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Chapter 15
15-1 Given: Uncrowned, through-hardened 300 Brinell core and case, Grade 1, NC = 109 rev of
pinion at R = 0.999, N P = 20 teeth, NG = 60 teeth, Q v = 6, Pd = 6 teeth/in, shaft angle
90°, n p = 900 rev/min, J P = 0.249 and JG = 0.216 (Fig. 15-7), F = 1.25 in, S F =
S H = 1, K o = 1.
Mesh d P = 20/6 = 3.333 in
dG = 60/6 = 10.000 in
Eq. (15-7): vt = π(3.333)(900/12) = 785.3 ft/min
Eq. (15-6): B = 0.25(12 − 6) 2/3 = 0.8255
A = 50 + 56(1 − 0.8255) = 59.77
√ 0.8255
59.77 + 785.3
Eq. (15-5): Kv = = 1.374
59.77
Eq. (15-8): vt, max = [59.77 + (6 − 3)]2 = 3940 ft/min
Since 785.3 < 3904, K v = 1.374 is valid. The size factor for bending is:
Eq. (15-10): K s = 0.4867 + 0.2132/6 = 0.5222
For one gear straddle-mounted, the load-distribution factor is:
Eq. (15-11): K m = 1.10 + 0.0036(1.25) 2 = 1.106
Eq. (15-15): (K L ) P = 1.6831(109 ) −0.0323 = 0.862
(K L ) G = 1.6831(109 /3) −0.0323 = 0.893
Eq. (15-14): (C L ) P = 3.4822(109 ) −0.0602 = 1
(C L ) G = 3.4822(109 /3) −0.0602 = 1.069
Eq. (15-19): K R = 0.50 − 0.25 log(1 − 0.999) = 1.25 (or Table 15-3)
√
C R = K R = 1.25 = 1.118
Bending
Fig. 15-13: 0.99 St = sat = 44(300) + 2100 = 15 300 psi
sat K L 15 300(0.862)
Eq. (15-4): (σall ) P = swt = = = 10 551 psi
SF K T K R 1(1)(1.25)
(σall ) P F K x J P
Eq. (15-3): W Pt =
Pd K o K v K s K m
10 551(1.25)(1)(0.249)
= = 690 lbf
6(1)(1.374)(0.5222)(1.106)
690(785.3)
H1 = = 16.4 hp
33 000
15 300(0.893)
Eq. (15-4): (σall ) G = = 10 930 psi
1(1)(1.25)
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Chapter 15 391
10 930(1.25)(1)(0.216)
WGt = = 620 lbf
6(1)(1.374)(0.5222)(1.106)
620(785.3)
H2 = = 14.8 hp Ans.
33 000
The gear controls the bending rating.
392 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design
15-3 AGMA 2003-B97 does not fully address cast iron gears, however, approximate compar-
isons can be useful. This problem is similar to Prob. 15-1, but not identical. We will orga-
nize the method. A follow-up could consist of completing Probs. 15-1 and 15-2 with
identical pinions, and cast iron gears.
Given: Uncrowned, straight teeth, Pd = 6 teeth/in, N P = 30 teeth, NG = 60 teeth, ASTM
30 cast iron, material Grade 1, shaft angle 90°, F = 1.25, n P = 900 rev/min, ◦
√ φn = 20 ,
one gear straddle-mounted, K o = 1, J P = 0.268, JG = 0.228, S F = 2, S H = 2.
M Kv W t P
σ = =
I /c FY
Then
14.7
(K v ) CI = (K v ) steel = 0.7(K v ) steel
30
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Chapter 15 393
Our modeling is rough, but it convinces us that (K v ) CI < (K v ) steel , but we are not sure of
the value of (K v ) CI . We will use K v for steel as a basis for a conservative rating.
Eq. (15-6): B = 0.25(12 − 6) 2/3 = 0.8255
A = 50 + 56(1 − 0.8255) = 59.77
√ 0.8255
59.77 + 1178
Eq. (15-5): Kv = = 1.454
59.77
(σall ) P F K x J P
Eq. (15-3): W Pt =
Pd K o K v K s K m
2250(1.25)(1)(0.268)
= = 149.6 lbf
6(1)(1.454)(0.5222)(1.106)
149.6(1178)
H1 = = 5.34 hp
33 000
Gear bending
JG 0.228
WGt = W Pt = 149.6 = 127.3 lbf
JP 0.268
127.3(1178)
H2 = = 4.54 hp
33 000
The gear controls in bending fatigue.
H = 4.54 hp Ans.
