စိန္တပြင့္ - မုိးမုိး (အင္းလ်ား)

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106-110/
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72-86/
6/ ]]Mu,fuav;awGcspfp&m tjyma&mifaumif;uifrSm}} ? oajy
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109 ('DZifbm 1983) pm 178-214/
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aiG&wktBudKr*Zif; ('DZifbm 1980) pm 154-164/
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rSwf 6 (1 atmufwdkbm 1974) pm 41-43? 46-47/
9/ ]]cifpdk; uifyGef;pcef;rSmaeonf}} ? aiG w m&

m&D? rSwf 240 (ZGef 1980)
pm 136-149/
10/ ]]csrf;omjcif;ESifh aysmf&Tifjcif;}} ? om;a&TOkyfpHkr*Zif;? wGJ 1? rSwf 1
(1989) pm 88-91/
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pm 45-49/
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zL? rSwf 13? (Zefe0g&D 1986) pm 6369/
14/ ]]pum;rqdk0Hatmif}} ? wdkif;&if;ar
ar? wGJ 24? rSwf 8 (1 Ekd0ifbm
1973) pm 26-29? 34/
15/ ]]pdk;aMumufrdygonf}} ? obif? rSwf 14 ('DZifbm 1984) pm 7476? 78/
16/ ]]pdkufwkef;uawmh rcspfpk}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 166 ({NyD 1947) pm
82-90/
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26-19? 32-34/
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131-134/
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pm 111-117/
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86-92/
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rSwf 37 (Zefe0g&D 1988) pm 87-90/
25/ ]]wpfa,mufwnf;aevnf;jzpfygw,f}}? vH k r av;
av;? wGJ 2? rSwf 1?
(Zefe0g&D 1986) pm 49-54/
26/ ]]Bwd}} ? kyf&Sifaw;uAsm
w;uAsm? wGJ 9? rSwf 14 (Zefe0g&D 1990) pm 103107/
27/ ]]xrif;qDqrf;? a&TvifAef;eJYay;yg}} ? ra[oD? rSwf 25 (Mo*kwfv
1986) pm 148-154/
28/ ]]xkdaeYu rD;rvmyg}}? kyf&SifatmifvH? rSwf 328 ('DZifbm 1983)
pm 98-113/
29/ ]]xkdaeYu rD;vm\}} ? ra[oD? rSwf 38 (pufwifbm 1987) pm
106-109/
30/ ]]xdkYaMumifh uJhodkY}}? ppfjyef ? rSwf 5 (rwf 1978) pm 178-192/
31/ ]]axmifajy;}} ? I r 00? wGJ 49? rSwf 462 (Edk0ifbm 1985) pm 8487/
32/ ]]'kuudkyJ&Smae&w,f}}? pHy,fjzL
zL? rSwf 32 (Mo*kwf 1987) pm 2434/
33/ ]]aeol&JUajreDcif}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 226 ({NyD 1979) pm 152-169/
34/ ]]aea&mifatmufrmS va&mufaysmuf&onf}} ? Ouvmr*Zif; (rwf
1980) pm 46-49/
35/ ]]ae&pfcJhyg}} ? k y f & S i f? wGJ rSwf 3 (ZGef 1980) pm 42-48/
36/ ]]aEGudkrkef;onf}} ? yef;a0oD? rSwf 10 ({NyD 1989) pm 6-11/
37/ ]]aEGrSmaysmufqHk;oGm;aom ESifhyGifhuav;rsm;}} ? wuodkvfaiG&wk
tBudKr*Zif;? (Zefe0g&D 1980) pm 114-121/
38/ ]]aESmif;rdk;}} ? 0gPd Z (Zlvkdif 1979) pm 48-56/
39/ ]]ykpOf;jym awmifyHum;&,f}}? obif? rSwf 6 ({NyD 1948) pm 3041/
40/ ]]ydpYk uwfav;wpfapmif}}? wdkif;&if;ar
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1974) pm 2-26? 33/
41/ ]]aygu&0rdk;}}? {&m0wDr*Zif;? rSwf 1? (1989) pm 72-76/
42/ ]]ydefcsifvdkYwJhawmfa&}} ? pHy,fjzL
zL? rSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1985) pm 115119/
43/ ]]ydefrSjzpfr,f}} ? ra[oD? rSwf 61 (Edk0ifbm 1985) pm 92-95/

44/ ]]jynfAm&mrStpjyK}} ? cs,f & D? rSwf 2 (pufwifbm 1984) pm
106-116/
45/ ]]jynfhpHkjcif;ESifh rjynfhpHkjcif;}} ? jrpfi,fr*Zif; (azazmf0g&D 1979)
pm 140-150/
46/ ]]yGifhopfwdkY yifvHk;a0}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 255? (pufwifbm 1981)
pm 126-151/
47/ ]]jzwfpm;vQyfpm;}} ? wdkif;&if;ar
ar? wGJ 37? rSwf 2 (Mo*kwf 1986) pm
28-33/
48/ ]]b0wdu
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pm 36-39/
49/ ]]b0tarSmif}}? aiG w m&D? rSwf 155 (ar 1973) pm 119-123/
50/ ]]bda&Smh[krf;ESifh a'0D}}? taumufcGefESpfvnfr*Zif; ('DZifbm
1986) pm 110-114/
51/ ]]b,folvmulyghr,f}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 186 ('DZifbm 1975) pm
126-141/
52/ ]]rkdjym aumvd,acsmif;ab;rSmaeonf}} ? pmayvkyfom;
m;? rSwf 1
(ar 1981) pm 26-39/
53/ ]]rwm refusnf;&GmrSmaeonf}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 2500 ({NyD 1981)
pm 146-166/
10
54/ ]]rzl;om}} ? jrpfBuD;em;r*Zif; (Zefe0g&D 1981) pm 97-102/

55/ ]]rrt,f'DwmawG}} ? *Dwya'om
ya'om? rSwf 90 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm
44-48/
56/ ]]rD;&xm;ESihf c&D;oGm;jcif;taMumif;}} ? pmayvkyfom;
m;? rSwf 8 ('DZifbm
1981) pm 54-57/
57/ ]]rkq;kd rwpfa,muf\ wrf;csi;f }}? vHkrav; (Zefe0g&D 1987) pm 132146/
58/ ]]rk'dwm}} ? cs,f & D? rSwf 56 (atmufwdkbm 1989) pm 46-51/
59/ ]]rd;k ausmf ausmufyef;awmif;rSmaeonf}} ? yckuLr*Zif; (rwf 1981)
pm 246-157/
60/ ]]rdk;wdrfvGifhaomf rkefwdkif;Nidrfrnf}} ? jr0wD? wGJ 31? rSwf 1 (Edk0ifbm
1982) pm 142-158/
61/ ]]rif;oDwm odkYr[kwf...}} ? rk d ; a0
a0? rSwf 163 (Mo*kwf 1981) pm
74-88/
62/ ]]jrLarSmifa0uif;}} ? wkdif;&if;ar
ar? wGJ 38? rSwf 8 (15 'DZifbm
1978) pm 66-72/
? ? wGJ 38? rSwf 9 (1 Zefe0g&D 1988) pm 82-88/
? ? wGJ 38? rSwf 10 (azazmf0g&D 1988) pm 82-85/
? ? wGJ 38? rSwf 11 (rwf 1988) pm 68-72? 83-84/
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63/ ]]rQa0ray;om}}? kyf&SiftjrKaw
jrKaw? wGJ 27? rSwf 10 (atmufwdkbm
1984) pm 96-97/
64/ ]]arQmfvifhjcif;ESifhtwl}}? I r 00? wGJ 42? rSwf 502 (ar 1989) pm
96-97/
65/ ]]NrHK;xJu ig;ESpfaumif}}? aiG w m&D? rSwf 197 (Edk0ifbm 1976) pm
142-158)/
66/ ]]&D&Drm q,fhESpfvHk;wef;rSmaeonf}} ? I r 00? wGJ 36? rSwf 412 (ZGef
1982) pm 138-158/
67/ ]]a&pD;aMumif;}} ? ayzl;vTm? rSwf 94 (ZGef 1989) pm 52-55/
68/ ]]a&rSmaysmfaomig; awmrSmaysmfaomqif}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 208
(atmufwdkbm 1977) pm 110-113/
69/ ]]kyf&SifwpfyGJavmufMunfhcsifw,f}} ? &ifckefyGifh? rSwf 2 (Edk0ifbm
1986) pm 120-125/
70/ ]]a&Tvufjzifah c:ygonf}} ? tP0gr*Zif;? rSwf 1 (azazmf0g&D 1989)
pm 18-25/
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71/ ]]va&mifvrG ;f vnf; urf;ESiahf 0;cJ}h } ? rl;,pfr*Zif;? rSwf 3 ('DZifbm

1985) pm 52-65/
72/ ]]vlYpdwf}} ? ppfjyef? rSwf 122 (Zefe0g&D 1989) pm 46-49/
73/ ]]avqdyf}}? '*k e f? wGJ 3? rSwf 7 (Zlvdkif 1987) pm 67-72? 77/
74/ ]]av;bufeH&H}} ? tdyfrufzl;? rSwf 2 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 18-28/
75/ ]]avmuxJu xGuaf jy;csiw
f ,f}} ? aiGwm&D? rSwf 189 (rwf 1976)
pm 87-93/
76/ ]]vufacRyGifh}} ? jr0wD? wGJ 28? rSwf 6 ({NyD 1980) pm 86-99/
77/ ]]0HykavGrjzpfvdkaom odk;i,f}} ? pmayvkyfom; ('DZifbm 1980)
pm 172-176/
78/ ]]0if;az pmar;yGJus&onfhtaMumif;}} ? rtlyifr*Zif; ('DZifbm
1980) pm 172-176/
79/ ]]oZifawGzl;ygwJh}} ? ppf j yef? rSwf 113 (azazmf0g&D 1988) pm
102-105/
80/ ]]oZifoHk;cuf}} ? vH k r av;
av;? rSwf 5 (ar 1985) pm 122-127/
81/ ]]om;orD;&JU tqHk;tr}} ? pHy,fjzL
zL? rSwf 25 (Zefe0g&D 1987) pm
60-62/
82/ ]]olt
Y wGuv
f m;? ud,
k t
hf wGuv
f m;}} ? rS reufjzefESifh e0&wfudk;oG,f?
&efukef? cs,f&Dyef;pmay? 1985/ pm 77-87/
13
83/ ]]aoonf\ tjcm;rJh}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 201 (rwf 1977) pm 98102/
84/ ]]aomhwGJtyfcsifw,f}} ? &ifckefyGifh? rSwf 12 (pufwifbm 1987)
pm 140-154/
85/ ]]odum&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;}}? pHy,fjzL
zL? rSwf 52? (rwf 1990) pm5458/
86/ ]]tudik ;f tcufwo
Ykd nf twdt
k &Sn&f MdS uuke\
f }}? csnfrQifESifhtxnf
pufHk(ppfudkif;)r*Zif; (azazmf0g&D 1984) pm 164-176? 194/
87/ ]]tcspfyGifhOD;}}? &ifckefyGifh? rSwf 26 (Zefe0g&D 1989) pm 146-156/
88/ ]]tcspo
f nf b0\ tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfc}k }? pHy,fjzL
zL? rSwf 46 (pufwif
bm 1989) pm 146-155/
89/ ]]tajcrwlaom udef;*Pef;rsm;}}? cs,f & D? rSwf 25 (Mo*kwf 1986)
pm 1700-174/
90/ ]]tpdrf;eJY teD}}? ra[oD? rSwf 49 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 136-140/
91/ ]]tjyefwpf&mrkdufOD;rSm}}? pmayvkyfom;
m;? rSwf 58 ('DZifbm 1985)
pm 58-67/
92/ ]]tjzLa&mifESvHk;om;}}? a&TbdkNrdKU trSwf(1) tpdk;& txufwef;
ausmif; ausmufpdrf;&wkr*Zif;? (1945-1980) (Zefe0g&D 1980) pm
140-155/
93/ ]]tarqkawmif;vdkufygonf}}? ppfjyef? rSwf 17 (azazmf0g&D 1980)
pm 110-121/
94/ ]]tarhpm}}? vIdif;bGJUr*Zif; (ar 1980) pm 86-91/
14
vkH;csif; pmtkyfrsm;
1/ a<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<u
<u/
&efuek ?f yg&rDpmpOf? 1981/ 302
pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 143) tro 81^147/
2/ a<u&iftwlwla<ur,f/ &efuek ?f ArmtrsKd ;orD;pmay? 1983/ 113232 pm? 16 pifwD/
3/ cHwufEkuav;awG dI;csdefwefawmh/
&efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;
vsm;) pmtkyf? 1987/ 224 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf
164) &wp 8761/
4/ *sd K ;;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 404 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 139) wAp-283077
5/ iyvDZmwfvrf;/
&efukef? tifvsm;pmay? 1975/ 202 pm?
16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 112) tro 76^162
6/ Nidrf;udk&Sufygg/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1979/ 225 pm? 16 pifwD
(pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 137) tro 79^897/
m;
7/ nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;/
&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?
1981/ 315 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 145) wAp195523/
15
8/ xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESifh r*Zif;0wK&Snfrsm;

sm;/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;
vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 441 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyf 158)
wAp-324926/
9/ emrusef;onf tdkESif;qD/ &efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f 1983/
347 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 150) &wp-8762/
10/ yef;dkif;wpf&mm/ &efukef? ynm*kPfpmay? 1981/ 79-198 pm?
16 pifwD? wAp-294617/
11/ aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;
w0g;/ &efukef? xGef;xGef; jrefrmpmay
jrifhwifxkwfa0a&;Xme? 1974/ 222 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 92) wAp 176242/
12/ yGifhwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUU/ &efukef? qdk&S,fpmtkyfwdkuf? 1975/ 315
pm 16 pifwD/ wAp 250187/
13/ b,folvmulyghr,f/
16 pifwD? wAp251750/
&efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1977/ 218 pm?
14/ rok"rpm&D/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 317 pm?

