You are on page 1of 6

LFRBS[DBC JMVB

LFCFO.BCB B[8 3F-L47 @_!!O87 1!!-!*


dfuhtkt,s 3lfrbs[dbc jmvbc4 itdct,fc lf dtcfe,ht,bs cfmfhsdtkjlfy ufyltdybkb pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vsfdhj,bc ghtvbthvbybcnhc7 abytsib v.ja

,tcfhbjy ueueidbkc5

2 3lfrbs[dbc jmvbc4 ufuhtkt,bcsdbc7 xtvb v[hbd7 s[jdyf vfmdc fctsb7 se7 hf smvf eylf7 fvbc itcfkt,kj,f utmyt,fs 2 ufptsbc gbhdtk udthlpt7 'fkpt ufvjcfxty flubkpt lf lblhjyb fcjt,bs eylf b.jc ntmcnb5 3GFHKFVTYNBC RJRJC RJVBCBFV DTHW PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC VRDKTKJ,F LFFVNRBWF LF DTHW SDBSVRDKTKJ,F EFH.J=4 tc hjv yfvldbkfl fctf7 fvfpt rjrjc rjvbcbbc 3lfcrdybc4 ntmcnbw vjovj,c7 cflfw fhcflff fqybiyekb7 hjv rjvbcbfv lfpecnt,bs7 wfkcf[fl lf ewbkj,kfl lffvnrbwf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdktkj,f lf fhw bcff fqybiyekb7 hjv rjvbcbfv lfpecnt,bs7 wfkcf[fl lf ewbkj,kfl lffvnrbwf7 hjv fh vjv[lfhf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vbth sdbsvrdktkj,f= 2 ,fnjyj ,tcj7 yfobkj,hbd utsfy[vt,bs7 vfuhfv wfkcf[f vnrbwt,ekt,f fhw bvbcff7 hjv pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfv sfdb vjbrkf7 hjujhw fvfc smdty7 hj,bpjy vfhudtkfyb lf ,fxerb udfywtkft fvnrbwt,s888 2 xtvc vbth ptvjsmvekbc rbltd thsb lflfcneht,ff fvjyfhblb 3df[j cfyfbfc htgjhnf;blfy47 hjvtkbw smdtyb 3gbhdtkb fh[bs4 ufdblf fvf okbc !) st,thdfkc lf 'fkbfy us[jds7 lf,tzljs5 DF[J CFYFBF5 2 ,fnjyj KFIF +SJHLBF888 smdty [fhs rjvbcbbc otdhb888 [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutytkb888 fv rjvbcbbc veifj,fc888 vsfdfh itrbs[dfpt7 fk,fs eylf tgfce[f 2 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib7 fct b.j tc .dtkfathb ofhvjlutybkb 2 SFDB VJBRKF SE VJRKTC GBHDTKB GHTPBLTYNB8 SMDTY7 RJVBCBBC OTDHC7 HBCB SMVF ITUBKBFS0 KFIF SJHLBF5 2 cf,jkjjl bvbcfsdbc7 hjv xdty dsmdfs7 hjv tc b.j vrdktkj,f7 fewbkt,tkbf7 fvbcsdbc b.jc itcf,fvbcb vnrbwt,ekt,t,b ofhvjlutybkb888 fh fhbc xfnfht,ekb cfcfvfhskj-cfvtlbwbyj tmcgthnbpf7 tc xfnfhlf v[jkjl !$ okbc itvltu7 sevwf7 sdbsjy lfcrdyfw bct fhbc itlutybkb7 hjv yt,bcvbth tmcgthnc 2 hjv vjdbodbjs fm fsb tmcgthnb 2 fsbdt tmcgthnc tmyt,f itcfkt,kj,f7 hjv c[dflfc[df v[hblfy ufvjbnfyjc c[dflfc[dfyfbhb lfcrdyt,b8 DF[J CFYFBF5 2 fye smdty vbufxybfs7 hjv fct vrfabjl lqtc smvf fh itubkbfs 2 sfdb vjbrkf ghtpbltynvf se bc vjrktc0 KFIF SJHLBF5 2 vt yfvldbkfl VRFABJL FVBC SMVF FH ITVBKBF888 DF[J CFYFBF5 2 ufvjvbt,tk PEHF, ,FWFYFTC vbylf drbs[j 2 vt hjujhw dbwb7 smdty bpbfht,s vrdktkj,bc dthcbfc8 fb7 ufmds itcfkt,kj,f7 vf.eht,tkc es[hfs bc fhuevtynt,b7 hfnjvfw vfs eylf bhoveyjy7 hjv pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbf vjrktc0 PEHF, ,FWFYFT5 2 fv tnfgpt7 f[kf GBHLFGBH HJV UFYDFW[FLJ7 HJV VJRKEKBF7 VT VFUBC EAKT,F FH UFVFXYBF888 bct7 hjv rfntujhbekfl ufydfw[flj7 hjv tc fhbc sdbsvrdktkj,f7 fv tnfgpt dthw lfdflfcneht, lf dthw efhd.ja888 DF[J CFYFBF5 2 ,fnjy UBF LTRFYJPBIDBKC vbylf vbdvfhsj7 tmcgthnrhbvbyfkbcnc8 ,fnjyj ubf888 vt ufdtwfyb smdtyc cfufptsj bynthdbec7 cflfw lfhoveyt,bs fv,j,lbs7 hjv tc b.j vrdktkj,f8 itubkbfs smdfs xdtyc uflfwtvfib7 hfnjv abmhj,s lqtc fct7 hjv tc b.j vrdktkj,f0 UBF LTRFYJPBIDBKB5 2 LFHOVEYT,BS0 2 VSKFL BCT LFHOVEYT,BS FHF888 ubjhub7 dabmhj,7 rjvbcbbc otdht,bcf lf vbodtekb tmcgthnt,bc ufvjsmvekb lf fm vjnfybkb vfcfkf7 vfsb ufvjyfsmdfvt,b wfkcf[fl flfcneht,c7 hjv RJRJC RJVBCBFV DTH LFFVNRBWF PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC VRDKTKJ,BC DTHCBF LF DTH EFH.J SDBSVRDKTKJ,BC DTHCBF= 2 sevwf7 f[kf smdtyc vbth ito.dtnbkb xdtyb 3lfrbs[dbc jmvbc4 ufuhtkt,bc thsths vsfdfh vbptpc vbylf vbde,heylts888 3fcfdfk-lfcdfkbc4 obyf yjvthib lfb,tzlf cfmfhsdtkjc gbhdtkb ghtpbltynbc pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc ufhlfwdfkt,bc cfrbs[t,bc itvcofdktk lhjt,bs cfgfhkfvtynj rjvbcbfcsfy fhct,ekb cfpjufljt,hbdb lfh,fpbc otdht,bc vfk[fp ujhufckbbcf lf ybrf +kerf vfzenfbc othbkb7 hjvtkibw7 afmnj,hbdfl7 jabwbfkehfl ofub.tytc ,hfkb pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdktkj,fib= 2 dblht vfu jh fhfrfwpt utn.jlts xtvc cfsmvtkc888

,TCFHBJY UEUEIDBKBC 3LFRBS[DBC JMVB4


,TCFHBJY UEUEIDBKB5

2 ,fnjyj ,tcfhbjy7 c[dfsfijhbc7 vfk[fp ujhufckbtcfw ds[jdt7 sfdbfys othbkib gbhjdyt,bc itehfw[v.jatkb ufvjyfsmdfvt,bcfufy sfdb ittrfdt,byfs lf ,jlbibc vj[lbs7 smdtyw us[jds bvfdtc888 2 ubjhub7 itdsfy[vlts7 vt7 dbyfblfy fh vfmdc bvltyb fhw itcfkt,kj,f lf fhw cfiefkt,f7 vtlbbc c[dflfc[df cfiefkt,bs vbdvfhsj mfhsdtk thc7 thsflthsb7 smdtyb ufptsbqf vhxt,f cfresfhb gjpbwbt,bcf se yffphtdbc [fk[fvlt vbcfnfyfl lf c[dt,bcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7 fhw c[dflfc[df ntktfh[t,bs vfktdty cffsj,bs ufvjcdkbc eakt,fc888 fvbnjv7

GFHKFVTYNBC RJRJC RJVBCBFV DTHW PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC VRDKTKJ,F LFFVNRBWF LF DTHW SDBSVRDKTKJ,F EFH.J=
dtwlt,b7 smdtyb s[jdyfw ufdbsdfkbcobyj7 vfuhfv bwjlts7 jabwbfkeh xdtyt,t,ib yfsmdfvb sbsjtekb ahfpf bibaht,f pecnfl bct7 hjujhw fhbc yfsmdfvb= ufdfuhtkjs f[kf cfe,fhb0 2 rtsbkb7 ubcvtys888 2 dblht vfu jh fhfrfwpt utn.jlts xtvc cfsmvtkc7 fmdt7 vt vbdecfvbvht, cfmfhsdtkjc ghjrehfnehfc lf vbc veifrt,c7 hflufy rjrjc rjvbcbbc 3lfcrdyt,bc4 ufvj7 bcbyb evbvtc vlujvfhtj,fib xfdfhlyty= bcbyb7 rjrjc rjvbcbbcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs vfbyw7 fct se bct itpqelekt,b fhbfy ghjwtcefkehb lf c[df yjhvt,bs lf dth f/.dt,bfy chekvfcinf,jdyfl rjrjc erbltufyj afynfpbt,c7 uf.fk,t,t,cf lf whegtyntkj,fc8 vbs eahj7 ifdb lqt lfflut,fs7 se fmts7 tdhjgbcrty uffrtst,ty lfojkfc888 cflfw7 fhff ufvjhbw[ekb7 cfgfce[j cfhxtkcfw offo.lyty= [jkj cfvfhskt,hbdb yjhvt,bc hf lfhqdtdt,bcsdbc bmyt,f cfgfce[j cfhxtkb7 tc vfs 'fkpt rfhufl bwbfy= bctdt bwbfy7 hjujhw bc7 hjv cfmfhsdtkj fv cfhxtkbc vbvfhs vn.efybf lf cfmvtc etzdtkfl offut,c= LBF[7 GBHLFGBH LF WFKCF[FL DFW[FLT,5 TDHJGFIB XTVC OBYFFQVLTU OFHVJT,EK CFCFVFHSKJ GHJWTCC CFMFHSDTKJ OFFUT,C= tc vfyl fhf ufmds j,btmnehb lf vberthjt,tkb cfcfvfhskj cbcntvf7 sjhtv7 qdsbc vflkbs7 TDHJGF FH FHBC XFKBS BCT LF[EHEKB7 HJUJHW TC CFFRFIDBKCF LF RJRJ-RBREC YT,FDS= thsbw fhbc5 vt fv;fvfl dfvpflt, rjrjc rjvbcbbc 3lfcrdybc4 ufyv[bkdtk ltnfkeh lf lfcf,est,ek rhbnbrek cnfnbfc7 hjvtkcfw itlfht,bs vjrkt [fyib vjufodlbs lf hjvtkibw mfhsdtk cfpjufljt,hbj,fc sdfkyfskbd lfdfyf[t, rjrjc rjvbcbbc vstk whegtyntkj,fc7 fhfj,btmnehj,fcf lf vjc.blekj,fc= vt cbcntvfnehfl dfltdyt, sdfkc mfhsek vtlbfib ufvjmdt.yt,ek gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,bcf lf gjkbnbrjct,bc htbnbyut,c lf d[tlfd7 hjv

CNTYJUHFABEKB LF [VJDFYB7 FY [TKVJOTHBKB SFY[VJ,F BMYT,F=

COJHTL 3FCFDFKLFCFDFKBC4 CFIEFKT,BS VJUVFHSFDS SMDTYW LF MFHSDTK THCFW5 FLHTW DSMDB LF F[KFW DBVTJHT, 2 LFT7 XDTYB CFE,HT,B LF 3LFRBS[DBC JMVT,B4 VJVFDFKIB J,BTMNEHFL OFHVJT,EK CFUFVJBT,J VFCFKT,IB XFLJY LF VBBQJY7 HJUJHW XTVB JABWBFKEHB LF }TH}THJ,BS THSFLTHSB XDTYT,F= FVBNJV7 DBYFBLFY C[DF HTCGJYLTYNT,BCUFY UFYC[DFDT,BS7 TC UF[KFDS XTVB JABWBFKEHB XDTYT,FWF LF 3LFRBS[DBC JMVBW47 US[JDS7 .DTKFATHB LF,TZLJS BCT7 HJUJHW VT7 ,TCFHBJY GFFNFC 'T UEUEIDBKB7 DBN.DB LF HFPTW XTVB FY

3COJHTL 3FCFDFK-LFCFDFKBC4 CFIEFKT,BS VJUVFHSFDS SMDTYW LF MFHSDTK THCFW5 FLHTW DSMDB LF F[KFW DBVTJHT, 2 LFT7 XDTYB CFE,HT,B LF 3LFRBS[DBC JMVT,B4 VJVFDFKIB J,BTMNEHFL OFHVJT,EK CFUFVJ'BT,J VFCFKT,IB XFLJY LF VBBQJY7 HJUJHW XTVB JABWBFKEHB LF }TH}THJ,BS THSFLTHSB XDTYT,F=4