91.6(1178)
H3 = H4 = = 3.27 hp
33 000
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394 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design
15-5 Uncrowned, through-hardened to 180 Brinell (core and case), Grade 1, 109 rev of pinion at
R = 0.999, N p = z 1 = 22 teeth, Na = z 2 =24 teeth,
√ Q v = 5, m et = 4 mm, shaft angle
90°, n 1 = 1800 rev/min, S F = 1, S H = S F = 1, J P = Y J 1 √ = 0.23, JG = Y J 2 =
0.205, F = b = 25 mm, K o = K A = K T = K θ = 1 and C p = 190 MPa .
Mesh dP = de1 = mz 1 = 4(22) = 88 mm
dG = m et z 2 = 4(24) = 96 mm
Eq. (15-7): vet= 5.236(10−5 )(88)(1800) = 8.29 m/s
Eq. (15-6): B = 0.25(12 − 5) 2/3 = 0.9148
A = 50 + 56(1 − 0.9148) = 54.77
√ 0.9148
54.77 + 200(8.29)
Eq. (15-5): Kv = = 1.663
54.77
Eq. (15-10): K s = Yx = 0.4867 + 0.008 339(4) = 0.520
Eq. (15-11) with K mb = 1 (both straddle-mounted),
K m = K Hβ = 1 + 5.6(10−6 )(252 ) = 1.0035
From Fig. 15-8,
(C L ) P= ( Z N T ) P = 3.4822(109 ) −0.0602 = 1.00
(C L ) G= ( Z N T ) G = 3.4822[109 (22/24)]−0.0602 = 1.0054
Eq. (15-12): C xc = Z xc = 2 (uncrowned)
Eq. (15-19): KR = Y Z = 0.50 − 0.25 log (1 − 0.999) = 1.25
√
C R = Z Z = Y Z = 1.25 = 1.118
From Fig. 15-10, C H = Zw = 1
Eq. (15-9): Z x = 0.004 92(25) + 0.4375 = 0.560
Wear of Pinion
Fig. 15-12: σ H lim = 2.35H B + 162.89
= 2.35(180) + 162.89 = 585.9 MPa
Fig. 15-6: I = Z I = 0.066
(σ H lim ) P ( Z N T ) P Z W
Eq. (15-2): (σ H ) P =
SH K θ Z Z
585.9(1)(1)
=√ = 524.1 MPa
1(1)(1.118)
2
σH bde1 Z I
WP =t
Cp 1000K A K v K Hβ Z x Z xc
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Chapter 15 395
396 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design
Rating of mesh is
Hrating = min(9.62, 8.62, 4.90, 4.93) = 4.90 kW Ans.
with pinion wear controlling.
15-7
σ
σ
all all
(a) (S F ) P = = (S F ) G =
σ P σ G
(sat K L /K T K R ) P (sat K L /K T K R ) G
=
(W Pd K o K v K s K m /F K x J ) P
t (W Pd K o K v K s K m /F K x J ) G
t
In wear
1/2
sac C L CU W t K o K v K m Cs C xc
= Cp
SH K T C R 22 Fd P I 22
t
Squaring and solving for W gives
2 2 2
sac C L C H Fd P I
W =
t
2
(2)
SH K T2 C 2R C 2P 22 K o K v K m Cs C xc 22
Equating the
right-hand sides of Eqs. (1) and (2) and canceling terms, and recognizing
that C R = K R and Pd d P = N P ,
we obtain
2
Cp SH (sat ) 11 (K L ) 11 K x J11 K T Cs C xc
(sac ) 22 = 2
(C L ) 22 SF CH N P Ks I
For equal W t in bending and wear
2
√
2
SH SF
= =1
SF SF
So we get
Cp (sat ) P (K L ) P J P K x K T Cs C xc
(sac ) G = Ans.
(C L ) G C H N P I Ks
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Chapter 15 397
(c)
σc, all σc, all
(S H ) P = (S H ) G = =
σc P σc G
Substituting in the right-hand equality gives
[sac C L /(C R K T )] P [sac C L C H /(C R K T )]G
=
C p W t K o K v K m Cs C xc /( Fd P I ) C p W t K o K v K m Cs C xc /( Fd P I )
P G
Denominators cancel leaving
(sac ) P (C L ) P = (sac ) G (C L ) G C H
.
Solving for (sac ) P gives, with C H = 1
(C L ) G . 1 −0.0602
(sac ) P = (sac ) G C H = (sac ) G (1)
(C L ) P mG
.
(sac ) P = (sac ) G m 0G.0602 Ans.
This equation is the transpose of Eq. (14-45).