16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 146) wAp-297550/
15/ rD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQif/
&efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf?
1985/ 348 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 154)
16/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0wKwdkrsm; 11/ &ef u k e f ? rd k ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;)
pmtkyf? 1982/ 248 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 147)
wAp-300745/
16
17/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0wKwdkrsm; 22/&efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f

1986/ 283 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 162) wAp364023/
18/ rdk;rdk;(tifvsm;)\ 0wKwdkrsm; 33/ &efuek ?f wufvrf;pmay? 1993/
323 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 198)
19/ rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)\ 0wKwdkrsm; 44/ &efukef? aomfupmay? 2003/
295 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 332)
20/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*Zif;0wK&Snfrsm;
sm;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?
1980/ p? 305 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyf 141) wAp283859/
21/ arwmurf;em;? tcspfopfyif /
&efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;
vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 279 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf
156) wAp-323684/
22/ jrLarSmifa0uif;/
&efukef? aomfupmay? 2003/ pm 88? 11
qifwD? (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf-328)/
23/ jrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonf/
&efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f
24/ rSwpfqifh/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1978/ 254 pm? 16 pifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 133) tro 78^1477/
25/ rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD/
pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 131) tro 78^989/
17
26/ &GufvSyef;/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1975/ 262 pm? 16 pifwD

(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 103) tro 75^ 1349/
27/ a&Twd*HkudkjrifvQi
Qif/
&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1979/ 395 pm? 16
pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 135) wAp-278231/
28/ a0'emMumeDyGifh/
&efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)pmtky?f 1982/ 291
pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 148) wAp-303747/
29/ ork'&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,f/&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?
30/ oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;;/
&efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)pmtky?f 1982/ 379
pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 149) &wp-876
31/ oaAowm ta0&ma[mEK/
&efuek f yg&rDpmpOf 1983/ 251
pm 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 132) tro-78^1991/
32/ tcspfqdkaomt&m
omt&m/
&efuek ?f tif;vsm;pmay? 1976/
308 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyt
f rSwf 117) tro 76^1507/
18
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if;
aqmif ; yg;
1/ udkudkudk/
]]rok"rpm&D^orD; roka0vm&D}}? pE m? rSwf 246
(ar 1990) pm 114-115/
1990 ckESpf rwfv (31)&ufwGif rkd;rdk;\ om;ESifh
orD;wkdYtm; udk&if? oDv&Sif0wfay;aom tvSLr*FvmyGJ rkd;rdk;ESifh
wlvGef;vSaom orD; oG,frsKd;GefY (oDv&SifbGJUtrnf roka0vm&D) tm;
olYtaruJhodkY pmay xl;cRef *kPfwifhapcsifaMumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/
2/ ausmfpnfNidrf;/ ]]rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)trSwfw& pwkwESpfywfvnfyGJ}}
*sDtD;pD r*Zif;? rSwf 5 (ar 1994) pm 122-125/
rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;) trSww
f & 4ESpaf jrmuf txdr;f trSwf
tcrf;tem;wGif rk;d rk;d (tif;vsm;) trSww
f &tzGUJ \ em,ursm; ajymMum;
aom trSmpum;rsm;xJrS rSwfom;p&m pum;vHk;rsm;udk tusOf;csKH;
azmfjyxm;onf/
3/ ausmfpGmxuf/ ]]rd k ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) od k Y r [k w f a&cJ y if v ,f x J u
xdk;xGufaewJh a&cJawmif&JU xdyfpGef;ydkif;}}? rd k j ym&J U ES i f ; qD c if ; pmpk?
rEav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 103-108/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)aoqHk;rIowif;udk rarQmfvifhbJ
Mum;& tHMh o0rf;enf;&yHrk S olrESihf oduRr;f cJyh rkH sm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
olr\ kyf&nfoGifjyif? pdwf"mwfa&;&m? olr\ 0wKwdkrsm; 1-[k trnf
ay;xm;yHkwdkYudk oabmusESpfoufaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkrSwpfqifh
pHy,fjzLr*Zif; tifwmAsL;u@twGuf awGUqHMk uyHk q&mr uG,v
f eG jf cif;
19
onf jrefrmpmayavmutwGuf tBu;D rm;qH;k aom qH;k I;H rIBu;D jzpfaMumif;

udk vGrf;qGwfowd&jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh a&;om;xm;onf/
4/ ausmf&ifjrifh/ ]]aoEkdifygdk;vm;}}? pHy,fjzL
zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990)
pm 45-47/
rEav;pmaytzGJUESifh rdk;rdk;wdkYawGUqHkum pHy,fjzL
r*Zif;twGuf aqG;aEG;tMuHay;Mu cspfcif&if;ESD;vkdY t&Sdefaumif;
&aeMupOf rkd;rkd;aoqHk;oGm;onfhtwGuf 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ&um jynfol
cspfaom tEkynmonfonf b,fawmhrS raoEkdifbJ jynfolvlxk\
&ifxJwGif xm0&wnf&Sdaevdrfhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onf/
5/ Munfvifat;/]]tm;enf;olwdkYbufu}} rdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpk?
rd k ; rd k ; \ tm;EG J U ol ? tm;enf ; ol ? rd e f ; rom;ud k
em;vnfaxmufxm;pmem rdef;rom;rsm;bufrS cHpm;a&;zGJUxm;aom
rok"rpm&D? avmutarSmif? yGifhwcsKdU a<uwcsKdU ponfh 0wKrsm;xJrS
pmom;wcsKdUudk jyefvnfcHpm;azmfjy&if; q&mrtouf&Sifaexdkifvsuf
pmawGqufa&;aernfOD;rnfqdkvQif tEkynmvufeufudk tm;udk;&if;
tm;enf;olawGbufrS &yfwnfaeOD;rSyJ[k a&;om;xm;onf/ olr\
vuf&mopfrsm;udk rawGU&awmhbJ aernfjzpf 0rf;enf;rdaMumif;
a&;om;xm;onf/
6/ cufrm/]]wrf;wjcif;wHqdyf}}? uvsm
uvsm? rSwf 111 (ar 1994) pm8085/
]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) twGuf (4) ESpfajrmuf trSwfw&
tcrf;tem;wGif olYudkcspfaom pma&;q&mrsm;u olr\ yHk&dyfrsm;udk
vGrf;qGwfowd&pGm ajymMum;MupOf pma&;ol&ifxJ cHpm;&aom
tawG;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
20
7/ cifaqGO;D /
]]pmaywGufwm? wpfoufvsm}}? pHy,fjzL
zL? rSwf 54
(ar 1990) pm 6/
,ck v xk w f pH y ,f j zLr* Z if ; \ acgif ; BuD ; tjzpf
a&;om;azmf j y&mwG i f r* Z if ; wpf a pmif t wG u f wm0ef c H p mwnf ;
t&nftcsi;f &S&d ef vdt
k yfyEkH iS hf rk;d rd;k wGif xdt
k &nftcsi;f rsm; jynfrh aD Mumif;
r*Zif;wm0efxrf;aqmifpOftwGi;f pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&u
G o
f mG ;cJah Mumif;
rsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
8/ / ]]yef;oD;wpfvHk;aysmufqHk;jcif;}} pHy,fjzL
zL? wGJ 2? rSwf 3 (rwf
1990) pm 69-71/
rd k ; rd k ; ES i f h pma&;ol w d k Y pH y ,f j zLr* Z if ; twG u f
aysm&f iT w
f uf<upGmtvkyv
f yk Mf uyHu
k kd vGr;f qGwo
f wd&pGma&;om;xm;onf/
ESpfOD;om; txl;cifrifcspfcifyHk? rkd;rkd;uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;onf 0if;rSnfh
arT;csKad om yef;oD;wpfv;kH aysmufq;kH jcif;ESiw
hf al Mumif;udk aqmif;yg;xJyif
uAsmwpfyk'fjzifh a&;zGJU*kPfjyKxm;onf/
9/ ? ]]orkdif;wGifvsuf xm;cJh&ufw,f}}? pH y ,f j zL
zL? rSwf 54 (ar
1990) pm 95-97/
rkd;rdk; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdpOftcgu pHy,fjzLr*Zif;
t,f'DwmtzGJUESifhtwlpmaytwGuf vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufMuyHkrsm;? rkd;rdk;
ajymcJhaom pum;rsm;ESifhtwl olr\ aysmfaeaomrsufvHk;uav;rsm;?
0rf;enf;aeaom rsufvHk;uav;rsm;udk owd&atmufarhum bk&m;
&Sdckd;wdkif; trQay; arwmydkYaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
10/ ckid af v;ud/k
]]emruse;f onftEkd iS ;f qD (odrYk [kw)f rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)
ESifholYpmrsm;}}? tysKdpif? wGJ 1? rSwf 3 (Ekd0ifbm 1993) pm 13-17/
rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ pmayt,ltq? pmayoabmxm;
rsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;xm; olra&;om;cJhaom vHk;csif;0wK&Snf
wpftkyfcsif;pD\ qkdvdkaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk wpfckcsif; a&;om;
a0zefaqG;aEG; azmfjyxm;onf/
21
11/ acwfxeG ;f ? armif/ ]] rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;) trSww

f &}}? a&T0wfrIef?
wGJ 4? rSwf (ar 1994) pm 29-33/
rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) uG , f v G e f j cif ; (4)ES p f j ynf h
atmufarhzG,f trSwfw&tcrf;tem;rS tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;om;
azmfjyxm;onf/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&tzGJU\ em,ursm;u
ajymMum;aom trSwfw&pum;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/
12/ ? ]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)trSwfw&a[majymyGJ}}? *sDtD;pD r*Zif;? rSwf 8
(Mo*kwfb 1994) pm 50/
18? 6? 94 aeY 0dkiftrfpDatcef;r jyKvkyfaom
rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) trS w f w &a[majymyG J q&m atmif o if ; \
a[majymcsuf r sm;ud k aumuf E k w f w if j yxm; trS w f w &tzG J U \
tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
13/ cspfOD;dk/ ]]qGJqkwfypfcsifwJh jyu'defwpf&Guf}}? pHy,fjzL
zL? rSwf 54?
(ar 1990) pm 123-125/
r*Zif;wpfapmif\ wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf twef
toifh tawGUtMuHK&SdcJhzl;oltaejzifh pHy,fjzL r*Zif;udk rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifpOf r*Zif; tppt&m&m wkd;wuf aumif;rGefcJh
aMumif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
14/ ? ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw& kyfyHkvTmrsm;}}? jrm;ewfarmif?
wGJ 3? rSwf 9 (ar 1994) pm 105-107/
rdk;rdk;twGuf 4 ESpfajrmuf trSwfw&yGJ rkd;rdk;\
rde;f rom;wefrhJ zwfozD wfoD ajy;vTm;ae&aom kyyf ?kH iyvD awGUcJah om
vlYavmurS oif,lp&mrsm;udk rem;wrf; &SmazGaeaom kyfyHkESifh pma&;
q&m wpfa,mufxrH S olvckd siaf om pmrlwpfy'k &f atmif zefw;D awmif;,l
Edik af om t,f'w
D maumif;wpfa,muf\ kyyf rkH sm;udk trSw&f pGm owd&pGm
a&;om;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
22
15/ pEm? r/]]a<uaomfvnf;ra<u}}? &ifckefoH? rSwf 17 (ar 1991) pm

104-107/
rdk;rdk;onf rarhEdkifaumif;aom pmayzefwD;&Sif
jzpfaMumif;? olronf yef;av;wpfyiG hf a<uovdk jzKwcf eJ a<uaomfvnf;
ol r zef w D ; cJ h a om Zmwf a umif ; rsm;pG m onf ra<uEd k i f a om
yef ; uav;rsm;tjzpf ol r ud k , f p m; pum;ajymaernf j zpf a Mumif ;
a&;om;xm;onf/
16/ pdefwif? r/ ]] rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) uG , f v G e f j cif ; ES p f y wf v nf
atmif;arhzG,faeY}}? &ifckefoH? rSwf 17 (ar 1991) pm 100-103/
k&Sm;trsKd;orD; rpdefwifu olrESifh rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
cifrif&if;ESD;yHk? pma&;q&mr\ 0wKudk bmomjyefqdkyHk? rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
uG,fvGefjcif;ESpfvnf tcrf;tem;wGif 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ&yHk ajymjycsufudk
pma&;q&mr rpEmESifh MuLMuLoif;u rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
17/ pdrf;ol? armif(ykodrf-)/ ]]rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)&JU yxraeYrsm; (yxrydik ;f )}}?
&ifckefoH? rSwf 9 (pufwifbm 1990) pm 76-78/
rdk;rkd;\ taqmifaeausmif;olb0? tdrfaxmifonf
b0ra&mufrDumvrsm;udk azmfjyxm; udkrsKd;GefY\ oli,fcsif;wpfOD;
tjrifjzifh rkd;rdk;tay: ol\ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; a&;om;xm;onf/
18/ / ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)&JU yxraeYrsm; ('kwd,ydkif;)}}? &ifckefoH? rSwf
14 (azazmf0g&D 1991) pm 60-63/
rdk;rdk;ESifh udkrsKd;GefYwdkY\ r*FvmaqmifyHk&dyfrsm;udk
azmf j yxm; ol w d k Y \ td r f a xmif O D ; rS om;OD ; uav; aersKd ; G e f Y
arG;zGm;onfhtcsdefumvrsm;xJrS oltrSwf&aom rkd;rdk;\ yHk&dyfrsm;udk
a&;om;xm;onf/
23
19/ / ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) yxraeYrsm; (wwd,ydkif;)? &ifckefoH? rSwf