rjrj lf vbcb gfhnbf ufvjhxtekb fencfbltht,b fhbfy 2 evtntcobkfl7 cflqfw htbnbyubc !-@~-bc afhukt,ib .dbysfdty7 fye vskfl gjkbnbrbc acrthpt fhbfy xfbhekt,b8 fvbnjv XTVB GFCE[T,B LF RFVFSB FH T[T,F GJKBNBRBC ACRTHPT VWJWFD VTLHJDT RJRJ-GJKBNBRJCC FY VBC GFHNBFC8 VT DFV[TK CFMFHSDTKJC FHFKTUBNBVEHB7 ERFYJYJ7 FYNBTHJDYEK-UKJ,FKBCNEHRJVGHFLJHEKB 'FKFEAKT,BC T8O8 GFHKFVTYNBC LHJT,BSB RJVBCBBC VBTH RJRJC [TKBSF LF SFVFLJ,BS ITS[PEK AFKCBABWBHT,EK 3LFCRDYFC47 HFSF MFHSDTK CFPJUFLJT,HBJ,FC7 BVBC VBE[TLFDFL7 SDBSVRDKTKJ,BC DTHCBFC BPBFHT,C BC SE VRDKTKJ,BC7 VBDFOJLJ J,BTMNEHB BYAJHVFWBF LF VBDWT CFIEFKT,F7 SFDFL UFVJBNFYJC LFCRDYT,B8 c[dfsfijhbc7 bvfcfw d[tlfd cfvoe[fhjc7 hjv lqtc cfmfhsdtkjib erdt vfbywlfvfbyw fqfhfdbc fbynthtct,c pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc ,hjkf lf vbcb bltt,b888 d[tlfd7 hjv seylfw pdbflbc cbrdlbkbc ufhtvjt,t,b henbyekb rhbvbyfkehb mhjybrbc ljytptf lf v[jkjl hfbvt ctycfwbehbs itbkt,f fv cfrbs[bcflvb .ehflqt,bc vbg.hj,f8 bct7 cflfw lf hjltcfw js[vbkbjybfyvf thvf tuhthbufl yf[dtoy-yfvfs[jdhfkb !_ ___ ljkfhb dth iteuhjdf rjrjc rjvbcbfc cbrdlbkbc dthcbbc lfvnrbwt,bc cf.blkfl7 hjvtk bynthtcptf cfe,fhb0 f[kf7 hfw itt[t,f 3FCFDFK-LFCFDFKBC4 obyf yjvthib ufvjmdt.yt,ek sdbsvfhmdbf lf fv;fvfl erdt fhfhct,ekb pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc ufhlfwdfkt,bc cfrbs[t,bc itvcofdktk lhjt,bs cfgfhkfvtynj rjvbcbfcsfy dbsjv fhct,ek 3cfpjufljt,hbdb lfh,fpbc4 otdht,fl itybq,ekb rjrjc gfhnbbc [tkafcbfyb sfyfvihjvkt,bc7 fye vfvbcbvtlb rjrjc lfmbhfdt,ekb whegtyntkt,bc othbkc7 hjvtkcfw oby ecoht,lf lf fuhtsdt vj/.dt,jlf vfsbdt wbkbcvofvt,kehb .,tlj,t,b jh uflfwtvfib 3vtjht fh[pt4 +!@8_$8@_!_ lf !!8_%8@_!_7 hjltcfw rjrjc tc vjcfvcf[ehtt,b7 thsb v[hbd7 ueueidbkt,c pjuflfl ,hfkfl clt,ty utytnbrbs ufygbhj,t,ek ltpbyajhvfnjhj,fc7 [jkj7 vtjht v[hbd 2 rjrj ufvcf[ehlbfc fothty utytnbrbs vbybzt,ek-vb'qdybk cfmfhsdtkjc v[cytkbc aeymwbf-hjkc= vfvfxtvpt7 gffnf ueueidbkpt7 xdty flht erdt dbcfe,hts lf f[kf fqfh itdxthlt,b fv stvfpt888 fb7 hf cbn.dt,bs fvrj,ty tc lfmbhfdt,ekb veifrt,b vfs vfvf-vfhxtyfk rjrjc7 hbsfw chekb pjvbs fvfhskt,ty sfdbfys [tkafcc5 sehvt7 rjrj 3TC ELBLTCB UTYBC LF GFNBJCYT,BC VFNFHT,TKB8884 .jabkf8 rjrjc 3elbltc utysfy4 lfrfdibht,bs ituf[ctyt,s ,hyek mfhsek fylfpfc5 3LTLF YF[T7 VFVF YF[T7 IDBKB BCT UFVJYF[TJ48 vjlb7 fv fylfpfc vbd.dts lf egbhdtktc .jdkbcf7 hjujhw fylfpfibf7 3ltlf dyf[js4 rjrjcb888 cfmfhsdtkjc v[cytkb rjrjc 3elbltcb utybc4 sfyfitvjmvtlpt7 vbc ltlfpt LFKB KJKEFPT SDBS PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBF CFRESFH FDNJ,BJUHFABFIB UHJPYJIB .JAYBC LHJC !))@-!))# OKT,IB FCT OTHLF5 3 .

26

@_!! OKBC @# - @) VFBCB 1 @! ~(^(`

LFRBS[DBC JMVB
, , . , , . , , , , 1941 , , , , . , , , . 48 ( , (), ) fye7 HJUJHW PDBFLBC FDNJ,BJUHFABBC FV VJYFRDTSBLFY UFHRDTDBS XFYC7 RJRJC LTLF7 FYE RJRJC 3ELBLTCB UTYBC4 THSTHSB ITVJMVTLB RJVGJYTYNB CER-SFY ITRHEKB7 UFVCF[EHLBFC J]F[IB XFYTHUBKB LFV,TPQT,TKB7 CER-BC VCNJDFHB .JABKF= fqbfhts7 cfnhf,f[j utytnbrehb sdbct,f fmdc xfythubkb ,fnjy rjrjc 3elbltc utyib4 2 vjqfkfnbcf lf lfv,tpqt,tk-vcnjdhbcf= 2 hfqfw f[fkc fv,j,s7 ,fnjyj ,tcj7 fhflf7 mfk,fnjyb lfkb ufhlfwdkbkbf lf7 h,bkfl hjv dsmdfs7 wjnf e[th[ekbf vfcpt fctsb cfe,fhb888 xtvsdbc7 .jdtk itvs[dtdfib7 fctf888 2 vt hjwf vjdrdlt,b7 fhflf7 wfc rb fhf dfh ufvjrtht,ekb7 ityc htcgjyltynt,c fqfhw ity vbcwtv xtvb ubyt,bc eakt,fc0 vbgfce[t7 ubjhub= sevwf7 hf eylf vbgfce[j888 RBLTD UBVTJHT,S5 XTVC VBTH YFSMDFVB LF 3FCFDFK-LFCFDFKIB4 UFVJMDT.YT,EKB SBSJTEKB AHFPF FHBC XTVBDT 3XDTYT,BC4 YFOBKB LF LF,TZLTS CBN.DFCBN.DBS= f[kf ufdfuhtkt, cfe,fhc lf us[jd7 yeqfh itvfo.dtnbyt,= FVFCDT VBDFVFNJS CER-SFY SFYFVIHJVKJ,BCSDBC UFVCF[EHLBT,BC J]F[BLFY UFULT,EKB UFVCF[EHLBT,BC UTYBC XFV,BYEHT,KBC LFKB KJKEFC ITVWDKTKBC7 VFYFYF FHXDFBC VBTH VJGJDT,EK-UFDHWTKT,EKB VFCFKF VBC LFMDTVLT,FHT,EK VTLBFIB7 DBYVT VFYFYFC FVACJY ,TCJ VBMFDFC VBTH UFVJMDT.YT,EKB GE,KBRFWBBLFY7 CFLFW VFYFYF FHXDFT GBHLFGBH7 LFEAFHFDFL LF [VFVFQKF FW[FLT,C7 SE HFV CFSMVTKB FMDC RJRJPT LF VBCB LTLBC RJKF,JHFWBJYBCNEK CFMVBFYJ,FPT5 3cfpjufljt,fc rfhufl f[cjdc itdfhlyfbc vbth fhfths[tk yfsmdfvb ahfpf7 hjv lfkb kjkef vfssfy f[kj,kj,lf888 bv fdflcf[ctyt,tk okt,ib7 hjwf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc j]f[b ufyltdytc cfmfhsdtkjlfy7 rjpbhtdbc eiefkj xfhtdbs7 vjcrjdbc ufdkbs7 rjrj ufvcf[ehlbf idtbwfhbfib uffvupfdhtc= hjltcfw rjrjc /rbs[tc7 hfnjv fh uf/.tdb vfvfc uhjpyjibj7 vfy fctsb gfce[b ufcwf 2 xtvb vteqkt at[vbvtl b.jj8 cfbynthtcjf7 ufyf uhjpyjib ,fdidt,b fh b,flt,jlyty0 b[bkts ufptsb 3B,THBF-CGTMNHB4 +!))@ otkb7 cflfw UEHFV F,CFYT fw[flt,c5 3cbuefv #_ ___ ljkfhb gbhflfl rjrjc uflfehbw[f48 fvfpt hfc udtn.dbc tuhts ojlt,ekb rjvbcbbc sfdv]ljvfht0 rjrjc ,tdhb vafhdtkb lf lfvabyfyct,tkb /.fdlf PFYFPFY FYNJYBFYBCF +tuhts ojlt,ekb PEHF, ;DFYBFC lf rfyjybthb mehlbc XFXFYBBC cf[bs7 hjvtksfufyfw tc erfyfcrytkb cf,thytsc frjynhjkt,lf8 bub jhb okbc oby cf,thytsib bmyf vjrkekb8 mfhsdtkvf [fk[vf eylf bwjltc7 hjv vfiby7 hjltcfw bfhwdt,jlf rjk[ehb rjirb7 RJNT UF,FIDBKVF vfc ,byf vbcwf bm7 cflfw ufkfrnbjy nf,bbc cf[kveptevbf8 gfhfktkehfl7 vbcb ltlf7 lblb rjycnfynbytc cf[tkc fvjafht,ekb7 vbc cf[tkc ,jhjnfl b.tyt,lf8 vfufkbst,cfw utn.dbs5 RFVJC MEXBC !!%-IB ITDFHLYFTV vfc thsb cfhsekb fxemf= fctdt7 tc mfk,fnjyb DFYJ PJLTKFDFC cf[tkpt othc ufyw[flt,fc lf vfh]fybidbkbc stfnhbc udthlbs f[fkfityt,ek cf[kib jhjsf[bfy ,byfc bqt,c7 hjvtkcfw itvltu .blbc= lf7 tc [lt,f vfiby7 hjltcfw ,fylbnt,bc [tkib xfdfhlybkb cfmfhsdtkj cbc[kbcfufy bwkt,f= ITDFHLYFTV lf FYNJYBFYVF7 tuhts ojlt,ekvf PEHF, ;DFYBFV7 RJRJ UFVCF[EHLBFC7 LTKBCBC XB[IB7 YFRDTSB @^7 UFLFO.DTNBKT,F 1!_(7 hjvtkcfw [tkc fothty fqvfcrjvbc sfdv]ljvfht RTRTKBT lf VUFKJ,KBIDBKB 2 cf[kib feitytc= @__# okfvlt7 vbcb idtbwfhbfib .jaybc gthbjlib7 RJRJ UFVCF[EHLBF cfv]th it[dlf CFFRFIDBKC= fct b.j velfv lf fctf f[kfw= vfvbc vjobyffqvltut yfibthc vnthb velfv rfhufl b.tyt,c= mfhsdtkvf [fk[vf eylf bwjLBFC cfe,fhb5 3HFW ITT[T,F XDTYC J]F[C7 XTVB IDBKT,B FM +TDHJGFIB7 IDTBWFHBFIB UFBPFHLYTY7 FMFEHB CRJKT,B LFFVSFDHTC7 COFDKJ,TY EVFQKTC CFCOFDKT,KT,IB LF YFLDBKFL FAFCT,TY BV AFMNC7 HJV FMDS ITCFKT,KJ,F7 UFYFSKT,F VBBQJY TDHJGBC CFERTSTCJ GTLFUJUT,SFY7 UFYC[DFDT,BS CFMFHSDTKJCUFY8 JHBDT VECBRJCBF LF UKJ,FKBCNT,B FHBFY48 dfdf 2 lbljcnfn rjycnfynbytcf lf pdbfl ufyvfsfdbceakt,kbc ukj,fkbcnb idbkbidbkt,bc rbre vfvf888 dfdf= t/7 cfo.fkj vecbrfkehb ybzbs lf]bkljt,ekj mfhsdtkj ,fdidt,j lf vfsj vij,kt,j7 hjvkt,cfw fhf ufmds cfiefkt,f7 3tdhjgbc cfertstcj gtlfujut,sfy4 fvtwflbyjs idbkt,b lf v[jkjl uflfcf[flt,bc uflf[lf itubkbfs rjrjc lf vbcb .,tlt,bc gfhnbbc lfcfabyfyct,kfl888 lffabyfycts rjrj n.ebkt,bcsdbc7 hfsf vfy cfertstcj gtlfujut,sfy fvtwflbyjc sfdbcb ukj,fkbcnb utyt,b= fmdt7

3RJRJC RJVBCBBC ECFPQDHJ TIVFRJ,FC FLFCNEHT,C BC AFMNB7 HJV VFS LFVFKTC LF 3LFCRDYFC4 FH LFEHSTC !))$ OTKC MESFBCBC FTHJGJHNIB CFMFHSDTKJC GHJREHFNEHBC VBTH UFLFQT,EKB BC CFRVFJL [FHBC[JDFYB AJNJT,B7 HJVKT,PTW VJXFYC W[TLHBC SFDBC VFH}DTYF V[FHT LF N.DBBC ITVFDFKB [DHTKB7 VFIBY7 HJLTCFW E[DFLFF SFDBC VFHW[TYF V[FHBC LFVLFHT,EKB [FHBC[BC AJNJT,B7 HJVTKPTW CFRVFJL RFHUFL ITBXYTDF ITNHECEKB SVT,B7 LFVODFHB LF LTYSBC VBTH UFVEHEK-XFIFDT,EKB E,FYB4
ltc7 hjv !))#-)$ okt,bc vb]yfpt7 vfiby7 hjltcfw itdfhlyfbc ,fylt,bc vbth cfvtuhtkjib lf[dhtnbk bmyf ghtpbltynb pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbf7 rjrj fv lhjc cfmfhsdtkjib upfdyblf sfdbcb j]f[bc vbth vtuhekb cbvqtht,bc itvcofdktk rflht,c8 vtnbw5 PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC LF[DHTNBC AFMNPT VFC FHFYFBHB UFYW[FLT,F FH UFERTST,BF= lf fhw lqbc otchbuib fh .jabkf cfthsjl vbcb xfvjcdkf uhjpyjib7 ghtpbltynbc lfrh'fkdfpt= VFC CFVBVFHBW RB FH UFVJESMDFVC FHW MFHSDTKB THBCFSDBC LF FHW GHTPBLTYNBC J]F[BCFSDBC= hjujhw xfyc7 cffrfidbkvf lf rjrjv ]th rbltd idtbwfhbfib it[dtlht,bc lhjc vjbkfgfhfrtc7 dbsjv ufvjbbt,lyty ghtpbltynbc vrdktkj,fc= pytj,hbdbf se fhf7 hjv vfvbc jhuekvf lf vjqfkfnt idbkvf ufvjbbjc vbcb vafhdtkt,bcf lf lfvabyfyct,kt,bc vbth vjrkekb pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc cbrdlbkbc ufhtvjt,t,b0 CFPJUFLJT,FV RFHUFL BWBC7 SE HF LFDFKT,T,C BQT,LYTY EIBIHJT,BC CGTWCFVCF[EHT,BCFUFY VBCB LTLF LF ,T,BF PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC OBYFFQVLTU= B[BKTS !)** OKBC CFMVT 1^*8#_8!8!_@7 HJVTKCFW [TKC FOTHTY FVBHFYFIDBKB LF CFUFVJBT,J UFY.JABKT,BC EAHJCB QFLEF= tc ljrevtynb ef[kjtc [fyt,ib ufvjmdt.ylt,f7 hfsf cfpjufljt,f sfdfl uftwyjc ptvj[ctyt,ekb gbhjdyt,bc 3qdfokc4= rjrj ufvcf[ehlbf lqtcfw b,hdbc hjujhw cfresfhb j]f[bc rtsbklqtj,bcfsdbc7 fctdt sfdbcb wjkbcvbc RFHKJ ,FHLFDTKBBCFSDBC7 hjvtkbw vfy vb[tbk cffrfidbkc sfyfvlt,j,fpt lffybiybyf8 vbcb pytj,hbdb v[fhbc lfcfvjovt,kfl bcbw rvfhf7 hjv vfy @__^ OTKC ;ehyfk 3S,BKBCTKT,BC4 VTFST YJVTHIB ufyfw[flf5 3ITDFHLYFTC CFTHSJL FH EYLF ITDT[JS48 vfiby7 hjltcfw ]th rbltd hdf sdbc WJNYT UFVCF[EHLBFC lf vbc ltlfc VFYFYF FHXDFT-UFVCF[EHLBFC cfcnbrfl fdbohjt,lyty lf j]f[c wjnytc xfvjhsvtdbs tvemht,jlyty7 hbc ufvjw gfnbvhj,fib v.javf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfv ibvibkj,f ufvjfw[flf7 pecnfl fvfdt gthbjlib7 !)** OTKC7 !^ OKBC RJRJC VBTH CF,EHSFKJC HFBFQVFCRJVBC SFDV]LJVFHBC LTVTNHFBC VBVFHS LFOTHBK UFYW[FLT,FC ,BYBC VBQT,BC ITCF[T, FRVF.JABKT,TY LF BUB VFIBYDT VITYT,FHT ,BYBS RVF.JABKLT,F= fqvfcrjvbc vbth ufwtvek ljfevtync [tkc fothc FKTMCFYLHT EUHT[TKBT= hjltcfw pdbflb lf vthf,b gfnbvhj,fib bv.jat,jlyty7 rjrj rdkfd ufyw[flt,bs vbvfhsfdc s,bkbcbc dfzhj,bc cfvvfhsdtkjc eahjcc UBKFEHC lf vfc ehbujl frvf.jabkt,ty fdnjvfymfyf 3UFP-@$4-BS=4 +c[dfsfijhbc7 fqybiyekb felbjvjyjkjub mfk,fnjy vfyfyf fhxdfbc [vfcsfy vbvcufdct,ekb fy sfdfl mfk,fnjyb vfyfyf fhxdfbc [vbs ofrbs[ekb7 lfvjynf;t,ekb rjrj ufvcf[ehlbfcf lf vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc ajnjc ajypt7 itubkbfs7 b[bkjs cfbnpt5 www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7KvVRzMmzk 2 u8v8 fvbc itvltu7 fk,fs7 sfdc 'fkf eylf lfdfnfyjs7 hfsf dbhoveyjs7 hjv vfvfptwbthvf7 bvbcsdbc7 hfsf rjrj cfmfhsdtkjc v[cytkfl uflftmwbf lf vjtdkbyf 2 RJRJC 3elbltcb utyb4 ufhtw[f itdfhlyfbc f[kj,tkb cer-bc byajhvfnjhbc LFKB KJKEFC vfdyt vbyfthst,-xfyfhst,bcufy7 [jkj WJNYTCF lf UBJHUBC utyt,b rb ufhtw[f pdbflbc utyt,bc rtsbkb vbyfthst,-xfyfhst,bcufy7 lf fv jhc v[jkjl rhbvbyfkehb vblhtrbkt,bc VFYFYF FHXDFBCTEKB bcnthbek-acbmjgfsehb rjvgjytynt,b lfenjdf7 hfsf vfs cfmfhsdtkjc v[cytkj,fib rjrjcsdbc [tkb fh ittifkfs lf rjyrehtynt,fl fh uf[ljvjlyty= vfuhfv7 dbsfht,fc j,btmnehfl se itd[tlfds7 lfdbyf[fds7 rjrj sfdbcb ukj,fkbcnb j]f[bs pdbflbc f,cjkenehb cekbthb lf pytj,hbdb fynbgjlbf= b[8 3ghtcf8]b4-csfy ++_$8_$8@_!!7 ktkf rthtkfidbkb rjycnfynbyt ufvcf[ehlbfc vteqkbc YBYJ UFVCF[EH-

