Traditional Medicine & Herbal Technology

COUNTRY PAPER
(INDIA)

Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director

National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001

Traditional Medicine
The tradition of health management/ treating ailments practiced by traditional communities or medicinal practices prevalent before the emergence of modern medicine (18th/19th century) are generally termed as Traditional Medicine

Traditional medicine has almost now dissappeared in developing countries but still a living tradition in Third World Nations. The biodiversity-rich Third World nations have an associated medicinal knowledge systems using the various medicinal plants of the region.

Traditional Medicine in India

The Traditonal Medicine in India function through two streams:
1. Folk stream: Comprising mostly the oral traditions practiced by
the rural villagers. The carriers of these traditons are millions of housewives, thousands of traditional birth attendants, bone setters, village practitioners skilled in acupressure, eye treatments, treatment of snake bites, and traditional village physicians/herbal healers, the vaidyas or the tribal physicians. These streams of inherited traditions are together known as local health traditions(LHT). LHT represent an autonomous, community supported living tradition. It is still alive and runs parallel and the great service the LHT render to the primary health care needs of the indian rural mass often goes unnotied due to the dominance of the western medicine

Traditional Medicine in India (Contd)

2. Classical stream Organized systems
(1) This comprises of the codified and organized medicinal wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundations and philosophical explanations expressed in several classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita, Bhela Samhita, and hundreds of other treatises (including some in the regional language) covering all branches of medicine and surgery. Systems like Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Amchi or Tibetan are expressions of these classical streams.

Local Health Traditions (LHT)

The folklore medicine or LHT is again at two levels:
Rural village based: This involves home remedies practiced at almost every home, mostly by the mothers and grand mothers to specialized individuals, healers or family traditions treating single or general ailment. This system is mostly oral in tradition except in certain cases mostly in Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat where some written tradition maintained through hand written transcripts in local languages, some of which are now been available in printed form. Such village folklore medicine or LHT involve the use of about 5000 plant species with about 25,000 or more formulations for treating a variety of human ailments.

Folk-medicine carriers of village-based health traditions in India

Traditional Carrier Housewives and elders Traditional birth attendants Herbal healers
Bone-setters Visha Vaidhyas (Snake, Scorpion, Dog)

Subjects Home remedies, Food and nutrition Normal deliveries Common ailments Orthopedics Natural poisons
*Nethra *Skin *Respiratory *Dental *Arthritis *Mental Diseases *Liver *GIT *Wounds *Fistula Piles

Nos. Millions 7 lakhs 3 lakhs

60,000 60,000

Specialists

*1000 in each area

Source Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore

Local Health Traditions (Contd.)

2. Tribal based: This is practiced by the tribal communities who inhabit in and around the forests. This tradition is currently fast eroding due to the change of life style of the tribal people. India has over 67.8 million tribal people belonging to 550 communities of 227 ethnic groups as per the classification made by anthropologists on linguistic basis. They inhabit in about 5000forested villages or lead a nomadic life in the forest. Each tribal community has a distinct social and cultural identity of its own and speaks a common dialect. There are about 116 different dialects and 227 subsidiary dialects spoken by tribals in India. According to a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, under the All India Coordinated Project on Ethnobiology (AICRPE- 1992-1998; Pushpangadan 1994), over 10000 wild plants are reported to be used by tribals for meeting their primary health care, food and material requirements (Figure 1). About 8000 wild plant species are used by the Indian tribes for a variety of medicinal purposes, which cover about 1,75,000 specific preparations/applications (Pushpangadan 2002); of these 2000 species are found to be new claims and worthy of scientific scrutiny.

Indian System of Medicines

The promotive, preventive, corrective and curative approach in health care and the medicinal plants possessing such properties are indeed the strength of the Indian Systems of medicine (ISM). The ancient masters of Ayurveda and Siddha had organized, codified and synthesized the medical wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundation and philosophical explanations. They adopted the fundamental doctrines of Darshana philosophy, particularly the Nyaya, Sankhya and Vaiseshika, which encompassed all sciences physical, chemical, biological and spiritual. While Darshana philosophers discussed and debated their theories, Ayurvedic masters put them to practical test and applied them successfully to interpret the laws governing the material objects of the universe and the dynamics of biological evolution. The modern physicists and biologists are now demonstrating the precision and exactness of many such cosmological theories and other rationale and hypothetical assumptions intuitively discovered and developed by the ancient Indian sages. It is quite logical to say that a serious and in-depth study and research on the vast treasure - trove of Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine, particularly their theoretical bases and philosophical explanations may open up new exciting avenues of knowledge in understanding diseases and health.