27 (ar 1992) pm 118-120/
rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;)wd k Y rd o m;pk prf ; acsmif ; Nrd K Ue,f ?
[oFwvrf; aexkdifpOfumvrS NrdKUxJ 33 vrf;udk ajymif;onftxd
aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g; 0wK a&;om;xkwaf 0jzpfaom tcsed rf sm;xJrS
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ yHk&dyfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
20/ pd;k jrifv
h wf/ ]]pmzwfolwdkYESvHk;om;wGif xm0&wnf&Sdaernfh
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ESifh olY0wKrsm;}}? pHy,fjzL
zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 107110/
rk;d rd;k \ vH;k csi;f 0wK&n
S rf sm; vlaY bmifavmutwGuf
tusK;d oufa&mufyu
kH kd azmfjyxm;um olronf d;k d;k ukwu
f w
k f aexkid &f if;
apwemygaom od u m &S d a om pmrsm;ud k o m a&;om;cJ h N yD ;
trsKd ; om;pmayqk u d k xk d u f x k d u f w ef w ef & &S d c J h o l w pf O D ; jzpf a Mumif ;
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21/ pGrf;&nf? armif/]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ESifh b0okyfazmf0wK}}? pHy,fjzL
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BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 27-34/
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rdk;rdk;\ pmayrsm;udk pGJvrf;cJh&yHk? ZmwfaumifwdkY\ b0udk em;vnfcJh&yHk
24
wdt
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23/ ESi;f qDatmif/ ]]uRerf odaom rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)}}? rdkjym&JU ESif;qDcif;
pmpk/ rEav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 27-34/
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24/ ra[oDt,f'w
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trSwfyGJwGif uAsmq&m? pma&;q&mrsm;u trSwfw&pum; ajymMum;
MuyHkESifh armifaoG;opf olrtwGuf trSwfw&*kPfjyK&Gwfqdkaom
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25/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefjcif;...ESifh tif;vsm;pmay}}? [ef o pf?
rSwf 46 ({NyD 1994) pm 32-33/
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25
oG,frsKd;GefYrS wpfqifh a':pdefwiftm; vufaqmifay;onfh taMumif;

t&mrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifazmfjyxm;onf/
27/ jrwf[def;? armif/ ]pma&;q&mr rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefonfh
pwkwESpfavmufrSm? pHy,fjzL
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28/ d;k uGe?Yf ud/k ]]jrifuiG ;f us,t
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29/ vlr;kd at;/ ]]aysmuf a omvrf ; rS m prf ; w0g; (od k Y r [k w f )
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1990) pm 29-35/
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26
tcgu pmayavmutwGuf yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom "mwfyHkrsm;udkyg

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(ar 1990) pm 56-58/
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27
34/ owif;t,f'Dwm/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&tpDtpOfrsm;rS}}?

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(ar 1994) pm 120-124/
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28
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32
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35
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42
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43
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48
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49
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ac:vnf; rMum;Edkifyg/ wpfckck jzpfoGm;vQif rdrdwdkYrSm wm0ef&Sdonf/
aemufNyD; 'DAdkvfwJBuD;u wapajcmufonf[kvnf; ajymMuonf/
'gu tqef;r[kwyf g/ Adv
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wpfa,mufwnf; usefcJhrSmpdk;vdkY}
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,if;odkYjzifh rdrdwdkYoHk;a,muf wdwfqdwfaom? Nidrfoufaom?
at;jraom? om,mvSyaom ntv,fwGif at;aq;pGm vrf;avQmuf
vsuf &SdMuawmhonf/
(pmzwforl sm; cifAsm;...b,forl S rMum;atmif wd;k wd;k uav;
ajym&&if q&mru wuodkvfjrpdrf;yg/ tjrnf;jyem wufaeol
taysmw
f rf; t&uform;ESpOf ;D u armifae0if;ESihf rdryd g/ ,ck armifae0if;
u aorSmaMumuf taysmfwrf;b0udkyif pGefYvTwfvdkufygNyD/)
,if;odkYjzifh pmaywm0efudk rdrdwdkY wwfpGrf;orQ xrf;aqmif&ef
pmay nDtpfrrsm;ESihf pmayc&D;oGm;&onfrmS aysmaf rGUzG,&f m aumif;vSyg
50
onf/ armif&if;ESryrm cifrif&if;ESD; Mu&ygonf/ onftxJwGif rdk;rdk;

(tif;vsm;) vnf; yg0ifygonf/
rdk;rdk;ESifh rdrd yxrqHk;c&D;twl oGm;zl;onfrSm 1978 ckESpfu jzpfonf/

rdrw
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f Ykd ZeD;armifEHS
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udk &xm;ESpq
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[oFmwaomifBuD;udk aeylxJwGif jzwfMu&onf/ oJuylyl? aeuylyl?
avuylyl? a&uylyl/
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xm;aom ajrvrf;jzpfojzifh rnfonfhtrsdK;tpm;rSef; rodawmhaom
um;Bu;D onf tl;wpfa,mufvkd ,dr;f xd;k Ny;D oGm;aeonf/ ajreDreI rYf sm;u
rdrdwdkYudk rdwfuyfjc,fay;Muonf/ rdk;rdk;u trdk;oHudkif;udk wtm;qkyf
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ZvGefuae tazsmufudk armfawmfuav;jzifh oGm;&onf/
tazsmufuae rtlyifov
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uav;/
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ysif;p&maumif;vdkufwm? zJxkyfygvm&if aumif;rSmyJ/
atmifr,f...wpfa,mufrSm zJxkyfygvmonf/
51
uJ...'gjzifh upm;Mu&atmif/
uefYuGufol r&Sdyg/
rdk;rdk;aum ygOD;rvm;/
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k m pHak tmif avhvmxm;&
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aemufwpfyGJu oeyfyif? 1979 Edk0ifbm/
oeyfyifyGJudk rdk;rdk;\ tpfudk OD;jrifhodef;u pDpOfjcif; jzpfonf/
onfyrJG mS vnf; rdr?d rd;k rd;k ? ajrZm? rif;ausm?f armifae0if;/ 'D ig;a,mufyif/
udrk sKd ;nGev
Yf nf; ygonf/ trSeaf wmh olvnf; a[mzdaYk umif;onf/ olvnf;
pma&;q&myif/
OD;jrifhodef;u rdrdwdkYtwGuf a'otpm;tpmrsm; txl;pDpOf
ay;onf/ zm;&,f? <uuf&,f.../
rdrdwdkYrSm rEdIuf&J EdIuf&J? rpm;&J pm;&J/
rdk;rdk;udk Munfhvdkufawmh wuRwfuRwfESifh/
]rdk;rdk;u w,f[kwfygvm;}
]q&mwdkYyJ ajymw,f? pHk&r,fqdk}
[kwyf gh/
aemufwpfyGJu ykodrf? omaygif;? 1979 'DZifbm/
onfc&D;rSmawmh rdr?d rd;k rd;k ? rif;ausm?f armifae0if; av;a,muf
wnf;/ ajrZm rygawmh/ udkrsdK;nGefYvnf; rvdkuf/ rdk;rdk;\ oli,fcsif;
wpfa,muf tazmfvdkufvmonf/
52
ykodrfAdkvfwJrSm wnf;&onf/ rdrd? rif;ausmf? armifae0if;u

wpfcef;? rdk;rdk;ESifh olYoli,fcsif;u wpfcef;/
xdn
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ESpfa,muf wpfnvHk; pum;wGwfxdk;aeMuaomaMumifh.../
reufusawmh]b,fvjkd zpfMuwmvJ? wpfnvH;k rtdyyf J bmawGrsm;? 'gavmuf
ajymaeMuwmvJ}
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vHk; xdkifNyD; pum;ajymaeMuwm}
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aumif;ygayh? wapeJY ]]AsL;}} rvdkYeJY wlw,f/
omaygif; AdkvfwJrSmvnf; wpfnvHk; pum;ajymaeMuonf/
awmfawmfajymEdkifonfh ESpfa,mufyJ/
odkYaomf...
rdk;rdk;onf a[majymyGJwGifawmh pum;odyfrajymyg/ em&D0uf
avmufomajymonf/
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pma&;aumifaomfvnf; pum;ajymraumif;vSyg/ toHw;kd onf/ trlt&m
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ykodrf? omaygif;rS tjyefwGif aZ,s0wDodkY oGm;Muonf/ rdrd?
rd;k rd;k ? armifae0if;? armifprG ;f &nfjzpfonf/ udrk sKd ;nGev
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vnf; jzpfEikd o
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wpfpnf (wpfayyg) csufxm;onf[k qdkonf/ uJ...b,fhES,f&Sdp?
bmtckrS aMumufygNyDvJ/
53
aZ,s0wD r S tjyef w G i f &ef u k e f r S m wpf y G J a [mMuonf /

vrf;rawmfrSm jzpfonf/ xHk;pHtwdkif;yif rdrd? rif;ausmf? armifae0if;?
ajrZm? rdk;rdk;/
xdyk rJG mS tqdt
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&,f? xm;&,f? at;0rf; wifwifvSu tcrf;tem;rSL;/
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pmtdwu
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kd af wmh aiG ESp&f mpD/
[m...b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ/
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,ckvdk wpfcgrQ ydkufqHray;zl;ygbl;/
]'Dvdkygq&m? uRefawmfwdkYu tqdkawmfawGudk wpfyk'f ESpf&m
ay;&w,f/ 'gaMumifh q&m? q&mrwdkYudkvnf; ESpf&mpD ay;wmyg/
ao[Jh edEd,/
]q&m&,f ydu
k q
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Yk
ajcaumufvdkufa[mwmrsKd; jzpfaeNyD}
rdk;rdk; pdwfIyfaxG;[efjzifh ajymonf/
onfhaemuf rdk;rdk;a[majymyGJrvdkufawmhyg/
(wpfcgyJ e,fpyfa'o wpfae&modkY vdkufoGm;onf[k Mum;&
onf/)
aemufy;fkd wGif rd;k rd;k ESihf rdrd tawGUuso
J mG ;onf/ rdk;a0 r*Zif;udk
'kw,
d tBurd f jyefvyk &f mwGif ta&SUydik ;f csif;wGif;wdkufEiS hf ausmufajrmif;
a&Tjynfpdk;wdkurf sm;odYk a&muf&o
dS mG ;&m t&ifuavmuf 33 vrf;odYk ra&muf
awmh/ odaYk omf rdk;a0
a0twGuf pmrlawmif;vQif rd;k rd;k a&;ay;ygonf/ ]]rndKjym
aumvd,acsmif; eHab;rSmaeonf}} rSm rdk;a0 r*Zif; 0wK&n
S f jzpfonf/
rdk;a0udk 'kwd,tBudrf vufvTwfjyefaomtcg rdrdu 37 vrf;odkY jyef

a&mufvmonf/ odkYaomf rdk;rdk;u ausmufajrmif;odkY ajymif;oGm;onf/
ausmufajrmif;tdrfodkY rdrd wpfacgufyJa&mufzl;onf/ rdrdwdkY
naebuf 0dkif;xdkif&ef ydkufqH r&Sdojzifh udkrsdK;nGefYu ausmufajrmif;tdrf
0ifNyD; ydkufqH,ljcif;jzpfonf/ rdk;rdk;u xHk;pHtwdkif; rdrdwdkYudk vJhvJhuav;
NyKH ;um ydu
k q
f t
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d rQ ydu
k q
f t
H ukeaf y;vdu
k o
f nf/ wpf&mausmf
ESp&f mvm;yJ/
54
rd;k rd;k ESihf rdrd aemufq;kH awGUonfrmS 1988 ckEpS f atmufwb

