Solutions Chap18

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN (Fourier Analysis) SOLUTIONS
1.
v(t ) = 3 − 3cos(100π t − 40°) + 4sin(200π t − 10°) + 2.5cos 300π t V
(a) Vav = 3 − 0 + 0 + 0 = 3.000 V
1
(b) Veff = 32 + (32 + 42 + 2.52 ) = 4.962 V
2
2π 2π
(c) T= = = 0.02 s
ω o 100π
(d) v(18ms) = 3 − 3cos(−33.52°) + 4sin(2.960°) + 2.5cos(19.440°) = −2.459 V
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 6th Edition Copyright 2002 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All Rights Reserved
2. (a)
t v t v
0 2 0.55 -0.844
0.05 2.96 0.6 0.094
0.1 3.33 0.65 0.536
0.15 2.89 0.7 0.440
0.2 1.676 0.75 0
0.25 0 0.8 -0.440
0.3 -1.676 0.85 -0.536
0.35 -2.89 0.9 -0.094
0.4 -3.33 0.95 0.844
0.45 -2.96 1 2
0.5 -2
(b) v′ = −4π sin 2π t + 7.2π cos 4π t = 0

∴ 4sin 2π t = 7.2(cos 2 2π t − sin 2 2π t )
−4 ± 16 + 414.72
∴ 4sin 2π t = 7.2(1 − 2sin 2 2π t ) ∴ x = = 0.5817, − 0.8595 = sin 2π t
28.8
∴ t = 0.09881, 0.83539 ∴ vmax = 3.330 (0.5593 for smaller max)
(c) vmin = 3.330
3.
(a) T = 10 s, Fav = ao = 0.1(2 × 4 + 2 × 2) = 1.200
2 2
1
5 ∫0
(b) Feff = (4 − t ) 2 dt = 0.2 ∫ (16 − 8t + t 2 ) dt
0
 2
2
1 3 
2
 8
= 0.2 16t −4t + t  = 0.2  32 − 16 +  = 1.9322
2

0
0 3 0   3
2π t
2 2 2
2
(c) a3 = × 2 ∫ (4 − t ) cos 3 × dt = 0.4 ∫ 4 cos 0.6π t dt − 0.4 ∫ t cos 0.6π t dt
10 0
10 0 0
2 2
1  1 t 
= 1.6 sin 0.6π t −0.4  cos 0.6π t + sin 0.6π t 
0.6π 0
 0.36π
2
0.6π 0
8 10 4
= sin1.2π − 2 (cos1.2π − 1) − sin 1.2π = −0.04581
3π 9π 3π
4.
(a) T=8−2=6s
1
(b) fo = Hz
6
π
(c) ω o = 2π f o = rad/s
3
1
(d) ao = (10 × 1 + 5 × 1) = 2.5
6
2 2π t 2π t 
3 4
(e)
b2 = ∫ 10sin dt + ∫ 5sin dt 
6 2 3 3
3 
1  30 2π t 2π t 
3 4
15
= − cos − cos 
3  2π 3 2 2π 3 3 
1  15  4π  7.5  8π   1  15 7.5 
∴ b2 =  −  cos 2π − cos −  cos − cos 2π   =  − (1.5) − (−1.5)  = −1.1937
3 π  3  π  3  3  π π 
5.
2 6π t 6π t  1 10 
3 4 3 4
5
a3 = ∫ 10 cos dt + ∫ 5cos dt  =  sin π t − sin π t 
6 2 6 3
6  3  π 2 π 3
10  1 1 
=  sin 3π − sin 2π + sin 4π − sin 3π  = 0
3π  2 2 
1
3 4
 1  10 3
5
4

b3 =  ∫ 10sin π tdt + ∫ 5sin π t dt  =  − cos π t − cos π t 
3 2 3  3  π 2 π 3
10  1 1  10
=−  cos 3π − cos 2π + cos 4π − cos 3π  = − ( −1) = 1.0610
3π  2 2  3π
a32 + b32 = 1.0610
6.
2π
(a) 3.8cos 2 80πt = 1.9 + 1.9cos160πt , T = = 12.5 ms, ave value = 1.9
160π
(b) 3.8cos3 80πt = (3.8cos 80πt )(0.5 + 0.5cos 160πt )

= 1.9 cos80πt + 0.95cos 240πt + 0.95cos80πt = 2.85 cos 80πt + 0.95 cos 240πt
2π
T= = 25 ms, ave value = 0
80π
2π
(c) 3.8cos 70πt − 3.8sin 80πt; ωot = πt , ωo = π, T = = 2 s; ave value = 0
π
7. T = 2 s
4 × 2πt
t 1t
21 1
(a) b4 = ∫ sin dt = − cos 4πt
20 2 4π 0
1
∴ b4 = (1 − cos 4πt1 )
4π
π
max when 4πt1 = , t1 = 0.125 s
2
1
(b) b4 =
4π
8.
g (t ) = 5 + 8cos10t − 5cos15t + 3cos 20t − 8sin10t − 4sin15t + 2sin 20t
2π
(a) ωo = 5 ∴ T = = 1.2566 s
5
5 10
(b) fo = β = 4 fo = = 3.183 Hz
2π π
(c) G av = −5
1
(d) G eff = (−5) 2 + (82 + 52 + 32 + 82 + 42 + 22 ) = 116 = 10.770
2
(e)
9.
T = 0.2, f (t ) = Vm cos 5πt , −0.1 < t < 0.1
0.1 0.1
2
Vm cos 5πt cos10 nπt dt = 5Vm ∫ [cos(5π + 10nπ)t + cos(10nπ − 5π)t ] dt
0.2 −∫0.1
an =
−0.1
0.1
 1 1 
= 5Vm  sin(10nπ + 5π) t + sin(10nπ − 5π)t 
10nπ + 5π 10nπ − 5π  −0.1
V  2 2 
= m sin(10nπ + 5π) 0.1 + sin(10nπ − 5π) 0.1
π  2n + 1 2n − 1 
Vm  2 2 
=  sin(nπ + 0.5π) + sin(nπ − 0.5π) 
π  2n + 1 2n − 1 
V  2 2  2V  1 1 
= m cos nπ + (− cos nπ)  = m cos nπ  − 
π  2n + 1 2n − 1  π  2n + 1 2n − 1 
2V 2n − 1 − 2n − 1 4V cos nπ
= m cos nπ =− m 2
π 4n − 1
2
π 4n − 1
1  π  π   2V
0.1
1
ao = ∫
0.2 −0.1
Vm cos 5πt dt = 5Vm  sin − sin  −   = m
5π  2  2  π
2Vm 4Vm 4V 4V 4V
∴ v(t ) = + cos10πt − m cos 20πt + m cos 30πt − m cos 40πt + ...
π 3π 15π 35π 63π
10.
1
(a) even, − wave
2
(b) bn = 0 for all n; aeven = 0; ao = 0
(c) b1 = b2 = b3 = 0, a2 = 0
2
nπt nπt 20  nπ nπ 
2
8 10 6
an = ∫
12 1
5cos
6
dt =
3 nπ
sin =
6 1 nπ 
 sin
3
− sin 
6 
20  π π 20  π 20
∴ a1 =  sin − sin  = 2.330, a3 =  sin π − sin  = − = −2.122
π  3 6 3π  2 3π
11.
(a) ao = an = 0
∴ y (t ) = 0.2sin1000πt + 0.6 sin 2000πt + 0.4sin 3000πt
(b) Yeff = 0.5(0.22 + 0.6 2 + 0.42 ) = 0.5(0.56) = 0.5292
(c) y (2ms) = 0.2sin 0.2π + 0.6sin 0.4π + 0.4sin 0.6π = 1.0686
12.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
2π5t 5πt 3.2  15π 10π 