Indian System of Medicines (Contd)

Rasayana
Rasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy) is a speciality of Ayurveda, which mainly deals with the preservation and promotion of health. It promotes longevity and prevents or delays the aging process. Rasayana promotes rsistance against infections and other causative factors for the disease by maintaining the equilibrium of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The Rasayana, if administered at an early age, also helps the body metabolism in such a way that he genetic predisposition for a particular disease is avoided and the intensity of the symptoms of a particular disease is greatly reduced.

Indian System of Medicines (Contd)

Panchakarma
Panchakarma (Purification Therapy) deals mainly with the removal of toxins and waste materials from the body to purify the biological system from gross channels to eradicate the disease completely. It is helpful in the prevention of disease and preservation and promotion of health, as well as the management of psychosomatic, neurological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and many other chronic, degenerative diseases and iatrogenic conditions. Panchakaram plays a vital role in Ayurvedic therapeutics and occupies an important place in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. This five-fold purification theraphy, a classical form of treatment in Ayurveda, includes Vamana (emesis), Virechana (Purgation), Asthapana (Decoction enema), Anuvasana (Oily enema) and Nasya (Nasal Insufflation).

Indian System of Medicines (Contd)

Pizhichil In this therapeutic measure, warm medicated oil is poured all over the body followed by massage, in seven positions in a systematic manner for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system like paralysis, sciatica, osteoarthiritis, musculo-skeletal, neuro-muscular and degenerative diseases. Pizhichil is very useful as a health restorative measure for elderly persons when it is regularly used once a year or so. This treament cleanses the minute channels in the body of morbid substances. Shirobasti This is an oil treatment applied to the head in which a leather belt is tied to ht clean shaven scalp. The junction of scalp and leather beld is sealed with paste prepared from wheatflour or black gram. Medicated oil is then poured into it and kept for the stipulated time. This is recommended for headaches, myopial conditions, insomnia, psychiatriac illnesses, epilepsy, hair fal, etc. It improves the functioning of the sensory systems and removes exhaustion.

Indian System of Medicines (Contd)

Shirodhara

This therapeutic measure is carried out by pouring oil or medicated liquids on the forehead for treating headaches, vertigo, insomnia, anxiety, etc. It is also useful in many psychosomatic disorders and hypertension. Ksharasutra
This Alkaline Thread threpy is a popular herbal treatment for ano-rectal diseases likes fistula-in-Ano and haemorrhoids (piles) under the speciality of Shalyatandra are prepared from plants like Arka and Snuhi by using their milk or herbal alkaline material and typing a the site. The advantage of this therapy is that the patients may remain mobile during the treatment. It can also be carried out on patients for whom modern surgery is contra-indicated.

THE AYURVEDIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY

1. Determine PRAKRUTI (Constitution) by -history taking
-Observations 2. NIDANA (Diagnosis) Nature, degree and extent of imbalance of Tridoshas. Library of 5800 clinical signs and symptoms in Ayurvedic texts

3. Chronobiology: Impact of season, time and environment on Tridoshas.

4. SWASTHAVRUTA: Life style modification 5. AHARA: Dietary modifications 6. PANCHAKARMA: Purification of the body 7. AUSHADHI: "Designer Medicine" unique for the particular patient prepared from a Pharmacopoeia utilising 1200 plants, 100 minerals and 100 animal products in numerous formulations.

TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN AYURVEDA

Some Ancient Treatise

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Agni Purana: treatment of cattle and horse Garuna Purana: treatment of horse and elephants Shalihotra Samhita: Treatment of diseases of horse Matasya Purana: mentions older treatise by Pakapya muni and Somaputra Budh for treating fishes Shyama Shastra: Middle ages. Treatment of birds, specially pigeons
Veterinary Physicians in Mahabharat Dronacharya specially trained Nakula and Sahdev in treatment of horses Nakula is said to have authored a treatise on horses Nala was an expert in treatment of horses and also called Ashwavid

[Prachin Bharat Mein Vigyan aur Shilpa; S.N. Kapur, 1998]

MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES

Hospitals & Dispensaries of ISM & Homeopathy in India
Hospitals Dispensaries 3004 with 60666 beds 23028

Medical education facilities in India

System Ayurveda Unani Siddha Homeopathy Total Admission capacity 198 39 2 166 405 16845 Colleges Undergraduate Post graduate 55 5 2 17 77 821

MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)

Number of Ayurveda colleges Statewise
No . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name of State Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa No. of College 4 1 12 1 1 1 No. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Name of State Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab No. of College 47 5 9 57 6 11

7.
8. 9. 10. 11.

Gujarat
Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu-Kashmir Jharkhand

10
5 1 1 1 TOTAL

18.
19. 20. 21. 22 198

Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

4
4 3 12 2

MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)

Registered practitioners of ISM & Homeopathy in India
Ayurveda Unani Siddha Naturopathy Homeopathy Total 427504 42445 16599 429 194147 681124

Acts administered in the ISM Sector

1.
2. 3. 4.

Central Council of Medicine Act of 1973

Central Council of Homeopathy Act 1973 Drugs & Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the rules there under Medicinal & Toilet Preparation Act & Rules 1995-96.

MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)

Statutory Regulatory Bodies for ISM under Government of India
Central Council of Indian Medicine Central Council of Homeopathy (for regulating standards of Medical Education and registering practitioners) Drug Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) for advising on all aspects related to drug standardization and quality control of Indian Systems of Medicine

Research Councils under Central Government Engaged in clinical research activities on drugs of Indian Systems, survey on Medicinal Plants, drug standardization, tribal and family welfare research carried out through units setup in different parts of the country Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine Central Council for Research in Homeopathy Central Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy 36 units 32 units 52 units

MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)

National Institutes set up by Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Government of India

For producing graduates and post-graduates of high quality for conducting research and to provide quality medical care National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore (under establishment) National Institute of Homeopathy, Calcutta National Institute of Naturopathy, Pune Moraji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New Delhi National Institute of Siddha, Chennai (under establishment) Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, New Delhi Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine Ghaziabad Pharmacopoeia Laboratory, Ghaziabad

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TRADITIONAL INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE

The role of herbal medicine in effectively meeting the primary health care needs of the rural people, particularly of the Third World countries is now well appreciated. This has led to the widespread interest in placing herbal medicine in a appropriate scientific framework, by assessing their safety, efficacy and quality, according to modern standards. WHO guidelines for assessment of herbals address the following:

1.
2.

Pharmaceutical assessment (crude plant material, plant preparations, finished products, stability).
Safety assessment (toxicological studies, documentation of safety based on experience).

3.
4. 5.

Assessment of efficacy and intended use (pharmacological activity, evidence required to support indication).
Product information to consumers. Marketing

Flowering plants used in Traditional Systems of Medicine in India

2
1

Modern Medicine 30 spp. Amchi 300 spp. Unani 700 spp.

Siddha 800 spp. Ayurveda 900 spp.

Examples of some important plant derived drugs

Compound Acetyl digoxin Ajmalicine Ajmmaline Andrographolide Artemissine Asiaticoside Berberine Caffeine Caffeine Cocaine Codeine Codiene Colchicine Curcumin Digitoxin, Digoxin, Digitoxigenin Emetine Ephedrine Plant Species Digitalis lanata Catharanthus roseus, Rauwolfia sp. Rauvolfia serpentina Andrographis paniculata Artemisia annua Centella asiatica Berberis spp. Camellia sinensis Camellia sinensis Erythroxylum cocoa Papaver spp. Papaver somniferum Colchicum autumnale, Gloriosa superba Curcuma longa Digitalis spp. Cephaelis ipecacuanha Ephedra gerardiana

Ergometrine, Ergotamine, Ergotoxin

Glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizinic acid Hesperidin

Claviceps purpurea on Rye plants

Glycyrrhiza glabra Citrus spp. Mentha spp.