kd mv
20 &ufaeYu jzpfonf/ pmayESifh pma&;q&mtusdK; o,fydk;&ef aqG;aEG;
ndE iId ;f MupOfu jzpfonf/ rd;k rd;k wuf<uvsu&f o
dS nf/ olu pmayESihf pma&;
q&mrsm; tusdK;twGuf us&mwm0ef xrf;aqmif&ef pdwftm;xufoef
vsuf &Sdonf/ rdrdwdkYESifhtwl vufwGJaqmif&Guf&ef uwdjyKonf/
,if;aMumifv
h nf; olu,
G v
f eG af omtcg wm0ef0w&m;rsm; aESmifzUJG aejcif;
r&Sb
d ?J oGm;vd&k modYk vGwv
f yfpmG oGm;a&mufeikd &f ef rdrw
d u
Ykd aMuuG0J rf;enf;
pGmjzifh trdefYjyefwrf; jyefMum;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf/
oGm;vdk&modkY vGwfvyfpGm oGm;ygawmh rdk;rdk;/
rdrdwdkYuawmh &nfrSef;xm;aom pmay c&D;vrf;udk qufvuf
csw
D ufMu&ygOD;rnf/
wpfaeYwiG f rdrw
d Ykd arQmv
f ifx
h m;aom pmayyef;wdik o
f Ykd a&muf&dS
rnfrSm ajrBuD;vufcwf rvGJyg rdk;rdk;/
rdk;rdk;udk rdrdwdkY rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygonf/
(cs,f&D? ar? ZGef? Zlvdkif? 1990)
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tTef;
55
57
1/
<u/ &efukef?
a<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<u
yg&rD p mpOf ? 1981/ 302 pm? 16 qif w D
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 143) tro
81^147/
tcspf a &;wG i f awG a 0 rjywf o m;
jzpf w wf a om rd e f ; uav;wpf O D ; taMumif ;
jzpfonf/ ESvHk;om;rS cspfoludk OD;aESmufESifh
a&G;cs,fwwf&ef rdef;uav;rsm;tm; todynm
ay;xm;onf/
rSwcf su/f
/ 'gd k u f w mBuD ; jrif h u xk d t rnf E S i f h y if k y f & S i f
okyfaqmif &efatmif? ausmf&Jatmif? aroef;EkwdkYESifh kyf&Sif
du
k u
f ;l cJo
h nf/
a<u&iftwlwla<ur,f/
2/
&efukef?
Arm trsdK;orD;pmay? 1983/ 113-232 pm? 16
qifw/D
*DwtEkynm&Sirf sm;udk olw\
Ykd tdraf xmif
zuf r sm;u txl ; em;vnf z d k Y vk d t yf a Mumif ;
a&;om;xm;onf/ tdraf xmifpw
k pfcw
k iG f vifa&m?
r,m;yg tqd k ; taumif ; ud k rQa0cH p m;zk d Y
vkdtyfaMumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/
rSwcf su/f / rpEm\ *sdef;*sdef;*sKwf*sKwf
*sdef;*sKwf*sKwfESifh yl;wGJ xkwfa0onf/
58
cHwufEkuav;awG dI;csdefwefawmh/
3/
&efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1987/ 224 pm?
16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyt
f rSwf 164) &wp
8761/
ysO;f rem;aZ,s0wDoMum;pufukd trSjD yK
vkyfudkif&SmazGpm;aomuf aeMuaom 0efxrf;
rd o m;pk r sm;taMumif ; ud k a&;zG J U xm;onf /
avmuwGif qif;&J'Pfudk raMumufbJ b0udk
yifyef;pGm wnfaqmufMuol? ynmwwf jzpfvdkol?
at;aq;d;k om; t&Sut
f aMumufBu;D ol? b0udk tvG,v
f rf;rS vku
d
f
BuD ; yG m ;csrf ; omvd k o l ponf j zif h avmuD v l o m;wd k Y t aMumif ; ud k
Zmwfaumifrsm;pGmjzifh okyfazmfa&;zGJUxm;onf/
4/
*sd K ;;/
pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyt
f rSwf 139)
wAp-283077
rdrdb0\ tm;enf;csufudk rdrdbmom
dk;r,fzGJUum avvGifhcJholwpfOD; taMumif;udk
a&;zGJUxm;onf/ udk,hfb0udk,f aumif;atmif
vkyfzdkYESifh avmu"Hudk owd&SdpGm t"dyg,f&Sd&Sd
&ifqdkifzdkYomvQif t"dujzpfaMumif; azmfTef;
a&;om;xm;aom 0wKwpfyk'fjzpfonf/
58
cHwufEkuav;awG dI;csdefwefawmh/
3/
&efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1987/ 224 pm?
16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyt
f rSwf 164) &wp
8761/
ysO;f rem;aZ,s0wDoMum;pufukd trSjD yK
vkyfudkif&SmazGpm;aomuf aeMuaom 0efxrf;
rd o m;pk r sm;taMumif ; ud k a&;zG J U xm;onf /
avmuwGif qif;&J'Pfudk raMumufbJ b0udk
yifyef;pGm wnfaqmufMuol? ynmwwf jzpfvdkol?
at;aq;d;k om; t&Sut
f aMumufBu;D ol? b0udk tvG,v
f rf;rS vku
d
f
BuD ; yG m ;csrf ; omvd k o l ponf j zif h avmuD v l o m;wd k Y t aMumif ; ud k
Zmwfaumifrsm;pGmjzifh okyfazmfa&;zGJUxm;onf/
4/
*sd K ;;/
pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyt
f rSwf 139)
wAp-283077
rdrdb0\ tm;enf;csufudk rdrdbmom
dk;r,fzGJUum avvGifhcJholwpfOD; taMumif;udk
a&;zGJUxm;onf/ udk,hfb0udk,f aumif;atmif
vkyfzdkYESifh avmu"Hudk owd&SdpGm t"dyg,f&Sd&Sd
&ifqdkifzdkYomvQif t"dujzpfaMumif; azmfTef;
a&;om;xm;aom 0wKwpfyk'fjzpfonf/
59
iyvDZmwfvrf;/ &ef u k e f ? tif v sm;

5/
pmay? 1975/ 202 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 112) tro 76^162
Nrd K Uaevl w ef ; pm;tay: aus;awmol
&cd k i f o l u av;wpf O D ; \ awG Y j rif c H p m;&yH k u d k
a&;zGJUxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ dk;om;oefYpifonfh iyvD
urf ; ajc\ tvS t yud k tusnf ; wef n pf E G r f ;
aponfh txufwef;pm;ESifh vlvwfwef;pm;wdkY\
azmufjyefrI rrSefuefrItaxGaxGudk yDjyifatmif
a&;zGJUxm;aom 0wKjzpfonf/
Nidrf;udk&Sufygg/
6/
1979/ 225 pm? 16 qif w D (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 137) tro 79^897/
avmb a'go arm[rD;wdjYk zifh avmifNrKd uf
vsu&f o
dS nfh rdom;pk wpfpt
k wGi;f aexdik &f aom
'kudwa0'emonf\ vlYoabm? vlYraemESifh
&Suzf ,
G &f m pdu
k v
f uPrsm;udk Ijrifo;kH oyfryd EkH iS hf
pdwfcHpm;csufudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/
7/ nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;
m;/
&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1981/ 315 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmu pmtk y f t rS w f 145) wAp195523/
b0&nf r S e f ; csuf rjynf h p H k b J tcspf u d k
udk;uG,f qnf;uyfrdygu b0tem*wfrvSybJ
pdwaf &mvlyg 'ku a&mufwwfaMumif; rde;f uav;
rsm;tm; oifcef;pmay; 0wKwpfyk'fjzpfonf/
tcspf u d k ,H k M unf u d k ; pm;rd o nf h rd e f ; uav;
wpfa,muf taMumif;udk a&;zGJUonf/
---? 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1984/ 302 pm?
pm 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyf 145 'k) wAp-315861/
60
8/
xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESifh r*Zif;0wK&Snf
rsm;
rsm;/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif; vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/
441 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyf 158)
wAp-324926/
r*Zif;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhaom 0wK&Snf (7)
yk'fudk wpfaygif; wpfpnf;wnf; yHkESdyfazmfjy
xm;onf/
yg0ifaom 0wKrsm;udk 0wKtcef;u@
wpfyk'fcsif;pD oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;Munfh
tTef;jzifh jyefTef;xm;ygonf/ (131? 116? 101? 115? 78? 61? 83
udkvnf;Munfh)
emrusef;onf tdkESif;qD/
9/
&efukef?
rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f 1983/ 347 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 150) &wp-8762/
---/ 'kwd,wGJ/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf?
1983/ 349-678 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 150-'k) &wp-8736/
pmay0goem&Sif rde;f uav;wpfa,muf\
b0ESifh BudK;yrf;rIudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ rnfodkYaom
tajctaersd K ;rS m yif j zpf a p? rd r d , H k M unf & m
pmayvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif r,drf;r,dkif razmuf
rjyef &yfwnfEdkif&ef BudK;yrf; tm;xkwfaom
pma&;q&mwd k Y \ b0ES i f h ,H k M unf c suf u d k
a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
61
10/ yef;dkif;wpf&mm/ &ef u k e f ? ynm*k P f

pmay? 1981/ 79-198 pm? 16 qifwD? wAp294617/
pm;aomufqdkifwGif pm;yGJxdk;vkyf&aom
rde;f uav;wd\
Yk tE&m,frsm;yHu
k kd a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
tcuftcJtrsKd ;rsKd ;Mum;rS tusiphf m&dw rysupf ;D bJ
pm;aomufqikd w
f iG f pm;yGx
J ;kd vky
f b0wufvrf;udk
vrf;rSefrS BudK;pm;&SmazGaom rdef;uav;wpfOD;\
b0ESifh tm;rmefudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/
rSwcf su/f
/ armifom&\ &Gmi,fZeyk'f rD;uav;
rSdwfwkwfESifh yl;wGJxkwfa0onf/
11/ aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;
w0g;/
&efuek ?f xGe;f xGe;f jrefrmpmay jri w
hf if xkwaf 0a&;
Xme? 1974/ 222 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 92) wAp 176242/
td r f a xmif w pf c k u d k xl a xmif & mwG i f
rd e f ; uav;ES i f h a,musf m ; av; ES p f O D ; pvH k ;
tcuf t cJ u d k ow d & S d p G m &if q d k i f a jz&S i f ; &ef
vd k t yf a Mumif ; ES i f h cuf c J u sOf ; ajrmif ; aom
NrdKUjyvlaepepfudk a&;zGJUonf/
---/ 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efuek ?f tif;vsm;pmpOf? 1975/ 222 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf-92 'k) tro 75^1302/
---/ wwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? c&rf;a&mifpmpOf? 1994/ Z? 147 pm? 16
qifw/D
rSwfcsuf /
/wwd,tBurd x
f w
k f pma&;ol\ trSmpmyg&So
d nf/
1974 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqk&pmtkyf jzpfonf/ 'g&dkufwm
Munfp;kd xGe;f u xdt
k rnfEiS yhf if &ky&f iS o
f &kyaf qmif rif;OD;? ZifrmOD;wdEYk iS hf
AD'G ,
D &kd u
kd u
f ;l cJo
h nf/
62
12/ yGifhwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUU/

&efukef? qdk&S,fpmtkyfwdkuf? 1975/ 315 pm 16
pifwD/ wAp 250187/
b0tcuftcJtwGuf kef;uefvIyf&Sm;
Mu&mrS m avS a vS m f & if ; wuf u sd K ;Mu&aom
rdef;uav;wpfOD;taMumif;udk a&;zGJUxm;onf/
taMumif ; tqif r oif h a&wd r f e pf M u&mwG i f
qif;&Jom;rsufESmrGJ rdef;uav;rsm;u ydkepfem
wwfMuaMumif;udk a&;zGJUxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
---/ 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1977/ 315 pm? 16 qifwD/
wAp-257091
13/ b,folvmulyghr,f/
&efukef?
tif;vsm;pmay? 1977/ 218 pm? 16 pifwD?
wAp251750/
rdcifqHk;oGm; tdrfaxmifwpfckvHk;udk
wm0ef,l&aom rdef;u av;wpfOD;\ pGefYvTwf
tepfemcHrEI iS hf wm0efow
d wfru
I kd a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
xdkrdef;uav;rsdK;wdkY\ pdwfcHpm;csufudk tdrfom;
rsm;u em;vnf*kpdkuf zdkYvdktyfaMumif;udkvnf;
a&;om;xm;onf/
14/ rok " r p m&D/ &efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)
pmtky?f 1982/ 317 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 146) wAp-297550/
avmuD v l o m;wd k Y \ avmb? a'go?
arm[? rmeESihf tmCw w&m;wd\
Yk ylavmifrEI iS hf
Ak'w&m;awmf&dyfatmufrS omoemjyKyk*dKvfwdkY\
arw m ? uk P m? rk ' d w m? Nid r f ; at;rI r sm;ud k
EdIif;,SOfa&;zGJUxm;onf/ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; &cJvSaom
oDv&Siw
f \
Ykd a,bk,saeYpOfb0udv
k nf; a&;om;
xm;onf/
63
rSwcf su/f
/'gdu
k w
f mMunfp;kd xGe;f u xdt
k rnfEiS yhf if
&kyf&Sif o&kyfaqmif rdkYrdkYjrifhatmif? ausmf&Jatmif? jrifhjrifhcdkif?
Ir0prf;prf;at;? aZmfvif;wdkYjzifh kyf&Sifdkuful;cJhonf/
15/ rD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQif/
&efukef?
(pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 154)
k y f & S i f a vmu\ I y f a xG ; ayG v D a om
vl r I a &;taMumif ; jzpf o nf / k y f & S i f a vmu
wpfckwnf; usifvnfaeMuaom vlom;wdkY\
b0 tajctae pdwfcHpm;csuf? pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI
twd k i f ; twm? atmif j rif r I twuf t usud k
a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
16/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0wKwdkrsm; 11/
&efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 248 pm?
16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 147)
wAp-300745/
1972 ck E S p f puf w if b mv aiG w m&D
r* Z if ; wG i f azmf j yyg&S d o nf h pma&;ol \
yxrqH;k 0wKwkd tdref ;D csi;f trnf&0dS wKrS tpjyK
1979 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 0gPdZr*Zif;rS aESmif;rdk;
trnf & S d 0w K wd k t xd 0w K wd k (14) yk ' f u d k
pkpnf;yHEk ydS af 0jcif;jzpfonf/
yg0if a om 0w K wd k r sm;ud k 0w K rsm;tcef ; u@ wpf y k ' f c sif ;
oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;MunfhtTef;jzifh jyefTef;xm;ygonf/
(154? 72? 104? 69? 71? 95? 63? 130? 153? 138? 58? 76? 103? 53
udkvnf;Munfh)
rSwcf su/f
/ 1982 ckEpS f trsK;d om;pmay0wKq&k pmtkyjf zpfonf/
64
17/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0wKwdkrsm; 22/

&efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1986/ 283
pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 162)
wAp-364023/
1980? rwfvrS 1985 Edk0ifbmvtwGif;
yH k E S d y f a zmf j yNyD ; aom 0w K wd k w pf q ,f h i g;yk ' f u d k
jyefvnfpkpnf;azmfjyxm;onf/
yg0ifaom 0wKwdkrsm;udk 0wKrsm; tcef;
u@ wpfyk'fcsif; oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;
MunfhtTef;jzifh jyefTef;xm;ygonf/
(89? 149? 90? 92? 133? 109? 151? 111? 73? 118? 70? 97? 135?
86 udkvnf;Munfh)
rSwfcsuf/
/ 1986 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmay0wKwdkqk&pmtkyf
jzpfonf/
18/ rdk;rdk;(tifvsm;)\ 0wKwdkrsm; 33/
&efukef? wufvrf;pmay? 1993/ 323 pm? 16
qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 198)
r*Zif;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhaom 0wKwdktyk'f
(30) ud k wpf a ygif ; wpf p nf ; wnf ; jyef v nf
yHEk ydS af zmfjyxm;onf/
yg0ifaom 0wKwdkrsm;udk 0wKrsm;tcef;
u@ wpfyk'fcsif; oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;
Munfh tTef;jzifh jyefTef;xm;ygonf/
(59? 86? 68? 80? 144? 82? 102? 124?
77? 136? 67? 128? 84? 79? 134? 145? 65? 127? 96? 125? 91? 122?
57? 113? 98? 66? 150? 81? 152? 140 udkvnf;Munfh)
65
19/ rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)\ 0wKwdkrsm; 44/ &efuek ?f

aomf u pmay? 2003/ 295 pm? 16 qif w D
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 332)
r*Zif;xJwGif azmfjycJhaom 0wKwdk 15
yk'fudk wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf; jyefvnfyHkESdyf
azmfjyxm;onf/
20/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*Zif;0wK&Snfrsm;

sm;/
&efuek ?f yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ p? 305 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmu pmtkyf 141) wAp-283859/
r*Zif;rsm; azmfjycJhaom 0wK&Snfrsm;
wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf; yHkESdyfazmfjyxm;onf/
pma&;ol\ trSmpm yg&Sdonf/
yg0ifaom0wKrsm;udk 0wKrsm;tcef;u@
wpfyk'fcsif; udkvnf; MunfhtTef;jzifh azmfjyxm;
onf/
(148? 123? 120? 100? 88? 85 udkvnf;Munfh)
rSwfcsuf/
/ 1980 jynfhESpftwGuf trsdK;om;pmay 0wKwdkqk
&&Sdaompmtkyf jzpfonf/
21/ arwmurf;em;? tcspfopfyif/
&efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 279 pm?
16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 156)
wAp-323684/
b0qdkonfrSm udk,farQmfvifhovdk rjzpf
wwf o nf h oabmud k a&;zG J U onf / i,f & G , f
acsmarmonfh rkqdk;rwpfOD;\ b0ESifh tcspf
taMumif; jzpfonf/
66
22/ jrLarSmifa0uif;/ &efuek ?f aomfupmay?
2003/ pm 88? 11 qif w D ? (pmayavmu
pmtkyt
f rSw-f 328)/
wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f? tcef;quf0wK&Snf
tjzpf azmfjyyg&SdNyD;onfudk vHk;csif;0wKtjzpf
jyefvnfxw
k af 0/
aemuf t d r f a xmif j yKoG m ;aom zcif u d k
rauseyfonfhpdwfjzifh qefYusifaom rdef;uav;
wpfa,muftaMumif; jzpfonf/
23/ jrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonf/
&efukef?
(pmayavmupmtkyt
f rSwf 151) wAp-311793/
jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd vli,frsm;\ vIyf&Sm;
k e f ; uef a exd k i f M u&rI u d k xif [ yf a zmf j yEd k i f & ef
BuKd ;yrf;a&;om;xm;onfh 0wKrsm;jzpfonf/ r*Zif;
rsm;wGif azmfjyzl;aom 0wK&Snf 5yk'fudk wpfaygif;
wpfpnf;wnf; azmfjy xm;onf/
yg0ifaom 0wKrsm;udk 0wKrsm;u@
wpfyk'fcsif; oD;jcm; azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;MunfhtTef;jzifh jyefTef;xm;
ygonf/
(64? 107? 108? 114? 121 udkvnf;Munfh)
24/ rSwpfqifh/
1978/ 254 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 133) tro 78^1477/
olaX;orD;jzpfvsuEf iS hf b0ay; tajctae
twdkif; oufaomifh oufomESifh b0udk orm;
d;k ustwdik ;f roGm;vdb
k J ud,
k t
hf BuKd uo
f ;D jcm; b0
yHkpHwpf&yf wnfaqmufMunfhvdkaom rdef;uav;
wpfO;D taMumif;jzpfonf/ tawG;tac: t,ltq
67
csi;f uGm[vsu&f adS om rdbESihf om;orD;wd\

Yk y#dyuMum;rS oHa,mZOfEiS hf
cspfjcif;arwmudk a&;zGJUxm; onf/
25/ rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD/
&efukef? yg&rD pmpOf? 1978/ 241 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmupmtk y f t rS w f 131) tro
78^989/
om;orD;wdt
Yk ay: rnfonfah rQmv
f ifch surf Q
rxm;bJ twdik ;f rod xm;&St
d yfaom rdcifwpfO;D \
arw m ES i f h rd o m;pk w pf p k t wG i f ; rS m yif pd w f
oabmxm; t,ltqcsif; uGm[vsuf&Sdaom
nDtpfudkarmifESrwpfpkwdkY \ tjzpftysufudk
a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
rSwcf su/f
/ 'gdkufwm cifarmifOD;? pdk;odrf;xG#fu
xdt
k rnfEiS yhf if ky&f iS f u
kd u
f ;l cJ&h m trsKd ;orD; Zmwfyq
Ykd u
k kd a':jrifjh rifh
cif uvnf;aumif;? trsdK;om;ZmwfydkYqkudk armifpdrf;atmifu
vnf;aumif; 1980 ckESpftwGuf tu,f'rD &&SdcJhonf/
26/ &GufvSyef;/
&ef u k e f ? tif ; vsm;
pmay? 1975/ 262 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 103) tro 75^ 1349/
vlb
Y 0 tajymif;tvJ[o
l nf jrefqefv
S ?
vlu b0udk rzefwD;Edkif? b0uom vludk zefwD;
aewwfonfh oabmudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ tcspf
twGuf emusnf;jcif;? b0\ qHk;HI;rIrsm; twGuf
wkefvIyfawGa0jcif;udk Mum&Snf rcHpm;oifhbJ
jzpfvmonfh tajctaerS tm;rmef tjynfEh iS hf b0
udk &ifqdkifBudK;pm;zdkYvdkaMumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/
---/ 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efuek ?f tif;vsm;pmay? 1995/ 256 pm? 16 qifw/D
68
27/ a&Twd*HkudkjrifvQif/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?
1979/ 395 pm? 16 qif w D (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 135) wAp-278231/
NrdKUjyvlaerIpepf\ usOf;ajrmif;Muyfwnf;
I y f a xG ; rI ? Nrd K Ujyvl a erI jyemrsm;Mum;wG i f
Muyfwnf;rGef;epfpGm vIyf&Sm;kef;uef aeMuonfh
NrdKYjyae vlom;rsm;\ 'kua0'emrsm;udk pkpnf;
a&;zGJUxm;onfh 0wK jzpfonf/
28/ a0'emMumeDyGifh/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;

vsm;)pmtk y f ? 1982/ 291 pm? 16 qif w D
(pmayavmupmtkyt
f rSwf 148) wAp-303747/
rdef;uav;wpfa,muf\ b0udk kef;uef
&ifqikd &f o
J nfh owEd iS hf qE&ruu
f if;pGm cspw
f wf
aom pdwfudk cHpm;em;vnfwwf&ef a&;zGJUxm;
onf / vl w d k Y o nf ud k , f a rG ; zG m ;usif v nf & m
ywf0ef;usirf S ke;f xGuEf ikd &f ef BuKd ;pm;Muaomfvnf;
ratmifjrifbJ us&mb0wGif tqifajyovdk ae
oGm;Muonfh vlYb0avmutaMumif; jzpfonf/
h ;kH oG,/f
29/ ork'& mckEpS pf if; jrpfrif;wpfq,fo
&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 370 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyt
f rSwf 142) wAp-287385/
rdrw
d nfr&DS mavmuwGif ae&Jonfh owu
d kd
t&if;wnf usifvnfaeMu&onfh rdef;rom;wdkY\
b0tawGUtMuHK? tjzLtrnf;? tvif;tarSmif?
tH M o0rf ; ajrmuf z G , f & m? 0rf ; enf ; emusnf ;
zG,f&mrsm;udk a&;zGJUxm;onf/
69
30/ oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;;/
&efukef? rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 379 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 149) &wp-8764/
rsuaf rSmufacwf aus;vufawm&Gmuav;
wpf&GmrS awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,f
v,f,m0efxrf;wcsdKU\ b0udk xyf[yfEdkif&ef
a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
31/ oaAowm ta0&ma[mEK/ &efukef

yg&rD pmpOf 1983/ 251 pm 16 qif w D
(pmayavmupmtk y f t rS w f 132) tr178^1991/
avmu"HtcuftcJrsm;? b0tcuftcJrsm;
Mum;wGif b0wpfck &yfwnfEdkif&ef dk;om;pGm
&SmazGvkyfudkif pm;aomufMuaom qif;&Jom;wdkY
ab;tE&m,fukd a&Smif&mS ;wwf&ef a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
32/ tcspfqdkaomt&m
omt&m/
&efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1976/ 308 pm? 16
qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 117) tro
76^1507/
i,f o l w d k Y a vmuwG i f jzpf w wf a om
aysmf & T i f M unf E I ; jcif ; ? aMuuG J 0 rf ; enf ; jcif ; ?
pdwyf sut
f m;avsmjh cif;? &Tiv
f ef;wuf<ujcif; ponfh
vli,fwdkY\ pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;ESifh rjywfom;aom
tcspfpdwftaMumif;udk a&;zGJUonf/
71
pmzwfolwdkY ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rdk; (tif;vsm;)

ESifh olY0wKrsm;
pdk;jrifhvwf
(1)
1970-80 umvrsm;wGif jrefrmpmayavmu trsdK;orD; pma&;q&mr
ESpOf ;D wdYk wpfNyKd ief ufvkd xGuaf y:vmonfukd owdjyKro
d nf/ olwEYkd pS Of ;D rSm
rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)ESihf rpEmjzpfMuNy;D olwYkd uavmifrsm;uvnf; ol[
Y efEiS o
hf l
xufjrpl;&SMuonf/ vHk;csif;wpftkyfpDESifhyif udk,hfuavmifudk pmzwf
y&dowfMum; <um;<um;0ifh0ifh wifhw,fEdkifMuolcsnf; jzpfMuonf/
olwEYkd pS af ,mufonf jrefrmpmayavmu\ wu,fu
h kd acwfNyKd if
pmayol&aJ umif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ tm;aumif;armif;oef uavmifrsm;yDyD
q,fpEk pS f ESpcf ek ;D yg;rQ t&Sed t
f [kef aumif;aumif; cGmoHajzmif;ajzmif;jzifh
csDwufvmMu&m ckcgwGifrl olwdkYESpfOD;xHrS rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) [laom
uavmifwpfacsmif;onf rarQmv
f ifb
h J kww
f &uf tm;vH;k udk EIwq
f ufum
vlYb0ESifh pmaye,frS tEdkifydkif; xGufcGmoGm;cJhacsNyD/
72
(2)
ol\ yxrqHk;aom vHk;csif;0wKrSm ]aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;}

jzpfonf/
xdk0wKwGifolonf NrdKUjyrS acwfynmwwf vli,f tdrfaxmif
onfw\
Ykd b0 tcuftcJukd a&;zGUJ onf/ NrKd Ujy vlrpI ;D yGm;'ku 0J*,ufwiG f
prf;w0g;0g;jzifh avQmufvSrf;&if; vrf; b,frjrif jzpfae&onfh acwfjy
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73
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75
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77
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78
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79
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trsKd;om;pmayqk (0wKwdk)qkvnf; &cJhaom? [l\/ wGif axGjym;Edkif
aom tcsufwpfckudk a&S;OD;pGm aqG;aEG;vdkygonf/ pmtkyf\trnfwGif
,wdjywf ]0wK&Snf} [k azmfxkwfwifjyxm;jcif;ESifh ]0wKwdkqk &&Sdjcif;}
wdkY\ tMum;rS axGjym;aeaom owfrSwfcsufjzpfonf/ uRefawmfhtjrif
oufouft&aomf ]0wKwdk} [laom owfrSwfcsufudk trSef,lygonf/
0wK&Snf[k qdk&efrSm pmvHk;^pum;vHk;a& yrmPESifh pmvHk;^pum;vHk;\
twdkif;twm (tus,ft0ef;)rSm enf;vSygonf/ xdkYjyifru 0wK&Snf[k
owfrw
S &f ef oD;jcm;txl;jyKazmfxw
k x
f m;rIrsm;ryg/ qifyh mG ;azmfxw
k af om
taMumif;rsm; (qifyh mG ;Zmwfvrf;rsm;) ryg/ Context [laom pum;vH;k
udk oHk;pGJqdk&aomf Context is what the message is [lom
qd&k ygrnf/ rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ r*Zif;0wK&n
S rf sm; 1 wGif rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)u
80
oljyqdkvdkaom taMumif;wpfpHkwpf&mudk ta&;tom; wpfckvHk; (0wK

wpfy'k pf t
D wGi;f ) twGi;f a&;om; azmfjycJo
h nfrmS rSeaf omfvnf; qifu
h J
jzpfay:aom taMumif;(rsm;)udk xnfhoGif;rxm;cJh/ odkYtwGuf rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;)\ r*Zif; 0wK&n
S rf sm; 1 wGif ]0wK&n
S }f [k rsK;d wlpl jk yKxm;onf
rSefaomfvnf; xdk0wK&Snf[k rsKd;wlpkudk xyfrHuefYowfxm;vdkufaom
]r*Zif;} [laom pmvHk;^pum;vHk;udkyg owdjyKoifhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
xkwaf 0aeMuaom r*Zif;wd\
Yk owfrw
S cf su(f pH)t& ]0wK&n
S }f [k rsK;d wl
pkjyKxm;jcif;om jzpfz,
G &f o
dS nf[o
k m qd&k ayrnf/ pmayta&;tom;t&
0wKwdk[k a,bk,sowfrSwfEdkifaom *kPf&nfwpfpHkwpf&mjzifh wdkif;wm
xm;jcif; r[kwf[k qdk&rnf xifonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap ta&;tom;awGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0wKwdk
ta&;tom;tjzpfom avhvmrnfjzpfaomfvnf; &|d trnf owfrSwf
csufESifhywfouf t"duxm; aqG;aEG;rnfr[kwfyg/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\
0g,r pdkufxkwfxm;aom ta&;tom;tay:wGif tav;ay; avhvm
rnfjzpfygonf/ rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ r*Zif;0wK&n
S rf sm; 1 yg ta&;tom;
wcsKdUudk avhvm Munfhygrnf/
(1)
]va&mifvrT ;f vnf;urf;ESiahf 0;cJ}h udzk wf&if;? 'g pma&;wwfvYkd a&;wJh pmyJ[k
uRefawmfhbmom rSwfcsufcsrdygonf/ odkYjrifrdonfrSm taMumif;
&Sdygonf/ pma&;jcif;udk vlwdkif;a&;Edkifaomfvnf; pmay ajrmufatmif
odkYr[kwf pmayta&;tom;wpfck[k owfrSwfcH&Edkifaom ta&;tom;
wpfcjk zpf&efrmS vlwikd ;f a&;Edik o
f nf r[kwyf g/ pma&;wwf? pmzwfwwfwikd ;f
pmta&;tom;wpfck jzpfrvmyg/ wdwdususqdk&aomf ]pmayt&m
ajrmufjcif;} onf pmta&;tom;rsm;twGi;f rS oD;jcm; ay:xGuv
f maom
taMumif;wpfckomjzpfonf[k qdk&ygrnf/ t&yf pum;jzifhqdk&aomf
vufrSwfxdk;wwfjcif;onf pmay wnfaqmufrIwpfck r[kwfEdkifyg/
wGif &yf&iS pf epf (yHpk )H t"duxm;aom pmayynm&Sif (Russian
Formalist) wdw
Yk ifjycJah om ]pmayt&m ajrmufjcif;} taMumif; pOf;i,frQ
wifjyvdyk gonf/ pmayESihf pmayr[kwo
f nfrsm;tMum;rS t"duusaom
81
jcm;em;csufwpfckrSm ]pmayt&majrmufjcif;} om jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg

