LAI HAI CP TNH TRNG NH LUT PHN LY C LP I. Tm tt kin thc c bn: 1.

Ni dung nh lut phn li c lp: Khi lai 2 c th b, m thun chng v khc nhau v hai hay nhiu cp tnh trng tng phn, th s di truyn cp ca tnh trng ny khng ph thuc vo s di truyn ca cc cp tnh trng khc. 2. iu kin nghim ng ca nh lut phn li c lp: Th h xut pht (P) phi thun chng v cp tnh trng em lai Mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng Tnh tri phi l tri hon ton S lng c th thu c F2 phi ln Cc gen phi nm trn cc NST khc nhau 3. Th d ca Menen v lai hai cp tnh trng: u H Lan gen A: quy nh ht vng; gen a quy nh ht xanh; gen B quy nh v ht trn v gen b quy nh v ht nhn. Cho u H Lan thun chng c ht vng, v ht trn giao phn vi u thun chng c ht xanh, v ht nhn thu c F1 ng lot ht vng, v ht trn. Tip tc cho F1 t th phn thu c F2 c t l kiu hnh xp x 9 ht vng, trn: 3 ht vng, nhn: 3 ht xanh, trn: 1 ht xanh nhn. * S lai gii thch: P: AABB (vng, trn) x aabb (xanh, nhn) G P: AB , ab F1: Kiu gen AaBb Kiu hnh 100% vng, trn F1 t th phn F1 AaBb x AaBb GF1: AB: Ab: aB: ab , AB: Ab: aB: ab F2: AB Ab aB ab AB AABB AABB AaBB AaBb Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb T l kiu gen ca F2:

1AABB: 2AaBB: 2AABb: 4AaBb: 1AAbb: 2Aabb: 1aaBB: 2aaBb: 1aabb T l kiu hnh ca F2: 9 vng, trn: 3 vng, nhn: 3 xanh, trn: 1xanh nhn II. Phng php gii bi tp 1. Dng bi ton thun: * Cch gii tng t nh lai mt cp tnh trng gm 3 bc sau: Bc 1: Quy c gen Bc 2: Xc nh kiu gen ca b m Bc 3: Lp s lai. * Th d: c chua, l ch l tri so vi l nguyn; qu l tri so vi qu vng. Mi tnh trng do 1 gen quy nh, cc gen nm trn cc NST thng khc nhau. Gii thch kt qu v lp s lai t P n F2 khi cho c chua thun chng l ch, qu vng th phn vi cy c chua thun chng l nguyn, qu . Gii Bc 1: Quy c gen: Gen A quy nh l ch, gen a quy nh l nguyn Gen B quy nh qu , gen a quy nh qu vng Bc 2: Kiu gen ca b, m: Cy c chua thun chng l ch, qu vng c kiu gen l: AAbb Cy c chua thun chng l nguyn, qu c kiu gen l: aaBB Bc 3: S lai: P: AAbb (l ch, qu vng) x aaBB (l nguyn, qu xanh) G P: Ab , aB F1: Kiu gen AaBb Kiu hnh 100% l ch, qu F1 t th phn F1 AaBb (l ch, qu ) x AaBb (l ch, qu ) GF1: AB: Ab: aB: ab , AB: Ab: aB: ab F2: AB Ab aB ab AB AABB AABB AaBB AaBb Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