Contd..

Examples of some important plant derived drugs (Contd..)

Hyoscine Hyoscyamine L-Dopa Menthol Morphine Duboisia spp. Datura spp, Hyscyamus spp. Mucuna pruriens Mentha spp. Papaver spp.

Papain
Podophyliotoxin Quinine, Quinidine Reserpine & Deserpidine Rutin Scopolamin Sennosides A&B Silymarin Strychnine Taxol Thymol Vinblastine, Vincristine Xanthotoxin Chemical Intermediates Citral Diosgenin Phytosterols (Stigmasterol & Sitosterol) Solasodine Hypercin, Hyperforin

Carica papaya
Podophyllum emodi Cinchona spp. Rauvolfia serpentina, Eucalyptus spp, Fagopyrum spp, Sophora japonica Datura sp. Cassia angustifolia, C. acutifolia Silybum marianum Strychnos nux-vomica Taxus baccata Thymus vulgaris Catharanthus roseus Ammi majus, Heracleum candicans Lemon grass Dioscorea spp. Costus spp. Soya & Calabar Beans Solanum Hypericum perforatum

Institutions operating Central scheme for development of Pharmacopoeial standards for ASU drugs by ISM, Govt. of India
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Agarkar Research Institute. Pune A. K. Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh B. H. U. Varanasi (CCRAS Unit) B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research development Centre, Thalteji, Ahmedabad Capt. Srinivasmurthi Drug. Res. Instt. For Ayurveda, (CCRAS), Chennai CCRAS, New Delhi CCRUM, A. G. Colony, Hyderabad Central Instt. Of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow College of Pharmacy, New Delhi Deptt. of Chemistry Univ. of Delhi Deptt. of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi Dr. Y. B. Tripathi, B.H.U. Varanasi Drug Standardisation Unit, Rishikul Ayurvedic College, Hardwar Drug Testing lab. Joginder Nagar, Mandi (H. P.) Drugs Standardisation Res. Project, Gujrat Ayurved University, Jamnagar Faculty of Pharmacy (CCRUM) Drug Standardisation Unit Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 17. Govt. Ayurvedic & Unani Pharmacy Nanded 18. Indian Instt., of Chemical Technology (CSIR), Hyderabad 19. Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow 20. Institute of Himalayan bio-resources technology, Palampur (H. P). 21. Institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Punjab Univ., Chandigarh 22. National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow 23. National Instt. of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali 24. Pharmacognosy Research Unit (CCRAS), University of Calcutta 25. Pharmacognosy Research Unit JNMPG&H, Pune 26. Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine (CCRUM), Aligarh 27. Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine, Chennai 28. Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Bhubaneshwar 29. Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu 30. Shri Ayurveda Mahavidalaya Nagpur 31. Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Instt. Trivandrum 32. National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur

Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs

List of plants allocated to National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Acorus calamus Linn. Albizia lebbeck Benth. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd. Optis teeta Anogeissus latifolia Bedd Arnebia nobilis Reichb. Butea monospelma (Lamk.) Taub. (syn.B.frondosa Roxb.) Cinnamoum tamala Coscinium fenestratum Allium cepa(syn.Psychotria ipecacuanha Stokes ) Crataeva magna (Lour) DC. (syn. C.nurvala Buch.Ham) Curcuma amada Roxb. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verdoran (syn.E.littorale Blume.) Euphorbia prostrata Linn.

8. 9. 10.
11.

12. 13. 14.

15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. Ficus lacor Buch. -Ham. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Hemldesmus indicus R.Br. Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. Leucas cephalotes spreng. Mesua ferrea Linn. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. , Onosma bracteatum Wall. Operculina turpethum Linn. Pueraria tuberosa DC. Rubia cordifolia Linn. Streblus asper Lour. Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Wedelia calendulacea Less.

Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs

List of plants allocated to National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali, Punjab
1. Abutilon indicum (Linn. ) Sweet 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Asparagus adscendens Roxb.