[jkj7 cfvfubthjl 2 rjrjc vfyrbthb cekbthb lf pytj,hbdb cfv.fhj7 rjrjc ,bkob vbcohfat,t,b lf fhfrfwehb mvtlt,t,b7 seylfw7 f[kf[fy vbcb vjrfdibht lf vtuj,fhb 3jgjpbwbbc4 vbvfhs 2 ebhj eacrhekbsff lfijht,ekb lf ufvj.jabkb pdbflbc cekbth7 pytj,hbd cfv.fhjcf lf pdbflbc ,hjkbcfufy= .dtkfv dbwbs7 sevwf7 3dvjhw[dj,s4 lf fh dfv,j,s [vfvfqkf7 DTHW RBRE7 [TKAFCBCSDBC VJ.,TLT VBCB FVFKBSF LF DTHW VLTLHB CTSEHB VFYFYF SFDBCB BCNTHBEKB ACTDLJ-PDBFLEKB KEVGTYBS DTH LFBGHBDFNT,TY LF DTH VBBCFRESHT,TY PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC DTHW CF[TKC7 DTHW [FK[BC CEKCF LF UEKPT UFDKTYFC7 DTHW LBLT,FC LF DTHW [FK[BC V[HBD VBC CB.DFHEKC 2 HFVLTYBW FH EYLF KFYQJY ,TCFHBJYB LF PDBFLBC C[DF THSUEKB VTUJ,HT,B LF SFYFVT,HJKT,B= DTH LFBGHBDFNT,TY LF VBCB TMCGKEFNFWBBS DTH VJBGJDT,TY CFCEATDTKC 2 DTHW FM LF DTHW BM= WJNFJLTY AEKC RB BIJDBFY 2 /FHFVFL VJF[VFHJS888 fmdt7 ityw lf smdtyb ufptsbw hjv fh xfufuljs e[th[ek vlujvfhtj,fib7 utn.dbs5

XDTYB 3LFRBS[DBC JMVIB4 UFVJCFMDT.YT,KFL UBUPFDYB XTVB [TKBS LFOTHBK VJRKT VJYFRDTSC XTVB 3XDTYT,BCF47 HJVKBC EWDKTKFL LF,TZLDFCFW US[JDS= LF UBUPFDYB V[JKJL THSB VBPTPBS 2 ITY HJV FH UFIBAHJ XTVC VBTH YFSMDFVB888 VT SFVFVFL DBN.DB LF US[JDS7 EWDKTKFL LF,TZLJS ~RELHFZF7 UFYCFRESHT,BS RB BCNTHBEK DBSJV-PDBFLTK 3LFVCF[EHT,EK47 OBJRF7 KEVGTYEH RJRJBCNEHVFYXJBCNEH VLTLH LF VFVH GE,KBRFCSFY7 THJDYEKB VJHFJ,BC WYJ,BK ,FKFCNSFY RB ,JLBIB FH VJVB[LBF= 2 RJRJ UFVCF[EHLBFC PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFCSFY V[JKJL YFOBKJ,HBDB ,BJKJUBEHB YFSTCFJ,F FRFDIBHT,C7 FYE BC RFDIBHB7 HJVTKBW VFY PDBFLBCUFY THSFLTHSB CGTHVFNJPJBLBS VBBQJ= LBF[7 GBHIB VJUF[KBS 2 FRBDKLBS LF UFWJALBS 2 RJRJC PDBFLSFY THSFLTHSB CGTHVFNJPJBLB FRFDIBHT,C LF C[DF FHFATHB=

3GBCNJKTNBS SDBSVRDKTKJ,BCFC ITVS[DTDFSF @% GHJWTYNIB BFHFQB VBWDFKT,EKBC [TKIB HXT,F888 BFHFQBC SDBSVRDKTKBC [TKIB LFHXTYF EAHJ [IBHBF7 SE BUB B}LF FY BODF UFCHJKBCFC8884

VPFL DFH7 VJDBCVBYJ .DTKFCUFY XTVC VBVFHS UF;QTHT,EKB YT,BCVBTHB AHFPF SE FHUEVTYNB7 SE SFDFLFW VBFYBZT,TY SFDBFYS YFSMDFVC

UFUH'TKT,F @(-T UDTHLPT

@_!! OKBC @# - @) VFBCB 1 @! ~(^(`

27

LFRBS[DBC JMVB

LFCFO.BCB @^-T UDTHLPT


3XDTYT,BC4 CNFNECC LF SE SFDFLFW LFUSFY[VLT,BFY 3LFRBS[DBC JMVBC4 ITDCT,FPT BV GBHJ,BS7 HJV VJVFDFKIB7 J,BTMNEHFL OFHVJT,EKB 'BT,BCFC CFMVTIB XFBLJC 3FCFDFK-LFCFDFKIB4 UFVJMDT.YT,EKB VFS VBTH YFSMDFVB YT,BCVBTHB AHFPF=

,TCFHBJY UEUEIDBKBC 3LFRBS[DBC JMVB4

fmdt7 cfufyut,jl eylf fqdybiyj7 hjv rjrjc lfmbhfdt,ekb .,tlt,b 3vtjht fh[pt4 ufcek uflfwtvfib pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc sdbsvrdktkj,bc vjovtt,c ]th lftvemhyty5 3+!^5@$ vbylf ubs[hfs7 hjv 2 fvbc gjkbnbrehb yt,f fhct,j,c 2 fy .jdtk itvs[dtdfib bfhct,t,c lf ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib .dtkfathb yfstkb bmyt,f lf smdty se uujybfs7 dbyvtc 2 ubylf fv [tkbceakt,fc7 ubylf vjvfdfkc7 hjv eahj vtnfl fh czbhlt,f7 hjv pdbfl ufcf[ehlbfc vrdktkj,f sdbsjy ufvjbbjc7 dblht smdtyb gbhflb ,tlb se ecfahs[jt,f flfhlt,c7 'fkbfy wlt,bs48 [jkj itvlujv7 tc lfvgkehb vemfhf rbltd eahj ufyfvnrbwtc5 3+%^5@( ghjrehfnehfc fh ufezbhlt,f fv cfmvbc vb.dfyf +fye vrdktkj,bc cfmvbc 3itrthdf4 2 ,8g8u8 lf rbltd ths[tk dbvtjht,7 xdty f[kf fhw ueke,h.dbkjt,b dfhs7 vfhf ghfuvfnekfl udtcvbc7 hjv fv [tkbceakt,fcfw hjujh czbhlt,f7 hjv fv cfmvbc ufvjvbt,kbc cf[bs itdbltc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbfib48 fvbs rjrjv7 lfmbhfdt,eksf gbhbs7 rbltd ths[tk lfflfcnehf7 hjv PDBFLBC VRDKTKJ,BC LFVRDTSB COJHTL LF PECNFL VB[TBK CFFRFIDBKB LF VBCB HT;BVBF= FYE7 UFVJBT,FIB CBRDLBKBC DTHCBBC CFDFKLT,EKJ LFVNRBWT,FC 3GJKBNBREHB YT,F4 VFHSFDC lf fhf afmnt,b fy cfvfhsfkb= [jkj rjrj7 sfdbcb rjvbcbbsf lf fctsb lfmbhfdt,ekb .,tlt,bs v[jkjl lf v[jkjl 3yfwvjhfj,bc4 fv lf fctsb [fcbfsbc lfrdtsbc itvchekt,tkbf= fhw bcff f[fkb lf 'ytkfl lfcf]tht,tkb7 hjv vbsbst,ek 3gjkbnbreh yt,fc47 fye CFFRFIDBKBC RHBVBYFKEH7 FHFKTUBNBVEH HT;BVC CHEKT,BSFW FH FLFHLT,C XDTYB +PDBFLBC SDBSVRDKTKJ,BC VJOVTSF` GBHFLB ,TLB SE ECFAHS[JT,F7 FYE J,BTMNEHJ,F7 CFVFHSKBFYJ,F LF CBVFHSKT= ubjhub7 eylf ufvjubn.lt7 hjv rjrjc rjvbcbbc lfrdtsbkb fhfj,btmnehj,bc vfvnrbwt,tkb lf fv cfrbs[ib 'fkfeakt,bc v[hbd vbrthjt,ekb lfrdtsbc7 fye 3gjkbnbrehb yt,bc4 fhct,j,bc fctsb 'dbhafcb sdbsvfv[bkt,tkb vfcfkf7 hjvtkbw rjrjc fv lfmbhfdt,ekvf .,tlt,vf rjrjc gfhnbbcf lf gbhflfl rjrjc cf[tkbs vjudbqdytc 2 lblb lf 'dbhafcb cfxemfhbf= uvflkj,s7 rjrjc 3cfcfhut,kj blbjnt,j=4 bct7 cbn.dfpt7 eahj vfhnbdb upfw fhct,j,c5 GFHKFVTYNVF EYLF VBBQJC RFYJYB PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC VRDKTKJ,BC DTHCBBC7 HJUJHW THSFLTHSB JABWBFKEHB CF[TKVOBAJ DTHCBBC ITCF[T, LF .DTKF7 DBCFW VRDKTKJ,FIB TZDB ITTGFHT,F LF SDBSVRDKTKJ,FC LFB]THT,C7 LBLB SFY[BS LFF]FHBVJC FY WB[TIB XFCDFC= hfnjvfw fhf0 2 cfmvtw bmbs vb/.fds888 2 3,tcfhbjy ueueidbkbc ufvjyfsmdfvt,b thsb thspt tvs[dtdf itdfhlyfbcf lf genxbcnehb ghjrehfnehbc vbth ufdhwtkt,ek byajhvfwbt,c47 2 ,hfkfl lfultc rjvbcbfcsfy fhct,ekb cfpjufljt,hbdb lfh,fpbc otdht,vf888 2 /j7 ,jkj [fyt,ib rbrebcnt,bw lf vfyxjbcnt,bw pju]th wlbkj,ty7 lfvf,hfkjy itdfhlyfbc bynthtct,bc lfwdf8 fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs mfhsdtk cfpjufljt,hbj,fc ahbfl ybifylj,kbdb lf fhct,bsb afmnb vbylf itdf[ctyj5 !))# otkc ,hbnfytsib ufvjvfdfk fynbcf,zjsf gjkbnbreh ;ehyfkib 3CJDBTN FYFKBCN4 byukbceh tyfpt lfb,tzlf xtvc vbth uhjpyjib lfothbkb cnfnbf 3NHFYCYFWBJYFKEHB YJVTYRKFNEHEKB FVMFHB4 +3Transnational nomenklaturist corporatism4, By Bessarion Gugushvili,Soviet Analyst, Vol. 22, Numb. 3, July 1993, pp.4-127 hjvtkibw v[bkt,ek bmyf itdfhlyfbcf lf vbcb lfcfdktkb sfyfvjfvmhtt,bc UTYITHBC7 ,TBRTHBCF lf ,EIBC itsmvekt,f rfdrfcbbc tythujvfnfht,kt,bc lthtafypt ghbdfnekb rjynhjkbcsdbc7 hfw pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc obyffqvltu genxbc ths-thsb fhct,bsb vbptpb uf[lf= CNFNBFIB V[BKT,EK BMYF S,BKBCIB VJV[LFHB GENXB7 HJUJHW RJVEYBCNEHB YJVTYRKFNEHBC HTDFYIB LF V[BKT,EK BMYTY VSKBFYFL GENXBCNEHB 'FKT,B LF VFSB RHBVBYFKEHB VBCOHFAT,T,B= tc cnfnbf lblb [ybc ufyvfdkj,fib ctycfwbehb lf thsflthsb byukbcehtyjdfyb ljrevtynb b.j7 hjvtkbw fv[tklf bv [fyt,ib vstk lfcfdktsib 3ltvjrhfnfl4 ufcfqt,ekb itdfhlyfbc ht;bvc lf hjvtkvfw elbltcb pb-