T l kiu gen ca F2: 1AABB: 2AaBB: 2AABb: 4AaBb: 1AAbb: 2Aabb: 1aaBB: 2aaBb: 1aabb T l kiu hnh ca F2: 9 l ch, qu : 3 l ch, qu vng: 3 l nguyn, qu : l nguyn, qu vng 2. Dng bi ton nghch: T t l phn li kiu hnh con lai, nu xp x 9: 3: 3: 1, cn c vo nh lut phn li c lp ca Menen, suy ra b m d hp t v 2 cp gen AaBb. T quy c gen, kt lun tnh cht ca php lai v lp s lai ph hp. * Th d: Xc nh kiu gen ca P v lp s lai khi b m u c l ch, qu ; con lai c 64 cy l ch, qu ; 21 cy l ch qu vng; 23 cy l nguyn, qu ; 7 cy l nguyn, qu vng. Gii Xt t l phn li kiu hnh ca F1: F1 c 64 cy l ch, qu : 21 cy l ch qu vng: 23 cy l nguyn, qu : 7 cy l nguyn, qu vng. T l xp x 9: 3: 3: 1, y kt qu ca php lai tun theo nh lut phn li c lp khi lai hai cp tnh trng ca Menen b, m u c kiu gen d hp v hai cp gen. Xt ring tng tnh trng ca con lai F1: V dng l: La 64 + 21 85 3 che = = ; . y l kt qu ca php lai La nguyen 23+ 7 30 1 tun theo quy lut phn li ca Menen. l ch l tri, l nguyn l ln Quy c gen: Gen A quy nh l ch Gen a quy nh l nguyn V mu qu: Qua o 64 + 23 87 3 = = ; y l kt qu ca php lai Qua vang 21+ 7 28 1 tun theo quy lut phn li ca Menen. qu l tri, qu vng l ln Gen B quy nh qu Gen b quy nh qu vng T hp hai tnh trng, b v m u d hp 2 cp gen c kiu gen l AaBb, kiu hnh l l ch, qu S lai:

P: qu ) G P: F1:

AaBb (l ch, qu ) AB: Ab: aB: ab ,

AaBb (l ch, AB: Ab: aB: ab

AB Ab aB ab AB AABB AABB AaBB AaBb Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb T l kiu gen ca F1: 1AABB: 2AaBB: 2AABb: 4AaBb: 1AAbb: 2Aabb: 1aaBB: 2aaBb: 1aabb T l kiu hnh ca F1: 9 l ch, qu : 3 l ch, qu vng: 3 l nguyn, qu : l nguyn, qu vng III. Bi tp v hng dn gii: Bi 1: u H Lan, thn cao v ht vng l hai tnh trng tri so vi thn thp v ht xanh; cc tnh trng di truyn c lp vi nhau. Xc nh kiu gen ca b, m v lp s lai cho cc trng hp sau y: a/ B thn cao, ht xanh; m thn thp, ht vng b/ B thun chng thn cao, ht vng; m thun chng thn thp, ht xanh. Bi 2: mt loi cn trng, gen B quy dnh thn xm, gen B quy nh thn en; gen S quy nh lng ngn v gen s quy nh lng di. Cc gen ni trn nm trn cc NST thng khc nhau. a/ Cho 2 c th thun chng c thn xm, lng di v thn en, lng ngn giao phi vi nhau. Lp s lai v nhn xt kt qu ca con lai F1. b/ Nu cho F1 giao phi vi nhau. Khng cn lp s lai c th xc nh c t l kiu hnh ca F2 hy khng? c/ Nu cho F1 trong php lai trn lai phn tch th kt qu nh th no? Bi 3: Giao phn gia hai cy thun chng thu c F1 ng lot ging nhau. Tip tc cho F1 t th phn, F2 cho t l kiu hnh nh sau: 176 cy thn cao, ht trn: 59 cy thn cao, ht di: 60 cy thn thp, ht trn: 20 cy thn thp, ht di. a/ Xc nh tnh tri ln v quy c gen cho cc tnh trng ni trn.

b/ Lp s lai t P n F2. Cho bit mi tnh trng do 1 gen quy nh v cc gen nm trn cc NST khc nhau. Gii a/ Xc nh tnh tri ln v quy c gen: Xt ring tng tnh trng ta c: Xt tnh trng chiu cao thn: Than cao 176 + 59 3 = ; . y l kt qu ca php lai tun Than thap 60 + 20 1 theo quy lut phn li ca Menen. thn cao l tri, thn thp l ln. Quy c gen: A quy nh thn cao; a quy nh thn thp Xt tnh trng hnh dng ht Hat tron 176 + 60 3 = ; . y l kt qu ca php lai tun Hat dai 59 + 20 1 theo quy lut phn li ca Menen. ht trn l tri, ht di l ln. Quy c gen: B quy nh ht trn; b quy nh ht di b/ F2 c t l phn li kiu hnh l 176: thn cao, ht trn: 59 thn cao, ht di: 60 thn thp ht trn: 20 thn thp, ht di ; 9: 3: 3: 1 = 16 t hp = 4 giao t c x 4 giao t ci F1 d hp v 2 cp gen v c kiu gen l AaBb Vy F1 c kiu gen l AaBb v P thun chng th kiu gen ca 2 cy P l: AABB (thn cao, ht trn) v aabb (thn thp, ht di) hoc AAbb (thn co, ht di) v aaBB (thn thp, ht trn. * S lai t P n F1: P: AABB (thn cao, ht trn) x aabb (thn thp, ht di) G P: AB , ab F1: AaBb Kiu hnh 100% thn cao, ht trn P: AAbb (thn co, ht di) x aaBB (thn thp, ht trn. G P: Ab , aB F1: AaBb Kiu hnh 100% thn cao, ht trn S lai t F1 n F2: F1: AaBb (thn cao, ht trn) x AaBb (thn cao, ht trn)

