Solutions Chap11

CHAPTER 11 SOLUTIONS
1.
106 50 (− j80)
Zc = = − j80 Ω, = 42.40∠ − 32.01°Ω
j 500 × 25 50 − j80
∴ V = 84.80∠ − 32.01° V, I R = 1.696∠ − 32.01° A
I c = 1.0600∠57.99° A
ps (π / 2ms) = 84.80 cos (45° − 32.01°) 2 cos 45° = 116.85 W
pR = 50 × 1.696 2 cos 2 (45° − 32.01°) = 136.55 W
pc = 84.80 cos (45° − 32.01°) = 1.060 cos (45° + 57.99°) = −19.69 W
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 6th Edition Copyright 2002 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All Rights Reserved
2.
1 2 1
(a) 4H : i = 2t 2 − 1∴ v = Li′ = 4 (4t ) = 16t , wL =
Li = × 4 (4t 4 − 4t 2 + 1)
2 2
∴ wL = 8t − 8t + 2 ∴ wL (3) − wL (1) = 8 × 3 − 8 × 3 + 2 − 8 ×1 + 8 ×1 − 2 = 576 J
4 2 4 2
t
1 t 2 2  2  2 
(b) 0.2 F : vc = ∫
0.2 1
(2t − 1) dt + 2 = 5  t 3 − t  + 2 = 5  t 3 − t  − 5  − 1 + 2
3 1 3  3 
10 10 61 61
∴ vc (2) = × 8 − 10 − + 5 + 2 = V ∴ Pc (2) = × 7 = 142.33 W
3 3 3 3
R 1
3. vc (0) = −2V, i (0) = 4A, α = = 2, ω o2 = = 3, s1,2 = −2 ± 1 = −1, − 3
2L LC
1
(a) i = Ae− t + Be−3t ∴ A + B = 4; i (0+ ) = vL (0+ ) = (−4 × 4 × +2) = −14
1
∴− A − 38 = −14 ∴ B = 5, A = −1, i = −e− t + 5e −3t A
t
∴+ vc = 3∫ (−e − t + 5e −3t ) dt − 2 = 3(e− t − 5e −3t ) to − 2 = e − t − 3 − 5e −3t + 5 − 2
o
∴ vc = 3e − 5e −3t ∴ Pc (0 + ) = (3 − 5) (−1 + 5) = −8 W
−t
(b) Pc (0.2) = (3e −0.2 − 5e −0.6 ) (−e0.2 + 5e −0.6 ) = −0.5542 W
(c) Pc (0.4) = (3e −0.4 − 5e −1.2 ) (5e −1.2 − e −0.4 ) = 0.4220 W
4. We assume the circuit has already reached sinusoidal steady state by t = 0.

2.5 kΩ → 2.5 kΩ, 1 H → j1000 Ω, 4 µF → -j250 Ω, 10 kΩ → 10 kΩ
Zeq = j1000 || -j250 || 10000 = 11.10 – j333.0 Ω
(20∠30)(11.10 − j 333.0)
Veq = = 2.631∠50.54o V
2500 + 11.10 − j 333.0
Veq Veq
I10k = = 0.2631 ∠ - 50.54o mA I1 H = = 2.631 ∠ - 140.5o mA
10000 j1000
Veq (20∠30)(2500)
I4 µF = = 10.52 ∠39.46o mA V2.5k = = 19.74∠37.55o V
− j 250 2500 + 11.10 − j 333.0
Thus, P2.5k =
[19.74 cos 37.55 ] o 2
= 97.97 mW
2500
[ ][
P1 H = 2.631cos(− 50.54 ) 2.631 × 10-3 cos(−140.5o ) = - 3.395 mW
o
]
[ ( )][
P4 µF = 2.631cos − 50.54o 10.52 × 10-3 cos(39.46o ) = 13.58 mW ]
P2.5k =
[2.631cos(− 50.54 )] = o 2
279.6 µW
10000
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) FREQ VM(L,0) VP(L,0)

1.592E+02 7.896E-03 3.755E+01 1.592E+02 2.629E+00 -5.054E+01
FREQ VM(R2_5k,$N_0002)VP(R2_5k,$N_0002) FREQ IM(V_PRINT11) IP(V_PRINT11)

1.592E+02 1.974E+01 3.755E+01 1.592E+02 1.052E-02 3.946E+01
FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2) FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) IP(V_PRINT12)