3BC7 HJV7 HJCNJDBC TMCGTHNSF RJVBCBBC UFYRFHUEKT,FIB FQVJXYLF PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC XJYX[BC TC YFOBKT,B5 [JH[BC [HNBKB ~$ WFKB LF TYBCMDTIF 'DFKB7 FUHTSDT BC AFMNB7 HJV TC YFOBKT,B LFEPBFYT,TKB B.J7 BCTDT7 HJUJHW RBCHBC VFKT,B LF SFDBC MFKBC MDTLF YFOBKB7 CFDCT,BS F,FSBKT,C RJRJC RJVBCBBC BV VJYFZJHC7 HJV PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC .TKBC FHTIB RBLTD THSB YFN.DBFHB /MJYLF= BVBNJV7 HJV FCTSB YFN.DBFHBC ITVS[DTDFIB FEWBKT,KFL LFPBFYT,EKB BMYT,JLF FY [JH[BC [HNBKB7 FY TYBCMDTIF 'DFKB7 FY RBCHBC VFKT,B7 FY RTABC 'DKT,B7 FY HFVLTYBVT THSFL=4
fyb vbf.tyf 3itdfhlyft-ltvjrhfnbc4 bvb]c lfcfdktsib8 TC CNFNBF BVLTYFL VNRBDYTEKB UF[LF ITDFHLYFBCSDBC7 HJV VFY CFMFHSDTKJIB FV CNFNBBC VBC UFPTSIB MFHSEKFL UFVJMDT.YT,BCSDBC ,FNJY TKBP,FH ]FDTKBTC CFCFVFHSKJ LTDYF LFEO.J LF TVBUHFWBFIB UFMWTDF FBEKF= f[kf rb pjubthsb ecbylbcj7 bv jvbc lhjc cjhjt,ib vidblfl vc[ljvyb7 fctsb cnfnbbc fdnjhcf lf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc thsuek sfyfvupfdhc vbc erfyfcrytk upfpt 2 itdfhlyfbc v[fhlfzthfib cofvt,ty wbkc888 sevwf7 fctw eylf b.jc888 hf ufcfrdbhbf tc bm7 cflfw cfnfyff sfdflb888 vfuhfv7 THSB HFVT RB VBRDBHC 2 UBJHUB UFVCF[EHLBFC ITDFHLYFBC GJKBWBFIB7 FYE ITDFHLYFBC GJKRJDYBRFL VEIFJ,F LF LTLFVBCBC VBNBYUT,BC LFH,TDF HF UTYTNBREHB VFRBF;BC UFVJ TGFNBT,F0 2 c[dfsfijhbc7 bv gthbjlib7 ]th rbltd !%-!^ okbcf7 vtw dveifj,lb 3cfmfhsdtkjc cfvhtrkjib47 hjvtkcfw ,fnjyb tkbp,fhb htlfmnjhj,lf888 2 thsbw fhbc lf fh lfudfdbo.ltc5 ufcfjwfhbf smdtyc obyf yjvthib lf,tzlbkb rjrjc vf.,tlht,bc ufyw[flt,f7 sbsmjc 3,fnjyb ,tcfhbjyb itsfy[vt,ekf itdfhlyfbctek ghjrehfnehfcsfy7 hjv fhfcjltc fh lfo.t,ekb.j gbhdtkb ghtpbltynbc ufhlfwdfkt,bc ufhtvjt,t,bc ufvjbt,f48 enbafhb lf vrbs[dtkbc lfvfvwbht,tkb ufyw[flt,ff888 se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s7 hjv cf.jdtksfjlff wyj,bkb7 hjv cojhtl ,tcfhbjyb lf vwdtkt,b rfntujhbekfl lf bcnthbekfl vjbs[jdlyty j,btmnehb lf vberthjt,tkb jhufyjt,bc vbth w[tlhbc cfcfvfhskj-cfvtlbwbyj tmcgthnbpbcf lf ufvjbt,bc xfnfht,fc= rjrjc ghjgfufylbcnt,b wlbkj,ty7 ,tcfhbjyc vbfothjy bc7 hfw cbyfvldbktib mdhbdbc7 vfyfyf fhxdfbc rfntujhbekb vjs[jdyf b.j lf vidtybdhflff ljrevtynbht,ekb seylfw sdbs rjvbcbbc lfcrdyfibw7 cflfw drbs[ekj,s5 3!))$ okbc % bfydhbc 1! ,hfyt,bc cfaedtkpt cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrbc 'fkjdfyb cnhemnehbc ofhvjvflutykt,b ^ bfydfhc uftvupfdhyty mfkfm uhjpyjib7 cflfw it[dlyty jabwbfkeh gbht,c 2 ghtpbltyn ]J/FH LELFTDC lf dbwt-ghtpbltyn P8 BFYLFH,BTDC7 fctdt cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrbc eptyftcb cf,zjc otdhc VTHF, RBRYFTC8 VFYFYF FHXDFT-UFVCF[EHLBFV VFSSFY IT[DTLHF FH BCEHDF LF GHTPBLTYN ]8 LELFTDBC GBHBS ITESDFKF7 HJV RFNTUJHBEKFL OBYFFQVLTUB B.J P8 UFVCF[EHLBFC LFRHFKDBC FLUBKBC UFV[TKBC7 CFCFVFHSKJCFVTLBWBYJ TMCGTHNBPBC XFNFHT,BCF LF FCTDT FV AFMNSFY CFMFHSDTKJIB YT,BCVBTHB CFUFVJ'BT,J-JGTHFNBEKB QJYBCBT,BC UFY[JHWBTKT,BC SFJ,FPT4888 hf iefibf fm ,tcfhbjyb0 hf uzbhs rjrjc rjvbcbbc 3cfpjufljt,hbdb lfh,fpbc otdht,j40 vskfl lfbht[dts7 smdt cfwjlfdt,j0 cfresfhb rjvbcbbc lfothbkc efh.jas0 FK,FS7 BCNTHBEKB ACBMJGFSB VLTLHB CTSEHB VFYFYFCB ITUTIBYLFS LF7 C[DFSFIJHBC7 'FKPT COJHFLFW ITUTIBYLFS 2 EVKFDHTC GBRTNC VJUBO.J,LFS SMDTYC F[FK CFQJHTCFDBS INF,-,BYFCSFY ITF[BKT,BS5 3RJRJ BELF=4 lf ueueidbkc ubylfs uflff,hfkjs tmcgthnbpbcf lf ufvjbt,bc xfenfht,kj,f0 2 lf,fkb qj,t yf[ts0 vtncfw utn.dbs5 vfvbcbvtlb rjrjc rjvbcbbc lfcrdyfib lfabmcbhlf vbcb otdht,bcf lf vbodtekb cgtwbfkbcnt,bc vdbydfht7 vleqfht fhfrjvgtntynehj,f lf vbrthjt,ekj,f7 hfvfw ufyfgbhj,f cfufvjbt,j cfmvbc sdfkcfphbcbs vhfdfkb e[tib lf vbentdt,tkb itwljvf8 rjvbcbbc fhfrjvgtntynehj,fcf lf vbrthjt,ekj,fc fqhvfdt,lf lf fvodfdt,lf bc ufhtvjt,fw7 hjv rjvbcbbc veifj,bc fhwths tnfgpt fh vjv[lfhf fhw iefktlehb lfcrdyt,bc lf7 vbsevtntc7 fhw cf,jkjj lfcrdybc lfvjerblt,tkb7 j,btmnehb tmcgthnt,bc vbth htwtypbht,f-jgjybht,f lf rhbnbrekb fyfkbpb8 cf,jkjj lfcrdyfcf lf vfcvtlbfib7 ufycfresht,bs ntktdbpbfib ekbthtcb gbfhrfvgfybbc lhjc 2 rjvbcbbc rjywtawbbc ths-thsb 'fkpt cthbjpekb itwljvt,bc rdfyfl bmwf ufhlfwdkbkbc vfh]dtyf cfatsmtkib fhct,ekb n.dbbc itvfdfkb [dhtkbc7 vfhw[tyf cfatsmtkib n.dbbc ufvjvfdfkb [dhtkbcf lf cfojkbc lfafpt fhct,ekb tuhts ojlt,ekb 3yfn.dbfhbc4 lbktvf7 fye n.dbbc nhfcbc lbktvf8 2 ,fnjyj ,tcfhbjy7 cfojkbc sfdbc lfafpt7 hjvtkbw ghjrehfnehfc fmdc [tks7 vfhskfw fhct,j,c gfnfhf fvjyfnt[b7 hjvtkbw fv cfmvtib ufyb[bkt,f7 hjujhw bv n.dbbc vbth ofhvjmvybkb fvjyfnt[b7 hjvtkvfw pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc sfdbc mfkfib ufvzjkb [dhtkb ufvjbodbf888 2 vfuhfv7 cfmvt bvfibf7 hjv cfojkbc lfafpt fhct,ekb fvjyfnt[b dthff lf fhff cfyljl lf wfkcf[fl rdfkbabwbht,ekb7 hjujhw vfbywlfvfbyw7 cfdfklt,ekjl lf fewbkt,kfl gbcnjktnbc n.dbbc vbth ofhvjmvybkb8 VFCIB DTH BMYF FQVJXTYBKB N.DBBC VBTH SFDBC MFKFC UFVJVFDFKB [DHTKBLFY N.DBBC VBTH UFVJAHMDTEKB JHUFYBRBC +CBC[KB7 NDBYB7 'DKBC YFNT[T,B LF F8 I8` YBIYT,B LF DTHW N.DBBC KBSJYBC YFHXTYT,B7 HJVTKBW FEWBKT,KFL EYLF .JABKB.J 2 HFVLTYFLFW UFHLFWDKBKBC SFDB 'FKPT F[KJ VFYBKPT BUEKBC[VT,F KJUBYBC LFAFCSFY LF TC DBPEFKEHFLFW RFHUFL XFYC8 TC HJV VFHSKF YFN.DBFHB B.JC7 [BC PTLFGBHB VSKFL LFS[DHBKB EYLF B.JC CBC[KBSF LF C[DF JHUFYBRBS 2 HJVKBC LYV-BC FYFKBPBS ITCFKT,TKB BMYT,JLF LFLUTYF7 SE DBC TRESDYJLF BC JHUFYBRF8 fvltyfl 2 CFOJKBC LFAFPT FHCT,EKB YFN.DBFHFL UFCFQT,EKB FVJYFNT[B7 VFYFV7 CFYFV FH LFVNRBWLT,F7 HJV BUB YFVLDBKFL COJHTL N.DBBC VBTHFF ITMVYBKB7 HJVTKVFW VBWDFKT,EKBC CFATSMKT,IB UFBFHF7 DTH BMYT,F LF FHW EYLF B.JC V[TLDTKJ,FIB VBQT,EKB N.DBBC NHFTMNJHBBC LFLUTYBCFC= tc thsb 'fkpt fhct,bsb afmnjhb888 vtjht7 fhfyfrkt, vybidytkjdfyb afmnjhb rb bcff7 hjv

hfvltyflfw dthfahbs dth ufvjbhbw[t,f7 hjv ufchjkbc vjvtynib vbwdfkt,ekb fh bodf 2 fhfvtl ofvjv]lfhb fy7 seylfw hfvltyflvt ofvjotekb b.j 2 n.dbbc nhftmnjhbbc itcf[t, hjujhw rjrjc rjvbcbbc vbth lfcrdyfib ofhvjlutybkb fyfkbpb lf vfcpt lfaeyt,ekb lfcrdyt,b7 fctdt ghjrehfnehbc vbth ufrtst,ekb lfcrdyt,b7 /fthib ufvjrblt,ekb lf cfvfhskt,hbdfl ,fsbkb7 fhfhf hxt,f888 lf7 se ufchjkbcfc ufhlfwdkbkbc gjpbc ufehrdtdkj,fc rbltd vbdevfnt,s bv afmnjhc7 hjv kjubybc sfdbc lfafpt fhct,ekb fvjyf-

FHW RJVBCBFC7 FHW GHJREHFNEHBC UFVJBT,FC LF7 CFTHSJL7 FHW FHFDBC FH UFFXYBF PECNB7 EWBKJ,TKB LF CFYLJ BYAJHVFWBF BVBC ITCF[T,7 BODF UFHLFWDKBKB KJUBYIB UFCHJKBC VJVTYNIB7 OFVJV}LFHB B.J SE HFBVT IEFKTLEH GJPFIB BV.JAT,JLF7 HFLUFY FHFDBC BUB UFCHJKBC VJVTYNIB FH LFEYF[FDC=

