CS 634 Information Systems

Dr Deepak B Phatak Subrao Nilekani Chair Professor Kanwal Rekhi Building, Department of CSE IIT Bombay Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

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SESSION OVERVIEW
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Principles of Software Engineering Software Engineering Activities Process Maturity Measures Review of ER Model Functional Model
Data Flow Model

User Interface Issues Software Requirement Specifications (SRS)

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

ROLE OF SOFTWARE
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Business Functionality Depends Mainly On Software Good Systems S/W Is The Basis
OS, Programming Languages (3GL)

Tools To Build S/W Keep Evolving

4GL (SQL), RAD Tools

Typical Life Cycle: 10 -15 Years

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

Software Characteristics
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Software is Developed or Engineered

Not Manufactured

Software Does Not Wear Out

May Become Un-Maintainable Hardware Does wear out

Most Software is Custom-Built

Limited Role for Packaged Products Which Need Customization and Integration With Other Apps.

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
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Application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation and maintenance of software; i.e., The application of engineering to software
IEEE Definition 1993

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
IIT BOMBAY

Engineering is the analysis, design, construction, verification and management of technical (or) social entities To engineer S/W, we must define A development process

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

Building Information Systems

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Functional Specifications System Engineering

Feasibility Study Allocation To H/W, S/W, People

System Analysis System Design Coding, Testing, Integration Acceptance and Deployment

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

Software Process Models

IIT BOMBAY

Linear Sequential Model

The Waterfall Model User Knows Inadequacies Too Late

Prototyping Model
Model Business, Data, and Processes Generate Application Test and Turnover

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

Software Process Models

IIT BOMBAY

Rapid Application Development Evolutionary Models

The Incremental Model Sequential + Prototyping The Spiral Model

Concurrent Development Model Formal Methods Model

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

UMBRELLA ACTIVITIES
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Project Tracking And Control Formal Technical Reviews S/w Quality Assurance Configuration Management Document Production Reusability Management Measurement, Risk management

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

10

Software Project Management

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Basic Project Management Software Teams

Coordination & Communication

Process and Project Metrics

Based on Lines of Code (LoC) Function Point Oriented

Project Scheduling and Tracking

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

11

Software Engineering
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A Quality Focus Process Methods Tools

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

12

SEI MODEL
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Software Engineering Institute

At Carnegie Mellon University

Capability Maturity Model Five Levels of Maturity to Measure Effectiveness of an Organization in its Software Development Practices (CMM levels)

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

13

CMM LEVEL 1 (Initial)

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Process is Ad Hoc (Even Chaotic) Very Few Processes Are Defined Success Depends Entirely On Individual Efforts

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

14

CMM LEVEL 2 (Repeatable)

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Basic Management Processes Are Established Cost Schedule And Functionality Is Tracked Discipline To Successfully Repeat Projects With Similar Applications

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

15

CMM LEVEL 3 (Defined)

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Software process for both management and engineering activities is standardized, documented, and integrated across the organization All projects use the documented approved version

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

16

CMM LEVEL 4 (Managed)

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Detailed measures of process and product quality are collected Process and products quantitatively understood and controlled using detailed measures

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

17

CMM LEVEL 5 (Optimizing)

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Quantitative feedback exists from process for continuous process improvement Testing innovative ideas and technologies

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

18

Classical Analysis Modeling

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Data Object Description

Entity Relationship Diagram Relational Model

Process Specification
Data Flow Diagram

Control Specifications
State Transition Diagram

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

19

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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Represent Information Domain Of The Problem