1.592E+02 2.628E-03 -1.405E+02 1.592E+02 2.629E-04 -5.054E+01
5.
40∠ − 53.13°
is → 5∠0° A, C → − j 4 Ω, Z in = 8 (3 − j 4) =
11 − j 4
= 3.417∠ − 33.15°∴ Vs = 17.087∠ − 33.15°,
vs = 17.087 cos (25t − 33.15°) V ∴
Ps , abs (0.1) = −17.087 cos (2.5rad − 33.147°) × 5cos 2.5rad = −23.51 W
17.087
i8 = cos (25t − 33.15°) ∴
8
i8 (0.1) = 2.136 cos (2.5rad − 33.15°) = −0.7338 A
∴ P8, abs = 0.73382 × 8 = 4.307 W;
17.087∠ − 33.15°
I3 = = 3.417∠19.98° A
3 − j4
∴ i3 (0.1) = 3.417 cos (2.5rad + 19.98°) = −3.272 A ∴
P3, abc = 3.2722 × 3 = 32.12 W
Vc = − j 4 (3.417∠19.983°) = 13.67∠ − 70.02°,
vc (0.1) = 13.670 cos (2.5rad − 70.02°) = 3.946 V
∴ Pc , abc = 3.946 (−3.272) = −12.911 W (Σ = 0)
6.
j 5(10 − j 5)
Zin = 4 + = 4 + 2.5 + j 5 = 6.5 + j 5 Ω
10
100
∴ Is = = 12.194∠ − 37.57° A
6.5 + j 5
1
∴ Ps ,abs = − × 100 × 12.194 cos 37.57° = −483.3W
2
1
P4, abs = (12.194) 2 4 = 297.4 W,
2
Pcabs = 0
100 j5
I10 = = 6.097∠52.43° so
6.5 + j 5 10
1
P10,abs = (6.097) 2 × 10 = 185.87 W
2
PL = 0 (Σ = 0)
7.
40∠30°
V = (10 + j10) = 52.44∠69.18° V
5∠50° + 8∠ − 20°
1
P10, gen = × 10 × 52.44 cos 69.18° = 93.20 W
2
1
Pj10, gen = × 10 × 52.44 cos (90° − 69.18°) = 245.08 W
2
2
1  52.44 
P8 ∠− 20 abs =   8cos (−20°) = 161.51 W (Σ gen = Σ abs )
2 8 
8.
1
ZR = 3 + = 3 + 1 + j3 = 4 + j3 Ω
0.1 − j 0.3
2 + j5 5 29
Ignore 30° on Vs , I R = 5 , IR =
6 + j8 10
2
1  5 29 
(a) P3 Ω =   × 3 = 10.875 W
2  10 
(2 + j 5) (4 + j 3)
(b) Vs = 5∠0° = 13.463∠51.94° V
6 + j8
1
∴ Ps , gen = × 13.463 × 5cos 51.94° = 20.75 W
2
9.
Pj10 = P− j 5 = 0,
V10 − 50 V10 V10 − j 50
+ + =0
j10 10 − j5
∴ V10 (− j 0.1 + 0.1 + j 0.2) + j 5 + 10 = 0
∴ V10 = 79.06∠16.57° V
1 79.06 2
P10 Ω = = 312.5 W;
2 10
79.06∠161.57° − 50
I 50 = = 12.75∠78.69° A
j10
1
∴ P50V = × 50 × 12.748cos 78.69° = 62.50 W
2
79.06∠161.57° − j 50
I j 50 = = 15.811∠ − 7.57° :
− j5
1
Pj 50 = × 50 × 15.811cos (90° + 71.57°) = −375.0 W
2
10.
Vx − 20 Vx − Vc
+ = 2Vc ,
2 3
3Vx − 60 + 2Vx − 2Vc = 12Vc
Vc − Vx V
∴ 5Vx − 14Vc = 60, + c =0
3 − j2
∴ 2Vc − 2Vx + j3Vc = 0, − 2Vx + (2 + j3) Vc = 0
60 −14
0 2 + j3 120 + j180
Vx = = = 9.233∠ − 83.88° V
5 −14 10 + j15 − 28
−2 2 + j 3
5 60
−2 0
Vc = = 5.122∠ − 140.9° V ∴
−18 + j15
1
Pgen = × 9.233 × 2 × 5.122 cos ( −83.88° + 140.19°) = 26.23 W
2
11.
(a) X in = 0 ∴ Z L = R th + j 0
(b) R L , X L independent∴ Z L = Zth∗ = R th − jXth
2
1 Vth
(c) R L fixed∴ PL = × R L ∴ Z L = R L − jXth
2 (R th + R L )2 + (X th + X L )2
2PL RL
(d) X L fixed, Let X L + Xth = a ∴ f = =
Vth
2
(R th + R L ) 2 + a 2
df R + R 2L + a 2 − 2R L (R th + R L )
= th =0
dRL (R th + R L ) 2 + a 2 
2
R th2 + 2R th R L + R 2L + a 2 − 2R th R L = 2R 2L = 0
∴ R L = R th2 + a 2 = R th2 + (Xth + X L )2
(e) X L = 0 ∴ R L = R th2 + X th2 = Zth
12.
−10
Vth = 120 = 107.33∠ − 116.57° V
10 + j 5
− j10 (10 + j15)
Zth = = 8 − j14 Ω
10 + j 5
(a) ∴ Z L = 8 + j15 Ω
107.33∠ − 116.57°
(b) IL = ∴
16
2
1  107.33 
PL ,max =   × 8 = 180 W
2  16 
13.
R L = Zth ∴ R L = 82 + 142 = 16.125 Ω
1 107.332
PL = × 16.125 = 119.38 W
2 (8 + 16.125)2 + 142
14.
− j 9.6 = −4.8 I x − j1.92 I x − +4.8I x
9.6
∴ Ix = =5
1.92
∴ V = (0.6 × 5)8 = 24 V
1
∴ Po = × 24 × 1.6 × 5 = 96 W ( gen)
2
15.
j 480 80 − j 60
(a) Zth = 80 j 60 =
80 + j 60 80 − j 60
= 28.8 + j 38.4 Ω ∴ Z L max = 28.8 − j 38.4 Ω
(b) Vth = 5(28.8 + j 38.4) = 144 + j192 V,

144 + j192
∴ IL =
2 × 28.8
1 1442 + 1922
and PL ,max = × 28.8 = 250 W
2 4 × 28.82
16. Zeq = (6 – j8) || (12 + j9) = 8.321 ∠ -19.44o W
Veq = (5 ∠-30o) (8.321 ∠ -19.44o) = 41.61 ∠ -49.44o V
Ptotal = ½ (41.61)(5) cos (-19.44o) = 98.09 W
I6-j8 = Veq / (6 – j8) = 4.161 ∠ 3.69o A