28

@_!! OKBC @# - @) VFBCB 1 @! ~(^(`

LFRBS[DBC JMVB
nt[b 'fkpt cftzdjf7 hjv yfn.dbfhb b.jc 2 rjrjc rjvbcbbc rjywtawbbc .dtkfpt fhct,bsb kjubrehb cfaedkt,b cfvfhskt,hbdfl cfdct,bs ith.tekb lf ,fsbkbf7 xfhtw[bkb lf vndthof.hbkbf= ubjhub7 thsbw fhbc5 pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vrdktkj,bc dthcbbc vjv[htsf7 fye 3fcfcbysf gfhnbbc4 ths-thsb cf.dfhtkb cbwhet lf ltpbyajhvfwbf bcff7 sbsmjc itdfhlyfbc ht;bvc fo.j,lf lf fewbkt,kfl czbhlt,jlf vfbywlfvfbyw sdbsvrdktkj,bc dthcbf8 vfuhfv 3fcfcbysf gfhnbbc4 fv cf,fpbcj lt,ekt,fc f,fsbkt,c lf vbcufy mdfc mdfpt fh njdt,c sdbs rjrjc rjvbcbbc 3lfcrdyfib4 vjnfybkb vfcfkf8 fdsfylbk hw[bkfbc ufvjrbs[dblfy5 +m8 s,bkbcb7 @_!_ okbc !_ ctmntv,thb 3ghtpbltynb cfvtuhtkjlfy uhjpyjib !))$ okbc !* st,thdfkc xfvjfcdtytc8 fthjgjhnib efvhfdb [fk[b lf[dlf8 fthjgjhnblfy ghtpbltynb vbdfcdtyts uhjpyjc cfmfkfmj cffdflv.jajc ghjptmnehfib8 ,bzt,c des[fhb7 ghtpbltync hjltcfw uf[lbs7 vtw vbylf lfsdfkbtht,f-vtsmb8 hjltcfw itdtlb lf ghtpbltync lfd[tlt7 vbyljlf7 lfvtvf[cjdht,byf yfn.dbfhbc vlujvfhtj,f8 YFN.DBFHB B.J VFH]DTYF CFATSMTKSFY ITVFDFKB ZHBKJ,F7 [JKJ UFVJVFDFKB 2 VFHW[TYF .EHSFY8 XDTYSFY THSFL B.J XTXYTSBC GFSJKJU-FYFNJVB8 !))$ okbc vfbcblfy bfydhbc xfsdkbs lfgfnbvht,ekb db.fdb7 xtvsfy vjdblf cfmfhsdtkjc utythfkehb ghjrehjhbc gbhdtkb vjflubkt FYPJH ,FKEFIDBKB7 cfe,fhb lff[kjt,bs cfvb cffsb ufuhtklf8 vfy vrbs[f5 ity ghjptmnehfib [jv lffsdfkbtht ghtpbltynbc w[tlfhbj8 vt lflt,bsb gfce[b vbdtwb8 itvltu vtrbs[t,f7 ybrfgbc mdti ity fh itubybiyfdc yfn.dbfhbj0 fhf-vtsmb7 hjujh7 rfwj yfn.dbfhb dth itfvxybtj0= hfnjv vfkfdj0 hf fhbc fvfib bctsbj0 fhf-vtsmb7 vt hfw dyf[t7 bcbw des[fhb8 vtht itbw[flf7 ity lfrdbhdt,ekb rfwb [fh lf hjujh dth itfvxybtj0 ye vfkfd7 hf fhbc fm bctsbj0 fhf-vtsmb7 ,fnjyj fypjh7 vt fh itvbvxytdbf lf se b.j7 fh dbwb-vtsmb8 bcbw rfhufl vf[cjdc7 hjv cfmfhsdtkjc utythfkehb ghjrehjhbc vjflubktv FYPJH ,FKEFIDBKVF smdf5 bc yfn.dbfhb ybrfgbc mdti .dtkfv lffabmcbhf fvjwyj,bc lhjc lf ity dth lfbyf[tj04 rjrjc rjvbcbbc vbth FDSFYLBK HW[BKFBC ufvjrbs[dblfy yfskfl lfcnehlt,f7 hjv cbwhetf afhsjl ufdhwtkt,ekb vjcfpht,f7 sbsmjc 2itdfhlyfbc ht;bvc v[jkjl sdbsvrdktkj,bc dthcbf fo.j,lf8 ITDFHLYFBC HT;BVC7 FHCT,BSFL BCTDT7 HJUJHW CFFRFIDBKBC HT;BVC7 HJVKBC LFRDTSFCFW FCHEKT,C RJRJC RJVBCBF7 COJHTLFW HJV .DTKFPT EAHJ FO.J,LF UFHTVJWDBC += VBTH FY VFSB VJYFOBKTJ,BS PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC VRDKTKJ,BC DTHCBF7 hjvkbc its[pdfcfw7 hjujhw FDSJ HW[BKFBC cbn.dt,blfy xfyc7 byntycbehfl wlbkj,lf itdfhlyfbc ufvjvbt,tkb ,FKEFIDBKB8 jhb yfn.dbfhbc lflutyf7 hf smvf eylf7 cfdct,bs ufvjhbw[fdlf sdbsvrdktkj,fc lf itdfhlyfbc ht;bvc7 bctdt7 hjujhw cffrfidbkbc ht;bvc7 hjvkbc lfrdtsfcfw fchekt,c rjrjc rjvbcbf7 cfaedtkc vbcwtvlf7 lftlubyf vrdktkj,f7 hjvtkibw gbhlfgbh se fhfgbhlfgbh lfflfyfifekt,lf ufvcf[ehlbfc ufhtvjwdfc= ubjhub7 rjrjc rjvbcbbc ecfpqdhj tivfrj,fc flfcneht,c bc afmnb7 hjv VFS LFVFKTC LF 3LFCRDYFC4 FH LFEHSTC !))$ OTKC MESFBCBC FTHJGJHNIB CFMFHSDTKJC GHJREHFNEHBC VBTH UFLFQT,EKB BC CFRVFJL [FHBC[JDFYB AJNJT,B7 HJVKT,PTW VJXFYC W[TLHBC SFDBC VFH]DTYF V[FHT LF N.DBBC ITVFDFKB [DHTKB7 VFIBY7 HJLTCFW E[DFLFF SFDBC VFHW[TYF V[FHBC LFVLFHT,EKB [FHBC[BC AJNJT,B7 HJVTKPTW CFRVFJL RFHUFL ITBXYTDF ITNHECEKB SVT,B7 LFVODFHB LF LTYSBC VBTH UFVEHEKXFIFDT,EKB E,FYB8 tc ybiyt,b rb hjcnjdbc tmcgthnsf vbth n.dbbc itvfdfk [dhtkib fqvjxtybk cnb,bevbc rdfksfy thsfl flfcneht,c7 hjv 3fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb vb,]tyfcsfy vbf[kjt,ekb ufchjkf47 fye ufchjkf vj[lf #-%-!_ cfynbvtnhbc cbijhblfy 2 sdbsvrdktkj,t,bcsdbc 'fkpt lfvf[fcbfst,tkb vfybkblfy8 C[DFSFIJHBC7 RJRJC RJVBCBBC LFCRDYFIB FHW BC JMVBF XFLT,EKB7 HJVTKBW FYPJH ,FKEFIDBKVF UFLVJUWFS SMDTY LF7 HJVTKBW UFVJFMDT.YTS 3FCFDFK-LFCFDFKBC4 VT-!) YJVTHIB8 2 3lthtayt,bw4 itemvybf smdtysdbc itdfhlyfbc [tkbceakt,fc888 2 hfw itt[t,f 3rjhbljht,cf4 lf 3lthtayt,c47 hjvkt,bw dbsjvw itdfhlyfbc ht;bvvf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc sdbsvrdktkj,bc vjovtt,c itemvyf7 hfsf bcbyb rdkfd xtxytsib uflfcekb.dyty888 fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs7 fk,fs7 rjrjc rjvbcbfw lf vltlhb ctsehb vfyxjc .,tlt,bw bv 3rjhbljht,bsfw4 eylf lfbynthtct,ekb.dyty7 hjvkbsfw cfvtuhtkjlfy cfvidblj,jc ufvjfqobf eptyftcb cf,zjc fsj,bs vtkbw UEHFV IFHFBC .jdkfl egfce[bcvut,kj ufyw[flt,t,bc itltufl okt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib bsdkt,jlf n.dbbc ufvjvfdfk [dhtkfl lf fctsflfw b.j fqybiyekb rjrjc rjvbcbbc iefktleh lfcrdyt,ibw= 2 ,fnjyj ,tcfhbjy7 hfnjvqfw cfgfhkfvtynj rjvbcbfv hjcnjdbc tmcgthnbpbc lfcrdyf yfsfhuvyb cf[bs lfehsj rjvbcbbc lfcrdyfc lf hbs f[cybs fv afmnc0 2 RJRJC RJVBCBBC 3LFCRDYF4 FHFCFYLJF SEYLFW BVBNJV7 HJV VFC FH THSDBC HJCNJDBC TMCGTHNBPBC LJREVTYNBC HECEKB LTLFYB LF AHBFL VJCFKJLYTKBF7 HJV UF.FK,T,FC [TKOFXDTEKVF RJRJC RJVBCBFV FMNBC MFHSEKFL SFHUVYBCFC ,TDHB HFV CFSFDBCJL VJBHUJ FY VBXMVFKF7 fye7 hjujhw vfcvtlbfib rjrjv fhfths[tk f[ctyf 2 hjcnjdbc tmcgthnbpbc jmvbc mfhsekb sfhuvfyb 3ufyibahekbf48 fvfdt lhjc7 rjrjc eylf vjtrbs[jc tdhjgfib vbcb bv 3djbf;t,bc4 itcf[t,7 hjvtkbw vfy7 vbcbdt ufyw[flt,t,bs7 hjcnjdbc lfcrdybc ew[jtkb cgtwbfkbcnt,bc vbth ufycfibahfl uffrtsf8 ,fnjyj rbre7 uffv[bkts7 dbc lf hf sfy[fl 3ufyfibahbyts4 hjcnjdbc lfcrdyf0 hf lfe]lf mfhsdtk uflfcf[flt,bc uflfv[ltkc tc 3ufyibadhf4 lf bmblfy hfvltyb xfblts ]b,tib smdty0 thsbw fewbkt,kfl eylf bsmdfc5 rjrjc rjvbcbfv afhsj vfcinf,t,b vbcwf rbltd thsb ltpbyajhvfwbbcf lf cbwhebc nbhf;bht,fc7 sbsmjc re,j cfrvfjl rfhu vlujvfhtj,fib b.j8 sfy7 bvltyfl rfhuib7 hjv tc ufvjhbw[fdc ytinbc dkt,bc uheynbc lf oytdbc ufvj lfnt[dfc8 gbhdtk hbuib7 vrbs[dtkc vfbyw eylf itdf[ctyjs7 hjv UHJPYJIB PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC CFAKFDBC NTHBNJHBF UFLFCOJHT,EKB LF UFLF[YEKB B.J CFCNBRB LF,JV,DT,BSF LF NFYRT,BC VFYTDHBHT,T,BS BCT7 HJV PDBFLBC JHCFHSEKBFYB7 CFRVFJL LBLB HTPBLTYWBBC7 VBCB VFQFKB LF VRDBLHB QJ,BC LF ,TNJYBC CFBHRDKBC RDFKBW RB FQFH ITBVXYTJLF LF FV VJNBFKT,EK NTHBNJHBFPT CFAKFDBC FQVJXTYFC JHB LQT LFCZBHLF8 vfuhfv7 gbhdtk hbuib7 DYF[JS7 HF OTHBF HJCNJDBC TMCGTHNBPBC JMVIB UHJPYJIB TMC/EVFWBBCFC FQVJXTYBK RE,JPT5 3FQVJXTYBK BMYF OBSTKB [BC RE,J8 LF[EHEKB RE,J FVJQT,EK BMYF VBOBC PTLFGBHPT8 FVFCSFYFDT7 RE,JC ABWHT,B KGJ,BC GHJWTCBC ITLTUFL LFPBFYT,EKB LF LFIKBKBF48 hf smvf eylf7 e[dfl fhct,j,c vbobc ptlfgbhpt fvjqt,ekb re,jc dbltj lf ajnj vfcfkf7 vfuhfv tc .jdkfl cfdfklt,ekj dbpefkehb vfcfkf rjrjc rjvbcbbc vbth fy fh .jabkf ufvjs[jdbkb7 fy 3ufcfblevkjt,ekbf48 fvbc itvltu7 hjujhw xfyc7 ntmcnb fhff vjnfybkb rjrjc jmvib7 ytinb celfhbfyfl fvjeqbfs lfpbfyt,ekb lf lfikbkb re,jlfy lf uflfekfut,bfs gkfcnbrbc njvfhfib7 hbsfw uflffupfdytc hjcnjdib8 HJCNJDIB GKFCNBRBC NJVHBC UF[CYBCF LF BMBLFY YTINBS FVJQT,BC JMVB LFVFNT,BS VFCFKFC UDFKTDC RE,JC VLUJVFHTJ,BC ITCF[T,5 3NJVHBC UF[CYBCFC IBUYBS FQVJXYLF YFWHBCATH CELFHFIB UF[DTEKB FLFVBFYBC UFXJYX[T,EKB DKJDFYB YFIST,B8 CELFHBC UFIKBCFC DKJDFY YFIST,SFY THSFL FQVJXTYBKBF LBLB HFJLTYJ,BS MDBIBFYB UHEYNB48 tc 3lblb hfjltyj,bs mdbibfyb uheynb4 bvfc ybiyfdc7 hjv re,j xfyuhtek-lfikbkb b.j8 fv xfyuhtdbcfc lfpbfylf lf lfn.lf xjyx[bc dkt,b lf cojhtl fvfdt lhjc vfcib xfb.fhf yf[ctyt,b lblb hfjltyj,bs mdbibfyb uheynb= re,jc lfpbfyt,fcf lf lfikfpt vbesbst,c bcbw7 hjv yfgjdyb bmyf v[jkjl 3# AHX[BKB +@_-LFY888 VFHW[TYF [TKBC VNTDYBC @$ DFKB888 VFH]DTYF [TKBC VNTDYBC @! DFKB888 VFHW[TYF NTHABC @% DFKB888 VFH]DTYF NTHABC @^ DFKB8884 dkt,bc fv lfyfrfhut,bc bv gthbjlpt vbothf7 hjltcfw udfvb cfvtuhtkjib b.j7 fy seylfw vbcb uhjpyjib lfrhfkdbc lhjc 2 cfdct,bs ufvjhbw[ekbf7 hflufy fv ljybc afkcbabwbht,f rbrec rjvbcbfcfw fh vjcdkbf fphfl sfdib= fvbnjv7 tc lfyfrfhut,b vbesbst,ty re,jc kbth lfpbfyt,fcf lf lfikfpt7 vbesbst,ty bvfpt7 hjv cojhtl fv lfpbfyt,f-lfikbc ghjwtcibf ytinbc xjyx[bc dkt,b lfpbfyt,ekb lf pjubthsb vfsufyb7 evtntcobkfl vwbht dkt,b lf vwbht yfnt[t,b7 bct itthbf uheync7 hjv fvjqt,bcfc uheynbcufy dth ufvjfhxbtc8 RE,JC KBTH LFPBFYT,FCF LF LFIKFC FLFCNEHT,C HJCNJDBC TMCGTHNBPBC JMVIB FQOTHBKB SFDBC MFKFC VLUJVFHTJ,F5 3XFNFHLF SFDBC MFKFC DKT,BC HTRJYCNHEMWBF5 VC[DBKB LF ODHBKB YFNT[T,B ITTHST,EKBF VFDSEKBSF LF CGTWBFKEHB CFYSKBC VFCNBRBS8 YFNT[T,BC YFOBKBC THSVFYTSSFY VBCFLFUT,F DTH VJ[TH[LF8 SFDBC MFKFC SFQBC DKT,BCF LF BHBC LTAJHVFWBF VRFABJL UFVJ[FNEKBF LF DKT,BC THSVFYTSIB XFCVF DTH VJ[TH[LF4 2 sfdbc mfkfc fctsb kbthb lfktodf-ltajhvfwbf7 hjvtkbw dthfahbs dth