Asparagus racemosus Willd. Berberis aristata DC. Bergenia ligulata Engl. Caesalpinia bonducella (Linn.) Roxb. (syn. C.cristata Lim1.) Canscora decussata Schult. Catharanthus roseus G.Don. Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker

Hypericum perforatum Linn. lnula racemosa Hook. F . Lawsonia inermis Linn. Momordica charantia Linn. Nigella sativa Linn. Ocimum basilicum Linn. Ocimum grasissimum Linn. Piper longum Linn. Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiem. Potentilla sundaica Kuntze Sida acuta Burm. Sida rhombifolia Linn. Syrnplocos racemosa Roxb. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers ex hook f. & Thorns. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. Tylophora indica Burm.f. & Merill

10. Cissus quadrangularis (Linn. ) Schr . 11. Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schr. 12. Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois. 13. Cyperus rotundus Lim1. 14. Embelia ribes Burm.F. 15. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. 16. Hibisus rosa-sinensis Linn.

Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs

List of plants allocated to Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram
1. Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke 17. Melia azedarach Linn.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6.

Allium cepa Linn.

Allium sativum Linn. Alstonia scholaris (Linn. ) R.Br. Argemone mexicana Linn. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. (syn. A.integra auct. non Merrill, A.integrifolia Hook. non Linn.) Azadirachta indica Juss. Cichorium intybus Linn. Cinnamomum camphora Nees ex Eberm

18.
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Murraya koenigii Spreng.

Musa paradisiaca L. Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristica malabarica Lam. Oroxylum indicum Vent. Premna integrifolia Linn. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f. Rhus parvif1ora Roxb. Santalum album Linn. Sesamum indicum Linn. (syn. S.orientale Linn.) Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. Syzygium cuminii (Linn.) Skeels. Tecomella undulata (G.Don.) Seem Uraria picta Desv.

7. 8. 9.

10. Cinnamomum tamala Nees

11. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn.

12. Desmodium gangeticum DC. 13. Elettaria cardamomum Maton 14. Gmelina arborea Linn. 15. Hedychium spicatum Linn. 16. Mallotus philippensis Muell.-Arg

Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs

List of plants allocated to B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad
1. Aristolochia indica Linn. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. (Nees) 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Boswellia serrata Roxb.

Calotropis gigantea (Linn. ) Dryand. Capparis decidua Edgew. Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Cassia fistula Linn. Cassia occidentalis Linn. Cinchona officinalis Linn.f. Cissampelos pareira Linn. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon Commiphora myrrha Engl.syn.C.mukul Engl. Commiphora wightii Bhandari Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall. Leptadenia reticulata Linn. Marsdenia tenacissima Wight & Am. I Moringa oleifera Lam. (syn.M.pterygosperma Gaertn.)

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC (syn.M.prurita Hook.) Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn. Plantago ovata Forsk. Plumbago indica Linn. Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Punica granatum Linn. Randia dumetorum Lam. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde Semecarpus anacardium Linn.f. Solanum indicum Linn. Solanum torvum Swartz. Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. Terminalia arjuna Wight & Am. Terminalia bellerica Roxb Terminalia chebula Retz..

Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs

List of plants allocated to Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Achillea millefolium Linn. Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf. Ex Holmes Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Aesculus hippocastanum Linn. Ammi majus Linn. , Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. Anethum sowa Kurz. Angelica archangelica Lilm. Angelica glauca Edgew. Apium graveolens Linn. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm. Crocus sativus Linn. Cuminum cyminum Linn. Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Digitalis purpurea Linn. Ferula foetida Regel Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke Fumaria parviflora Lam. Gloriosa superba Linn. Mentha arvensis Linn.

11.
12. 13. 14. 15.

Argyreia nervosa (Burm F .) Bojer svn.A. speciosa Sweet

Artemisia annua Linn. Cannabis sativa Linn. Carum carvi (Linn.) DC. Coptis teeta Wall.

27.
28. 29. 30. 31.

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle

Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Saussurea lappa Spreng. Taxus baccata Linn. Valeriana Wallichi DC.

32.
33.

Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.

Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH ON AYURVEDIC DRUGS

Improved formulations and reduced number of Ayurvedic drugs Use of GMP procedures and QC Certified shelf life and improved dosage form Validated indications and contraindications Deletion of obsolete or toxic formulations Use of Ayurvedic drugs in modern clinical practice Inclusion in essential list of drugs Adjunct to existing drugs Treatment of diseases where modern drugs not available or unsatisfactory Development of suitable formulations, standardized extracts or active constituents IPR protection wherever feasible Inclusion in Pharmacopoeias.
New indications for Ayurvedic drugs Development of new drugs for Ayurvedic practice Utilizing leads from other countries Study of unscreened flora, specially endemic or threatened species Studies on Ayurvedic drugs for veterinary use

AYURVEDIC PROTOCOLS FOR DRUG EVALUATION (Yogyamapi Aoushdam Evam Pariksheta)

A. Pharmacognostical Study
1. Nama 2. Rupam 3. Desa jatam 4. Ritu grhitam 5. Grhitam 6. Nihitam Name of the Drug Botanical features Habitat Season of collection Species and part used Way of storage and prevention

Distribution of Medicinal Plants across the biogeographic zones/provinces of India

Sl.No. Bio-Geographic Zone Biogeographic Provinces Estimated No. of Med. Plant spp.

1. 2.

Trans-Himalayan The Himalayan

3. 4. 5. 6.

Desert Semi-Arid Western Ghats Deccan Peninsula

2A- North-West Himalaya 2B- West Himalaya 2C- Central Himalaya 2D-East Himalaya 3A-Kutch 3B Thar 4A- Punjab 4B-Gujarat-Rajwar 5A-Malabar Coast 5B-Western Ghats Mountains 6A-Deccan Plateau South 6B- Central Plateau 6C-Eastern Plateau 6D- Chhota Nagpur 6E- Central High land 7A- Upper Gangetic Plain 7-B Lower Gangetic Plain 8A-Brahmaputra Valley 8B-Assam Hills 9 A - Andaman Islands 9 B - Nicobar Islands 9 C - Lakshadweep Islands 10-A West Coast

700

1,700

500 1000 2000

3000

7.
8. 9.

Gangetic Plain
North-East India Islands

1000 2000 1000 500

10.

Coasts

Source FRLHT, Bangalore

The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Indian Medicinal plants

1. 2. 3.

Aquilaria malaccensis Butea monosperma var. lutea Chloroxylon swietenia

9. 10. 11.

Pinus gerardiana Pterocarpus indicus Pterocarpus santalinus

4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

Commiphora wightii
Euodia lunuankenda Hydnocarpus macrocarpa Mangifera indica Ochreinauclea missionis

12.
13. 14. 15. 16.

Santalum album
Saraca asoca Tabernaemontana gamblei Tabernaemontana heyneana Taxus wallichiana

IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA

IUCN Red List criteria (1995) include the following:
Extinct (Ex): A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that its last individual has died. Extinct in the Wild (EW): A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside the past range. Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future (80% decline in the last 10 years, 100km2 of area of occupancy or 10 sq. km in fragmented area: estimated 250 mature individuals or subpopulation of not more than 50 individuals). Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical, but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future (50% decline in the last 10 years; estimated <5000 km2 of area of occupancy or 500 km2 in fragmented areas; estimated 2500 individuals or subpopulation of 250 mature individuals. Vulnerable (VU): A taxon is vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild, in the medium term future. (50% decline in the last 20 years; estimated <20000 km2 of occupancy or <2000 km2 in fragmented population, estimated 10,000 individuals or subpopulation of 1000 mature individuals). Conservation Dependent (CD): A taxon is under taxon-specific or habitat specific conservation programme which directly affects the taxon in question. The cessation of this program would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories. Data Deficient (DD): A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. Low Risk (LR): A taxon is Low Risk when it has been evaluated and does not qualify for any of the categories, Critically Endangered, Endangered Vulnerable, Conservation Dependent or Data Deficient. Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been assessed against the criteria.
Source: IUCN 1995, IUCN Red List Categories, Prepared by species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.

Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs

Species Name No. of Accessions Species Name No.of Accessions

Achillea spp. Andrographis paniculata Cassia spp. Catharanthus roseus Datura spp. Digitalis spp. Matricaria spp. Mucuna spp. Ocimum spp. Papaver somniferum Plantago spp. Psoralea corylifolia Salvia spp.