I4+j2 = I8+j7 = Veq/ 12+j9 = 2.774 ∠ -86.31o A
P6-j8 = ½ (41.61)(4.161) cos (-49.44o – 3.69o) = 51.94 W
P4+j2 = ½ (2.774)2 (4) = 15.39 W

P8+j7 = ½ (2.774)2 (8) = 30.78 W
Check: Σ = 98.11 W (okay)
17.
j10 j10 (20)
Vth = 100 = 20 + j 40, Z th = = 4 + j8 Ω
20 + j10 20 + j10
∴ R L = Zth ∴ R L = 8.944 Ω
1 202 + 402
∴ PL ,max = × 8.944 = 38.63 W
2 (4 + 8.944)2 + 64
18. We may write a single mesh equation: 170 ∠0o = (30 + j10) I1 – (10 – j50)(-λI1)
Solving,
170∠0 o
I1 =
30 + j10 + 10λ − j 50λ
170∠0 o
(a) λ = 0, so I1 = = 5.376∠ - 18.43 o A and, with the same current flowing
30 + j10
through both resistors in this case,
P20 = ½ (5.376)2 (20) = 289.0 W
P10 = ½ (5.376)2 (10) = 144.5 W
170∠0 o
(b) λ = 1, so I1 = = 3.005∠45 o A
40 − j 40
P20 = ½ (3.005)2 (20) = 90.30 W
The current through the 10-Ω resistor is I1 + λI1 = 2 I1 = 6.01 ∠ 45o so
P10 = ½ (6.01)2 (10) = 180.6 W
(c)
(a)
FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)
6.000E+01 5.375E+00 -1.846E+01

6.000E+01 5.375E+00 -1.846E+01
(b)
6.000E+01 6.011E+00 4.499E+01

6.000E+01 3.006E+00 4.499E+01
(10)(1) + (−5)(1) + 0(1)

19. (a) Waveform (a): Iavg = = 1.667 A
3
1
(20)(1) + 0(1)
Waveform (b): Iavg = 2 = 5A
2
Waveform (c):
10 −3
2πt  4 × 10 −3   πt 
Iavg =
1
∫
10 − 3
8sin (
dt = - 8 × 10 3 )   cos −3 
1 × 10 −3  2π   2 × 10 
−3
0 4 × 10 0
=−
16
(0 − 1) = 16 A
π π
(100)(1) + (25)(1) + (0)(1)

(b) 2
Waveform (a): I avg = = 41.67 A 2
3
Waveform (b): i(t) = -20×103 t + 20
i2(t) = 4×108 t2 – 8×105 t + 400
2
I avg =
1 10 -3
-3 ∫ 0
(
4 × 10 8 t 2 - 8 × 10 5 t + 400 dt )
2 × 10
 4 × 10 8 − 3 3 8 × 10 
( ) ( ) ( )
5
1 2 0.1333
= -3 
10 - 10 −3 + 400 10 −3  = = 66.67 A 2
2 × 10  3 2  2 × 10 -3
Waveform (c):
10 −3
2πt 3 t sin π × 10 3 t 
2
I avg =
1
∫
10 − 3
64sin 2 dt = 64 × (
10  - ) 
1 × 10 −3 0 4 × 10 −3 2 2π × 10 3  0
10 −3
sin π 
(
= 64 × 10 3  ) − 3
= 32 A 2
 2 2π × 10 
20. At ω = 120π, 1 H → j377 Ω, and 4 µF → -j663.1 Ω

Define Zeff = j377 || -j663.1 || 10 000 = 870.5 ∠ 85.01o Ω
V2.5k =
(400
2∠ − 9 o 2500 )
= 520.4 ∠ - 27.61o V
2500 + 870.5 ∠85.01 o
V10k =
( )(
400 2∠ − 9 o 870.5 ∠85.01o )
= 181.2 ∠57.40 o V
2500 + 870.5 ∠85.01 o
Thus, P2.5k = ½ (520.4)2 / 2 500 = 54.16 W

P10k = ½ (181.2)2 / 10 000 = 1.642 W
P1H = 0
P4µF = 0 (A total absorbed power of 55.80 W.)
To check, the average power delivered by the source:
400 2∠ − 9 o
Isource = = 0.2081 ∠ - 27.61o A
2500 + 870.5∠85.01o
and Psource = ½ ( 400 2 )(0.2081) cos (-9o + 27.61o) = 55.78 W (checks out).
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) FREQ VM(L,0) VP(L,0)

6.000E+01 2.081E-01 -2.760E+01 6.000E+01 1.812E+02 5.740E+01
FREQ VM(R2_5k,$N_0002) VP(R2_5k,$N_0002) FREQ IM(V_PRINT11) IP(V_PRINT11)
6.000E+01 5.204E+02 -2.760E+01 6.000E+01 2.732E-01 1.474E+02
FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2) FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) IP(V_PRINT12)

6.000E+01 4.805E-01 -3.260E+01 6.000E+01 1.812E-02 5.740E+01
21.
(a) v = 10 + 9 cos100t + 6 sin100t

1 1
∴ Veff = 100 + × 81 + × 36 = 158.5 = 12.590 V
2 2
1 2
(b) Feff = (10 + 20 2 + 102 ) = 150 = 12.247
4
(10)(1) + (20)(1) + (10)(1) 40

(c) Favg = = = 10
4 4
22.
(a) g(t) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4cos(100t – 120o)

3.6062
3 ∠0 + 4∠-120 = 3.606 ∠-73.90 so Geff =
o o
4+ = 3.240
2
(b) h (t ) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4 cos (101t − 120°)