3MFK,FNJYB FKF WJW[FKB CF.DTLEHBF PDBFLBC VTLBLEHB7 FVGFHNFDFYB7 GHTNTYPBEKB LF BVFDLHJEKFL7 RFGFCB LF BCNTHBEKB ACBMJGFSB VLTLHB CTSEHBCSDBC7 VTUTHFCSDBC7 HJVTKBW UHJPYJIB UFYW[HJVBS UFYBCDTYT,LF CHEK ECFAHS[JT,FCF LF VCE.T RJVAJHNIB7 HJLTCFW LFFDFLT,EKB LF BKF}UFO.DTNBKB PDBFLB ERFYFCRYTK LQTT,C BSDKBLF LF CEKC QFAFDLF8 HJLTCFW PDBFLBC V[FHLFZTHBC UEKBCSDBC CFVTUHTKJC FOBJRT,LYTY7 ODFDLYTY LF FOFVT,LYTY7 HJLTCFW CFVTUHTKJIB PDBFLBC V[FHLFZTHBC UEKBCSDBC FCJ,BS CF[KB BODJLF LF FSFCJ,BS EVJO.FKJL BFHWDT,JLF7 PDBFLVFW FV MFKC ABYFKEHB ,JBRJNB LF EUEKT,TK.JAF UFVJEW[FLF 2 JHB SDT [VF FH VBEODLTYBF7 FHW VJERBS[FDC7 VJBEKF LF VJBRDTSF RFNTUJHBEKFL=4
ltgenfnvf7 eptyftcb cf,zjc sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubkbcf lf sfdv]ljvfhbc vjdfktj,bc itvchekt,kbc YTVJ ,EHZEKFBC xfsdkbs lf fhfthsvf vbybcnhvf7 vbybcnhbc vjflubktv lf ktubnbvehb [tkbceakt,bc c[df vfqfkxbyjcfyvf vj[tktv8 hfnjvfw fhf0 2 lftrbs[fs tc fsj,bs flfvbfyb lf 3rjhbljht,bc4 ufvjwfyfw 'fkpt bjkfl uflfbzht,jlf8 fqfhfathc dfv,j, bv 3rjhbljhpt47 hjvtkbw7 fk,fs7 fctdt itdfhlyftv vjvbo.j pdbflsfy itsfy[vt,bs7 hfsf uhjpyjlfy ,fsevbcf lf [eynbc rjynhjkbc mdti v.jab ajsbcf lf ctyfrbc ufdkbs peulblib xfdcekb.fdb888 ubjhub7 xdtyb lqtdfyltkb 3lfrbs[dbc jmvb4 ths-thsb evybidytkjdfytcb yfobkbf xtvb 3xdtyt,bcf4 lf 'fkbfy uds[jd7 ptlvtnb cbahs[bkbs vjtg.fhbs ntmcnt,c 2 fy jhsjuhfabekb7 fy rjhtmnehekb itwljvf fh ufbgfhjc888 xtvb evjhxbktcb s[jdyff888 LF THSBW5 VT7 LQTDFYLTKBCUFY UFYC[DFDT,BS7 FHWTHS ITVS[DTDFIB FQFH UFDFUHTKT, 3LFRBS[DBC JMVC47 DBLHT 3QDSBEHB BUJHB47 FYE BUJH UBJHUFT FH UFCWTVC GFCE[C XTVC VBTH FHFTHS[TK LFCVEK ITRBS[DFC5 CFL LF HF DBSFHT,FIB7 HJVTK ITYFTHSCF SE HJVTK ,FNFKBJYC7 HJVTK CJATKIB LF HJVTK HBW[DIB /.FDLFS FK.FIB CFMFHSDTKJC GBHDTKB GHTPBLTYNB0 2 bct7 rjvbcbbc lfcrdyfib cfrvfjl ltnfkehfl fhbc fqothbkb 2 pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc w[tlhbc hf yfobkt,bf uflfhxtybkb888 2 rjrjc rjvbcbbc cgtrekfwbt,bc ths-thsb vybidytkjdfyb geymnbf dbsjvw .tkbc fhtib fhct,ekb 3vtjht yfn.dbfhb48 HECTSBC VT-!^ CFCFVFHSKJ-CFVTLBWBYJ LF RHBVBYFKBCNBREHB TMCGTHNBPT,BC CF[TKVOBAJ WTYNHBC TMCGTHNSF RJVBCBBC LFCRDYFIB 1!@7 @__* O8 ^-!@ VFHNB7 M8 LJYBC HJCNJDB7 hjvtkcfw bvjovt,c rjrjc rjvbcbf7 fqybiyekbf5 3celfhbc ufikbcfc fqvjxtybkbf888 [jh[bc [hnbkb +$ wfkb888 ufvjrdktdbcfc fqvjxtybkb 'dkt,b5 2 tybcmdtif 'dfkb888 bc7 hjv7 hjcnjdbc tmcgthnsf rjvbcbbc ufyrfhuekt,fib fqvjxylf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc xjyx[bc tc yfobkt,b5 [JH[BC [HNBKB +$ WFKB lf TYBCMDTIF 'DFKB7 fuhtsdt bc afmnb7 hjv tc yfobkt,b lfepbfyt,tkb b.j7 bctdt7 hjujhw RBCHBC VFKT,B lf SFDBC MFKBC MDTLF YFOBKB7 cfdct,bs f,fsbkt,c rjrjc rjvbcbbc bv vjyfzjhc7 hjv pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc .tkbc fhtib rbltd thsb yfn.dbfhb /mjylf= bvbnjv7 hjv fctsb yfn.dbfhbc itvs[dtdfib fewbkt,kfl lfpbfyt,ekb bmyt,jlf fy [jh[bc [hnbkb7 fy tybcmdtif 'dfkb7 fy rbchbc vfkt,b7 fy rtabc 'dkt,b7 fy hfvltybvt thsfl= fvfcdt eylf lfdfvfnjs bc afmnb7 hjv .DTKF VJOVT7 HJVTKVFW PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC W[TLFHB LFFSDFKBTHF ]TH [B,EKFIB LF ITVLTU ]B[FIRFHIB7 RFNTUJHBEKFL EFH.JAC .TKBC FHTIB HFBVT YFN.DBFHBC7 N.DBBC ITVFDFKB [DHTKBC FHCT,J,FC LF CFTHSJLFW7 HFBVT VTJHT YFN.DBFHBC FHCT,J,FC8 .tkbc fhtib n.dbbc itvfdfkb [dhtkbc elfdj7 etzdtk fhct,j,fc dth flfcneht,ty dthw bc vjovtt,b7 hjvkt,vfw 'fkpt lfj,t,ekb lf kgj,f-[hoybs erdt hfvltyflvt lfpbfyt,ekb w[tlfhb 2 hjvtkcfw cf[tpt ufhrdtdbs tvxytjlf hfvltybvt udfvehb kfmf 2 lffsdfkbthtc vbcb uhjpyjib uflfcdtyt,bc lhjc mesfbcbc fthjgjhnib8 uhjpyjc ghjptmnehfib w[tlhbc lfsdfkbtht,bcfc rb .tkib n.dbbc itvfdfkb [dhtkbc fhct,j,fc efh.jac .dtkf vjovt7 hjvtkvfw w[tlfhb lffsdfkbthf8 WHEJ,C V[JKJL THSB FLFVBFYB7 CJCJ SJHBF7 HJVTKBW BVBSFW RB FH RVF.JABKLT,F7 HJV DBSJV .TKBC FHTIB ITVFDFKB ZHBKJ,F ITFVXYBF LF FVFCSFYFDT VBC ITS[PEK CBWHETC RBLTD VTNFL FQHVFDT,C 2 SFYFW NTKTUFLFWTVBCFC CFRESFH [TKC BLT,C VBCB SFDBC ITCF,FVBC FLUBKFC 2 HJV5 3UFVJVFDFKB ZHBKJ,F B.J ITLFHT,BS LBLB7 ERFY7 TCT BUB7 AEBC 'DFKSFY F[KJ4 +3HECSFDB-@47 3REHBTHB47 @*8_$8 @_!_`8 ahbfl ybifylj,kbdbf lf

VTNBW 2 CFTHSJL7 DBYVTC LF7 UYT,FDS7 SFDFL CJCJ SJHBFCFW7 UHJPYJIB PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC W[TLHBC UFLFCDTYT,BC LHJC .TKBC FHTIB VTJHT N.DBBS VB.TYT,EKB ZHBKJ,F HJV ITTVXYBF 2 TCTW VFIBYDT AFHSJL UF[VFEHLT,JLF LF CRFYLFKBC CFAEDTKB UF[LT,JLF= ewjlbyfhj,bc7 ufvjewltkj,bcf lf vbrthjt,bc ufvj7 udfvehb kfmt,bc yfn.dbfhfl ufcfqt,bc vfufkbsfl itudbkbf vjdb.dfyjs mesfbcib lfsdfkbtht,bc lhjc itvxytekb lf cfmfhsdtkjc ghjrehfnehbc vbth ajnjt,pt lfabmcbht,ekb kfmf vfhw[tyf kj.fpt7 hj-

VTFCTL DFV,J,7 HJV UHJPYJC GHJPTMNEHFIB PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC W[TLFHB LFFSDFKBTHF UBJHUB UFVCF[EHLBFVFW LF VFC HJV ITTVXYBF .TKBC FHTIB HFBVT ZHBKJ,BC YBIFYB7 TC VFIBYDT UF[LT,JLF LBLB CRFYLFKBC CFAEDTKB=

UFUH'TKT,F #_-T UDTHLPT

@_!! OKBC @# - @) VFBCB 1 @! ~(^(`

29

LFRBS[DBC JMVB

LFCFO.BCB @^-T UDTHLPT


lfhxt,jlf itevxytdtkb dthw cfvtuhtkjib tmc/evfwbf-lfsdfkbtht,bcfc lf dthw uhjpyjc ghjptmnehfib tmcgthnt,bcf lf pdbflbc f[kj,kt,bcf lf sfyfvt,hjkt,bc vbth udfvbc lfsdfkbtht,bcfc7 rbltd thsb cthbjpekb lfcnehbf re,jc kgj,bcf lf lf,jv,dt,bcfc uheynbc lfotdbc itltufl xjyx[bc dkt,bc lfnt[df-lfpbfyt,bcf= 2 ,fnjyj ,tcfhbjy7 se dbyvtc fv lfcrdybc ofrbs[df cehc7 sfdfldt ofbrbs[fdc8 bub [tkvbcfodljvbf .dtkfcsdbc888 2 ubjhub7 vthoveyts7 fhw lfcrdyfc rbs[ekj,c lf fhw fhfyfbh fyfkbpc fh frtst,c fhfdby= vstkb cfmfhsdtkj ntktvtlbfc vbcxtht,bf lf brdt,t,f cffrfidbkbcf lf rbre-vltlhb ctsehbc thsj,kbdb se wfkrtekb ufvj[ljvt,bs= LBF[7 VT DFV,J, THSFLTHS CBVFHSKTC LF FVBC FHW FSBFSFC]TH UFVTJHT,F LFVQKBC= .dtkfpt vsfdfhc f[kf utn.dbs5 rjrj lhjt,bsb cfgfhkfvtynj rjvbcbbc veifj,bc ufyvfdkj,fib cbcntvfnehfl7 vhfdfkupbc fdhwtkt,lf lf fgbfht,lf vnryfh lf sfd[tleh cbwhetc7 sbsmjc vfh]dtyf cfatsmtkib yfchjkb7 hjcnjdbc fmnbc vb[tldbs7 ufrtst,ekb b.j 3%_ cfynbvtnhbc cbijhblfy4 lf tc bsdkt,jlf sdbsvrdktkj,bc itekt,kj,bc ths-ths vsfdfh fhuevtynfl8 HJCNJDBC TMCGTHNBPBC FMNIB RB7 CTYCFWBEHB VFCFKFF7 HJVTKBW FLFCNEHT,C7 FCF,EST,C LF FVNRBWT,C BV AFMNC7 HJV UFCHJKF CEK HFVLTYBVT CFYNBVTNHBC CBIJHBLFY VJ[LF LF HJVTKBW7 3HFNJVQFW UFVJHXF4 CTYCFWBT,BC VJ.DFHEK MFHSEK VFCVTLBFC8 rthjl7 HJCNJDBC FMNIB ifdbs stshpt othbf5 3SFDBC MFKFPT FHCT,EKB WTW[KCFCHJKB BFHFQBLFY UFVJODTEKB LFPBFYT,F ITCFKT,TKBF VB.TYT,EKB BMYF ZDFHNKBC OFHVJMVYBC VFYBKPT7 FH FHBC UFVJHBW[EKB VB,]TYFCSFY VBF[KJT,EKB UFCHJKF7 HFPTLFW VBESBST,C F[KJ LBCNFYWBFPT UFCHJKBC AFMNJHT,B7 RTHJL7 ITVFDFK YF[DHTNPT CEHVBC 2 CNB,BEVBC FHCT,J,F48 epfhvfpfhb7 erbltufyj7 cbylbc-yfvecufhtw[bkb sfd[tlj,ff fewbkt,tkb7 hfsf fctsb rdfkbabwbehb lfcrdybc ajypt dbyvtv bkfgfhfrjc7 hjv ufchjkf bctsb vfybkblfy vj[lf7 hjvtkbw sdbsvrdktkj,fc ufvjhbw[fdcj= CNB,BEVBC RDFKBC FHCT,J,FC7 HFW WFKCF[FL LF VNRBWTL FLFCNEHT,C FKPT F[KJ VFYBKBLFY UFCHJKFC7 DTHW RJRJC RJVBCBF LF DTHW GHJREHFNEHBC UFVJBT,F DTHFCJLTC LF DTHCFL UFTMWTDF= lbf[7 cnb,bevvf xfhtw[f lf vndthb off.fhf rjrjc cbwhetc7 hjv ufchjkbc vfybkb ufvjhbw[fdc sdbsvrdktkj,fc= fmdt7 eghbfybf7 smdtyb ufptsbc vrbs[dtkt,c ufdfwyj uhjpyjib pdbflbc lfrhfkdbc cfmvtib cfrvfjl xf[tlekb flfvbfybc 2 ]J/FH LELFTDBC mdhbdbc fkf lelftdfc vjcfpht,t,bw7 hjvtkbw hfvltybvt okbc oby ufvjmdt.ylf mfhsek ghtcfib5 FKF LELFTDF5 uf[cjds7 fk,fs7 hectsbc utvt,b ajsbc gjhnib b.dyty itcekt,b lf bmblfy bchjlyty8 mfhsekb ]fhb erfy b.j lf[tekb lf pdbflb peulblib ufvfuhlf7 vfc v[jkjl vbcb ef[kjtcb ufhtvjwdfqf itvjhxf8 PDBFLVF VFS SFDB ITCOBHF BVBNJV7 HJV FH EYLJLF EAHJ VTNB SFYFVT,HJKT,BC CBRDLBKB8 VT BC VFUJYT,C MHBCNTC7 HJVTKVFW SFDB ITCOBHF VBCB SFYFVT,HJKT,BC CBWJW[KTC8 T8 ,EXEREHB5 smdty abmhj,s7 hjv pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfv sfdb vjbrkf0 FKF LELFTDF5 VT FCT DABMHJ, BVBNJV7 HJV BC FKBFY RTSBKIJ,BKB LF VBVNTDT,TKB B.J8 bc c[dt,pt eahj abmhj,lf7 dblht sfdbc sfdpt8 bc HJV WJW[FKB LFHXTYBKB.J7 VFIBY VFCSFY THSFL .DTKF VBCB SFYFVT,HJKB LFBQEGT,JLF8 PDBFLVF7 SFDBCB CBRDLBKBS7 VTUJ,HT,BC CBWJW[KT UFLFFHXBYF8 vfy sfdb itcobhf sfdbc sfyfvt,hjkt,c7 hjv bcbyb wjw[kt,b uflfhxtybkb.dyty8 vt fct dabmhj,8 TC FH B.J SDBSVRDKTKJ,F7 TC SFDBC ITOBHDF B.J C[DT,BCSDBC8 UFP8 3CFMFHSDTKJ \\647 !(-@$ VFBCB7 @__) vhfdfkyfnfy]b7 eibifhb vt,hjkb mfk,fnjybf fkf= jvbc7 w[fht ,hjkt,bc gthbjlib7 pdbflbc bcnthbekb acbmjgfsb wjkbcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs7 fkf sdtt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib udthlblfy fh vjijht,bf ]j/fhc 2 cbc[kbcvqdhtk ,hjkt,ib7 evbvtcb vfhit,bcfc7 ecfcnbrtcb lf,jv,dt,bcfc= vtnbw 2 pju]th sbsmvbc ebvtlj lf ufyobhek vlujvfhtj,fib sfy /.fdlfs vwbhtokjdfyb df;b 2 LTUB8 mfk,fnjy fkfc ,jv,bc fatsmt,bcufy vbvtl lfzhbkb ]j/fhb [tkib xffrdlf lf vfc [tkt,c cf.dfhtkb vteqkbc w[tkb cbc[kb eqt,fdlf888 tc fh lfufdbo.lts7 ubjhub= MFK,FNJYB FKF WJW[FKB CF.DTLEHBF PDBFLBC VTLBLEHB7 FVGFHNFDFYB7 GHTNTYPBEKB LF BVFDLHJEKFL7 RFGFCB LF BC-