3 3
4 32 6
(e) [a ]b5 = 0, a5 =
62∫ 8cos
6
dt =
6 10π
sin
3 2
=
π 
 sin
3
− sin
3 
 = 0.8821
2π5t 32  −6  15π 10π 

3
4 3.2
[b]a5 = 0, b5 =
62∫ 8sin
6
dt =   cos
6  10π  3
− cos
3 
=−
π
( −0.5) = 0.5093
2π5t 64 12  15π 10π 

3
8
[c]b5 = 0, a5 = ∫ 8cos dt =  sin − sin  = 3.801
12 2 12 12 10π  6 6 
10πt 64  12   15π 10π 
3
8
[d ]a5 = 0, b5 = ∫
12 2
8sin
12
dt =  −   cos
12  10π   6
− cos
6 
 = 1.0186
13.
T = 4 ms
250 × 8
0.004 0.004
1000
(a) ao =
4 ∫
0
8sin125πt dt =
−125π
cos125πt
0
16  π  16
=−  cos − 1 = = 5.093
π 2  π
2πt
0.004
(b) a1 = 4000 ∫
0
sin125πt cos
0.004
dt
0.004 0.004
∴ a1 = 4000 ∫
0
sin125πt cos 500πt dt = 2000 ∫
0
(sin 625πt − sin 375πt ) dt
 cos 625πt cos 375πt 

0.004
3.2 5.333
= 2000  − +  = (1 − cos 2.5π) − (1 − cos1.5π) = −0.6791
 625π 375π 0 π π
0.004 0.004
b1 = 4000 ∫
0
sin125πt sin 500πt dt = 2000 ∫
0
(cos 375πt − cos 625πt ) dt
 1 1   −1 1 
= 2000  (sin1.5π) − (sin 2.5π)  = 2000  −  = −2.716
 375π 625π   375π 625π 
(c) −4 < t < 0 : 8sin125πt

0.004
(d) 4000
b1 = 0, a1 =
8 ∫
0
8sin125πt cos 250πt dt
cos 375πt cos125πt 

0.004
[sin 375πt − sin125πt ] dt = 2000 −

0.004
∴ a1 = 2000 ∫
0  375π
+
125π  0
π
(1 − cos1.5π ) +  cos − 1 = −3.395+
5.333 16
=
π π 2 
14.
1
odd and − wave ∴ ao = 0, an = 0, beven = 0
2
T = 10ms = 0.01 s
8  
0.001
 −1 
0.001
bodd = ∫0

0.01 
10sin 200 n πt dt  = 8000 
  200 n π
 cos 200nπt
 0
40 40
∴ bodd = − (cos 0.2nπ − 1) = (1 − cos 0.2nπ)
nπ nπ
∴ b1 = 2.432, b3 = 5.556, b5 = 5.093, b7 = 2.381, b9 = 0.2702
15.
T /4
1 8
odd and
2
− wave, T = 8 ms ∴ bn =
T ∫
0
f (t ) sin nωot dt
2π
0.001
ωo =
T
= 250π ∴ bn = 1000 ∫
0
1000 t sin 250πnt dt
1
Now, ∫ x sin ax dx = a (sin a
2 x − ax cos ax ) , a = 250 nπ
106
2 2 2 (
f (t ) = 103 t ∴ bn = sin 250nπt − 250nπt cos 250nπt )0
0.001
250 n π
16  nπ nπ nπ  16  π π π
∴ bn = 2 2  sin − 0 − cos + 0  ∴ b1 = 2  sin − cos  = 0.2460
nπ  4 4 4  π  4 4 4
16  3π 3π 3π  16  5π 5π 5π 
b3 = 2 
sin − cos  = 0.4275− ; b5 = 2 
sin − cos  = 0.13421
9π  4 4 4  25π  4 4 4 
beven =0
16.
(a) odd, T = 4
(b) even, T = 4:
1
(c) odd, − wave: T = 8
2
1
(d) even, − wave, T = 8 :
2
17.
20 ∞ 1 2πnt 20 20
(a) vs = 5 + ∑
π 1,odd n
sin
0.4π
∴ vsn =
nπ
sin 5nt , Vsn =
nπ
(− j1)
Vsn − j 20 j5
Zn = 4 + j 5n 2 = 4 + j10n, Ifn = = =−
Zn nπ(4 + j10n) 1 + j 2.5n
j 5 1 − j 2.5n 12.5 + j 5
∴ Ifn = − =−
nπ 1 + 6.25n 2
nπ(1 + 6.25n 2 )
12.5 1 5 1
∴ i fn = − cos 5nt + sin 5nt
π 1 + 6.25n 2
nπ 1 + 6.25n 2
∞
1  12.5 5 
∴ i f = 1.25 + ∑ 2 
− cos 5nt + sin 5nt 
1,odd 1 + 6.25n  π nπ 
∞
1  12.5 
(b) in = Ae −2t , i = i f + in , i (0) = 0, i f (0) = 1.25 + ∑ 1 + 6.25n
1,odd
2 −
 π 

2 ∞
1 2 π
∴ i f (0) = 1.25 −
π
∑
1,odd n + 0.16
2
= 1.25 −
π 4 × 0.4
tanh 0.2π = 0.55388
∞
1  12.5 5 
∴ A = −0.55388, i = −0.55388e−2 t + 1.25 + ∑ 1 + 6.25n
1, odd
2  − π cos 5nt + nπ sin 5nt 
18.
(a) 0 < t < 0.2π : i = 2.5(1 − e −2 t ) ∴ i (0.2π) = 2.5(1 − e −0.4 π ) = 1.78848 A
(b) 0.2π < t < 0.4π : i = 1.78848 e −2(t − 0.2 π ) ∴ i (0.4π) = 0.50902 A
(c) 0.4π < t < 0.6π : i = 2.5 − (2.5 − 0.50902)e −2(t − 0.4 π ) , i (0.6π) = 1.9335−
19.
20 ∞ 1
(a) vs = 5 + ∑ sin 5nt
π 1,odd n
20
vsn = sin 5nt
nπ
20
Vsn = − j
nπ
1 1 − j 20 / nπ 1 − j 20 / nπ 1 − j 20n
Zn = 2 + = 2+ ∴ Vcn = × = ×
j 5n 2 j10n 2 + 1/ j10n j10n 1 + j 20n 1 − j 20n
−20n − j1 20 20 1
∴ Vcn = × , vcn = ( −20n cos 5nt + sin 5nt )
1 + 400n nπ2
nπ 1 + 400n 2
20 ∞ 1 1 
∴ vcf = 5 + ∑ 2 
π 1,odd 1 + 400n  n
sin 5nt − 20 cos 5nt 

(b) vn = Ae − t / 4
20 ∞ −20 1 ∞
1
(c) vc (0) = A + 5 + ∑
π 1,odd 1 + 400n 2
= A+5−
π
∑
1,odd n + (1/ 20) 2
2
∞
1 π π π
∑
1, odd n + (1/ 20)
2 2
=
4(1/ 20)
tanh
20 × 2
= 5π tanh
40
= 1.23117
1
∴ A = 0 − 5 + × 1.23117 = −4.60811
π
20 ∞ 1 1 
∴ vc (t ) = −4.60811e − t / 4 + 5 + ∑ 2 
π 1,odd 1 + 400n  n
sin 5nt − 20 cos 5nt 

20.
103  
0.001 0.005
 ∫ 100e − ∫ 100e − j100 πt 

− j 3×2 πt / 6×10−3
c3 =
6  0 0.003 
105  −1 
0.001 0.005
− j1000 πt 1 − j1000 πt
=  e + e 
6  j1000π j1000 π 0.003 
 0 
=
j 6π
(
100 − jπ
)
e + 1 + e − j 5 π − e − j 3π =
100
j 6π
(1 + 1 − 1 + 1) = − j10.610
∴ c−3 = j10.610; c3 = 10.610