1 1
∴ H eff = 2 + 32 + 4 2 = 16.5 = 4.062
2 2
1 0.1 6 2
0.3 ∫0
(c) f (t ) = 100t , 0 < t < 0.1∴ Feff = 10 t dt
10 1
= × 106 × × 10−3 = 33.33
3 3
23. f (t ) = (2 − 3cos100t ) 2
(a) f (t ) = 4 − 12 cos100t + 9 cos 2 100t

∴ f (t ) = 4 − 12 cos100t + 4.5 + 4.5cos 200t ∴ Fav = 4 + 4.5 = 8.5
1 1
(b) Feff = 8.52 + × 122 + × 4.52 = 12.43
2 2
1
1
( )
 2
24. (a) ieff =  10 2 + (−5) 2 + 0 = 6.455 A
3 
1
1 1 
=   ∫ [− 20t + 20] dt  + 0
2
(b) ieff = 5 = 2.236 A
2  0  
1
1  1  2π  
1
 2  πt 
2
(c) ieff =   ∫ 8sin  t  dt  = - 8  π  cos  2  = 2.257 A
1 
0
 4        0
25.
(a) A = B = 10V, C = D = 0 ∴10∠0° + 10∠ − 45° = 18.48∠ − 22.50o

1 1
∴ P = × × 18.482 = 42.68 W
2 4
(b) A = C = 10V, B = D = 0, vs = 10cos10t + 10 cos 40t ,
1 102 1 102
P= + = 25 W
2 4 2 4
(c) vs = 10 cos10t − 10sin (10t + 45°) → 10 − 10∠ − 45° = 7.654∠67.50o

1 7.6542
∴P = = 7.322 W
2 4
(d) v = 10 cos10t + 10sin (10t + 45°) + 10 cos 40t ;

10∠0° + 10∠ − 45° = 18.48∠ − 22.50o
1 1 1 1
∴P = × 18.482 × + × 102 × = 55.18 W
2 4 2 4
102
(e) // + 10dc ∴ Pav = 55.18 + = 80.18 W
4
j 0.3Rω
26. Zeq = R || j0.3ω = . By voltage division, then, we write:
R + j 0.3Rω
j 0.1ω - 0.03ω 2 + j 0.1ωR

V100mH = 120∠0 = 120∠0
j 0.3Rω − 0.03ω 2 + j 0.4 Rω
j 0.1ω +
R + j 0.3ω
j 0.3Rω
R + j 0.3ω j 36 Rω
V300mH = 120∠0 = 120∠0
j 0.3Rω − 0.03ω2 + j 0.4 Rω
j 0.1ω +
R + j 0.3ω
(a) We’re interested in the value of R that would lead to equal voltage magnitudes, or
j 36 Rω = (
(120) - 0.03ω 2 + j 0.1ωR )
Thus, 36Rω = 12.96ω 4 + 144ω 2 R 2 or R = 0.1061 ω
(b) Substituting into the expression for V100mH, we find that V100mH = 73.47 V,
independent of frequency.
To verify with PSpice, simulate the circuit at 60 Hz, or ω = 120π rad/s, so R = 40 Ω.
We also include a miniscule (1 pΩ) resistor to avoid inductor loop warnings. We see
from the simulation results that the two voltage magnitudes are indeed the same.
FREQ VM($N_0002,$N_0003)VP($N_0002,$N_0003)
6.000E+01 7.349E+01 -3.525E+01
FREQ VM($N_0001,$N_0002)VP($N_0001,$N_0002)
6.000E+01 7.347E+01 3.527E+01
27.
(a) Vav ,1 = 30V
1
Vav ,2 = (10 + 30 + 50) = 30V
3
1 3 1 1
(b) Veff ,1 =
3 ∫0
(20t ) 2 dt =
3
× 400 × × 27 = 1200 = 34.64V
3
1 2 1
Veff ,2 = (10 + 30 2 + 50 2 ) = × 3500 = 34.16 V
3 3
(c) PSpice verification for Sawtooth waveform of Fig. 11.40a:
 − j106  − jR106
28. Zeff = R ||   =
 3ω  3ωR − j10
6
120∠0
=
120ω 3ωR - j106 ( )
ISRC =
−j
106
−j
R106 (
− j106 3ωR − j106 − jωR106 )
ω 3ωR − j106
R
I3µF = ISRC
106
R− j
3ω
R
(a) For the two current magnitudes to be equal, we must have = 1 . This is
106
R− j
3ω
only true when R = ∞; otherwise, current is shunted through the resistor and the two
capacitor currents will be unequal.
(b) In this case, the capacitor current is
1
120∠0 6
= j 90ω µA, or 90ω cos(ωt + 90o ) µA
10 106
−j −j
ω 3ω
(c) PSpice verification: set f = 60 Hz, simulate a single 0.75-µF capacitor, and include a
100-MΩ resistor in parallel with the capacitor to prevent a floating node. This should
resit in a rms current amplitude of 33.93 mA, which it does.

6.000E+01 3.393E-02 9.000E+01
29.
v(t ) = 10t [u (t ) − u (t − 2)] + 16e −0.5(t −3) [u (t − 3) − u (t − 5)] V
Find eff. value separately
1 2 20
V1,eff =
5 ∫0
100t 2 dt =
3
× 8 = 7.303
1 5 256 3 − t 5
V2,eff =
5 ∫3
256e − (t −3) dt =
5
e (−e )3 = 6.654
∴ Veff = 7.3032 + 6.6542 = 9.879

1 2
256e3e − t dt 
5
Veff = ∫ t dt + ∫
2
100

5 0 3 
1 100 
=  × 8 + 256e3 (e −3 − e−5 ) 
5 3 
1  800 
=  + 256 (1 − e−2 )  = 9.879 V OK
5 3 
30. The peak instantaneous power is 250 mW. The combination of elements yields
Z = 1000 + j1000 Ω = 1414 ∠45o Ω.

