Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M.P. Singh
B. Tech.(Civil); M.I.E. (Mech.)
Earthizenz & India Vetiver Network
email: mpsingh@earthizenz.org
Geetika Kalha
IAS
Principal Secretary, Govt. of Punjab & Earthizenz
email: geetikakalha@gmail.com
The Problem
o In Punjab, India, there is a seasonal creek/rivulet
flowing between Beas and Satluj rivers.
o This creek has been called Kali Bein.
o Kali Bein has a very important place in the Sikh
history.
o It is along this rivulet, that Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the
founder of Sikhism, spent his younger days and
also attainted ‘enlightenment’.
o He dived into the Bein one day and resurfaced
after three days and then uttered the words ‘Japji’.
o These words have since formed the basis of the
evolvement of the ‘Guru Granth Sahib’ the holy
book of sikh religion.
The Problem
The last four hundred years have seen
total neglect of the Bein.
Carbon Credits
IN the Host Country:
Buyer
Current value
$25/CER
By selling the carbon credits – CERs from a GHG
reduction/ Carbon sequestering project to a buyer
additional cash flow can be realised for projects.
Relevant Green House
Gases
Carbon Dioxide
Global Warming Potential 1*
Methane
Global Warming Potential 21*
Nitrous Oxide
Global Warming Potential 310*
“Without project”
emission level
(e.g. grid Carbon
baseline) credits
GHG emissions
“With project”
emission level
Time
Project
commissioned
“The baseline for a CDM project activity is the scenario that
reasonably represents the anthropogenic emissions by sources
of greenhouse gases that would occur in the absence of the
proposed project activity.”
Selling CERs: Risks!
If the Project does not take off or does
not deliver
Risks can be carried by the buyer or the
seller. Examples:
– -Buyer can take on the entire expected CERs
or parts
-Penalties in case CERs do not
accrue
Required
return on
investment
threshold
Project return Project return
excluding including
CDM revenue CDM revenue
Additionality Test
Need to prove the project would not have happened
without CDM
Some steps in the test:
1. Initial Project Stage: Proof of CDM influencing
decision
-> Key for all projects stared before
registration
2. Investment or barrier analysis
Simplified Methodologies;
No change in project cycle – ‘Fast track’;
Single OE for validation and verification;
Simplified PDD;
Administrative levy halved.
All these only influences limited share of
transaction cost
Transaction Cost
technology/measure,
location,
application of simplified baseline methodology.
i: renewable energy
ii: energy efficiency
iii: other
General Bundling
Principles
Payment
(Rs) Payment ($)
ODA,
Bundling Government,
organisation Grant/Funds ? NGOs etc.
Loan
Repayment Financial
Institution
Small Scale
A/R Projects
Bio Methanation
Approved Small Scales CDM
Methodologies
Reference Methodologies Title
AMS-I.A. Electricity generation by the user
AMS-I.B. Mechanical energy for the user with or
without electrical energy
AMS-I.C. Thermal energy for the user with or without
electricity
AMS-I.D. Grid connected renewable electricity
generation
AMS-II.A. Supply side energy efficiency improvements
– transmission and distribution
AMS-II.B. Supply side energy efficiency improvements
– generation
Approved Small Scales CDM
Methodologies
AMS-II.C. Demand-side energy efficiency activities for
specific technologies
AMS-II.D. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures
for industrial facilities
AMS-II.E. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures
for buildings
AMS-II.F. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures
for agricultural facilities and activities
AMS-III.A. Agriculture
AMS-III.B. Switching fossil fuels
AMS-III.C. Emission reductions by low-greenhouse gas
emitting vehicles
Approved Small Scales CDM
Methodologies
AMS-III.D. Methane recovery in agricultural and agro
industrial activities
AMS-III.E. Avoidance of methane production from
biomass decay through controlled
combustion
AMS-III.F. Avoidance of methane production from
decay of biomass through composting
AMS-III.G. Landfill methane recovery
AMS-III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment
AMS-III.I. Avoidance of methane production in
wastewater treatment through replacement
of anaerobic lagoons by aerobic systems
Approved Small Scales CDM
Methodologies
AMS-III.J. Avoidance of fossil fuel combustion for carbon
dioxide production to be used as raw material
for industrial processes
AMS-III.K. Avoidance of methane release from charcoal
production by shifting from pit method to
mechanized charcoaling process
AMS-III.L. Avoidance of methane production from
biomass decay through controlled pyrolysis
AMS-III.M. Reduction in consumption of electricity by
recovering soda from paper manufacturing
process
AMS-III.N. Avoidance of HFC emissions in rigid Poly
Urethane Foam (PUF) manufacturing
Wastewater Treatment with Vetiver
Total Treatment with Vetiver:
Methane: We hope to prove that by using vetiver, we are
preventing the methane from escaping to the atmosphere,
which would have been the case under the BAU scenario.
Methane having a GWP of 21 CO2e.
Nitrous Oxide Emission Prevention: Keeping in view the
Nitrogen uptake capacity of Vetiver, we presume that
whatever Nitrous Oxide that goes into the atmosphere in
the BAU scenario.
The GWP of N2O is 310. This needs tobe studied so that
quantification can be done.
Project Scenario:
Baseline:
Project Scenario:
MSW are: •Landfill Gas collection system
With
•Open dumping additionality (methane gas recovery)
•Disposal in with/without
unmanaged sites, or electricity generation
Sultanpur Lodh??
anaerobic digestion of wastewater and sewage sludge
Additionality: financial barrier
Project scenario: methane recovery through covering
anaerobic ponds with HDPE sheets, and flaring.
Project detail:
- Capital cost: $1.8 million
- Public private partnership (concession area)
- Capacity: 64,000 m3/d upgraded to 154,000 m3/d by 2012
- Start operation: Early 2008
Mohali???
ERs estimates (2008-2012)
- From methane extraction: 140 k tons CO2e
- From grid-electricity displacement: 13 k tons CO2e
Feasibility: IRR without ER 6.8%; with ER 12.3%
Potential Animal Manure Waste
(AMW) CDM Project
Animal manure: methane and N2O emissions
Project Scenario:
Manure treatment systems:
•Covered lagoon (methane
Baseline: recovery)
with/without biogas utilization
Manure storage methods: With •Bio-digestor (methane
Solid, dry, liquid, pits, additionality extraction)
deep litter, open anaerobic with/without biogas utilization
lagoon (i.e. electricity/heat generation;
drying sludge, flaring), and
with/without sludge utilization
•Combustion of manure
(methane avoidance)
•Co-composting
Transitions between these alternatives can reduce methane and N2O
emissions. reduce methane and N2O emissions.
+
Pre-Project Activity Condition
Open Air Logon Pre-Project Activity
Condition
Anaerobic Digestor with
Flare
& or other
renewable
energy
equipment
+
Pre-Project Activity Pre-Project Activity Condition
Condition Anaerobic Digestor with Co-gen
Open Air Logon Flare
Open Lagoon to Ambient Temperature Anaerobic Digester with Co-Gen & Flare
Case Study: Kishengarh : Total
Waste Management& Elec Gen
gas/liquid/solids
Pre-treated
solid media phase separator
influent effluent
upflow (plasitc
gutter settling zone
chamber (beverage crates) Vertical baffles
granular
sludge sludge blanket
bed
downflow
chamber
Baffled Module UASB Module
Hydroponic Treatment
/Vetiver Wetlands
(Secondary /tertiary treatment)
Source INVN
Source INVN
Source INVN
Treating flowing Bein
( Vetiver Pontoons)
Source INVN
Floating Vetver Pontoons
Source INVN
Conclusion