2 × 103  
0.001 0.005
a3 =  ∫ 100 cos100πt dt − ∫ 100 cos1000πt dt 
6  0 0.003 
2 × 10 5
1
= (sin π − 0 − sin 5π + sin 3π ) = 0
6 1000π
1 1
c3 = (a3 − jb3 ) = − j b3 ∴ b3 = 21.22 and a32 + b32 = 21.22
2 2
21.
1  
0.001 0.002
∫0 105 te − j 400 πnt dt + ∫

− j 400 πnt
(a) T = 5 ms cm =  100 e dt 
0.005  0.001 
 0.001 0.002

∴ cn = 20, 000  ∫ 1000t e− j 400 πnt dt + ∫ e − j 400 πnt dt 
 0 0.001 
 e − j 400 πnt 1 − j 400 πnt
0.002

∴ cn = 20, 000  ( j 400 πnt + 1) 0.001
+ e 
160n π − j 400πn
2 2 0
0.001 

1
(b) ∴ co = ao = (50 × 10−3 + 100 × 10−3 ) = 0.15 × 200 = 30
0.005
 1 
c1 = 20, 000  e − j 0.4 π (1 + j 0.4π) −
1
− (
1
)
e − j 0.8π − e − j 0.4 π 
160π 160π j 400π
2 2

125
= 2 (1∠ − 72°) (1.60597∠51.488°) − 12.66515 + 15.91548 ∠90°(1∠ − 144° − 1∠ − 72°)
π
= 12.665(1∠ − 72°) (1 + j1.2566) − 12.665 + j15.915(1∠ − 144° − 1∠ − 72°)
= 20.339∠ − 20.513° − 12.665 + 18.709∠ − 108° = 24.93∠ − 88.61°
c2 = 3.16625∠ − 144° (1 + j 2.5133) − 3.16625 + j 7.9575(1∠ − 288° − 1∠ − 144°)
= 8.5645 ∠ − 75.697° − 3.16625 + 15.1361∠144° = 13.309∠177.43°
22.
Fig. 17-8a: Vo = 8 V, τ = 0.2µ s, f o = 6000 pps
1 1
(a) T= , f o = 6000,τ = 0.2 µ s ∴ f = = 5 MHz
6000 τ
(b) f o = 6000 Hz
8 × 0.2 × 10−6 sin(1/ 2 × 3 ×12, 000π × 0.2 × 10 −6

(c) 6000 × 3 = 18, 000 (closest) ∴ c3 =
1/ 6000 0.0036 π
∴ c3 = 9.5998 mV
2 × 106 8 × 0.2 × 10−6 sin(1/ 2 × 333 ×12, 000π × 0.2 × 10−6

(d) = 333.3 ∴ c = = 7.270 mV
6 × 103 1/ 2 × 333 × 12, 000π × 0.2 × 10−6
333
1/ 6000
(e) β = 1/ τ = 5 MHz
2000 2200
(f) 2 < ω < 2.2 Mrad/s ∴ < f < kHz or 318.3 < f < 350.1 kHz
2π 2π
f o = 6 kHz ∴ f = 6 × 53 = 318; 324,330,336,342,348 kHz ∴ n = 5
8 × 0.2 ×10−6 sin(1/ 2 × 227 ×12, 000π × 0.2 ×10−6

(g) c227 = = 8.470 mV
1/ 6000 (′′)
f = 227 × 6 = 1362 kHz
23.
T = 5 ms; co = 1, c1 = 0.2 − j 0.2, c2 = 0.5 + j 0.25, c3 = −1 − j 2, cn = 0, n ≥ 4
(a) an = − jbn = 2cn ∴ ao = co = 1, a1 − jb1 = 0.4 − jb1 = 0.4 − j 0.4, a2 − jb2 = 1 + j 0.5, a3 − jb3 = −2
∴ v(t ) = 1 + 0.4 cos 400π t + cos 800π t − 2 cos1200π t + 0.4sin 400π t − 0.5sin 800π t + 4sin1200π t
(b) v(1 ms ) = 1 + 0.4 cos 72° + cos144° − 2 cos 216° + 0.4 sin 72° − 0.5sin144° + 4 sin 216°
∴ v(1 ms ) = −0.332V
24.
0.6×10 −6
106 t
(a) T = 5 µ s ∴ cn = × 2 ∫ 1cos 2π n dt
5 0.4×10 −6
5 × 10−6
5 × 10−6
∴ cn = 4 × 105 (sin 43.2°n − sin 28.8°n )
2π n
1
∴ cn = (sin 43.2°n − sin 28.8°n )
nπ
1
(b) c4 = (sin172.8° − sin115.2°) = −0.06203
4π
0.2 × 10−6 + 0.2 × 10−6

(c) co = ao = = 0.08
5 × 10−6
(d) a little testing shows co is max ∴ cmax = 0.08
1
(e) 0.01× 0.08 = 0.8 × 10−3 ∴ (sin 43.2°n − sin 28.8°n ) ≤ 0.8 ×10−3
nπ
125
∴ (sin 43.2°n − sin 28.8°n ) ≤ 1
nπ
ok for n > 740
740 × 106
(f) β = 740 f o = = 148 MHz
5
25.
T = 1/16, ω o = 32π
1/ 96
16 × 40 − j 96π
1/ 96
∫
− j 96π t
(a) c3 = 16 40e dt − e
0
− j 96π 0
20 − jπ 40
∴ c3 = j (e − 1) = − j = − j 4.244 V
3π 3π
(b) Near harmonics are 2f o = 32 Hz, 3f o = 48 Hz
Only 32 and 48 Hz pass filter an − jbn = 2cn
a3 − jb3 = 2c3 = − j8.488 ∴ a3 = 0, b3 = 8.488 V
8.488 1
I3 = = 1.4536 ∠ − 31.10° A; P3 = × 1.45362 × 5 = 5.283 W
5 + j 0.01× 96π 2
1/ 96
1 640
c2 =
1/16 ∫
0
40e− j 64π t dt =
− j 64π
(e− j 64π / 96 − 1) = 2.7566 − j 4.7746 V
a2 − b2 = 2c2 = 5.5132 − j 9.5492 = 11.026 ∠ − 60°

11.026∠ − 60°
∴ I2 = = 2.046∠ − 65.39° A
5 + j 0.01× 64π
1
∴ P2 = × 2.0462 × 5 = 10.465 W ∴ Ptot = 15.748 W
2
26. f (t ) = 5[u (t + 3) + u (t + 2) − u (t − 2) − u (t − 3)]
(a) f(t)
t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
∞
(b) F( jω) = ∫
−∞
f (t ) e − jωt dt
−2 2 3
∫ 5e dt + ∫ 10e dt + ∫ 5e − jωt dt
− j ωt − j ωt
∴ F( jω) =
−3 −2 2
5 10 − j 2 ω 5
∴ F( jω) = (e j 2 ω − e j 3 ω ) + (e − e j 2ω ) + (e − j 3ω − e − j 2 ω )
− jω − jω − jω
5 5 10
= ( −e j 3 ω + e − j 3 ω ) + (e j 2 ω − e − j 2 ω ) + ( −e j 2 ω + e − j 2 ω )
5 5 10
= (− j 2) sin 3ω + ( j 2) sin 2ω + (− j 2) sin 2ω
10 10 20 10
∴ F( jω) = sin 3ω − sin 2ω + sin 2ω = (sin 3ω + sin 2ω)
ω ω ω ω
27.
∞ ∞
(a) f (t ) = e− at u (t ), a > 0 ∴ F( jω ) = ∫
−∞
f (t )e− jω t dt = ∫ e − at e− jω t dt
0
∞
−1 − ( a + jω )t 1
∴ F( jω ) = e =
a + jω 0
a + jω
∞
(b) f (t ) = eat6 e − at u (t − to ), a > 0 ∴ F( jω ) = eato ∫ e − ( a + jω )t dt
to
∞
−1 − ( a + jω ) t −1 1
∴ F( jω ) = e ato e = e ato  −e − ( a + jω )to  = e − jω to
a + jω to
a + jω a + jω
∞
(c) f (t ) = te − at u (t ), a > 0 ∴ F( jω ) = ∫ te− ( a + jω ) t dt
0
− ( a + jω ) t
e 1 1
2 [
−(a + jω )t − 1]0 = 0 −
∞
∴ F( jω ) = [−1] =
(a + jω ) (a + jω ) 2
(a + jω ) 2
28.
−4 < t < 0 : f (t ) = 2.5(t + 4); 0 < t < 4 : f (t ) = 2.5(4 − t )