17 20 22 11 26 16 11 117 187 288 19 50 11

Solanum spp. Tagetes spp. Trichosanthes spp. Trigonella foenum-graecum Withania somnifera Aconitum balfourii Costus speciosus Eremostachys superba Picrorhiza kurrooa Rheum australe Saussurea costus
Misc.Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

17 56 11 37 19 1 1 1 1 3 4 307 1253

Total

Germplasm status of field gene bank at NRCM & AP

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Aloe spp. (Aloe) Asparagus spp. (Satavari.) Cassia angustifolia (Sannsa) Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed musli) Commiphora wightii (Guggal) Ocimum spp. (Tulsi) Plants No. of accession 53 50 5 56 67 41

7.
8. 9. 10. 11.

Plantago ovata (Isabgol)

Phyllanthus spp. (Bhui amla) Tinospora cordifolia (Gilo) Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) Total

12
12 38 6 11 351

Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Variety/Cultivar Jawahar Isabgol Gujarat Isabgol-1 G.I.-2 Niharika Sona ALFT-2
Crop(Plant species)

Institute where developed JNKVV, Jabalpur GAU-RC, Mehsana CIMAP, Lucknow GAU, Anand

Parts used Seeds, husk Straw Seeds Latex, seeds Biomass

Contd

Plantago ovata

Cassia angustifolia

Leaves, pods

7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Shweta
Shyama Sampada Sanchita Shubhra Sujata Kirtiman Trishna Rajhans NBRI-3 Jawahar Afim-16 Udaipur opium Aela Aekla IC-66 NP-41

Papaver somniferum
H. muticus

CIMAP, Lucknow

Latex, seeds

NDUAT, Faizabad NBPGR, New Delhi RAU, Udaipur NBRI, Lucknow JNKVV, Mandsaur RU, Udaipur CIMAP, Lucknow NBPGR, New Delhi CIMAP, Lucknow

Hyoscyamus niger

Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions

Sl. No. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. Variety/Cultivar HMT-1 Hansa Jhelum Nirmal Dhawal Asha S-3 S-2-58 FB (C) I Arka-Upkar RS-1 Jawahar Asgandh Poshita RRL (Purple) RRL (Green) SL-831 RRL-20-2 RRL-SL-6 Glaxo IIHR 2n-11 Arka-Sanjivani Arka-Mahima EC-113465 Crop (Plant species) Chysanthemum cinerariefolium Catharanthus roseus Artemisia annua Dioscorea floribunda D. composita D. floribunda Rauvolfia serpentina Withania somnifera Datura metel Asparagus officinalis Solanum khasianum S. viarum S. lanciniatum Institute where developed NBPGR, New Delhi IIHR, Bangalore JNKVV, Indore JNKVV, Mandsaur CIMAP, Lucknow RRL, Jammu Glaxo, India IIHR, Bangalore YSPHU, Solan

(Contd.)

Parts used Flowers Roots, leaves Biomass Rhizome Roots Biomass Spears Biomass berries Berries

Source: Sharma, J.R. (2001)

Table 22. Improved Varieties of Medicinal Plants Developed by ICAR and SAUs
Sl. Crop No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Cassia angustifolia (Senna) Digitalis lanata (Foxglove) Glaucium flavum (Yellow Horned Poppy) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) Hyoscyamus muticus (Egyptian Henbane) Lepidium sativum (Cress) Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy) Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy) Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy) Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy) Piper longum (Long Pepper) Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Solanum laciniatum Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) Variety Developed by Year of Release 1989 1991 1991 1989 1998 1997 1998 1994 1996 1989 1996 1991 1989 1998

Anand Late Selection D. 76 H47-3 Haryana Mulhatti-1 HMI-80-1

Anand Solan Solan Hisar Indore Anand

Jawahar Opium 539 Jawahar Opium 540 Chetak Aphim Trisna Viswam Haryana Isabgol-5 Jawahar Isabgol-4 NH 88-12 Jawahar Asgand-20 Jawahar Asgand-134

Mandsur Mandsur Udaipur Delhi Trichur Hisar Mandsur Solan Mandsur Mandsur