15-8
Core Case
Pinion ( H B ) 11 ( H B ) 12
Gear ( H B ) 21 ( H B ) 22
Given ( H B ) 11 = 300 Brinell
Eq. (15-23): (sat ) P = 44(300) + 2100 = 15 300 psi
J P −0.0323 0.249 −0.0323
(sat ) G (sat ) P m G = 15 300 3 = 17 023 psi
JG 0.216
17 023 − 2100
( H B ) 21 = = 339 Brinell Ans.
44
2290 15 300(0.862)(0.249)(1)(0.593 25)(2)
(sac ) G = = 141 160 psi
1.0685(1) 20(0.086)(0.5222)
141 160 − 23 600
( H B ) 22 = = 345 Brinell Ans.
341
0.0602 1 . 0.0602 1
(sac ) P = (sac ) G m G = 141 160(3 ) = 150 811 psi
CH 1
150 811 − 23 600
( H B ) 12 = = 373 Brinell Ans.
341
Care Case
Pinion 300 373 Ans.
Gear 399 345
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398 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design
Chapter 15 399
Pinion case
(sac ) P = 341(373) + 23 620 = 150 813 psi
150 813(1)
(σc, all ) P = = 134 895 psi
1(1)(1.118)
134 895 2 1.25(3.333)(0.086)
W =
t
= 689.0 lbf
2290 1(1.374)(1.106)(0.593 75)(2)
Gear case
(sac ) G = 341(345) + 23 620 = 141 265 psi
141 265(1.0685)(1)
(σc, all ) G = = 135 010 psi
1(1)(1.118)
135 010 2 1.25(3.333)(0.086)
W =
t
= 690.1 lbf
2290 1(1.1374)(1.106)(0.593 75)(2)
The equations developed within Prob. 15-7 are effective. In bevel gears, the gear tooth
is weaker than the pinion so (C H ) G = 1. (See p. 784.) Thus the approximations in
Prob. 15-7 with C H = 1 are really still exact.
15-10 The catalog rating is 5.2 hp at 1200 rev/min for a straight bevel gearset. Also given:
N P = 20 teeth, NG = 40 teeth, φn = 20◦ , F = 0.71 in, J P = 0.241, JG = 0.201,
Pd = 10 teeth/in, through-hardened to 300 Brinell-General Industrial Service, and
Q v = 5 uncrowned.
Mesh
d P = 20/10 = 2.000 in, dG = 40/10 = 4.000 in
πd P n P π(2)(1200)
vt = = = 628.3 ft/min
12 12
K o = 1, S F = 1, SH = 1
Eq. (15-6): B = 0.25(12 − 5) 2/3 = 0.9148
A = 50 + 56(1 − 0.9148) = 54.77
√ 0.9148
54.77 + 628.3
Eq. (15-5): Kv = = 1.412
54.77
Eq. (15-10): K s = 0.4867 + 0.2132/10 = 0.508
K mb = 1.25
Eq. (15-11): K m = 1.25 + 0.0036(0.71) 2 = 1.252
Eq. (15-15): (K L ) P = 1.6831(109 ) −0.0323 = 0.862
(K L ) G = 1.6831(109 /2) −0.0323 = 0.881
Eq. (15-14): (C L ) P = 3.4822(109 ) −0.0602 = 1.000
(C L ) G = 3.4822(109 /2) −0.0602 = 1.043
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400 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design
Chapter 15 401
Gear:
(sac ) G = 125 920 psi
125 920(1.043)(1)
(σc, all ) = = 117 473 psi
1(1)(1.118)
117 473 2 0.71(2.000)(0.078)
W =
t
= 156.6 lbf
2290 1(1.412)(1.252)(0.526 25)(2)
156.6(628.3)
H4 = = 3.0 hp
33 000
Rating:
H = min(3.8, 3.3, 2.7, 3.0) = 2.7 hp
Pinion wear controls the power rating. While the basis of the catalog rating is unknown,
it is overly optimistic (by a factor of 1.9).