,TCFHBJY UEUEIDBKBC 3LFRBS[DBC JMVB4

3SDBSVRDKTKJ,BCFC VFH}DTYF CFATSMTKIB ~!_* ITVS[DTDF CHJKBCFC ^ GHJWTYNIB N.DBBC NHFTMNJHBF VBVFHSEKB B.J MDTVJS4 ~HFCFW RJVBCBF ITEKT,KFL VBBXYTDC8 2 ,GU4
NTHBEKB ACBMJGFSB VLTLHB CTSEHBCSDBC7 VTUTHFCSDBC7 HJVTKBW UHJPYJIB UFYW[HJVBS UFYBCDTYT,LF CHEK ECFAHS[JT,FCF LF VCE.T RJVAJHNIB7 HJLTCFW LFFDFLT,EKB LF BKF]UFO.DTNBKB PDBFLB ERFYFCRYTK LQTT,C BSDKBLF LF CEKC QFAFDLF8 HJLTCFW PDBFLBC V[FHLFZTHBC UEKBCSDBC CFVTUHTKJC FOBJRT,LYTY7 ODFDLYTY LF FOFVT,LYTY7 HJLTCFW CFVTUHTKJIB PDBFLBC V[FHLFZTHBC UEKBCSDBC FCJ,BS CF[KB BODJLF LF FSFCJ,BS EVJO.FKJL BFHWDT,JLF7 PDBFLVFW FV MFKC ABYFKEHB ,JBRJNB LF EUEKT,TK.JAF UFVJEW[FLF 2 JHB SDT [VF FH VBEODLTYBF7 FHW VJERBS[FDC7 VJBEKF LF VJBRDTSF RFNTUJHBEKFL= lf tc7 vhfdkbcufy lfvjovt,ekb afmnbf7 ztivfhbnt,ff= vfyfyf fhxdfbc vbvfhs tc pdbflbc vrfwhb ufyfxtyb b.j 2 cf,jkjj7 hjvtkbw ufcfxbdht,fc fh tmdtvlt,fht,f= bfhfqbs vbqt,ekb zhbkj,bc 2 vcufdcb fhfcjltc lf fhcfl vjv[lfhb.jc lf vcjakbjib tc eghtwtltynj itvs[dtdf b.jc8 bvbcfsdbc7 hjv seylfw wjnfjltyb cbyfskt itdbnfyjs fv cb,ytktib lf vrbs[dtkc vbdfybiyjs bv pqdf vtwybthek lf cnfnbcnbreh vfcfkfpt7 hjvtkbw .jdkfl fewbkt,tkbf ufvcf[ehlbfc cbrdlbkbc ufhtvjt,t,bc itcfcofdkfl 2 rjvbcbbc vbth .dtkfpt xfrbhrbnt,ek cfrbs[t,sfy lfrfdibht,bs mdtvjs vwbht vbvj[bkdbsb fvjyfrht,b lfdehst7 hfw7 gbhdtk hbuib lf ufwbkt,bs lblb vfcinf,bs7 eylf uftrtst,byf sfdfl rjvbcbfc= ubjhub7 fkbfy us[jds7 ufvjfmdt.yts tc afmnt,b7 hjvkt,bw cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehblfy fhbc fvjrht,bkb lf lft7 vjvfdfkb ufvjbt,t,bc j,btmnehvf vofhvjt,kt,vfw yf[jy ueklfcvbs5 AFMNT,B CFVTWYBTHJ KBNTHFNEHBLFY5 3cf[tkvqdfytkj cfcfvfhskj uflfelt,tkb vtlbwbybcsdbc5 upfvrdktdb vtlbrjct,bcsdbc4 Manual of Forensic Emergency Medicine: A Guide for Clinicians" By Ralph Riviello. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010, Medical, 303 pages. P. 13. 3gbcnjktnbs sdbsvrdktkj,bcfc itvs[dtdfsf @%~-ib bfhfqb vbwdfkt,ekbc [tkib hxt,f888 bfhfqbc sdbsvrdktkbc [tkib lfhxtyf eahj [ibhbf7 se bub b]lf fy bodf ufchjkbcfc8884 3sdbsvrdktkj,bcfc lff[kjt,bs (_~ib zhbkj,f rjynfmnehbf fy rjynfmnehsfy lff[kjt,ekb7 fuhtsdt itcfkt,tkbf cfiefkj vfybkblfy yfchjkbc zhbkj,t,bw888 gbcnjktnbc itvs[dtdfib7 cfiefkj vfybkb bo.t,f !_ vbkbvtnhblfy +tct bub7 zhbkj,t,bc @_~ fhff fhw rjynfmnehb lf fhw rjynfmnehsfy lff[kjt,ekb8 2 ,gu8 l 3ufrdtsbc vf[fcbfst,kt,b sdbsvrdktkj,bsb lf vrdktkj,bsb wtw[kcfchjkb bfhfqbs zhbkj,t,c ijhbc ufyc[dfdt,t,bc lfcflutyfl48 Autopsy features relevant for discrimination between suicidal and homicidal gunshot injuries, B. Karger, E. Billeb, E. Koops and B. Brinkmamm, Int J Legal Med. 2002 Oct; 116(5): 273-8. Epub 2002 Aug 16. 3sdbsvrdktkj,bcfc vfh]dtyf cfatsmtkib +!_* itvs[dtdf chjkbcfc ^~-ib n.dbbc nhftmnjhbf vbvfhsekb b.j mdtvjs4 +hfcfw rjvbcbf itekt,kfl vbbxytdc8 2 ,gu8 l 3wtw[kcfchjkb bfhfqbs sdbsvrdktkj,t,bc lf[fcbfst,f4 Characterization of the gunshot suicides, Balci Y, Canogullari G, Ulupinar E.J. Forensic Leg Med. 2007 May; 14(4): 2038. Epub 2008 feb 23. 3sdbsvrdktkj,t,bc *@7#~-ib chjkbc vfybkb rjynfmnehbf fy rjynfmnehsfy lff[kjt,ekb+hfw ybiyfdc7 hjv sdbsvrdktkj,t,bc @*~-ib chjkbc vfybkb rjynfmnehpt fy rjynfmnehsfy lff[kjdt-

2 lfdbwfljs7 fk,fs7 byf[fdc cfvjvfdkjl7 ,fnjyj ,tcj888 2 lf dbc eyf[fdc0 HFNJV FH XBDBC0 CF,JKJJL SFDBC VJZHBC TIBYBF LF BVBNJV= LBF[7 FHFYFBHB CFXBDHBC ITVNFYB FH UF[KFDS TU MFKB LF ITTIDFC GHJDJRFWBEK 3LFGBHT,T,C4= ubjhub7 hjltcfw sdbsvrdktkj,bc dthcbbc ufvjhbw[dfpt cfe,hj,ty rjrjbcnt,b7 fdbo.lt,fs vsfdfhb 2 rjvbcbbc lfcrdybc thsb uflf[tldfw rb cfrvfhbcbf bvfib lfcfhoveyt,kfl7 hjv rjvbcbfc wtw[kcfchjkb bfhfqbs sdbsvrdktkj,t,sfy lfrfdibht,ekb7 rhbvbyfkbcnehb lf cfvtlbwbyj-cftmcgthnj fhwthsb vtwybthekb yfihjvb fy rhbvbyjkjubehb cnfnbcnbrf fh fmdc ufvj.tyt,ekb lf ufy[bkekb= fkpt ybifylj,kbdbf7 hjv rjvbcbfc fh fmdc vjbt,ekb lf ufvj.tyt,ekb fhfdbsfhb ghtwtltynekb [fcbfsbc rhbvbyjkjubehb lf c[df vcufdcb .jdkfl fewbkt,tkb vfcfkf 2 rjvbcbjytht,b bct ofhvjflutyty cfmvtc7 sbsmjc ufvcf[ehlbfc cbrdlbkbc 2 ufycfresht,bs rb wtw[kcfchjkb

BCT7 VFHSKF HJV TXBDKF VLTLH CTSEHC FY ITYSDBC7 FY 2 SMDTYB HTLFMWBBCFSDBC7 FY UYT,FDS7 XTVSDBC7 ,TDH HFVTC DFGFNBT,LB7 VFUHFV VFY BWBC CBVFHSKT LF COJHTL FV CBVFHSKBC CFOBYFFQVLTUJL CDHBC .DTKFC LF .DTKFATHC7 HFCFW LF DBCFW ITT[T,F= CFL FHBC UEUEIDBKBC 3RFUT,TIYBRJ,BC4 LFVFLFCNEHT,TKB 3RFHNJXRF40 CFL FHBC BC CBVFHSKT7 HFCFW FCT UEKVJLUBYT,BS 3VFKFDC4 LF 3BYF[FDC4 MFK,FNJYB FHXDFT0

,ekpt vtnb8 2 ,gu888 *%~ itvs[dtdt,ib n.dbbc vbvfhsekt,f b.j ptvjs lf obyblfy erfy8884 +hfw bvfc ybiyfdc7 hjv itvs[dtdt,bc @%~-ib n.dbbc vbvfhsekt,f b.j mdtvjs 2 hfcfw rjvbcbf itekt,kfl vbbxytdc8 2 ,gu8 l 3wtw[kcfchjkb bfhfqbs vb.tyt,ekb zhbkj,t,b4 Gunshot Wounds, Lecture Notes, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Dundee, p.18. 3sdbsvrdktkj,bc itvs[dtdfsf @_~-ib bfhfqb sdbsvrdktkbc [tkib xf,qe]ekb lfhxf8884 l 3sfdib wtw[kcfchjkb bfhfqbs vb.tyt,ekb sdbsvrdktkj,bsb zhbkj,t,b5 $_^ itvs[dtdbc htnhjcgtmnekb vbvj[bkdf4 Suicidal gunshot wounds to the head: a retrospective review of 406 cases, Blumenthal, Ryan. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2007 Dec; 28(4): 288-91. 3sdbsvrdktkj,t,bc (!~ rjynfmnehb zhbkj,t,bf +fye !)~ fhfrjynfmnehbf8 2 ,gu8 itvs[dtdfsf %!~-ib n.dbbc nhftmnjhbf ptvjsff vbvfhsekb lf @$~-ib /jhbpjynekbf8884 +fye itvs[dtdfsf @%~ib nhftmnjhbf mdtvjsff vbvfhsekb 2 hfcfw rjvbcbf itekt,kfl vbbxytdc8 2 ,gu8 l 3bfhfqbc vlt,fhtj,f wtw[kcfchjkb bfhfqbs sdbsvrdktkj,t,bc itvlujv48 Weapon location following suicidal gunshot wounds, Garavaglia JC and Talkington B, The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology: official publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners 20(1): 1-5, 1999 Mar PubMed ID: 10208326 3bfhfqbc vlt,fhtj,f sdbsvrdktkj,bsb chjkbc itvlujv8 itcofdkbkb $)( itvs[dtdblfy7 @$~-ib bfhfqb lfpfhfkt,ekbc [tkib hxt,jlf888 bfhfqfl gbcnjktnbc ufvj.tyt,bc itvs[dtdfib bub sdbsvrdktkbc [tkib hxt,jlf @%7*~-ib888 se sdbsvrdktkb bodf fy b]lf7 bfhfqbc vbc [tkib lfhxtybc ifycb bphlt,f888 gbcnjktnbc rfkb,hc +hfw lfrfdibht,ekbf 3cbkbthtcsfy48 2 ,gu fh fmdc fhct,bsb ufdktyf bvfpt7 lfhxt,f se fhf bfhfqb sdbsvrdktkbc [tkib8884 +hfcfw rjvbcbf itekt,kfl vbbxytdc8 2 ,gu l 3wtw[kcfchjkb bfhfqbs sdbsvrdktkj,bc itltufl ufhlfwdkbksf ufrdtsbc itltut,b4 Autopsy findings of suicidal deaths committed by firearms in Ankara, Turkey, Gurol Canturk, Nergis Canturk, Aysun Balseven Odabasi, Zerrin Erkol, Memnune Bosgelmez Dt, Medicine, Science and the Law, Vol 49, Nr 3, Pp. 207-212 3sdbsvrdktkj,bc !$# itvs[dtdblfy (!7!@~-c yfchjkb /mjylf rjynfmnehb fy lff[kjt,bs rjynfmnehb vfybkblfy8884 +tct bub7 lff[kjt,bs !)~ yfchjkb /mjylf cfiefkj lf vtnb vfybkblfy7 hfcfw rjvbcbf itekt,kfl vbbxytdc 2 ,gu8 l 3vbst,b sdbsvrdktkj,bc itcf[t,4 Myths about Suicide, Thomas E. Joiner, Harvard University Press, 2010, Psychology, 288 pages. p. 11-12. 3sdbsvrdktkj,t,bc itcofdkbkb !*__ itvs[dtdblfy ^( itvs[dtdfib n.dbbc itvfdfkb [dhtkb rtafib b.j7 hfw tobyffqvltut,f bv gjgekfhek fphc7 hjv tc itekt,tkbf8 #_-pt vtn itvs[dtdfib bfhfqb yfchjkb b.j cfiefkj vfybkblfy +fye ^_ cfynbvtnhpt ijhblfy8884 +.jdtkbdt fvfc rjrjc rjvbcbf f,cjkenehfl itekt,kfl vbbxytdc8 2 ,gu8 3sdbsvrdktkj,bc itvltu @%~-ib bfhfqb sdbsvrdktkbc [tkib hxt,f8884 l 3lfyfifekt,hbj,bc vtwybtht,f5 cfcfvfhskj tmcgthnbpbc vtsjlt,b4 Crime science: methods of forensic detection, By Loe Nickell, John F. Fischer, 1999, Law, Pp. 300 3vrdktkj,bcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs sdbsvrd-