0 4
∴ F( jω) = ∫
−4
2.5(t + 4) e − jωt dt + ∫ 2.5(4 − 5)e − jωt dt
0
0
ln 1st , let t = τ ∴ I1 = ∫ 2.5(4 − τ)e jωτ (− d τ)
4
4 4
∴ I1 = ∫ 2.5(4 − τ)e jωτ d τ ∴ F( jω) = 2.5∫ (4 − t )(e jωt + e − jωt ) dt
0 0
4 4 4
1
∴ F( jω) = 5 ∫ (4 − t ) cos ωt dt = 20 × sin ωt − 5∫ cos ωt dt
0
ω 0 0
20 5
∴ F( jω) = sin 4ω − 2 (cos ωt + ωt sin ωt )40
ω ω
20 5 5 5
= sin 4ω − 2 (cos 4ω − 1) − 2 4ω sin 4ω = 2 (1 − cos 4ω)
ω ω ω ω
2×5  sin 2ω 
2
or, F( jω) = 2 sin 2 2ω = 10  

ω  ω 
29.
π
∫ 5sin t e
− j ωt
f (t ) = 5sin t, − π < t < π ∴ F( jω) = dt
−π
π
5
∫ (e − e ) e dt
− jt − j ωt
∴ F( jω) = jt
j 2 −π
π
5
= ∫
j 2 −π
[e jt (1−ω) − e− jt (1+ω) ] dt
5  1 1 
F( jω) =  (e jπ (1−ω) − e− jπ (1−ω) ) − (e− jπ (1+ω) − e jπ (1+ω) ) 
j 2  j (1 − ω) − j (1 + ω) 
−2.5 2.5
= (−e − jπω + e jπω ) − (−e − jπω + e jπω )
1− ω 1+ ω
−2.5 2.5  1 1 
= ( j 2sin πω) − ( j 2sin πω) = j 5sin πω  − − 
1− ω 1+ ω  1− ω 1+ ω 
 1+ ω +1− ω  j10sin πω j10sin πω
= j 5sin πω(−1)  =− =
 1− ω  1 − ω2 ω2 − 1
2
30.
f (t ) = 8cos t [u (t + 0.5π) − u (t − 0.5π)]

π/2 π/2
∴ F( jω) = ∫
−π / 2
8cos te − jωt dt = 4 ∫
−π / 2
(e jt + e − jt ) e − jωt dt
π/2
=4 ∫
−π / 2
e jt (1−ω) + e− jt (1+ω)  dt
 1 − jω t
π/ 2
1
π/2

= 4 e jt e − π / 2 − e− jt e − jωt 
 j (1 − ω) j (1 + ω) −π / 2 
 1 1 
= 4  je− jπω / 2 − (− j ) e jπω / 2  −
  − je − jπω / 2 − je jπω / 2  
 j (1 − ω) j (1 + ω) 
 1 πω 1 πω  πω  1 1 
= 4 × 2 cos + × 2 cos  = 8cos  + 
1 − ω 2 1+ ω 2  2  1− ω 1+ ω 
πω 2 cos πω / 2
= 8cos = 16
2 1− ω 2
1 − ω2
(a) ω = 0 ∴ F( j 0) = 16
16 cos 72°
(b) ω = 0.8, F( j 0.8) = = 13.734
0.36
16 cos(3.1× 90°)
(c) ω = 3.1, F( j 3.1) = = −0.2907
1 − 3.12
31.
∞
1
(a) F( jω) = 4 [u (ω + 2) − ω (ω − 2) ] ∴ f (t ) = ∫ e jωt F( jω)d ω
2π −∞
2 2
∴ f (t ) =
4
∫
2 π −2
e j ωt d ω =
2 1 j ωt
π jt
e =
2
j πt
(
e j 2t − e− j 2t )
−2
2 4 5
∴ f (t ) = j 2sin 2t = sin 2t ∴ f (0.8) = sin1.6rad = 1.5909
2πt πt π
∞
4
∫
−2 ω −2 ω + j ω t
(b) F( jω) = 4e ∴ f (t ) = e dω
2π −∞
0 ∞
2 2
∴ f (t ) = ∫
π −∞
e(2+ jt ) ω d ω + ∫ e( −2+ jω) t d ω
π 0
2 1 1  2 1 1  2 4
=  (1 − 0) + (0 − 1)  =  + =
π  2 + jt −2 + jt  π  2 + jt 2 − jt  π 4 + t
2
8 8
∴ f (t ) = ∴ f (0.8) = = 0.5488
π(4 + t )
2
π× 4.64
(c) F( jω) = 4 cos πω [u (ω + 0.5) − u (ω − 0.5)]

0.5 0.5
∫ 2 (e )
4 2 1
∫ cos πω× e jωt d ω = j πω
∴ f (t ) = + e − jπω e jωt d ω
2π −0.5
π −0.5
0.5
1
=
π ∫
−0.5
e( jπ+ jt ) ω + e( − j 0.5 π− j 0.5t ) ω  d ω
1 1 
= 
π  j (π + t )
(
e j 0.5 π+ j 0.5t − e − j 0.5 π− j 0.5t +
1
j (−π + t )
) ( )
e− j 0.5 π+ j 0.5t − e j 0.5 π− j 0.5t 

1 1 
= 
π  j (π + t )
(
je j 0.5t + je − j 0.5t + )
1
j (−π + t )
(
− je j 0.5t − je − j 0.5t  )

1 1 1  2 cos 0.5t  1 1 
=  2 cos 0.5t − 2 cos 0.5t  =  − 
π π+t −π + t  π  π + t −π + t 
 −2  4
= 2 cos 0.5t  2 2 
= 2 2 cos 0.5t ∴ f (0.8) = 0.3992
 t − π  π −t
32. v(t ) = 20e1.5t u ( −t − 2) V

∞ −2
∫ 20e ∫ 20e
(a) Fv ( jω) = 1.5 t
u (−t − 2)e − jω t
dt = 1.5 t − jωt
dt
−∞ −∞
−2
20 20 20 −3
= e(1.5− jω) t = e−3+ j 2 ω ∴ Fv ( j 0) = e = 0.6638
1.5 − jω −∞
1.5 − jω 1.5
20
(b) Fv ( jω) = A v (ω) + Bv (ω) = e −3e j 2 ω
1.5 − jω
20
∴ Fv ( j 2) = e −3 e j 4 = 0.39830 ∠282.31° = 0.08494 − j 0.38913
1.5 − j 2
∴ A v (2) = 0.08494
(c) Bv (2) = −0.3891
(d) Fv ( j 2) = 0.3983
(e) φv(j2) = 282.3o or -77.69o
33. I( jω) = 3cos10ω [u (ω + 0.05π) − u (ω − 0.05π) ]