15-11 From Ex. 15-1, the core hardness of both the pinion and gear is 180 Brinell. So ( H B ) 11
and ( H B ) 21 are 180 Brinell and the bending stress numbers are:
(sat ) P = 44(180) + 2100 = 10 020 psi
(sat ) G = 10 020 psi
The contact strength of the gear case, based upon the equation derived in Prob. 15-7, is
2
Cp SH (sat ) P (K L ) P K x J P K T Cs C xc
(sac ) G =
(C L ) G C H S F N P I Ks
Substituting (sat ) P from above and the values of the remaining terms from Ex. 15-1,
2290 1.52 10 020(1)(1)(0.216)(1)(0.575)(2)
= 114 331 psi
1.32(1) 1.5 25(0.065)(0.529)
114 331 − 23 620
( H B ) 22 = = 266 Brinell
341
The pinion contact strength is found using the relation from Prob. 15-7:
(sac ) P = (sac ) G m 0G.0602 C H = 114 331(1) 0.0602 (1) = 114 331 psi
114 331 − 23 600
( H B ) 12 = = 266 Brinell
341
Core Case
Pinion 180 266
Gear 180 266
Realization of hardnesses
The response of students to this part of the question would be a function of the extent
to which heat-treatment procedures were covered in their materials and manufacturing
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402 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design
prerequisites, and how quantitative it was. The most important thing is to have the stu-
dent think about it.
The instructor can comment in class when students curiosity is heightened. Options
that will surface may include:
• Select a through-hardening steel which will meet or exceed core hardness in the hot-
rolled condition, then heat-treating to gain the additional 86 points of Brinell hardness
by bath-quenching, then tempering, then generating the teeth in the blank.
• Flame or induction hardening are possibilities.
• The hardness goal for the case is sufficiently modest that carburizing and case harden-
ing may be too costly. In this case the material selection will be different.
• The initial step in a nitriding process brings the core hardness to 33–38 Rockwell
C-scale (about 300–350 Brinell) which is too much.
Emphasize that development procedures are necessary in order to tune the “Black Art”
to the occasion. Manufacturing personnel know what to do and the direction of adjust-
ments, but how much is obtained by asking the gear (or gear blank). Refer your students
to D. W. Dudley, Gear Handbook, library reference section, for descriptions of heat-treat-
ing processes.
15-13 A design program would ask the user to make the a priori decisions, as indicated in
Sec. 15-5, p. 794, MED7. The decision set can be organized as follows:
A priori decisions
• Function: H, K o , rpm, mG , temp., N L , R
√
• Design factor: n d (S F = n d , S H = n d )
• Tooth system: Involute, Straight Teeth, Crowning, φn
• Straddling: K mb
• Tooth count: N P ( NG = m G N P )
Design decisions
• Pitch and Face: Pd , F
• Quality number: Q v
• Pinion hardness: ( H B ) 1 , ( H B ) 3
• Gear hardness: ( H B ) 2 , ( H B ) 4
shi20396_ch15.qxd
First gather all of the equations one needs, then arrange them before coding. Find the required hardnesses, express the consequences of the
chosen hardnesses, and allow for revisions as appropriate.
8/28/03
Chosen ( HB ) 11 ( HB ) 21 ( HB ) 12 ( HB ) 22
hardness
44( HB ) 11 + 2100 44( HB ) 21 + 2100 341( HB ) 12 + 23 620 341( HB ) 22 + 23 620
New tabulated (sat1 ) P = (sat1 ) G = (sac1 ) P = (sac1 ) G =
strength 48( HB ) 11 + 5980 48( HB ) 21 + 5980 363.6( HB ) 12 + 29 560 363.6( HB ) 22 + 29 560
2 2
σall (sat1 ) P (K L ) P (sat1 ) G (K L ) G (sac1 ) P (C L ) P (C H ) P (sac1 ) G (C L ) G (C H ) G
Factor of n 11 = = n 21 = n 12 = n 22 =
safety σ s11 K T K R s21 K T K R s12 K T C R s22 K T C R
Note: SF = n d , S H = SF
403
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404 Solutions Manual • Instructor’s Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design
Chapter 15 405
(d) Eq. (15-52): Amin = 43.2(8.5) 1.7 = 1642 in2 < 1700 in2
Eq. (15-49): Hloss = 33 000(1 − 0.7563)(2.18) = 17 530 ft · lbf/min
Assuming a fan exists on the worm shaft,
1725
Eq. (15-50): h̄ C R = + 0.13 = 0.568 ft · lbf/(min · in2 · ◦ F)
3939
17 530
Eq. (15-51): ts = 70 + = 88.2◦ F Ans.
0.568(1700)
15-15 to 15-22
406
Problem statement values of 25 hp, 1125 rev/min, m G = 10, K a = 1.25, n d = 1.1, φn = 20°, ta = 70°F are not referenced in the table.
shi20396_ch15.qxd
Parameters
Selected 15-15 15-16 15-17 15-18 15-19 15-20 15-21 15-22
8/28/03
FG
#4 A 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2500 2600
FAN FAN
HW 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.0 41.2 41.2
Page 406