pmayynm&Sirf sm;teufrS drk mef;,muGwq
f if (Roman Jacobson)u
rl ]pmayudk odyHynmwpf&yftaejzifh avhvmonf[kqdk&mwGif avhvm
onfhtaMumif;rSm pmayr[kwf/ pmayt&majrmufjcif; (pmaywpf&yf
jzpfjcif;) taMumif;om jzpfonf/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS rnfoYdk pmayt&majrmuf
aMumif; avhvmjcif;jzpfonf} [k qdkonf/ odkYjzpf (pepf)yHkpH t"du
xm;aom ynm&Sirf sm; taejzifh rnfonfukd a&;om;wifjyxm;jcif;xuf?
rnfokdYa&;om;wifjyxm;jcif;udk ydkpdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ ta&;tom;
wpfcw
k iG f pmay[k ac:qdak vmufonfh odrYk [kwf pmaywpf&yfjzpfajrmuf
avmufonfh pdu
k v
f uPmwdu
Yk kd pdppfavhvmMuonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
pmay\ bmompum;ESihf pmayr[kwaf om aeYpOfo;kH bmom pum;wd\
Yk
tMum;rS rwlnrD rI sm;udk avhvmpdppfMuonf/ &yf&iS pf epf(yHpk )H t"duxm;
avhvmolrsm;tMum; ta&;ygaom toHk;tEIef;wpfck&Sdonf/ if;udk
jrefrmbmom pum;tm;jzifah omf ]&if;ES;D rIr&Sx
d m;jcif;} [Defamiliarisation (ostranenie)] (pdr;f aeatmif jyKxm;jcif;/ qef;opfaeapjcif; [k
vnf; rSwf,lEdkifonf) [k qdkEdkifonf/
xd k t oH k ; tEI e f ; ud k ynm&S i f Acf w m&S c avmh p uD ; (Victor
Shklovsky) u wifjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 1917 ckESpf wGif xkwfa0aom
ol\ta&;tom;wpfck ("Art as Device") wGif xdo
k abmudk wifjycJh
jcif;jzpfonf/ olu t"duxm; wifjyxm;aom tcsufwpf&yfrSm vl\
jrifodrIudk tEkynmu zefwD;rIenf;ynmt& tjrifopfjzpfay: vmap
onfjzpf\/ zefwD;rIonf tpOftvmodjrifrI? jrif&mrS tvdktavsmuf
odvmrI oabmrsm;udk tav;ray;[k qdck o
hJ nf/ odjYk zpf &SavmhpuD;\
tvdkt& tEkokckrynm&yftm;vHk;twGuf ta&;ygqHk;rSm wu,fwrf;
jzpf&adS eaom taMumif;t&m tjzpftysuf ponfrsm;udk yHzk sujf yvdu
k jf cif;
[Deformation (Distortation r[kw)f ] omjzpfonf/ ae&mwGif
]yHkzsufonf} [k qdkojzifh teuf,l rvGJMuapcsifyg/ (Dismantle,
distortion udk rqdv
k ykd g/) olqv
kd o
kd nfrmS tEkynmtm;jzifh zefw;D xkwf
vkyx
f m;aom wpfpw
kH pf&monf jrifoEd iS Nhf y;D om; wpfpw
kH pf&m r[kwaf wmh
jcif;jzpfonf/ topfwpfcu
k o
hJ Ykd jzpfNy;D opfqef;ae&rnf/ &if;ES;D aeNy;D om;
wpfpHkwpf&m r[kwf&awmhacs/ aeYpOfb0xJwGif aeYpOfawGY-jrif-od
82
&onfrsm;onf xdktwdkif;om&SdaeMuojzifh xkdxkdaom t&mrsm;onf

tEkynmypnf;rsm; r[kwfacs[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/
]va&mifvrT ;f vnf; urf;ESiahf 0;cJ}h wGif rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)u pmayt&m
0ifw,fqdkwm 'Dvdka&;&w,f[k ajymaeouhJodkYjzpfaMumif; uRefawmf
owdxm;rdvu
kd o
f nf/ taMumif;rSm Zmwfvrf; odrYk [kwf pm\ twGi;f om;
(Content [k qdv
k akd omfqykd g) rSm ajymyavmufatmif tiftm;&So
d nf
r[kw/f aps;xJwiG ?f vufzuf&nfqikd w
f iG ?f ,kwpf t
G qH;k uaZmfqikd w
f iG yf if
Mum;&? od&Edik af om taMumif;wpfcjk zpfonf/ a&;csiv
f Qif pmwpfaMumif;
ESpfaMumif;ESifh NyD;EdkifaomtaMumif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ajymcsifvQif wpfrdepf
avmufjzifh Ny;D atmifajymjyEdik o
f nf/ aMu;a&wwfro
d m;pktxJrmS jzpfae
Mu taMumif;wpfck/ t"duZmwfaumif rif;rif;rSm vrf;vGJvdkufrd
aemufq;kH aooGm;&onf[k a&;vdu
k (f ajymvdu
k )f vQif udpN y;D avmufonf/
xdkodkYjzifh udpNyD;Edkifonf rSefaomfvnf; pmay ta&;tom;wpfckum;
jzpfrvmEdkif/ aeYpOfb0xJwGif jrifodyHkrsKd;udk jyefvnfazmfxkwfjyjcif;jzifh
owif;wpfyk'f omjzpfvmrnf/ odkYjzpf rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u &if;ESD;&if;pGJ&Sd
onfh taMumif;t&mwpfckudk &if;ESD;rIr&Sdxm;aom taMumif;rsm;ozG,f
wnfaqmufjyvdu
k o
f nf/ zefw;D rIonf tEkynmt&m ajrmufjcif;udk jzpf
aponfom jzpfaMumif;udk ol\ ta&;tom;jzifh jyqdkcJhonf/
]va&mifvrT ;f vnf;urf;ESiahf 0;cJ}h wGif pmaya&;om;jcif; twwfynm
twGif;rS ta&;ygaom? ajymjyraeeJY/ jyHkomjyvdkuf (Show; don't
tell) qdkonfudk tjynfht0 toHk;csoGm;cJhonf/ rif;rif; b0ysufoGm;&
jcif;udk pmzwfolwdkYu odcJh&onfrSefaomfvnf; bmaMumifhqdkonfudk
pma&;olu rajymjycJh/ onfudk ol\uRrf;usifESHYpyfaomynm&yf
(odrt
I ajccHuRr;f usirf )I wpfc[
k k rqd
k rjzpf/ odjYk zpf rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\
ta&;tom; odkYr[kwf pmvHk;pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh jyefvnfwifjyxm;jcif;
rsm;rSm wifjyHkoufoufr[kwfawmh/ ynm&yf (wGif ta&;tom;)
wpfcjk zifh pmayt&majrmufap&ef wnf aqmufxm;rIjzpfomG ;awmhonf/
ta&;tom; oufouf taejzifh wpfckrSwpfckodkY arsmygoGm;aom odkYr
[kwf vGifhxGufoGm;aom a&m[efjzifh a&;om;xm;aom 0wKwpfyk'frSm
]tudkif;tcufwdkYonfvnf; twdkt&Snf&SdMuukef\} jzpfonf/
83
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;ESifhywfoufaomf? oabmayguf

avmufNy[
D k ,lq rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) wnfaqmufjyxm;cJah om taMumif;
t&mrsm;ESifh ESD;ET,faeaom tydkif;udk qufvufaqG;aEG;ygrnf (ta&;
tom;udk vdktyfonfhae&mrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;ygrnf)/
(2)
]tcspo
f nf b0\ tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfc}k onf rde;f r wpfa,muf\ odrw
I iG f
tajccHxm;aom ]cspfjcif;}\ teuft"dym,fjzpfonf/ tvm;wl
oabmaqmifaom ta&;tom; av;-ig;yk'yf gonf/ ]tcspo
f nf b0\
tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfc}k ESihf eD;eD;pyfpyfwo
l nfrmS ]av;zuf eH&}H jzpfonf/ vH;k 0
rwlaom taetxm;wpfckrSm ]av;zufeH&H} \ ed*Hk;jzpfonf/ rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;)u ]tcspf onfb0\tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfc}k wGif ray;cJah omtajz
odkYr[kwf ajzrcscJhaom Zmwfvrf;udk ]av;bufeH&H}wGif azmfxkwfjyvdkuf
onf/ t"du wlnaD eaomtcsurf mS rde;f rwpfa,muftjzpf wnfaqmuf
xm;jcif; cH&aom taetxm;rS a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
ae&mwGif pma&;q&mESihf ola&;om;wifjyaom taetxm; ESpcf k
pvHk;udk Munfh&efvdktyfaeonf/ rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)rSm rdef;rpma&;q&m
jzpfonf/ ]tcspfonf b0\ tpdwftydkif;wpfck} ESifh ]av;bufeH&H} wdkYrS
t"du Zmwfaumifrsm;onf rdef;rrsm;yifjzpfMuonf/ t"du taMumif;
&if;rSm rdef;rwpfa,muf\ ]cspfjcif;} tay: vufcHem;vnfxm;aom
tjrifESifh xdktjrif\ ajymif;vJoGm;(Edkif)jcif; taMumif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpf
&um; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;Munfh&rnfh tcsufwpfckrSm rdef;rwpfa,muf\
tjrif vufcHxm;&SdrI ponfh wpfpHkwpf&mudk azmfxkwf&ef pma&;q&mu
rde;f rpma&;q&mtjzpf a&;cJyh govm;[laom tcsuw
f pf&yfjzpfaeonf/
tcsufESifhpyfvsOf; txdkuftavsmuf &Sif;jyyg&ap/
,cifu uReaf wmf a&;om;cJah om ta&;tom;tcsKUd wGif ]vl-txD;}?
]vl-tr} ponfjzifh oH;k pGcJ zhJ ;l ygonf/ xdo
k Ykd oH;k pG&J mwGif jrefrmbmompum;
ESifh pm t&mwGif uRrf;usifESHYpyfMuaom bkef;BuD;? vljyefawmf? t&yfom;
ynm&Sit
f csKUd ESihf aqG;aEG;cJzh ;l ygonf/ xdaYk emufwiG rf S uReaf wmfu,
kd w
f ikd f
vnf; oabmwlojzifh ]vl-txD;} [k oHk;pGJjcif;omjzpfygonf/ xdktoHk;
84
tEIef;rSm aus;vuftajccH jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIabmiftwGif;rS toHk;tpGJ

jzpfygonf/ Oyrmqd&k aomf aus;vufrsm;wGif wpfO;D wpfavmufu rD;wGi;f
0ifuav;arG;aomf ]bmav; arG;owke;f } [k ar;Muonft
h cg ]txD;av;
[J}h ]trav;[J}h [k ajzwwfMuygonf/ arG;zGm;vmaom ]vl}\ jzpfjcif;rSm
txD;-tr [laom bmompum; toH;k tEIe;f jzifo
h m qH;k jzwfMuygonf/
NrKd Ujyrsm;wGiaf omf ]bmav;arG;owke;f } [k ar;aomf ]a,musmf ;uav;[J?h
rdef;uav;[Jh} [k ajzwwfMuonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; ydkrdk ,Ofaus;
onf[laom rSef;q,HkMunfcsufjzifh oHk;pGJxm;aom toHk;tEIef;rQom
jzpfonf/ ]a,musfm;uav;} jzpfonf[k qdkjcif;rSm ]txD;uav;} yJ
[laomobmESifh xyfwljyK ajymqdkMujcif;jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif bmompum;\ teufazmfxkwfrIudk ydkrdk wif;usyfpGm
vufc
H oH;k pGaJ omf ]vl-txD;jzpfjcif;}ESihf ]a,musmf ;jzpfjcif;} wdrYk mS xyfwl
oabmraqmifyg/ ]vl-txD;} rSm obm0\ jzpfay:rItwGi;f rS vdiu
f jJG ym;
rI udk tajccHum ay:aygufaejcif;jzpfNyD; ]a,musfm;} jzpfjcif;rSm vlYtzGJU
tpnf;wpfc\
k ,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmESihf ,Ofaus;rI tajccH taetxm;
rsm;t& wnfaqmufxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf/ vljzpfaejcif;twGif;
obm0taetxm; t&m jzpf&Sdvmaom (jzpf&Sdaeaom) txD;jzpfjcif;?
trjzpfjcif;onf rnfokdYrQ rwlnDEdkifaom taetxm; wpfckjzpfNyD; xdk
rwlnDjcif;onf ]vl}tjzpf jzihf &Sdaejcif;twGif;rS 'GefwGJaeaom rwlnDrI
wpfckomjzpfygonf/ xdkrwlnDrI\ &Sdaejcif;udk rnfolurQ rjiif;Edkifyg/
]a,musmf ;} ]rde;f r} [k ac:qdo
k wfrw
S cf surf mS rl obm0\tjzpfysuf (odrYk
[kw?f wdu
k q
f ikd rf aI Mumifh ay:aygufcjhJ cif;wpfpw
kH pf&m) r[kwrf
l vufc
H
jiif;qdkjcif;ESifh jiif;qdk vufcHjcif; jyKEdkifaom taetxm;&Sdygonf/
t&yfpum;jzifq
h akd omf orkwo
d abmaqmifaom ynwfrsm;om jzpf
ygonf / vl jzpf a e&jcif ; twG i f ; a,musf m ;-rd e f ; r ponf j zif h
ynwf x m;jcif ; jzpf y gonf / xd k ynwf c suf r sm;rS m ,wd j ywf
owfrSwfajymqdk r&ojzifh orkwd oabmoufoufomjzpfygonf/
qdkvdk onfrSm a,musfm;-rdef;rrSm vlYtzGJUtpnf; rwlnDrItwGif;
uGJjym;aeaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ rdef;r (rdef;uav;) qdk Adkif;aumif;?
ausmuf z d xm;&w,f / rd e f ; r (rd e f ; uav;) qd k w m
qifr,OfomavQmuf&w,f[k qdkaom t,ltqudk vufcHxm; aom
85
,Ofaus;rI (umv-a'oESifh qufpyfaeaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;) twGif;rS