∞ 0.05 π
1 2
W = 4× ∫ I( jω) d ω = ∫ 9 cos 2 10ω d ω
2
(a)
2π −∞
π −0.05 π
π / 20 π / 20
18 1 1  9 9 1
=
π ∫  2 + 2 cos 20 ω  d ω = π × 0.1π + π 20 sin 20ω
−π / 20   −π / 20
= 0.9 J
(b) ωx
9 9 1 
π ∫ (1 + cos 20ω) d ω = 0.45 = π  2ω
−ωx
x +
20
× 2sin 20 ωx 

∴ 0.05π = 2ωx + 0.1sin 20ωx , ωx = 0.04159 rad/s
34. f (t ) = 10te−4 t u (t )
∞ ∞ ∞
(a) e −8t
W1Ω = ∫ f (t ) dt = ∫ 100t e
2 2 −8 t
dt = 100 × (64t 2 + 16t + 2)
0 0
(−512) 0
100
= × 2 = 0.3906 J
512
∞ ∞
10e − (4+ jω) t
(b) F( jω) = F {10te u (t )} = 10 ∫ t e
−4 t − (4 + jω) t
dt = [−(4 + jω)t − 1
0
(4 + jω) 2 0
10 10
= ∴ F( jω) = 2
(4 + jω) 2
ω + 16
100
F ( jω ) =
2
(c)
(ω 2
+ 16 )
2
F ( jω ) ω = 0 = 390.6 mJ/Hz , F ( jω ) ω = 4 = 97.66 mJ/Hz

2 2
−2 t
35. v(t ) = 8e V
∞ ∞
∫ v (t ) dt = 2 × 64 ∫e
−4 t
(a) W1Ω = 2
dt = 32 J
−∞ 0
∞ ∞
(b)
∫ ∫e
−2 t
Fv ( jω) = e− jωt v(t ) dt = 8 e− jωt dt
−∞ −∞
0 ∞
∫ dt + 8∫ e − (2+ jω)t dt
(2 − j ω) t
∴ Fv ( jω) = 8 e
−∞ 0
0 ∞
8 8 8 8 32
= e(2− jω)t − e − (2+ jω)t = + = = Fv ( jω)
2 − jω −∞
2 + jω 0
2 − jω 2 + jω 4 + ω2
ω
1 1 322 32 2  ω 1 ω 
2π −ω∫1 (ω2 + 4)2
(c) 0.9 × 32 = d ω =  + tan −1 1 
2π  8(ω1 + 4) 16
2
2
16  ω1 1 ω1  2  2ω1 ω 
∴ 0.9 = ×2 + =  2 + tan −1 1 
π  8(ω1 + 4) 16 2  π  ω1 + 4
2
2
2ω ω
∴ 0.45π = 2 1 + tan −1 1 ∴ω1 = 2.7174 rad/s (by SOLVE)
ω1 + 4 2
36.
∞
(a) Prove: F { f (t − to )} = e − jωto F { f (t )} =
−∞
∫ f (t − to )e − jωt dt Let t − to = τ
∞
∴F { f (t − to )} = ∫
−∞
f (τ)e − jωτe − jωto dt = e − jωto F { f (t )}
∞
df
F { f (t )} = jωF {f (t )} = ∫e
− j ωt
(b) Prove: dt Let u = e − jωt , du = − jωe − jωt ,
−∞
dt
∞
∞
dv = df , v = f ∴F { f (t )} = f (t )e − jωt −∞
+ ∫
−∞
jωf (t )e − jωt dt
We assume f (±∞) = 0 ∴F { f (t )} = jωF { f (t )}
∞
1  jω 
Prove: F { f (kt )} =  = ∫ f (kt )e
− j ωt
(c) F dt Let τ = kt , k > 0
k  k  −∞
∞
1 1  jω 
∴F { f ( kt )} = ∫
−∞
f (τ)e − jωτ / k
k
dτ = F
k  k 

1  jω 
If k < 0, limits are interchanged and we get: − F  
k  k 
1  jω 
∴F { f ( kt )} = F  
k  k 
(d) Prove: F { f (−t )} = F(− jω) Let k = 1 in (c) above

∞
d
(e) Prove: F {tf (t )} = j F( jω) Now, F( jω) = ∫ f (t )e − jωt dt
dω −∞
∞
dF( jω)
∴ = ∫ f (t )(− jt )e − jωt dt = − j F {tf (t )} ∴F {tf ( f )} = jωF f (t )}
dω −∞
37.
(a) f (t ) = 4[sgn(t )δ(t − 1)] ∴F {4[sgn(t )δ(t − 1)] = F {4sgn(1) δ(t − 1)} = F {4δ(t − 1)} = 4e− jω
(b) f (t ) = 4[sgn(t − 1) δ(t )] ∴F {4sgn( −1)δ(t )} = F {−4δ(t )} = −4
4 
(c) f (t ) = 4sin(10t − 30°) ∴F {4sin(10t − 30°) = F  e j (10 t −30°) − e − j (10 t −30°)   =
 j2 
F {− j 2e e + j 2e e } = − j 2e 2πδ(ω − 10) + j 2e 2πδ(ω + 10)
− j 30° j10 t j 30° − j 10 t − jπ / 6 jπ / 6
= − j 4π [e − jπ / 6δ(ω − 10) − e jπ / 6 δ(ω + 10)]
38.
(a) f (t ) = A cos(ωo t + φ) ∴ F( jω) = F {A cosφ cos ωot − A sin φ sin ωo t} =

π 
A cos φ{π[δ(ω + ωo ) + δ(ω − ωo )]} − A sin φ  [δ(ω − ωo ) − δ(ω + ωo )] =
j 
πA{cos φ [δ(ω + ωo ) + δ(ω − ωo )] + j sin φ [δ(ω − ωo ) − δ(ω + ωo )]}
∴ F( jω) = πA[e jφ δ(ω − ωo ) + e − jφ δ(ω + ωo )]
2  1 
(b) f (t ) = 3sgn(t − 2) − 2δ(t ) − u (t − 1) ∴ F( jω) = e − j 2 ω × 3 × − 2 − e − jω  πδ(ω) +
jω  jω 
6 − j 2ω  1
∴ F( jω) = − j e − 2 − e − jω  πδ(ω) − j 
ω  ω
(c) 1 
f (t ) = sinh kt u (t ) ∴ F( jω) = F  [ekt − e− kt ] u (t ) 
2 
1 1 1 1 k + jω + k − jω −k
∴ F( jω) = − = = 2
2 − k + jω 2 k + j ω 2(− k − ω )
2 2
ω + k2
39.
∞
1
(a) F( jω) = 3u (ω + 3) − 3u (ω − 1) ∴ f (t ) = ∫
2π −∞
[3u (ω + 3) − 3u (ω − 1)] e jωt d ω
1 1
3 3 1 jω t 3
∴ f (t ) = ∫
2 π −3
e jωt dt =
2π jt
e =
j 2πt
(e + jt − e− j 3t )
−3
3
∴ f (5) = − j (1∠5rad − 1∠ − 15rad ) = 0.10390 ∠ − 106.48°
10π
(b) F( jω) = 3u (−3 − ω) + 3u (ω − 1) →
∴ F( jω) = 3 − Fa ( jω)
3
f (t ) = 3δ(t ) − (e jt − e − j 3t ) ∴ f (5) = 0 − 0.10390 ∠ − 106.48°
j 2πt
so f(5) = 0.1039∠73.52o
2 1
(c) F( jω) = 2δ(ω) + 3u ( −3 − ω) + 3u (ω − 1) Now, F {2δ(ω)} = =
2π π
1  3  1
∴ f (t ) = + − (e jt − e − j 3t )  ∴ f (5) = − 0.10390 ∠ − 106.48° = 0.3618 ∠15.985+ °
π  j 2πt  π
40.
3 3
(a) F( jω) = + + 3 + 3δ(ω − 1)
1 + jω jω
1.5 jt
∴ f (t ) = 3e− t u (t ) + 1.5sgn(t ) + 3δ(t ) + e
π
1 sin ω 8 / 2
(b) F( jω) = 5sin 4ω = 8 × 2.5
ω ω8 / 2
∴ f (t ) = 2.5[u (t + 4) − u (t − 4)]
6(3 + jω) 6(3 + jω)