Vm ∠0 Vm ∠ − 45o
Arbitrarily designate V = Vm ∠0 , so that I = = A.
Z 1414
We may write p(t) = ½ Vm Im cos φ + ½ Vm Im cos (2ωt + φ) where φ = the angle of the
current (-45o). This function has a maximum value of ½ VmIm cos φ + ½ VmIm.
Thus, 0.250 = ½ VmIm (1 + cos φ) = ½ (1414) Im2 (1.707)
and Im = 14.39 mA.
In terms of rms current, the largest rms current permitted is 14.39 / 2 = 10.18 mA rms.
31. I = 4∠35° A rms
(a) V = 20I + 80∠35° Vrms, Ps , gen = 80 × 10 cos 35° = 655.3 W
PR = I R = 16 × 20 = 320 W
2
(b)
(c) PLoad = 655.3 − 320 = 335.3 W
(d) APs , gen = 80 × 10 = 800 VA
(e) APR = PR = 320 VA
(f) I L = 10∠0° − 4∠35° = 7.104∠ − 18.84° A rms

∴ APL = 80 × 7.104 = 568.3 VA
PL 335.3
(g) PFL = cos θ L = = = 0.599
APL 568.3
since I L lags V, PFL is lagging
32.
120
(a) Is = = 9.214∠ − 26.25° A rms
j192
4+
12 + j16
∴ PFs = cos 26.25 = 0.8969 lag
(b) Ps = 120 × 9.214 × 0.8969 = 991.7W

j 48 1
(c) ZL = 4 + = 4+ (192 + j144)
3 + j4 25
11.68 − j 5.76
∴ Z L = 11.68 + j 5.76 Ω, YL =
11.682 + 5.762
j 5.76
∴ j120π C = , C = 90.09 µ F
11.682 + 5.762
(d) PSpice verification
FREQ VM($N_0003,0) VP($N_0003,0)

6.000E+01 1.200E+02 0.000E+00

6.000E+01 9.215E+00 -2.625E+01 ; (a) and (b) are correct
Next, add a 90.09-µF capacitor in parallel with the source:

6.000E+01 8.264E+00 -9.774E-05 ;(c) is correct (-9.8×10-5 degrees
is essentially zero, for unity PF).
33.
Z A = 5 + j 2 Ω, Z B = 20 − j10 Ω, Z c = 10∠30° Ω = 8.660 + j5 Ω
Z D = 10∠ − 60° = 5 − j8.660 Ω
200 −20 + j10

0 33.66 − j13.660 7265∠22.09°
I1 = = = 15.11∠3.908° A rms
25 − j8 −20 + j10 480.9∠ − 26.00°
−20 + j10 33.66 − j13.660
25 − j8 200
−20 + j10 0 200 (20 − j10)
I2 = = = 9.300∠ − 0.5681° A rms
480.9∠ − 26.00° 480.9∠20.00°
APA = I1 Z A = 15.1082 29 = 1229 VA

2
APB = I1 − I 2 Z B = 5.8812 × 10 5 = 773.5 VA

2
APC = I 2 2 ZC = 9.32 × 10 = 86.49 VA

APD = I 2 Z1 = 9.32 × 10 = 864.9 VA
2
APS = 200 I1 = 200 × 15.108 = 3022 VA
34. Perhaps the easiest approach is to consider the load and the compensation capacitor
separately. The load draws a complex power Sload = P + jQ. The capacitor draws a
purely reactive complex power SC = -jQC.
θload = tan-1(Q/P), or Q = P tan θload
Vrms
QC = SC = Vrms = ω CVrms
2
= ω CVrms
2
(− j / ω C)
Stotal = Sload + SC = P + j(Q – QC)
 Q-QC 
θnew = ang(Stotal) = tan −1   , so that Q – QC = P tan θnew
 P 
Substituting, we find that QC = P tan θload – P tan θnew

or
ω CVrms
2
= P (tan θload – tan θnew)
Thus, noting that θold = θload,
P ( tan θ old - tan θ new )

C =
ω Vrms
2
35. Z1 = 30∠15°Ω, Z 2 = 40∠40°Ω
(a) Ztot = 30∠15° + 40∠40° = 68.37∠29.31°Ω

∴ PF = cos 29.3° = 0.8719 lag
(b) Ztot = 68.37∠29.31° = 59.62 + j 33.48

PFnew = 0.9 lag
∴θ new = cos −1 0.9 = 25.84°
X new
tan 25.84° = 0.4843 = ∴ X new = 28.88 Ω
59.62
1
∴ 33.48 − = 28.88,
100π C
C = 691.8µ F
36. θ1 = cos-1(0.92) = 23.07o, θ 2 = cos-1 (0.8) = 36.87o, θ 3 = 0
100 ∠23.07o
S1 = = 100 + j 42.59 VA
0.92
250 ∠36.87 o
S2 = = 250 + j187.5 VA
0.8
500 ∠0o
S3 = = 500 VA
1
Stotal = S1 + S2 + S3 = 500 + j230.1 VA = 550.4 ∠24.71o VA
Stotal 550.4
(a) Ieff = = = 4.786 A rms
Veff 115
(b) PF of composite load = cos (24.71o) = 0.9084 lagging
37.
APL = 10, 000 VA, PFL = 0.8lag, I L = 40A rms

