously when the switch is on?
A. P and Q only
. P, Q and R only
C. R and S only
D. P, Q and S only

11.Which oI the Iollowing circuits shows
the connect directions oI the base current
, emitter current,
E
and collector
current,
C
?

Figure 9.36
Figure 9.37
Figure 9.38
P
Q

24
12.Which oI the Iollowing statements about
a transistor is not true?
A. A transistor can act as an ampliIier
. A transistor can act as a relay switch.
C. The Iunction oI a transistor is the
same as that oI two diodes.
D. A transistor is a combination oI two
types oI semiconductors.

13.What is the Iunction oI the transistor
circuit shown in Iigure 9.39?
A. As an ampliIier
. As a rectiIier
C. As a switch device
D. As a modulator

14.The Iigure 9.40 shows a transistor being
used as a current ampliIier.

Which oI the Iollowing is correct?
A.

~
C

.

C

C.

C

15.Figure 9.41 shows a circuit consisting oI
a transistor which acts as an automatic
switch. When the potential diIIerence
across the thermistor is 3 V and the
resistance oI the thermistor is 1000 ,
the resistance value oI resistor, R is ..

A. 3 k
. 4 k
C. 5 k
D. 6 k
E. 7 k

16.The Iigure 9. 42 shows a transistor
circuit being used to ampliIy sound.

Which oI the Iollowing is not correct
about the circuit?
A. T is an npn transistor
. The capasitor prevents d.c current
but allows a.c current to pass through
it.
C. Speaker ampliIies the sound.
D. R
1
and R
2
act as potential divider.

17.The Iigure 9.43 shows a logic gate
circuit with input signals, X and Y.

Which oI the Iollowing is the output
signal?
Figure 9.41
C

Figure 9.40
M- Microphone
C- Capacitor
S- Speaker

Figure 9.42
Figure 9.43
Figure 9.39

25

18.The Iigure 9.44 shows a logic gate
circuit.

Which oI the Iollowing is the output
signal Z?
A. 0110
. 1010
C. 1110
D. 0101

19.The Iigure 9.44 shows the combination
oI three logic gates.

The truth table Ior the combination oI
tree logic gates is as Iollows.
What is gate X?
A. AND
. NOR
C. OR
D. NAND

20.The Iigure 9. 45 shows a combination oI
three logic gates in a logic circuit. When
inputs P and Q are both 1 output Y is 1.

Which oI the Iollowing logic gates can
be used to represent J and K?

A.
.
C.
D.
J K
AND NOR
NAND NOR
OR AND
NOR AND

Part B: Structured Questions.
1. Figure 9.46 shows a trace obtained on an oscilloscope screen when an a.c voltage is
connected to the Y-plates oI an oscilloscope.

(a) Explain what is meant by thermionic emission.
....................................
(b)Determine the peak voltage oI a.c voltage.
....................................
(c) Determine the time Ior one complete oscillation on the screen.
....................................
Figure 9.43
Figure 9.44
Y

J
K
Figure 9.45
Figure 9.46
Emission o1 electrons 1rom the sur1ace o1 a metal by heat.
2 x 3 6'
2 x 5 ms
Scale: 1 division 1 cm
The Y-gain is set at 3 V/cm
The time base is set at 5 ms/cm

26
(d)What is the Irequency oI the a.c voltage?
....................................
(e) With the same a.c voltage applied to the oscilloscope, the time-base setting is altered to
2.5 ms/cm and the Y-gain setting is altered to 2 V/cm. On the space below, sketch the
new trace would appear on the oscilloscope.

2. Figure 9. 47 shows a Iull wave bridge rectiIier. The a.c supply has a Irequency oI 50 Hz.

(a) When the polarity oI the a.c supply voltage is positive at A, state the two diodes which
are Iorward biased.
....................................
(b)When the polarity oI the a.c supply voltage is negative at A, state the two diodes which
are Iorward biased.

...................................
(c) Using the axes in Iigure 9.48, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor, R.

1 T5 H:
and 3
2 and
Figure 9.47
Time/ms
Voltage/V
Figure 9.48

27
(d)On the Iigure 9.49, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor iI a capacitor is
connected across the resistor iI a capacitor is connected across the resistor R parallel with
the resistor.

(e) Explain how the capacitor causes the voltage across the resistor to vary with time in the
way that you have drawn.
....................................
....................................

3. A student wants to build a simple liIt motor control system which operates using two buttons,
A and Ior a two-storey building.
A: Up button
: Down button
The liIt motor only activates when someone presses any one oI the buttons. Figure 9.50
shows the circuit that can be used to activate the motor.

Keys:
uttons A and : When pressed, logic '1
Not pressed, logic 0
X Output : Motor is activated, logic '1

The charging o1 the capacitor by the power supply and the discharging o1 the capacitor
through the resistor will smooth the output.
Time/ms
Voltage/V
Figure 9.49
12 V
0 V
A

Logic gate
X
240 V
Relay switch Motor
Figure 9.50

28
(a) The truth table below shows the operations oI the logic gates in a liIt motor control
system.

(i) Using the keys given, complete the truth table.
(ii) Name the logic gate in the circuit in the Iigure 9.50.
...............................
(iii) n the space below, draw the logic gate symbol in 3(a)(ii).