(c) F( jω) = = ∴ f (t ) = 3−3t cos 2t u (t )
(3 + jω) + 4 (3 + jω) + 2
2 2 2
41.
T = 4, periodic; find exp′l form
1
1
∴ cn = ∫ 10te − jnπt / 2 dt
4 −1
1
  t 1 
∴ cn = 2.5 e − jnπt / 2  − 2 2 
  − jnπ / 2 − n π / 4   −1
  1 1   1 1 
∴ cn = 2.5 e − jnπ / 2  + 2 2  − e jnπ / 2  + 2 2 
  − jnπ2 n π / 4   jnπ / 2 n π / 4  
 1 4 
= 2.5  (−e− jnπ / 2 − e jnπ / 2 ) + 2 2 (e − jnπ / 2 − e jnπ / 2 ) 
 jnπ / 2 nπ 
j5 nπ 10  nπ 
= × 2 cos + 2 2  − j 2sin 
nπ 2 nπ  2 
∞
 j10 nπ 20 nπ 
∴ f (t ) = ∑  cos − j 2 2 sin  e jnπt / 2
−∞  nπ 2 nπ 2
∞
 j10 nπ 20 nπ   nπ 
∴ F( jω) = ∑  cos − j 2 2 sin  2πδ  ω − 
−∞  nπ 2 nπ 2  2 
42.
T = 4 ms, f1 (t ) = 10u (t ) − 6u (t − 0.001) − 4u (t − 0.003)

2π103
T /2
1
T −T∫/ 2
− jnωo t
cn = f (t ) e dt , ωo = = 500π
4
0.002
= 250 ∫
−0.002
f (t )e − j 500 nπt dt
 −0.001 − j 500 nπt 0.001 0.002


= 250  ∫ 4e dt + ∫ 10e − j 500 nπt
dt + ∫ 4e − j 500 nπt dt 
 −0.002 0 0.001 
j 250  − j 500 nπt 0.001 0.001 0.002

= 4e + 10e − j 500 nπt + 4e − j 500 nπt
500nπ   − 0.002 0 0.001 
j
=  4(e jnπ / 2 − e − jnπ ) + 10(e − jnπ / 2 − 1) + 4(e − jnπ − e − jnπ / 2 ) 
2 nπ 
j
=  4(e jnπ / 2 − e − jnπ / 2 ) − 4(e jnπ − e − jnπ ) + 10(e − jnπ / 2 − 1) 
2 nπ 
j  nπ 
=  4 j 2sin − 4 j 2 sin nπ + 10(e − jnπ / 2 − 1) 
2nπ  2 
1  nπ  1  nπ 
=  −4sin + j 5(e − jnπ / 2 − 1)  =  j 5e − jnπ / 4 (e − jnπ / 4 − e jnπ / 4 ) − 4sin 
nπ  2  nπ  2
1   nπ  nπ  1  − jnπ / 4 nπ nπ 
=  j 5e − jnπ / 4  − j 2sin  − 4sin  =  10e sin − 4sin 
nπ   4  2  nπ  4 2 
∞
1  nπ nπ 
∴ F( jω) = 2π ∑  10e − jnπ / 4 sin − 4sin  δ (ω − 500nπ)
−∞ nπ  4 2 
43.
∞
1
F( jω) = 20∑ δ(ω − 20n)
−∞ n !+ 1
 1 1 1 1 1
= 20  δ(ω) + δ(ω + 20) + δ(ω − 20) + δ(ω + 40) + δ(ω − 40)
1 + 1 1+1 1+1 2 +1 3
1 1 
+ δ(ω + 60) + δ(ω − 60) + ...
7 7 
20 20
= 10δ(ω) + [πδ(ω + 20) + πδ(ω − 20)] + [πδ(ω + 40) + πδ(ω − 40)] +
2π 3π
20 20
[πδ(ω + 60) + πδ(ω − 60) + [πδ(ω + 80) + πδ(ω − 80)] + ...
7π 25π
10 20 20 20 20
∴ f (t ) = + cos 20t + cos 40t + cos 60t + cos 80t + ...
2π 2π 3π 7π 25π
20  1 1 1 1
=  0.25 + cos 20t + cos 40t + cos 60t + cos 80t + ...
π  2 3 7 25
20  1 1 1 1 
∴ f (0.05) =  0.25 + cos1rad + cos 2 + cos 3 + cos 4 + ... = 1.3858
π  2 3 7 25 
t
44. Input = x(t ) = 5[u (t ) − u (t − 1)] y (t ) =
−∞
∫ x( z ) h(t − z) dz
(a) h(t ) = 2u (t ) (b) h(t ) = 2u (t − 1) (c) h(t ) = 2u (t − 2)
x(t – z) x(t – z) x(t – z)
z z z
t-1 t t-1 t t-1 t
h( z) h( z) h( z)
2 2 2
z z z
1 2
y(t) y(t) y(t)
10 10 10
t t t
1 1 2 2 3
t < 0:
y(t) = 0 t < 1: y (t ) = 0 t < 2 : y (t ) = 0
0 < t < 1: 1< t < 2: 2 < t < 3:

t t t
y (t ) = ∫ 10dz = 10t y (t ) = ∫ 10dz = 10(t - 1) y (t ) = ∫ 10dz = 10(t - 2)
0 1 2
t > 1: t > 2: t > 3:

t t t
y (t ) = ∫ 10dz
t -1
= 10 y (t ) = ∫ 10dz
t -1
= 10 y (t ) = ∫ 10dz
t -1
= 10
45. x(t ) = 5[u (t ) − u (t − 2)]; h(t ) = 2[u (t − 1) − u (t − 2)]

t
y (t ) = ∫ x( z) h(t − z ) dz
−∞
t < 1: y (t ) = 0
t −1
1 < t < 2 : y (t ) = ∫ 10 dz = 10(t − 1)
0
2 < t < 3 : y (t ) = 10
2
3 < t < 4 : y (t ) = ∫ 10 dz = 10(2 − t + 2) = 10(4 − t )
t −2
t > 4 : y (t ) = 0
∴ y (−0.4) = 0; y (0.4) = 0; y (1.4) = 4
y (2.4) = 10; y (3.4) = 6; y (4.4) = 0
∞
or…. y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz
0
t < 1: y (t ) = 0
t
1 < t < 2 : y(t ) = ∫ 10 dz = 10(t − 1)
1
2 < t < 3 : y (t ) = 10
2
3 < t < 4 : y (t ) =
t −2
∫ 10 dz = 10(2 − t + 2) = 10(4 − t )
t > 4 : y (t ) = 0
same answers as above
46.
h(t ) = 3[e − t − e −2t ], x (t ) = u (t )

t
y (t ) = ∫ x( z )h(t − z ) dz
−∞
t
= ∫ 3[e− (t − z ) − e−2(t − z ) ] dz
0
t
−t −2 t  1 2Z 
= 3e [e ] − 3e z t
0  2 e 
0
= 3e − t (et − 1) − 1.5e −2 t (e2 t − 1)

∴ y (t ) = 3(1 − e− t ) − 1.5(1 − e−2t ) = 1.5 − 3e− t + 1.5e−2t , t > 0
47.
∞
y (t ) = ∫ x (t − 2)h( z )dz
0
2
h(t ) = (5 − t ), 2 < t < 5
3
5 5
2 20
y (t ) = ∫ 10 × (5 − z ) dz =
3 ∫2
(a) (5 − z ) dz
2
3
Note: h( z )is in window for 4 < t < 6
5
20  1 
(b) y (t ) =  −  (5 − z ) 2
3  2 2
10
=− (0 − 9) = 30 at t = 5
3
∞
48. x(t ) = 5e − ( t − 2)
u (t − 2), h(t ) = (4t − 16) [u (t − 4) − u (t − 7)], y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz
0
(a) t < 6 : y (t ) = 0 ∴ y (5) = 0