Let I L = 40∠0° A rms; PL = 10, 000 × 0.8 = 8000 W
8000
Let Z L = R L + jX L ∴ R L = =5 Ω
402
cosθ L = 0.8lag∴θ L = cos−1 0.8 = 36.87°
∴ X L = 5 tan 36.87° = 3.75 Ω, Z L = 5 + j 3.75, Ztot = 5.2 + j 3.75 Ω
1
∴ Vs = 40 (5.2 + j 3.75) = 256.4∠35.80° V; Ytot =
5.2 + j 3.75
= 0.12651 − j 0.09124S, Ynew = 0.12651 + j (120π C − 0.09124),
PFnew = 0.9 lag,θ new = 25.84°∴ tan 25.84° = 0.4843
0.09124 − 120π C
= ∴
0.12651
C = 79.48µ F
38. Zeff = j100 + j300 || 200 = 237 ∠54.25o. PF = cos 54.25o = 0.5843 lagging.
(a) Raise PF to 0.92 lagging with series capacitance
Znew = j100 + jXC + j300 || 200 = 138.5 + j(192.3 + XC) Ω

 192.3 + X C 
tan −1   = cos 0.92 = 23.07
-1 o
 138.5 
Solving, we find that XC = -133.3 Ω = -1/ωC, so that C = 7.501 µF
(b) Raise PF to 0.92 lagging with parallel capacitance
− 100 X C
Znew = j100 || jXC + j300 || 200 = +138.5 + j92.31 Ω
j (100 + X C )
 100X C 
= 138.5 + j  92.31 +  Ω
 100 + X C 
 100X C 
 92.31 + 
−1  100 + X C 
tan = cos-1 0.92 = 23.07 o
 138.5 
 
 
Solving, we find that XC = -25 Ω = -1/ωC, so that C = 40 µF
General circuit for simulations. Results agree with hand calculations
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) θ PF

With no compensation: 1.592E+02 4.853E-01 -5.825E+01 54.25o 0.5843 lag
With series compensation: 1.592E+02 7.641E-01 -2.707E+01 23.07o 0.9200 lag
With parallel compensation: 1.592E+02 7.641E-01 -2.707E+01 23.07o 0.9200 lag
39.
(a) Ps ,tot = 20 + 25 × 0.8 + 30 × 0.75 = 70 kW
(b) 20, 000

I1 = = 80∠0° A rms
250
I 2 = 25, 000 / 250 = 100 A rms
∠I 2 = − cos−1 0.8 = −36.87 ∴ I 2 = 100∠ − 36.87o A rms
30, 000 40, 000
AP3 = = 40, 000 VA, I 3 = = 160 A rms
0.75 250
∠ I 3 = − cos−1 0.75 = −41.41° ∴ I 3 = 160∠ − 41.41° A rms
∴ I s = 80∠0° + 100∠ − 36.87° + 160∠ − 41.41° = 325.4∠ − 30.64° A rms
∴ APs = 250 × 325.4 = 81, 360 VA
70, 000
(c) PF3 = = 0.8604 lag
81,360
40. 200 kW average power and 280 kVAR reactive result in a power factor of
PF = cos (tan-1 (280/200) = 0.5813 lagging, which is pretty low.
(a) 0.65 peak = 0.65(200) = 130 kVAR

Excess = 280 – 130 = 150 kVAR, for a cost of (12)(0.22)(150) = $396 / year.
(b) Target = S = P + j0.65 P

θ = tan-1(0.65P/P) = 33.02o, so target PF = cos θ = 0.8385
(c) A single 100-kVAR increment costs $200 to install. The excess kVAR would then be
280 – 100 – 130 = 50 kVAR, for an annual penalty of $332. This would result in a
first-year savings of $64.
A single 200-kVAR increment costs $395 to install, and would remove the entire excess
kVAR. The savings would be $1 (wow) in the first year, but $396 each year thereafter.
The single 200-kVAR increment is the most economical choice.
41.
20 (1 + j 2)
Zin = − j10 + = 10.769 − j 3.846 = 11.435+ ∠ − 19.65° Ω
3 + j2
100
∴ Is = = 8.745∠19.65°
11.435∠ − 19.654°
∴ S s = − Vs I∗s = −100 × 8.745∠ − 19.65° = −823.5 + j 294.1VA
10 + j 20
I 20 = 8.745∠19.65° × = 5.423∠49.40°
30 + j 20
∴ S 20 = 20 × 5.432 2 = 588.2 + j 0 VA
20 × 5.423∠49.40
I10 = = 4.851∠ − 14.04°
10 + j 20
S10 = 10 × 4.8512 = 235.3 + j 0 VA
S j 20 = j 20 × 4.8512 = j 470.6 VA,
S − j10 = − j10 × 8.7452 = − j 764.7 VA, Σ=0
42.
Vx − 100 V V − j100
+ x + x =0
6 + j4 − j10 5
 1  100
∴ Vx  + j 0.1 + 0.2  = + j 20
 6 + j4  6 + j4
∴ Vx = 53.35− ∠42.66° V
100 − 53.35− ∠42.66°
∴ I1 = = 9.806∠ − 64.44° A
6 + j4
1
∴ S1. gen = × 100 × 9.806∠64.44° = 211.5 + j 4423VA
2
1
S 6,abs = × 6 × 9.8062 = 288.5 + j 0 VA
2
1
S j 4, abs = ( j 4) 9.8062 = 0 + j192.3VA
2
j100 − 53.35− ∠42.66°
I2 = = 14.99∠121.6°,
5
1
S5 abs = × 5 × 14.992 = 561.5 + j 0 VA
2
1
S 2, gen = ( j100)14.99∠ − 121.57° = 638.4 − j 392.3VA
2
1  53.35 
S − j10,abs =   (− j10) = 0 − j142.3VA = 142.3∠0 VA Σ=0
2  10 
43.
(a) 500 VA, PF = 0.75 lead∴