30

@_!! OKBC @# - @) VFBCB 1 @! ~(^(`

LFRBS[DBC JMVB
ktkj,bc afmnbc lflfcneht,ff sdbsvrdktkbc [tkib xf,qe]ekb bfhfqb +vrdlhbc cgfpvbs vrdlhbc cgfpvb +cadaveric spasm, `5 tc 2 vrdlhbc cgfpvb +cadaveric spasm, `2 'fkpt fhct,bsb afmnjhbf888 l 3itcfdfkb cfvtlbwbyj tmcgthnbc veifj,bcsdbc5 cbrdlbkbc ufhtvjlfy ufrdtsfvlt4 An introduction to the work of a medical examiner: from death scene to An introduction to the work of a medical examiner: from death scene to Autopsy Suite, By John J. Miletich, Tia Laura Lindstrom, Cyril H. (FRW) Wecht, p. 74 3vrdlhbc cgfpvbc ufvj itcfkt,tkbf7 sdbsvrdktkvf jh]thfw rb ufbchjkjc8884 +yf[tdhfl fdnjvfnehb bfhfqbs7 hjujhbw 3cntxrbybf48 2 ,gu8 l 3rhbvbyfkehb ufvjbt,f5 rfyjyb lf ghfmnbrf4 Criminal investigation: law and practice, Michael F. Brown, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001, Law, 348 pages, p. 193-194 3pju]th ufvjvbt,kt,b offo.lt,bfy 3cadaveric spasm4-bc7 fye 3vrdlhbc cgfpvbc4 itvs[dtdt,c8 vfufkbsfl7 wtw[kcfchjkb bfhfqbs sdbsvrdktkj,bc itvs[dtdt,ib7 itbkt,f7 bfhfqb vzblhjl xf,qe]ekb lfhxtc lfpfhfkt,ekbc [tkib8 c[df itvs[dtdt,ib7 cffdnjvj,bkj fdfhbt,bcfc lfqegekb vqjkbc jhbdt [tkc itbkt,f rdkfd xf,qe]ekb /mjyltc cfzt7 vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv fv [tkt,c itbkt,f hfvltybvt lfpbfyt,f uffxyltc8884 fvhbufl7 ubjhub7 lfcfdkeh vtwybthek rhbvbyfkbcnbrfcf lf cfcfvfhskj-cfvtlbwbyj tmcgthnbpfc pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc sdbsvrdktkj,bc vjovtt,bc vbth fqothbkbc ptlvbotdybs vcufdcb7 bltynehb fsfcj,bs itvs[dtdf fmdc fqhbw[ekb7 itcofdkbkb lf rdfkbabwbht,ekb7 hjvkt,bw flfcneht,ty sdbsvrdktkj,bc vjovtt,bc xdtyt,fsf lbl cbpecntc7 j,btmnehj,fcf lf vfs cbvfhsktc= ptvjs vbsbst,ekb vtwybthekb vfcfkf wfkcf[fl lf bhtekfl f,fsbkt,c rjvbcbbc .dtkf 3itekt,kj,bc4 vnrbwt,ekt,bc vwltkj,t,c5 f` UFCHJKBC VFYBKPT 2 hjv sdbsvrdktkj,t,bc fhct,bsb yfobkb cfrvfjl lfijht,ekb vfybkblfy ufchjkbs [lt,f7 vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf7 hjv hjcnjdbc lfcrdyfib wfkcf[flff vbsbst,ekb fkpt f[kj vfybkb8 ,` UFCHJKBC RES[TPT 2 cfvbdt ufypjvbkt,fib888 fvfcsfy5 obyblfy erfy vbvfhsekt,f cnfnbcnbrehfl fkpt [ibhbf7 [jkj ptdblfy mdtdbs vbvfhsekt,f rb cnfnbcnbrehfl fhct,bsb cb[ibhbs [lt,f8 u` SDBSVRDKTKBC [TKIB BFHFQBC XFHXTYFPT 2 rfkb,hbcf lf fvltyfl7 cbvkfdhbc vbe[tlfdfl 2 hjv tc nbgj,hbdb vjvtynbf sdbsvrdktkj,t,bcfc lf cf.jdtksfjlff fqbfht,ekb888 vbsevtntc7 ufvjhbw[ekb fhff7 hjv ufchjkbcfc ufvcf[ehlbf kjubypt ofvjv]lfhb b.j888 fye ofhvjlutybkb vtwybthekb lf vtsjljkjubehb vfcfkf wfkcf[fl exdtyt,c lf flfcneht,c7 hjv bc7 hfcfw rjvbcbf 3itekt,kfl4 sdkbc7 vcjakbjib .jdtkokbehfl fcj,bs itvs[dtdfib [lt,f= c[dfsfijhbc7 hjujhw bmyf7 vjvtwf itcfkt,kj,f7 ufvtpjvf fkpt 3uf[vfeht,ekb4 sfcbc lfwtvbc7 hjvtkcfw pjub 3ufxjxt,fc47 pjub 3ufwjwt,fc47 pjubw 3ufj[t,fc4 eojlt,lf7 [vbc cbkbtht8 fqvjxylf7 hjv sfcbc bfnfrpt lfwtvbc [vbc fkf sbsmvbc pecnfl !__ ltwb,tkc itflutyc 2 vfiby7 hjltcfw gbcnjktnbc ufchjkbc [vf c[dflfc[df gbhj,t,ib lf ufhtvjib7 cfiefkjl7 !#_-!%_ ltwb,tkc elhbc8 fvhbufl7 sfcbc lfwtvbc [vbc cbkbtht lblfl fh xfvjedfhlt,f gbcnjktnbc ufchjkbc [vfc8 2 ,fnjyj ,tcfhbjy7 ,jkj sdtt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib [jv fh umjybfs itcfkt,kj,f7 fy hj,bpjy vfhudtkfyc ufcfe,ht,jlbs7 fy 2 ,fxerb udfywtkftc0 2 fhf7 fhf888 cbvfhskt ubs[hfs7 fhw dbwb vfsb rjjhlbyfnt,b lf ntktajybc yjvht,b888 2 uts[jdfs lf vt vjuwtvlbs7 hf ghj,ktvff888 2 ubjhub7 vfsb vbcfvfhsbsfw vbylf jhbjlt cbn.dbc smvf888 XTVUFY UFYC[DFDT,BS7 HJ,BPJYBWF LF ,FXERBW WYJ,TY CFFRFIDBKBC HT;BVC7 RJRJC CFGFHKFVTYNJ RJVBCBBC FHCT,J,FCFW LF OKT,BC VFYBKPTW FHFTHS[TK .JABKFY VBCEKT,B ITDFHLYFBC GHJREHFNEHBC LFRBS[DT,PT LF RJRJC RJVBCBBC 3VJCVTYT,PT4888 LFDB]THJ7 CFSMVTKB FQFHFATHB FMDS0 HFNJV ESVTYTY FVLTYC RBRE-RJRJC .,TL LF LFVJYT,EK KFMBT,C LF HFNJV FH VBVFHSFDTY CFCFVFHSKJC0 2 [evhj,s7 ,fnjyj ,tcfhbjy0 cffrfidbkbc cfcfvfhskj vfhudtkfybc ufvfvfhskt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thjdyekb vjhfj,bc7 thjdyekb7 ktubnbvehb [tkbceakt,bc lhjif vbofptf lfyfhw[t,ekb lf vbc lfgfnhjyt,fc evcufdcjt,b7 gjkbnbrehb fdfynbehbcnt,b lf ufhtoht,b wlbkj,ty8 LHJF7 RDKFD LFTGFNHJYJS7 FBNFWJS LF VFQKF FCOBJS THJDYEKCFHOVEYJT,HBDB VJHFJ,BC PDBFLBCF LF VTHF,BC CBC[KBS7 FSFCJ,BS SMDTYB SFYFVT,HJKBC CBC[KBS ITQT,BKB MFHSEKB LHJIF= ]th bvgthbek wtynhc7 vjcrjdc 3sfditafht,ekb4 VFYFYF FHXDFBC xfvj.dfyf itdfhlyfbc ptj,bc ptybnbc okt,ib [eynfcsfy UBJHUB UFVCF[EHLBFC xf[ent,bsehs lf itvltu pdbflbc lfebyt,tkb vnhbc7 genxbcn ;DFYBFC vbth RJRJ UFVCF[EHLBFC idtbwfhbekb .dtkblfy fvj.dfyf lf fmnbeh gjkbnbrfib7 gfhkfvtynib 3yfwvjhfj,bc4 ufdktybc futynfl uflfmwtdbcf lf pdbflbc vtjht j]f[sfy lfgbhbcgbht,bc vsfdfhb vbpfybw [jv bcff7 hjv kfaib ufcdfhjy thjdyekb vjhfj,f vskbfyfl7 lfo.t,ekb pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc [tkbceakt,bc ghtvbth-vbybcnhbs888 3YFWVJHFJ,BC4 UKJ,FKBCNEH-RJVGHFLJHEKB [HJDBC GJKBNBRF VJBS[JDC7 HJV .DTKFYB AEYFIB B.DYTY UFS[DHBKT,B7 VFUHFV .DTKF 3YFWVJHFJ,FPT4 VTNFL EYLF B.JC UFS[DHBKB7 HFSF 3YFWVJHFJ,F4 ITLFHT,BS EAHJ CEASF UFVJXYLTC888 tcfe,hf
ubjhub vfvfwfidbkb

3VT7 LQTDFYLTKBCUFY UFYC[DFDT,BS7 FHWTHS ITVS[DTDFIB FQFH UFDFUH'TKT, 3LFRBS[DBC JMVC47 DBLHT 3QDSBEHB BUJHB47 FYE BUJH UBJHUF'T FH UFCWTVC GFCE[C XTVC VBTH FHFTHS[TK LFCVEK ITRBS[DFC5 CFL LF HF DBSFHT,FIB7 HJVTK ITYFTHSCF SE HJVTK ,FNFKBJYC7 HJVTK CJATKIB LF HJVTK HBW[DIB /.FDLFS FK.FIB CFMFHSDTKJC GBHDTKB GHTPBLTYNB04
,tk ufyfxtyc ufvjbnfyc7 hjujh abmhj,s0 2 fv itvs[dtdfib afmnbf vsfdfhb7 ubjhub= afmnb7 hjv bv flfvbfyt,vf7 fye HJ,BPJYVF LF ,FXERBV7 HJVKT,BW WYJ,TY CFFRFIDBKBC LT AFMNJ [TKBCEAKT,FC7 ITBNFYJY CFHXTKB COJHTL CFFRFIDBKBC CFCFVFHSKJIB LF BCNJHBFC CFRESFHB7 RBLTD THSB DF;RFWEHB YF,B]B ITVJEYF[JY= lf ,jkjc7 fh itbkt,f7 fh itdt[j rbrec rbltd ths fkpt lfvf[fcbfst,tk lf efqhtcfl ecbylbcj lf fhfrfweh gbfhek bktsc888 hjltcfw bub lblb gjvgtpehj,bs ofhvjflutyc hfbvt lfecf,est,tk wyj,fc lf vfc ctycfwbbc cf[bs fodlbc cfpjufljt,hbj,fc7 fye rdt,fdc cfpjufljt,hbj,fc cbwhebs8 [jkj itvltu7 hjltcfw ufbhrdtdf7 hjv vbc vbth ufdhwtkt,ekb byajhvfwbf fh lflfcnehlf7 bct ufbnheyt,f7 hjv cfpjufljt,hbj,fc ltpbyajhvfwbbcsdbc ,jlbicfw rb fh vje[lbc8 fv itvs[dtdfib ituf[ctyt,s rjrjcf lf rjvgfybbc vbth cfpjufljt,bcsdbc @_!_ OKBC YJTV,HBC lfcfo.bcblfy ctycfwbfl vbojlt,ek byajhvfwbfc7 sbsmjc cfvtuhtkjib tgjdjs eupj-erdkjl lfrfhuekb BHFRKB UJUFBCF lf DF;F ZBYZFHFEKBC cfakfdt,b8 fv cbwhebs7 ctycfwbbc cf[bs rjrjv sbsmvbc cfvb sdt rdt,f cfpjufljt,hbj,f lf vtht vbfxevfsf8 FV CTYCFWBBC FYJYCBHT,BC ITVLTU RB7 ERDT IDBLB SDT UFDBLF LF FHFDBSFHB UFUHTKT,F LF HFVTYFBHB LFLFCNEHT,F VFC FH VJ/.JKBF FHW RJRJC V[HBLFY LF FHW BECNBWBBC CFVBYBCNHJCF LF VSFDFHB GHJREHJHBCUFY7 HJVTKSFW RJRJV GFHKFVTYNBC CGBRTHFNBC IEFVLUJVKJ,BS VBVFHSF8 o.fkb lfbue,tc gbhib888 fkpt lfvf[fcbfst,tkb ecbylbcj,ff7 vfuhfv EUPJ-ERDKJL LFRFHUEKSF F[KJ,KT,BC UHYJ,T,CFW [JV EYLF CWTC RFWEHVF RFWVF GFNBDB0 vfuhfv fhfrfwb rjrjcsdbc vsfdfhbf ctycfwbf 2 flfvbfyt,b rb vbcsdbc afctekj,f v[jkjl bvltyflff7 hfvltyflfw bcbyb cf[fh]j vfcfkfl czbhlt,f= otqfy dbcfe,hts7 vfuhfv rjrjc uekbc[vbsf lf cekbcsmvbs rjvbcbbc rfstlhbc mdti vc[ljvsfufy smdtyb ufptsbc obyf yjvthib ufvjmdt.yt,ek cnfnbfib fkbfy lblb fcjt,bs ubothbfs lf fvbnjv fv 3fhuevtync4 f[kf fct eylf degfce[j5 3ueueidbkbc ufvjyfsmdfvt,b thsb thspt tvs[dtdf genxbcnehb ghjrehfnehbcf lf itdfhlyfbc vbth ufdhwtkt,ek ltpbyajhvfwbt,cj47 2 tothfs888 vt dgfce[j,5 dfvc48 ufvjbrdtsf7 hjv7 SEHVT7 RBNJDFYC RJRJC RJVBCBJYTHT,B FY VJEN.ET,BF7 FY HFQFWT,B LFEVFKFDC VJCRJDIB VFSB UEKF[LBKB LF UEKS,BKB 3UFCFE,HT,BCFC48 fvfc [jv yekfvlt lf yekc mdtvjs lf/.fdc rjrjc rjvbcbbc vbth 3lfcrdyfib4 xfothbkb rbnjdfybc 3xdtyt,t,bc4 afctekj,f0 FH UFVJDHBW[FD7 HJV RBNJDFYBC ITVLTU7 CBUEFCFW LF UBJHUFTCFW FTIKT,FS BCTSB HFQFWT,BC SMVBC CFQTHQTKB7 3HFW FHFCJLTC FH ESMDFVS48 v[jkjl ,tcfhbjyc7 hj,bpjycf lf ,fxerbc fh fmds fhfathb lfcfvfnt,tkb pdbflbc lfrhfkdbcsfyfdt yfsmdfvbcsdbc lf lfothbkbcsdbc 2 okt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib thscf lf bvfdtc bvtjht,ty ,kfudfl7 [bcnfl7 ]benfl888 .jdtkudfhb vhfdfkathjdyt,bcf lf ctycfwbt,bc ufhtit= fk,fs7 cfwjlfd cfvtekc afynfpbt,bc eyfhb fmdc vskfl lfrfhuekb88 cek ,jkjc7 xtvb 3lfrbs[dbc jmvbc4 lfcfchekc7 vbylf7 xtvb lblb uekbcnrbdbkb ufvjdsmdf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc [tkbceakt,bc otdht,bcf lf thjdyekb vjhfj,bc bvlhjbyltkb fmnbdbcnt,bc vbvfhs5 VTUJ,HT,J7 CFFRFIDBKBC HT;BVVF SMDTY SMDTYBDT YT,BS LFUFRJYCTHDFS LF LFUFYFANFKBYFS= LF7 V[JKJL VFIBY FVJ/.FD[FHS SJ]BYT,BDBS RJYCTHDBC MBKBLFY FY XFVJUATHS[F-

sfyfw7 smdtyb ufptsbc ,jkj yjvthib ofdbrbs[t7 hjv7 sehvt7 RBNJDFYB rbltd fgbht,c bctsb hfvbc smvfc7 hfw 3fmfvlt fh esm-

3RJRJCF LF VBCB RJVBCBBC UFVJYFSMDFVT,B THSB THSPT TVS[DTDF GENXBCNT,BC RBNJDFYBC7 CBUEFC LF VJQFKFNT UBJHUFBC VBTH UFDHWTKT,EK LTPBYAJHVFWBT,C=4 BVTLBF7 FVFCFW LBLB FCJT,BS LF,TZLFDS=

@_!! OKBC @# - @) VFBCB 1 @! ~(^(`

31

You might also like