]rde;f r} owfrw
S af c:qdx
k m;aom ]vl-tr} ESihf rde;f rqdw
k m a,musmf ;vdyk /J
a,musf m ;av;vk y f o rQ vk y f E d k i f w ,f [ k vuf c H x m;aom
,Ofaus;rItwGi;f rS ]vl-tr}wdrYk mS rwlMuyg/ xko
d Ykd rwl&onfrmS ,Ofaus;
rItajccH tqH;k tjzwfaMumifo
h mjzpfygonf/ xdt
k csurf mS todtrSwjf yK
xm;&onfh tcsuv
f nf; jzpfygonf/ odjYk zpf ]rde;f r} [k owfrw
S
f eT ;f qdk
cH&jcif;rSeforQrSm ,Ofaus;rI? bmompum;ESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ vlrI
qufqaH &;yHpk w
H u
Ykd wnfaqmufxm;aom xkwu
f ek w
f pf&yfom jzpfygonf
(Gender is a construct, a product of language, culture, and
its institutions oabmjzpfygonf)/
rQqakd omf oabmaygufMuvdrrhf nf[k ,lq rlvOD;wnfcsuo
f Ykd
jyefomG ;yg&ap/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)udk rdef;rpma&;q&m[k ac:qdk owfrSwfa&;om;
&mwGif vl+tr+pma&;q&m[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ rdef;r+pma&;q&m
oabmudo
k m qdv
k ykd gonf (tu,f vl+tr+pma&;q&mudk &nfeT ;f
vdk onf&adS omf pma&;q&mrudk qdyk grnf/ pma&;q&mr=pma&;q&m+tr
oabmjzpfygonf)/ wpfenf;qd&k jyefaomf rde;f rjzpfcNhJ y;D jzpfaom vlwpfO;D
wpfa,mufu pma&;q&mjzpfaeonf[k ,wdjywf tcdik t
f rmajymqdjk cif;
odkYr[kwf TefjycH&Edkifoljzpfonf/ pma&;q&mr qdkonfrSm txD;? tr
jzpfaejcif;u t"dur[kwfbJ rdef;rwpfOD;tjzpf a&;aeolomjzpfonf/
qdkvdkonfrSm pma&;om;wifjyolrSm vl+tr tjzpf a&;om;aeaom
a,musfm;aomfvnf;aumif;? rdef;r&Smaomfvnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkif
onf/ a&S;u&SdcJhaom? pma&;q&mr trnfcHxm;aom a,musfm;pma&;
q&mBuD;rsm;udk jyefvnf owdxm;Munfhaomf qdkvdk&if;udk oabmayguf
Murnf xifonf/ odq
Yk &kd onfrmS taMumif;&Syd gonf/ rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)
onf uefo
Y wfxm;aom vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIrsm;twGi;f rde;f rwdYk
\taetxm;udk rnfodkY jrifcJhonf/ azmfxkwfwifjyjcif;ESifh jyefvnf
wifjyjcif;rsm;udk rnfokdYjyKcJhonfudk avhvmMunfhEdkif&efjzpfonf/
86
(3)
]tcspfonfb0\tpdwftydkif;wpfck} ESifh ]av;bufeH&H} twGif;rS
t"duZmwfaumifjzpfaom rdef;rESpfOD;wdkYrSm rdrdomwnfaom yk*vdu
cHpm;rI tajccH cspfjcif;udk rdrdwdkYrStyjzpfaom ya,m* (wpfpkH
wpf&m)aMumifh xdef;csKyfMu&if; NydKysufEdkiforQ NydKysufoGm;ap&ef NzdKzsuf
cJ&h olrsm;jzpfonf/ vlrq
I ufqaH &;b0twGi;f rS kyyf ikd ;f tajccH cspjf cif;udk
wwfrufru
I if;yaom b0\ jzpfysuw
f pfct
k jzpf ajymif;vJypfEikd o
f nfum;
rSe\
f / od&Yk mwGif tpGjJ zpfaeaom odrt
I ajccH cspjf cif;onf yjcKyt
f wGi;f rS
a>ruJhodkY tjyifrS MunfhHkjzifh txJwGif yg;jyif;xEdkifaom a>rwpfaumif
&Sdaeao;aMumif;udk rajymEdkif/ yjcKyf\ twGif; touf&Sdaeao;onf/
rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)u ]tcspo
f nfb0\tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfc}k wGif tpOf
tvmqdk ;kd pum;wpfceG ;f udk azmfxw
k jf y&if; vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf;twGi;f rS rde;f r
(rde;f uav;)wpfa,muf\ ae&mudjk yvdu
k o
f nf/ ]ud,
k cf spu
f rkd &SmeJ?Y olcspf
udk&Sm&w,forD;&,f...} (pm?34)[k tarjzpfolu orD;jzpfoludk
qHk;rvdkufaompum;udk azmfjyvdkufNyD; wpfqufwnf;rSmyif bmom
pum;\abmiftwGif;rS teufvGJt"dym,foufa&mufudkjzpfapom
(Irony [k ac:vdk aomfac:yg) pum;qdak pcJo
h nf/ if;rSm ]bmyJjzpfjzpf?
orD;pdwfwdkif;us qHk;jzwfyg/ tar tusyfrudkifcsifygbl;} (,if;/)[l
jzpf o nf / xd k Y a emuf Zmwf v rf ; \ wpf a e&mwG i f ]ud k , f c spf u d k
r&SmeJ.Y ...}[laomtcsuu
f ykd if tajccHNy;D tarjzpfou
l yif orD;jzpfol
udk odkY ajymjyefonf/ ]olcspfudk&Sm&owJhorD;&,f/ rwifjr[m...
rdbay;pm;wmr,lbJ olcsp,
f w
l m/ udak tmifoef;wdYk ESyd pf ufyrkH sm; oufq;kd
r&SnfvdkYom awmfawmhw,f...} (pm? 41) ponfjzifh? ]udk,fcspf} &Smrd
onft
h wGuf aemufqufwJG qd;k usK;d rsm;taMumif; ajymjycJo
h nf/ odjYk zifh
]tcspo
f nfb0\tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfc}k twGi;f rS t"du Zmwfaumif a0onf
tarjzpfo\
l qEwnfaom tqH;k tjzwft& cspjf cif;udk yk*v
u
d cHpm;rI
tajccHwpfct
k jzpfrS vlrq
I ufqaH &;b0twGi;f rS odrw
I pfct
k jzpf ajymif;vJ
vdu
k cf &hJ onf/
87
]tcspo
f nf b0\tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfc}k wGif rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)u vlt
Y zGUJ
tpnf;twGif;rS tpOftvm ,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkYjzifhwnfaqmufxm;
aom rdef;r\ taetxm;udk jyvdkufonf/ a,bk,susaom ]vl} [l
jzpf-&Sd ae&jcif;twGif;rS oD;jcm;oabmudk aqmifoGm;aom ]vl-tr} (ydk
rdk usO;f ajrmif;oGm;aom vl\taetxm;wpfc)k taMumif;udk wifjycJo
h nf
r[kwf/ tpOftvm? ,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom
rdef;rwpfa,muf\ taetxm;udk jrifapcsifonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
wnfaqmufxm;jcif;cH&aom rde;f rwpfO;D ESihf rde;f rpma&;q&m wpfa,muf
\ae&mrS obm0 tajccHjzpfay:rI (Biologically designated [k
ac:vdkaomf ac:yg) t& jzpf-&Sd aeaom ]vl-tr} tay: xm;&Sdaom
oabmxm;udk azmfjycJo
h nf/ ]uRerf onf rde;f rjzpf &onfb
h 0udk yxrqH;k
tBudrf pdwfemrdygonf} (pm?42)/ ]tcspfonfb0\tpdwftydkif;wpfck}
udk ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufaomtcg rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u vlrIqufqHa&;b0twGif;
rS udk,fum,jcif; ESD;aESmrIudk tajccHaom &if;ESD;rIonf vl-vlcsif;
wG,fwmrIwpf&yf jzpfvmap(Edkif)onfudk azmfxkwfjycJhonf/ odkYaomf
cspjf cif;\ taetxm;ajymif;vJrt
I ydik ;f wGif atmifjrifonf? ratmifjrif
qdkonfudk rajymcJh/ rjycJh/
]av;bufeH&H} wGifaomf tpOftvmESifh ,Ofaus;rI wdkYt& wnf
aqmufxm;aom ]rde;f r}\ cspjf cif;ESihf tcspcf &H jcif; taetxm; ESpcf pk vH;k
twGif;yif olonf wnfaqmufcHxm;&olomjzpfaMumif; ydk ay:vGif
apcJhonf/ ol\yk*vdub0? jzpf-&Sd ae&jcif;rSm tjcm;ol (odkYr[kwf?
ya,m* wpfpw
kH pf&m) \ wnfaqmufay;xm;rIomjzpfonfukd jycJo
h nf/
cifouf cspfaom udkudku olcspfaom cifoufudk olvdkcsifovdk (yHkoGif;)
wnfaqmufay;cJ&h ifjzifh Zmwfvrf;qH;k oGm;onf/ cspw
f wfoEl iS hf tcspcf &H ol
cifouf\ b0taetxm;ESpfckpvHk;rSm bmrS rxl;jcm;/ taMumif;rSm
taetxm;ESpcf pk vH;k cifoufonf vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf; tpOftvm? bmom
pum; tp&So
d nfwt
Ykd m;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom rde;f rwpfa,mufom
jzpfonf/ odjYk zpf xdo
k Ykd wnfaqmufxm; jcif;cHae&aom rde;f rwpfa,muf
twGif;rS? obm0w&m;twGif;rS uGJjym;pGmwnf&Sdaeaom rdef;r (wGif
]vl-tr} udk qdkvdkonf/) tay: jyefvnfoHk;oyfMunfhrdonf/ ]rdef;r
wpfa,muf[m b0tusO;f axmifxrJ mS ol&Y UJ cEmud,
k u
f o
kd mru pdwu
f ykd g
88
csKyaf ESmifwm;qD;xm;&r,fwv
hJ m;.../ pdw&f UJ vGwv
f yfciG ahf v;udak wmif
xGufaygufay;cGifhr&Sdbl;wJhvm;} (pm?181) ponfjzifh ar;cGef;rsm; xkwfcJh
onf/
]av;bufeH&H} ed*Hk;wGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u tpOftvm? ,Ofaus;rI
ponfwdkYtm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rudk rdef;rpma&;q&m
\wpfa,mufae&mrSm todtrSwjf yK&if; oa&mfjycJo
h nf/ tcsut
f vuf
tm;jzifo
h m aumif;onfr[kwaf wmh/ a&SUwGif wifjycJah om ]ta&;tom;}
tydkif;udkyif jyef axmufjy&awmhrnf/ ]udk,fha,musfm;udk udk,fcspfvdkY
,lvmwm ckvnf; odycf spw
f ,fa[h? odycf spw
f ,f}[kajymzdYk 0efrav;awmh
ygNyDwnf;/} [laom pmaMumif;udk aocsmpGm zwfMunfhaomf a':cifcif
ouf\pum;onf pmzwfot
l m; qefu
Y sib
f ufteuf oufa&mufapvdrk I
rsm; rnfa&GUrnfrQ yg0ifaeaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ wnfhwnfha&;NyD;
qefYusifbuf teufudk jrifapcsifjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkta&;tom;rsKd;onf
yif rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;rsm;wGif awGU&wwfaom a&;om;wwf
jcif; odrYk [kwf d;k d;k ta&;tom;wpfcrk S pmayjzpfatmif a&;Edik jf cif; ynm
wpf&yf[k rjrifrjzpfEdkif/ xdktm;xkwfrIrsKd;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnfom
jzpfonf/
(4)
]tjyefwpf&mrdkufOD;rSm}? ]tcspfyGifhOD;} ESifh ]jynfAm&mrStpjyK} 0wK
wdkrsm;onf rsKd;wlpk wpfckwnf;twGif;rS vlom;wdkY\ cspfjcif;ESifh vlYtzGJU
tpnf;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI\ xkwu
f ek w
f pf&yfjzpfaom rde;f rwd\
Yk yHk yk f azmfcjhJ yef
onf/ ]tcspfyGifhOD;} rSmrl rsKd;qufESpfcktMum;rS tjrifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
yxrrsK;d qufuOkd ;D wnf aemufrsK;d qufwpfcu
k jyefvnfppd pfMunfv
h u
kd f
jcif;jzpfonf/
rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;rsm;twGi;f rdr\
d yk*v
u
d cspjf cif;udk
rdrb
d mom csK;d ESrd yf pf&jcif;twGuf ya,m*wpfcck &k adS eonfcsn;f jzpfonf/
wpfqifhwufqdk&aomf rdrd\cspfjcif;udk rdrdrSty jzpfaomtaMumif;
wpfaMumif;aMumif;aMumifh taetxm;ajymif;vdkuf&olrsm;rSm rdef;rrsm;
omjzpfMuonf/ qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; ,Ofaus;rIESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;\
89
azmfxkwfay;vdkufaom yHkkyfwGif rdef;rwdkYonf ]rdef;rqdk? 'Dvdkjzpf&r,f}