6
(b) t = 8 : y (8) = ∫ 5e − (8− z − 2) (4 z − 16) dz
4
6 6
∫ze ∫e
−6 −6
∴ y (8) = 20e z
dz − 80e z
dz
4 4
6
 ez 
= 20e  ( z − 1)  − 80e −6 (e6 − e 4 )
−6
1 4
= 20e −6 (5e6 − 3e 4 ) − 80 + 80e −2 = 20 + 80e −2 − 60e −2
= 20 (1 + e −2 ) = 22.71
7
(c) t = 10 : y (10) = ∫ 5e − (10− z − 2) (4 z − 16) dz
4
7
∴ y (10) = ∫ 20e−8e z ( z − 4)dz
4
7 7
∴ y (10) = 20e −8 ∫ ze z dz − 80e−8 ∫ e z dz = 20e −8 [e z ( z − 1)]74 − 80e −8 (e7 − e 4 )
4 4
= 20e (6e − 3e ) − 80(e−1 − e−4 ) = 40e−1 + 20e−4 = 15.081

−8 7 4
49.
h(t ) = sin t , 0 < t < π; 0 elsewhere, Let x(t ) = e − t u (t )
∞
y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz
0
t < 0 : y (t ) = 0
t t
0 < t < π : y (t ) = ∫ sin z × e− t + z dz = e− t ∫ e z sin z dz
0 0
t
1 
∴ y (t ) = e − t  e z (sin z − cos z ) 
2 0
1
= e− t [et (sin t − cos t ) + 1]
2
1
= (sin t − cos t + e − t )
2
(a) y (1) = 0.3345+
(b) y (2.5) = 0.7409

π
(c) y > π : y (t ) = e − t ∫ e z sin z dz

0
π
1  1
y > π : y (t ) = e  e z (sin z − cos z )  = e − t (e π + 1) = 12.070e − t
−t
2 0 2
∴ y (4) = 0.2211
50.
x(t ) = 0.8(t − 1)[u (t − 1) − u (t − 3)],
h(t ) = 0.2 (t − 2)[u (t − 2) − u (t − 3)]
∞
y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz ,
0
t < 3 : y (t ) = 0
t −1
(a) 3 < t < 4 : y (t ) = ∫
2
0.8(t − z − 1) 0.2( z − 2) dz
t −1
∴ y (t ) = 0.16 ∫ (tz − 2t − z 2 + 2 z − z + 2) dz
2
t −1 t −1
 1 1 
= 0.16 ∫ [− z + (t + 1) z + 2 − 2t ] dz = 0.16  − z 3 + (t + 1) z 2 + (2 − 2t ) z 
2
2  3 2 2
 1 8 1 1 
= 0.16  − (t − 1)3 + + (t + 1) (t − 1) 2 − (t + 1) 4 + (2 − 2t ) (t − 1 − 2) 
 3 3 2 2 
 1 1 8 1 
∴ y (t ) = 0.16  − t 3 + t 2 − t + + + (t 2 − 1) (t − 1) − 2t − 2 + 2t − 6 − 2t 2 + 6t 
 3 3 3 2 
1  1   1  1  1 3 9 9
= 0.16  t 3 + t 2 1 − − 2  + t  −1 − + 6  + 3 + − 8 = 0.16  t 3 − t 2 + t − 
6  2   2  2  6 2 2 2
∴ y (3.8) = 13.653 × 10−3

3
 1 
3
1
(b) 4 < t < 5 : y (t ) = ∫ 0.16 (t − z − 1) ( z − 2) dz = 0.16  − z 3 + (t + 1) z 2 + (2 − 2t ) z 
2  3 2 2
 1 1 
∴ y (t ) = 0.16  − (27 − 8) + (t + 1) 5 + (2 − 2t )1
 3 2 
 19   11 
= 0.16  − + 2.5t + 2.5 + 2 − 2t  = 0.16  0.5t − 
 3   6
∴ y (4.8) = 90.67 × 10−3
51.
x(t ) = 10e −2 t u (t ), h(t ) = 10e −2t u (t )
∞
y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz
0
t
∴ y (t ) = ∫ 10e −2(t − z ) 10e −2 z dz
0
t
= 100e −2t ∫ dz = 100 e −2t × t
0
−2 t
∴ y (t ) = 100t e u (t )
52. h(t ) = 5e −4t u (t )

0.8
25 −0.8 −6.4
(a) W1Ω = 25 ∫ e−8t dt = (e − e ) = 1.3990 J
0.1
8
 25 
∴ % = 1.3990 /   × 100% = 44.77%
 8 
ω
2 2
5 1 25 25 1
(b) H( jω) = ∴ W1Ω = ∫ 2 dω = tan −1
jω + 4 π 0 ω + 16 π 4 40
25 1 0.9224
∴ W1Ω = tan −1 = 0.9224 J ∴ % = × 100% = 29.52%
4π 2 25 / 8
53.
2 2 2
F( jω) = = − ∴ f (t ) = (2e − t − 2e −2t ) u (t )
+ ω + ω +
(1 j )(2 j ) 1 j ω +
2 j ω
∞
4 8 4 1
(a) W1Ω = ∫ (4e−2t − 8e−3t + 4e−4t ) dt = − + = J
0
2 3 4 3
(b) f (t ) = −2e− t + 4e −2t = 0, − 2 + 4e− t = 0, et = 2, t = 0.69315

∴ f max = 2(e−0.69315 − e−2×0.69315 ) = 0.5
54.
1 1/ 6 1/ 2 1/ 3
(a) F( jω) = = − +
jω(2 + jω)(3 + jω) jω 2 + jω 3 + jω
1 1 1
∴ f (t ) = sgn(t ) − e−2t u (t ) + e−3t u (t )
12 2 3
1 + jω 1/ 6 1/ 2 2/3
(b) F( jω) = = + −
jω(2 + jω)(3 + jω) jω 2 + jω 3 + jω
1 1 2
∴ f (t ) = sgn(t ) + e −2t u (t ) − e −3t u (t )
12 2 3
(1 + jω)2 1/ 6 1/ 2 4/3
(c) F( jω) = = − +
jω(2 + jω)(3 + jω) jω 2 + jω 3 + jω
1 1 4
∴ f (t ) = sgn(t ) − e−2t u (t ) + e−3t u (t )
12 2 3
(1 + jω)3 1/ 6 1/ 2 8/3
(d) F( jω) = = 1+ + −
jω(2 + jω)(3 + jω) jω 2 + jω 3 + jω
1 1 8
∴ f (t ) = δ(t ) + sgn(t ) + e −2t u (t ) − e −3t u (t )
12 2 3
55. h(t ) = 2e − t u (t )
1 2
(a) H( jω) = 2 × =
1 + jω 1 + jω
1 1 1 Vo 1/ jω
(b) H( jω) = = =
2 1 + jω 2 Vi 1 + 1/ jω
(c) Gain = 2
56.
1 1
jω +
2 jω ( jω)2 + 2
Vo ( jω) = =
1
1 + jω +
1 ( jω) 2 + 2( jω) + 2
2 jω
( jω)2 + 2( jω) + 2 − 2( jω) −2( jω)
∴ Vo ( jω) = = 1+
( jω) + 2( jω) + 2
2
( jω) + 2( jω) + 2
2
2x −2 ± 4 − 8
Let jω = x ∴ Vo ( x) = 1 − ; x= = −1 ± j1
x + 2x + 2 2
A B A B
∴ Vo ( x) = 1 + + = Let x = 0 ∴ + =0
x + 1 + j1 x + 1 − j1 1 + j1 1 − j1
A B B + j2 B
Let x = −1 ∴ + = 2 ∴ A − B = j 2, A = B + j 2 ∴ + =0
j1 − j1 1 + j1 1 − j1
∴ B − jB + j 2 + 2 + B + jB = 0 ∴ B = −1 − j1 ∴ A = −1 + j1
−1 + j1 −1 − j1 1 − j1 1 + j1
∴ Vo ( x) = 1 + + , Vo ( jω) = 1 − −
x + 1 + j1 x + 1 − j1 ( jω) + 1 + j1 ( jω) + 1 − j1
∴ vo (t ) = δ(t ) − (1 − j1) e( −1− j1) t u (t ) − (1 + j1)e ( −1+ j1)t u (t )
= δ(t ) − 2 e − j 45°− jt −t u (t ) − 2 e j 45°+ jt −t u (t )
= δ(t ) − 2 2 e − t cos(t + 45°) u (t )
57.
5 / jω 10 / jω
Vc ( jω) = 10 =
5 / jω + 35 + 30( jω) 1/ jω + 7 + 6( jω)
10 10 / 6
∴ Vc ( jω) = =
6( jω) + 7( jω) + 1 ( jω) 2 + 7 ( jω) + 1
2
6 6
 49 24  1 10 / 6 2 2
∴ jω =  −7 / 6 ± −  / 2 = − , − 1 ∴ Vc ( jω) = = −
 36 36  6 ( jω + 1/ 6)( jω + 1) jω + 1/ 6 jω + 1
∴ vc (t ) = 2(e − t / 6 − e − t ) u (t )
58. f (t ) = 5e −2t u (t ), g (t ) = 4e−3t u (t )