(b)Why is a relay switch needed in the circuit?
....................................
....................................
(c) The door oI the liIt is Iitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light
dependent resistor, LDR. I the light dependent resistor detects light, the relay switch is
activated and the liIt door will close. Figure 9.51 shows an electronic circuit Ior the
control system oI the liIt door.

nput Output
B X
0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1
R
Motor
240 V
Figure 9.51
N Gate
ctivates large current in the main secondary circuit supply small current
at the output cannot activate the motor.

29
(i) State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity oI light received
by the light dependent resistor, LDR.
...............................
...............................
(ii) Complete the circuit in Iigure 9.51 by drawing the resistor and the light
dependent resistor using the symbols given below.

(iii) Explain how the circuit Iunctions.
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................
...............................

Resistor Light dependent resistor
The higher the light intensity, the lower the resistance o1 the resistor.
High light intensity produces lower resistance and high base voltage
- bigger base current 1lows and activates the transistor
- big collector current 1lows through the relay switch and activates the
circuit o1 the door motor.


30
Part C: Essay Questions
1.
(a) The diode, bulb and battery in circuit X and circuit Y oI Iigures 9.52 and 9.53 are
identical.

(i) What is meant by a direct current and an alternating current? |2 marks|
(ii) Using Figures 9.52 and Iigure 9.53, compare the connection o1 the diodes and the
conditions o1 the bulbs. Relating the connection oI the diodes and the conditions oI
the bulbs, deduce the Iunction oI a diode. |5 marks|
(iii) State the use oI a diode. |1 mark|

(b)A semiconductor diode is made by joining a p-type semiconductor with a n-type
semiconductor. Describe and explain the production and the characteristics oI a p-type
semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor. |4 marks|

2. Figure 9.55 shows Iour circuits W, X, Y and Z, each has an ideal transIormer and the circuit
are used Ior the purpose oI rectiIication.

Figure 9.52 Figure 9.53
Circuit W
Circuit X
Circuit Y
Circuit Z

31
0
1
2
3
4
5
(i) What is meant by recti1ication? |1mark|
(ii) Explain the working principle oI a transIormer. |3 marks|
(iii) You are asked to make a 12 V battery charger. Study the circuits W, X, Y and Z in
Iigures 9.55 and consider the Iollowing aspects:
Type oI transIormer
The number oI turns in the primary coil and in the secondary coil.
Type oI rectiIication
Characteristics oI output current
Explain the suitability oI the above aspects and hence, determine the most suitable
circuit to make the battery charge. |6 marks|

3. A student carries out an experiment to determine the relationship between the collector
current
C
to the base current

oI a transistor.

Transistor T is connected to Iixed resistor R
1
1k and R
2
56 k and a rheostat R
3
as
shown in Iigure 9.56. The battery supplies a voltage oI 6 V to the transistor circuit.
Rheostat R
3
is adjusted until the current detected by microammeter A
1
is 10 3A. The
collector current,
C
recorded by miliammeter A
2
is shown in Iigure 9.57(a).

(a)
103A
mA
T
6V
R
1
1k
A
2

I
C

A
1

I
B

R
2
56k
R
2
2k
Figure 9.56
31

32
Rheostat R
3
is then adjusted to lower value so that microammeter A
1
gives
20 3A, 30
3A, 40 3A, 50 3A and 60 3A. The corresponding readings oI
C
on miliammeter, A
2
are
shown in Iigure 9.57(b), 9.57(c), 9.57(d), 9.57(e) and 9.57(I).

0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
(b)
203A
(b)
303A
(c)
403A
(d)
503A
(e)
603A
mA mA
mA mA
mA
32

33
(a) For the experiment described identiIy.
(i) the manipulated variable : ..............
(ii) the responding variable : ..............
(iii) the Iixed variable : ..............
(b) From the Iigure in 9.57, record the collector current,
C
when
10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and

603A. Tabulate your results Ior
and
C
in the space given below.
3A
C
mA
10 0.8
20 1.6
30 2.4
40 3.1
50 3.9
60 4.8

(c) On a graph paper, draw a graph oI
C
against
.
(d) ased on your graph, determine the relationship between
C
and
.

....................................

4. Figure 9.58 shows a microphone connected to a power ampliIier. When the microphone
has detected a sound, an ampliIied sound is given out through the loudspeaker. The sound
becomes louder iI the volume oI the ampliIier is turned on to increase the power.

The base current, I
B

The collector current, I
C

The supply voltage
I
c
is directly proportional to I
B

Figure 9.58
Loudspeaker
Power ampliIier
Volume control
Microphone

34
Using the inIormation based on the observation oI the brightness oI the bulbs,
(a) Make one suitable inIerence.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.
(c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b). Choose suitable
apparatus such as a diode, rheostat and others.
n your description, state clearly the Iollowing:
(i) Aim oI the experiment,
(ii) Variables in the experiment,
(iii) List oI apparatus and materials,
(iv) Arrangement oI the apparatus,
(v) The procedure oI the experiment, which includes the method oI controlling
the manipulated variable and the method oI measuring the responding
variable,
(vi) The way you would tabulate the data,
(vii) That way you would analyse the data.

Chapter 9 Student)

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5

Students Copy Chapter 9. Electronics

(b) Transistor circuit with 1 battery.

. A ..... change in the base current,

will cause a ....

10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and

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