[laom yHkpHatmufodkY a&muf&Sdaeum cspfjcif;ESifhywfouf uefYowf
ay;xm;aom twdik ;f twmxuf rvGeEf ikd Mf u/ odYk &mwGif ]tcspyf iG Ohf ;D }rl
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u rdef;rwpfa,mufwGif uefYowfcH&aom taetxm;
wpfpw
kH pf&monf rdrrd t
S yjzpfaom ya,m* wpfpw
kH pf&maMumifh r[kwb
f J
rdr\
d tqH;k tjzwfaMumifjh zpfcahJ omf...[laom tcsujf yemudk wifjy
vmcJhonf/ xdktcsufrSm tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom tcsuf
jzpfonf/ a0a0EG,\
f tar (a':) cufcufE,
G o
f nf rdrt
d qH;k tjzwfjzifh
rdrd\ cspfjcif;udk xdef;uGyf tpG,fcsKd;um okwfoifEdkif&ef tm;xkwfcJhol
jzpfonf/
odkYaomf ta&;tom;rSm cspfjcif;twGuf pGefYvTwfonf[laom
t,ltqudk axmufcHxm;aom ta&;tom;wpf&yfr[kwf/ (a':)cuf
cufEG,fonf ol\ atmifjrifrItwGuf &nf&G,f ol\cspfjcif;udk tvTJ
tajymif; vkyv
f u
kd jf cif;omjzpfonf/ qm;ay;-qD,l oabmom jzpfonf/
atmifjrifrEI iS hf cspjf cif;wdo
Yk nf ol\b0 (jzpf-&Sad erI)twGuf rnfonfu
yd
k ta&;ygonf/ rnfonfukd a&SUwef;wif&rnf ponfwu
Ykd kd ol b
h mom
a&G;cs,q
f ;kH jzwfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ (a':)cufcufE,
G b
f ufrMS unfah omf ol&,l
vdak om atmifjrifru
I kd &,lco
hJ jzifh ol\pGev
Yf w
T &f jcif;rSm tjynfrh [kw/f
xuf0uf (ig;q,f&mcdkifEIef;)omjzpfonf/ pmzwfoltaejzifh qifjcif
Munfh&rnfh taetxm;wpfckrSm tu,fESifh tu,fomvQif (a':)
cufcufE,
G t
f aejzifh vH;k 0 odrYk [kwf qdak ,mifrQaom atmifjrifr&I cJo
h nf
&Sad omf ol\ pGev
Yf w
T cf &hJ jcif;onf tcsn;f tES;D rQomjzpfrnf/ tcsn;f tES;D
jzpfcyhJ g\avm qdo
k nfrmS qifjcifMunf&h rnfh taetxm;wpfcjk zpfonf/
(a':)cufcufE,
G o
f nf cspjf cif;tygt0ifjzpfaom ol\ b0ESiq
hf ikd af om
tqH;k tjzwfwu
Ykd kd vGwv
f yfpmG a&G;cs,cf iG hf &Scd o
Jh jl zpfonf/ vlrq
I ufqaH &;
b0? ,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkY\ uefYowfrIrsm; twGif;yif vGwfvyfaom
a&G;cs,frI &cJholjzpfonf/ xdk &&SdcJhaom a&G;cs,fcGifhudk oHk;pGJ olYtwGuf
tusKd;&Sdrnfjzpfaom odkYr[kwf ydkrdk wefzdk;xm;p&m[k olu jrif-odvufcx
H m;aom ]atmifjrifr}I udo
k m a&G;cs,cf o
hJ nf/ a&G;cs,cf o
hJ nft
h wdik ;f
vnf; atmifjrifcJhonf/ odkYtwGuf ol\a&G;cs,frIonf tcsnf;tESD;
90
r[kw/f rSm;cJo
h nfr[kw/f a&G;cs,f jcif;rS&&Scd ahJ om tusK;d w&m;\ tusK;d
qufuom olYudk a0'em wpfpHkwpf&mjzpfapcJhonf/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)onf xdka0'emudk a&;om; azmfjycJhonfr[kwf/
jyHkomjycJhonf/ (a':)cufcufEG,f\ cHpm;aeonfhtydkif;udk olYorD;xH
rSom pmzwfolu odvdkuf&onf/ (a':)cufcufEG,fxHrS wdkufdkufod&
aom taMumif;wpfcrk [kw/f orD; a0a0EG,u
f jyefvnfwifjyomvQif
pmzwfow
l u
Ykd od&onf/ wpfcsed w
f nf;rSm yif orD;jzpfou
l tarjzpfoEl iS hf
tajccHtm;jzifh vH;k 0rwlaom taetxm; ESpcf &k adS eonf/ xdt
k aetxm;
wdYk rSm ]tcspyf iG Ohf ;D } \ t"duusawmh tcsurf sm;jzpfonf/ rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)
u xdt
k csuw
f w
Ykd iG f tajcwnfom Zmwfvrf;wpfcu
k kd jzpfvmapcho
J jzifh
(ae&mwGifvnf; ol\ta&;tom;aumif;aMumif;? a&;wwfaMumif;
ay:vGifvmjyefonf/) ol a&;om;wifjycsifonfrSm]cspfjcif;}udk tajccH
aom jyemtaMumif; rnfumrw r[kwfawmh/ rdef;r[laom rsKd;wlpk
wpfcw
k nf;twGi;f jzpf-&Sad eMuaomfvnf; yk*v
u
d tajccH tjrifrwlnD
ol ESpOf ;D teuf wpfO;D u tjcm;wpfO;D udjk rifaom tjrifjzpfonf/ ]uRerf u
awmh tarhvdk tqdkawmfwpfa,muf b0rsKd;udk wpfcgrQ pGJvrf;cHkrifjcif;
rjzpfcJh/ tazhvdk ynmwwfwpfa,mufjzpfzdkYudkom tmoDo &Sdaeonf}
(pm? 186) [laom pmaMumif;jzifh rwlnaD om tajccHtjrifukd jycJo
h nf/
jrifaomolEiS hf tjrifc&H olw\
Ykd tMum;u umvw&m; rwlnrD u
I kd tajccH
aom rsKd;qufuGm[rI tjrifrSm ajymyavmufaom tcsufwpfck r[kwf
onfrmS rSeaf omfvnf; rodBuKd ;<ujH yK&avmufaom taetxm; wpfck
r[kw/f xdt
k csuu
f kd rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)u udak pmnde;f a&;aom oDcsi;f oDqo
kd l
ESpfOD;udktoHk;jyK vSypGm a&;om; jyoxm;cJhonf/ (zwfyg/ pm? 18790)/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u rdef;rpma&;q&m wpfa,muf\ ae&mudk,lum
&,lxm;aom taetxm;twGi;f rSom ]tcspyf iG Ohf ;D }udk a&;om;cJah Mumif;udk
OD;xifausmfudk toHk;jyK jyoxm;cJhonf/ OD;xifausmfudk b,folb,f
0g[k a&;om;jycJo
h nfrmS rSe\
f / xdx
Yk ufy
kd aomf bmudrk Q a&;vnf;rjy/
Tef;jyvnf;rqdk/ OD;xifausmf\ a0'emudk cufcufEG,fu rodEdkif/
cufcufE,
G u
f kd rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)u todray;/ wpfenf;qd&k aomf rd;k rd;k (tif;
vsm;)onf rdef;rpma&;q&mtjzpfESifh ol\pnf;udkrausmfbJ olYabmif
91
twGi;f rSomae&if; ta&;tom;wpf&yfukd jyKco

hJ nf/ wpfcsed w
f nf;rSmyif
pma&;q&mr wpfa,mufae&mrSae a,musmf ;wpfa,muf\ cHpm;csuf
a0'em ponfwu
Ykd kd razmfusL;cJ/h ta&;tom;wGif rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)u
vlYtzGJUtpnf;u wnfaqmufxm;aom taetxm;ESifh obm0w&m;
t& jzpfwnfaeaom taetxm;ESpcf u
k kd wpfcw
k nf;aom ]rde;f r} tjzpf
aygif;pnf;xm;aom taetxm;twGif;rS a&;om;cJhonf[lyif qdkEdkif
onf/ xdt
k csurf mS tvGef pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;aom tcsuw
f pfcv
k nf;
jzpfonf/
(5)
ynm&Sif [,fvD;em; pD,k(Z)onf rdef;rpma&;q&m wpfa,mufu
a&;om;&mwGif rdrdodrIomru rdrd\ jzpfwnf&Sdaeaom taetxm;
twGif;rS cHpm;EdkifrI twdkif; twmrsm;jzifh a&;aMumif; erlemwpf&yfjzifh
jyqdck o
hJ nf/
wpfcgwav Edik if w
H pfEikd if t
H aMumif; pdwu
f ;l eJzY UJG pyf wifjywwfw,f/
Oyrm-uarm'D;,m;EdkifiH qdkygpdkY/ zwf&wm? odxm;&wmawGeJY
uarm'D;,m;EdkifiH taMumif; pdwful;NyD; a&;om;cJhw,f/ 'gayr,fh
wu,fwrf; udk,fwdkifudk,fusa&mufNyD;? ezl;awGU 'l;awGU awGUNyD;
udk,fwdkifudk,fus awGUBuHKcHpm;&wmeJYawmh rwlbl;/
wGif pD,(k Z)u t"duxm; azmfxw
k jf yvdo
k nfrmS rde;f rwpfa,muf
u rdef;rwpfa,muf\ cHpm;csuf? tawGUtBuHK? todtjrif ponfwdkYudk
udk,fwdkifudk,fus odolomjzpfonf/ rdef;r r[kwfol (wdkY) taejzifh pdwf
ul;jzifh BuHqazmfxkwfjcif;om jzpfonf[k qdkvdkvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/
xdt
k csurf mS (txl;ojzif?h ,aeYacwf umvBu;D twGi;f ) jiif;qd&k efrvG,f
vS/ taMumif;wpfcsurf mS ,aeYumvwGif rde;f rrsm;onf rde;f rpma&;q&m
jzpfjcif;udk &J&w
J if;wif; &yfwnfvmaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifv
h nf;
rde;f rpma&;q&mwd\
Yk rde;f rtjzpf yHak zmfxm;jcif;cH&aom olw\
Ykd taMumif;
ta&;tom;rsm;rSm ,cifu xifrSwfcsuf? wGufqcsufrsm;jzifh tiSm;
cHpm; zefwD;a&;om;yHkrsKd;ESifh rwlMuawmh/
pD,k(Z)u odkY qdkjyefonf/
92
wu,fvYkd ordik ;f tajccH 0wKwpfy'k f a&;r,fq&kd if a,musmf ;jzpfjzpf?

rdef;rjzpfjzpf? bmjzpfjzpf ta&;rBuD;bl;/ 'gayr,fh tcspftaMumif;
a&;r,fq&kd ifawmh ta&;Bu;D w,f/ a&;yHrk wlb;l / rde;f rwpfa,muf&UJ
udk,feJY cHpm;&wJhtwdkif;a&;awmh a&;yHkjcif;[m rwlEdkifawmhbl;/
xdktqdkudk taxmuftuljyK&ef rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ ]tjyefwpf&m
rdkufOD;rSm}udk Munfhapcsifonf/ ]tjyefwpf&mrdkufOD;rSm}onf rdef;rwpf
a,mufu oljzpf&Sdaom rdef;rjzpfaejcif;udk tajccHom a&;Edkifaom
ta&;tom;rsK;d jzpfonf/ 'kw,
d pmaMumif;rSmyif xdt
k csuf ay:vGiv
f m
onf/ ]bmtaMumif;aMumifv
h nf;rod pdwaf umufMuw,f}[laom tcsuf
onf rde;f r-rde;f rcsi;f yd
k em;vnfEikd af om tcsujf zpfonf/ pdwaf umuf
jcif;udk vlYtzGJUtpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif rdef;rwdkY\ tjyKtrlwpf&yf[k
todtrSwfjyK vufcHxm;ouJhodkY pdwfaumufjcif;onfyif rdef;rwdkY\
tpOftvmwpfck[k trsm;u vufcHxm;ESifhcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xdktcsufrSm
vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf;(rsm;)u wnfaqmufay;xm;aom rde;f r\ yHk yk w
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- r*Zif;0wK&Snfrsm;-1/
tif;vsm;pmay? &efukef/
1997/
*sL;
- cspfola&;wJh uRefr&JUnawG/
Ow&vrif;? jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU/
2000/
Butler, Judith P
- Gender Trouble: Feminism
and the Subversion of Identity.
London: Routledge. 1990
Cixous, H
- Writing Differences:
Reading from the Seminar
of Helene Cixiuos, ed. Susan
Sellers, Milton Keyenes,
Milton Keynes:
Open University. 1988
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky-Epistemology of the Closet.
London: Harvester Wheat-s h e a f .
1991
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102
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103
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107
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108
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109
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111
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tjrmT awGvm;[k ar;vQif uRerf wdu
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tpm pm;onfhtcg uRefru csOfcsOfpyfpyf BudKufonf/
nDrav;u csKcd sKq
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112
odr;f qnf;qnf; aeonf/ nDrav;u jzpfuwwfqef; aeonf/ odaYk omf

uRefrwdkYESpfa,muf wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf cspfMuonfhtwGuf
tqifawmh ajyygonf/
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azazu oGufvufNyD; pmawmfaom nDrav;udk cspfovdk
araru pOf;pm; awG;ac:wwfaom uRefrudkom tm;udk;um tpp
t&m&m wdkifyifygonf/
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113
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115
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116
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စိန္တပြင့္ - မုိးမုိး (အင္းလ်ား)

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စိန္တပြင့္ - မုိးမုိး (အင္းလ်ား)

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