∞
(a) f ∗ g = ∫ f (t − z ) g ( z ) dz
0
t t
= ∫ 5e−2t e 2 z 4e−3 z dz = 20e−2t ∫ e− z dz
0 0
−2 t
= −20 e (e − 1) V t
∴ f ∗ g = (e −2t − e −3t ) u (t )
(b) 5 4 20
F( jω) = , G( jω) = ∴ F( jω)G( jω) =
jω + 2 jω + 3 ( jω + 2)( jω + 3)
20 20
∴ F( jω)G( jω) = − ∴ f ∗ g = 20(e −2t − 2−3t ) u (t )
jω + 2 jω + 3

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Solutions Chap18

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CHAPTER EIGHTEEN (Fourier Analysis) SOLUTIONS

v(t ) = 3 − 3cos(100π t − 40°) + 4sin(200π t − 10°) + 2.5cos 300π t V

(a) Vav = 3 − 0 + 0 + 0 = 3.000 V

(d) v(18ms) = 3 − 3cos(−33.52°) + 4sin(2.960°) + 2.5cos(19.440°) = −2.459 V

(b) v′ = −4π sin 2π t + 7.2π cos 4π t = 0

(c) vmin = 3.330

(b) 3.8cos3 80πt = (3.8cos 80πt )(0.5 + 0.5cos 160πt )

g (t ) = 5 + 8cos10t − 5cos15t + 3cos 20t − 8sin10t − 4sin15t + 2sin 20t

(b) bn = 0 for all n; aeven = 0; ao = 0

(b) Yeff = 0.5(0.22 + 0.6 2 + 0.42 ) = 0.5(0.56) = 0.5292

(c) y (2ms) = 0.2sin 0.2π + 0.6sin 0.4π + 0.4sin 0.6π = 1.0686

2π5t 5πt 3.2  15π 10π 

2π5t 32  −6  15π 10π 

2π5t 64 12  15π 10π 

 cos 625πt cos 375πt 

(c) −4 < t < 0 : 8sin125πt

cos 375πt cos125πt 

[sin 375πt − sin125πt ] dt = 2000 −

(a) 0 < t < 0.2π : i = 2.5(1 − e −2 t ) ∴ i (0.2π) = 2.5(1 − e −0.4 π ) = 1.78848 A

 ∫ 100e − ∫ 100e − j100 πt 

∴ c−3 = j10.610; c3 = 10.610

∫0 105 te − j 400 πnt dt + ∫

Fig. 17-8a: Vo = 8 V, τ = 0.2µ s, f o = 6000 pps

8 × 0.2 × 10−6 sin(1/ 2 × 3 ×12, 000π × 0.2 × 10 −6

2 × 106 8 × 0.2 × 10−6 sin(1/ 2 × 333 ×12, 000π × 0.2 × 10−6

8 × 0.2 ×10−6 sin(1/ 2 × 227 ×12, 000π × 0.2 ×10−6

T = 5 ms; co = 1, c1 = 0.2 − j 0.2, c2 = 0.5 + j 0.25, c3 = −1 − j 2, cn = 0, n ≥ 4

0.2 × 10−6 + 0.2 × 10−6

(d) a little testing shows co is max ∴ cmax = 0.08

a2 − b2 = 2c2 = 5.5132 − j 9.5492 = 11.026 ∠ − 60°

26. f (t ) = 5[u (t + 3) + u (t + 2) − u (t − 2) − u (t − 3)]

−4 < t < 0 : f (t ) = 2.5(t + 4); 0 < t < 4 : f (t ) = 2.5(4 − t )

or, F( jω) = 2 sin 2 2ω = 10  

f (t ) = 8cos t [u (t + 0.5π) − u (t − 0.5π)]

(c) F( jω) = 4 cos πω [u (ω + 0.5) − u (ω − 0.5)]

32. v(t ) = 20e1.5t u ( −t − 2) V

(e) φv(j2) = 282.3o or -77.69o

33. I( jω) = 3cos10ω [u (ω + 0.05π) − u (ω − 0.05π) ]

F ( jω ) ω = 0 = 390.6 mJ/Hz , F ( jω ) ω = 4 = 97.66 mJ/Hz

We assume f (±∞) = 0 ∴F { f (t )} = jωF { f (t )}

(d) Prove: F { f (−t )} = F(− jω) Let k = 1 in (c) above

(b) f (t ) = 4[sgn(t − 1) δ(t )] ∴F {4sgn( −1)δ(t )} = F {−4δ(t )} = −4

= − j 4π [e − jπ / 6δ(ω − 10) − e jπ / 6 δ(ω + 10)]

(a) f (t ) = A cos(ωo t + φ) ∴ F( jω) = F {A cosφ cos ωot − A sin φ sin ωo t} =

6(3 + jω) 6(3 + jω)

T = 4 ms, f1 (t ) = 10u (t ) − 6u (t − 0.001) − 4u (t − 0.003)

 −0.001 − j 500 nπt 0.001 0.002

x(t – z) x(t – z) x(t – z)

0 < t < 1: 1< t < 2: 2 < t < 3:

t > 1: t > 2: t > 3:

45. x(t ) = 5[u (t ) − u (t − 2)]; h(t ) = 2[u (t − 1) − u (t − 2)]

h(t ) = 3[e − t − e −2t ], x (t ) = u (t )

= 3e − t (et − 1) − 1.5e −2 t (e2 t − 1)

(a) t < 6 : y (t ) = 0 ∴ y (5) = 0

= 20e (6e − 3e ) − 80(e−1 − e−4 ) = 40e−1 + 20e−4 = 15.081

(a) y (1) = 0.3345+

(b) y (2.5) = 0.7409

(c) y > π : y (t ) = e − t ∫ e z sin z dz

∴ y (3.8) = 13.653 × 10−3

∴ y (4.8) = 90.67 × 10−3

52. h(t ) = 5e −4t u (t )

(b) f (t ) = −2e− t + 4e −2t = 0, − 2 + 4e− t = 0, et = 2, t = 0.69315

58. f (t ) = 5e −2t u (t ), g (t ) = 4e−3t u (t )

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