S = 500∠ − cos −1 0.75 = 375 − j 330.7 VA
500W, PF = 0.75 lead∴

(b)
500
S = 500 − sin (cos −1 0.75) = 500 − j 441.0 VA
j.075
(c) −500 VAR, PF = 0.75 (lead) ∴θ = − cos −1 0.75 = −41.41°

∴ P 500 / tan 41.41° = 566.9W,
S = 566.9 − j 500 VA
44. S s = 1600 + j500 VA (gen)
1600 + j 500
(a) I ∗s = = 4 + j1.25 ∴ I s = 4 − j1.25
400
400
Ic = = j 3.333A rms∴ I L = I s − I c = 4 − j1.25 − j 3.333
− j120
∴ I L = 4 − j 4.583A rms∴
S L = 400 (4 + j 4.583) = 1600 + j1833 VA
 1833.3 
(b) PFL = cos  tan −1 +
 = 0.6575 lag
 1600 
(c) S s = 1600 + j 500 = 1676∠17.35° VA ∴ PFs = cos17.35° = 0.9545 lag
45. (cos−1 0.8 = 36.87°, cos−1 0.9 = 25.84°)
(a) Stot = 1200∠36.87° + 1600∠25.84° + 900

= 960 + j 720 + 1440 + j 697.4 + 900
= 3300 + j1417.4 = 3592∠23.25° VA
3591.5
∴ Is = = 15.62 A rms
230
(b) PFs = cos 23.245° = 0.9188
(c) S = 3300 + j1417 VA
46. V = 339 ∠-66o V, ω = 100π rad/ s, connected to Z = 1000 Ω.
339
(a) Veff = = 239.7 V rms
2
(b) pmax = 3392 / 1000 = 114.9 W
(c) pmin = 0 W
 339 
 339   2  Veff2
(d) Apparent power = Veff Ieff =    = = 57.46 VA
 2   1000  1000
 
(e) Since the load is purely resistive, it draws zero reactive power.
(f) S = 57.46 VA
47. V = 339 ∠-66o V, ω = 100π rad/s to a purely inductive load of 150 mH (j47.12 Ω)
V 339∠ - 66o
(a) I = = = 7.194 ∠ - 156o A
Z j 47.12
7.194
so Ieff = = 5.087 A rms
2
(b) p(t) = ½ VmIm cos φ + ½ VmIm cos(2ωt + φ)
where φ = angle of current – angle of voltage
pmax = ½ VmIm cos φ + ½ VmIm = (1 + cos(-90o)) (339)(7.194)/ 2 = 1219 W
(c) pmin = ½ VmIm cos φ - ½ VmIm = -1219 W
(d) apparent power = Veff Ieff =

339
(5.087 ) = 1219 VA
2
(e) reactive power = Q = Veff Ieff sin (θ – φ) = 1219 VA
(f) complex power = j1219 VA
48. 1 H → j Ω, 4 µF → -j250 kΩ
Zeff = j || -j250×103 || 103 Ω = 1 ∠89.99o Ω
(5∠0) (1 ∠89.99o )
V10k = = 0.002 ∠89.97o V
2500 + (1 ∠89.99o )
(a) pmax = (0.002)2 / 10×103 = 400 pW
(b) 0 W (purely resistive elements draw no reactive power)
(c) apparent power = VeffIeff = ½ VmIm = ½ (0.002)2 / 10000 = 200 pW
5∠0
(d) Isource = = 0.002 ∠ - 0.02292o A
2500 + 1∠89.99 o
S = ½ VmIm ∠(89.99o + 0.02292o) = 0.005 ∠90.01o VA
49. (a) At ω = 400 rad/s, 1 µF → -j2500 Ω, 100 mH → j40 Ω

Define Zeff = -j2500 || (250 + j40) = 256 ∠ 3.287o Ω
12000∠0
IS = = 43.48 ∠ - 3.049o A rms
20 + 256∠3.287o
Ssource = (12000)(43.48) ∠ 3.049o = 521.8 ∠3.049o kVA
S20Ω = (43.48)2 (20) ∠0 = 37.81 ∠0 kVA
(12000∠0)(256∠3.287 o )
Veff = = 11130 ∠0.2381o V rms
20 + 256∠3.287 o
Veff
I1µF = = 4.452 ∠90.24o A rms
- j 2500
so S1µF = (11130)(4.452) ∠-90o = 49.55 ∠-90o kVA
(11130∠0.2381o )( j 40)
V100mH = = 1758 ∠81.15o V rms
250 + j 40
V100mH
I100mH = = 43.96 ∠ - 8.852o A rms
j 40
so S100µΗ = (1758)(4.43.96) ∠90o = 77.28 ∠90o kVA
(11130∠0.2381o )(250)
V250Ω = = 10990 ∠ − 8.852o V rms
250 + j 40
so S250Ω = (10990)2 / 250 = 483.1 ∠0o kVA
(b) 37.81 ∠0 + 49.55 ∠-90o +77.28 ∠90o + 483.1 ∠0o = 521.6 ∠3.014o kVA,
which is within rounding error of the complex power delivered by the source.
(c) The apparent power of the source is 521.8 kVA. The apparent powers of the passive
elements sum to 37.81 + 49.55 + 77.28 + 483.1 = 647.7 kVA, so NO! Phase angle is
important!
(d) P = Veff Ieff cos (ang VS – ang IS) = (12000)(43.48) cos (3.049o) = 521 kW
(e) Q = Veff Ieff sin (ang VS – ang IS) = (12000)(43.48) sin (3.049o) = 27.75 kVAR
50. (a) Peak current = 28 2 = 39.6 A
(b) θload = cos-1(0.812) = +35.71o (since lagging PF). Assume ang (V) = 0o.
( )( )
p(t) = 2300 2 39.60 2 cos (120πt ) cos (120πt - 35.71o )
at t = 2.5 ms, then, p(t) = 147.9 kW
(c) P = Veff Ieff cos θ = (2300)(28) cos (35.71o) = 52.29 kW
(d) S = Veff Ieff ∠θ = 64.4 ∠ 35.71o kVA
(e) apparent power = |S| = 64.4 kVA
(f) |Zload| = |V/ I| = 2300/28 = 82.14 Ω. Thus, Zload = 82.14 ∠ 35.71o Ω
(g) Q = Veff Ieff sin θ = 37.59 kVAR