Which Data, How Manipulated Five Ws and One H

Understand S/W Requirements Specify S/W Functions, Interfaces, Constraints

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

20

ENTITY MODEL
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shostel
sname

sroom

scpi scourses

sroll

Student

shobbies
Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 21

Course Entity
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cname
ccode

ccredits

cstudents

Course

cfaculty

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

22

TABLE REPRESENTATION
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sroll

sname

shostel sroom scpi

02 08 218 218 8.49 7.94

99011012 Vijay Ambre 01D15034 Shaukat Ali

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

23

TABLE REPRESENTATION
IIT BOMBAY

ccode

cname

ccredit
06 06

CS634 Information Systems CS101 Computer Programming

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

24

RELATIONSHIPS
IIT BOMBAY

Student Grade

sroll

Registers For

Course
Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

ccode
25

TABLE FOR RELATIONSHIPS

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sroll

ccode
CS402

grade AB

99011012

The REG Table

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

26

ER MODEL
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Captures Static Characteristics Associations May Be

One To One (Shown By A Dot) One To Many, Many To One

Easy To Map The Structure To Files Or Data Base Schema This Model Does Not Cover Dynamic Features, Workflow, Interfaces, etc.

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

27

DATA DICTIONARY (Entity Sets)

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A Repository Of All Information About Entities And Associations For An Entity

Name, Brief Description Approximate Number in The Set Frequency of Changes Any Other Information

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

28

DATA DICTIONARY (Attributes)

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For Each Attribute

Name, Brief Description Data Type and Field Width Valid Values (Domain) Typical Values

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

29

FLOW MODELING (DFD)

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As information flows through A system, it is transformed A transformation represents part of a system function Such flow and the attendant transformation can be captured using a model for data flow Represented using data flow diagrams

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

30

Example of a Data Flow

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Participant

Reg-form

Validate Registration

Error List

Pnext

Roll-list

Acct-master Faculty Enrollment-master

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 31

Example of a Data Flow

IIT BOMBAY

Participant

Reg-form

Validate Registration

Error List

Pnext

DF1 Roll-list

Acct-master
Validation Information

Faculty

Enrollment-master
Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 32

DFD SYMBOLS
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Donor

External Entity Data Flow

Acct-statement
Check Expense Pledge-Info

Process
Data-Store
33

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

DFD SYMBOLS
IIT BOMBAY

External Entity: Source Or Consumer Of Information Arrow: Represents Flow of Data Process: Describes Transformation
Ultimately, Represents the Algorithm or Program That Gets/Puts Data From/To Arrows and Contains Processing Specifications

Store: Stores Data

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

34

DFD Data Dictionary

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Each Symbol Must Have An Associated Label Data Dictionary Entries Must Define That Label in Terms Of its Meta-Data Process Narrative (PSPEC) Must be Included

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

35

Example Entries
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Reg-Form
Roll Number, Name, Course, Audit/Credit, Time-table slot,

Validation-Information
Input to Store: Roll-number Return From Store Name, CPI, fees-payment status,

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

36

CONTEXT DIAGRAM
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Called level 0 DFD, or the fundamental system model Single bubble with incoming and outgoing arrows mainly showing the entities involved Functional partitioning further done to derive several level 1 DFDs

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

37

Context Diagram Example

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Participant-Info Course-Info

Participant-Grades

Faculty-Info
Remote-Centre-Info

CDEEP SYSTEM

Course Contents Annual Revenue

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

38

REFINEMENT
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Expansion Of a Level 1 DFD To Add Detailed Processes Flow Continuity Necessary Expansion Must Have Same I/O

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

39

USER INTERFACE
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Modeling Interactive Screens

Capture And Validate Input Query Retrieval

Modeling Reports
Contents and Format On Screen, On Printer

Special Interfaces

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

40

USER INTERFACE
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Screen And Forms Layouts Source And Target Stores Operational Considerations
Ease Of Use (User Friendliness) Keystroke Minimization

Dr. Deepak B Phatak

cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

41

SRS Document (Draft Contents)

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Introduction Functional Specifications Data Models and Data Dictionary

ER Model Data Flow Model

User Interface Requirements Interfaces to Other Systems Procedures and Workflow Acceptance Criteria Appendices
cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 42

Dr. Deepak B Phatak