Solutions Chap11

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CHAPTER 11 SOLUTIONS

(b) Pc (0.2) = (3e −0.2 − 5e −0.6 ) (−e0.2 + 5e −0.6 ) = −0.5542 W

(c) Pc (0.4) = (3e −0.4 − 5e −1.2 ) (5e −1.2 − e −0.4 ) = 0.4220 W

4. We assume the circuit has already reached sinusoidal steady state by t = 0.

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) FREQ VM(L,0) VP(L,0)

FREQ VM(R2_5k,$N_0002)VP(R2_5k,$N_0002) FREQ IM(V_PRINT11) IP(V_PRINT11)

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2) FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) IP(V_PRINT12)

(b) R L , X L independent∴ Z L = Zth∗ = R th − jXth

(e) X L = 0 ∴ R L = R th2 + X th2 = Zth

(b) Vth = 5(28.8 + j 38.4) = 144 + j192 V,

16. Zeq = (6 – j8) || (12 + j9) = 8.321 ∠ -19.44o W

Veq = (5 ∠-30o) (8.321 ∠ -19.44o) = 41.61 ∠ -49.44o V

Ptotal = ½ (41.61)(5) cos (-19.44o) = 98.09 W

I6-j8 = Veq / (6 – j8) = 4.161 ∠ 3.69o A

P6-j8 = ½ (41.61)(4.161) cos (-49.44o – 3.69o) = 51.94 W

P4+j2 = ½ (2.774)2 (4) = 15.39 W

Check: Σ = 98.11 W (okay)

FREQ IM(V_PRINT4) IP(V_PRINT4)

FREQ IM(V_PRINT4) IP(V_PRINT4)

(10)(1) + (−5)(1) + 0(1)

(100)(1) + (25)(1) + (0)(1)

20. At ω = 120π, 1 H → j377 Ω, and 4 µF → -j663.1 Ω

Thus, P2.5k = ½ (520.4)2 / 2 500 = 54.16 W

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) FREQ VM(L,0) VP(L,0)

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2) FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) IP(V_PRINT12)

(a) v = 10 + 9 cos100t + 6 sin100t

(10)(1) + (20)(1) + (10)(1) 40

(a) g(t) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4cos(100t – 120o)

(b) h (t ) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4 cos (101t − 120°)

(a) f (t ) = 4 − 12 cos100t + 9 cos 2 100t

(a) A = B = 10V, C = D = 0 ∴10∠0° + 10∠ − 45° = 18.48∠ − 22.50o

(c) vs = 10 cos10t − 10sin (10t + 45°) → 10 − 10∠ − 45° = 7.654∠67.50o

(d) v = 10 cos10t + 10sin (10t + 45°) + 10 cos 40t ;

j 0.1ω - 0.03ω 2 + j 0.1ωR

(a) Vav ,1 = 30V

FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)

∴ Veff = 7.3032 + 6.6542 = 9.879

Z = 1000 + j1000 Ω = 1414 ∠45o Ω.

31. I = 4∠35° A rms

(a) V = 20I + 80∠35° Vrms, Ps , gen = 80 × 10 cos 35° = 655.3 W

(c) PLoad = 655.3 − 320 = 335.3 W

(d) APs , gen = 80 × 10 = 800 VA

(e) APR = PR = 320 VA

(f) I L = 10∠0° − 4∠35° = 7.104∠ − 18.84° A rms

(b) Ps = 120 × 9.214 × 0.8969 = 991.7W

FREQ VM($N_0003,0) VP($N_0003,0)

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

Next, add a 90.09-µF capacitor in parallel with the source:

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

200 −20 + j10

APA = I1 Z A = 15.1082 29 = 1229 VA

APB = I1 − I 2 Z B = 5.8812 × 10 5 = 773.5 VA

APC = I 2 2 ZC = 9.32 × 10 = 86.49 VA

APS = 200 I1 = 200 × 15.108 = 3022 VA

θload = tan-1(Q/P), or Q = P tan θload

Stotal = Sload + SC = P + j(Q – QC)

Substituting, we find that QC = P tan θload – P tan θnew

Thus, noting that θold = θload,

P ( tan θ old - tan θ new )

35. Z1 = 30∠15°Ω, Z 2 = 40∠40°Ω

(a) Ztot = 30∠15° + 40∠40° = 68.37∠29.31°Ω

(b) Ztot = 68.37∠29.31° = 59.62 + j 33.48

36. θ1 = cos-1(0.92) = 23.07o, θ 2 = cos-1 (0.8) = 36.87o, θ 3 = 0

(b) PF of composite load = cos (24.71o) = 0.9084 lagging