G: F2:

AB: Ab: aB: ab

AB: Ab: aB: ab

AB Ab aB ab AB AABB AABB AaBB AaBb Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb T l kiu gen ca F2: 1AABB: 2AaBB: 2AABb: 4AaBb: 1AAbb: 2Aabb: 1aaBB: 2aaBb: 1aabb T l kiu hnh ca F1: 9 thn co, ht trn: 3 thn cao, ht di: 3 thn thp, ht trn: 1 thn thp, ht di Bi 4: Cho hai kiu gen AAbb v aaBB th phn vi nhau. Bit cc gen phn li c lp v t hp t do. 1. Lp s lai xc nh kiu gen ca F1 2. Cho F1 t th phn. Khng cn lp s lai, hy xc nh t l phn li kiu hnh ca F2 trong hai trng hp sau: a/ Trng hp 1: A: l di; a l ngn; B hoa thm; b hoa khng thm b/ Trng hp 2: A l ngn; a l di; B hoa khng thm; b hoa thm Bi 5: c chua, gen D quy nh mu qu , gen d quy nh mu qu vng. Gen T quy nh dng qu trn, t quy nh dng qu bu dc. Hai cp gen ni trn nm trn hai cp NST khc nhau. a/ Xc nh t l kiu hnh ca F2 khi lai hai cy c chua P thun chng qu , trn v qu vng, bu dc. b/ khi lai 2 cy c chua thun chng qu , bu dc v qu vng, trn th kt qu ca F1 v F2 c g khc so vi trng hp trn? c/ Hy cho bit kt qu khi giao phn cy c chua F1 ni trn vi cy c chua c qu vng, bu dc. Bi 6: b, qu trn v hoa vng l hai tnh trng tri so vi qu di v hoa trng. Mi tnh trng do 1 gen quy nh v cc gen nm trn cc NST khc nhau. Trong mt php lai phn tch ca cy F1 ngi ta thu c 4 kiu hnh vi t l ngang nhau l 1 qu trn, hoa vng: 1qu trn, hoa trng: 1 qu di, hoa vng: 1 qu di, hoa trng. a/ Xc nh kiu gen v kiu hnh ca F1.

b/ Cy F1 ni trn c th c to ra t nhng php lai P nh th no? Bi 7: rui gim, gen A quy nh thn xm, gen a quy nh thn en; gen B quy nh lng ngn, b quy nh lng di. Cc gen phn li c lp. a/ Lp s lai khi cho rui gim thn xm, lng di giao phi vi rui thn en lng ngn. b/ Rui ci P thn en, lng di. to ra rui con c thn xm, lng ngn c th cho giao phi vi rui c c kiu gen nh th no? C. DI TRUYN GII TNH V LIN KT GII TNH I. Tm tt kin thc c bn: 1. Nhim sc th gii tnh: Trong t bo sinh dng ca cc loi ng vt phn tnh, bn cnh cc i NST thng cn c mt i NSt gii tnh. S khc nhau gia NST thng v NST gii tnh c tm tt nh sau: NST thng NST gii tnh Lun sp xp thnh tng C th xp thng cp tng cp tng ng ng hay khng tng ng C nhiu cp trong t bo Ch c mt cp trong t Khng xc nh gii tnh bo Cha gen quy nh tnh Xc nh gii tnh trng thng Cha gen quy nh tnh trng thng nhng c lin quan n gii tnh. 2. Mt s hin tng phn ho gii tnh ng vt: Loi a s loi (th, rui gim) Mt s loi (chim, bm, b st, c) B xt, chu chu, rp B nhy Cp NST gii tnh c Ci XY XX XX XY XO XX XX XO

3. C ch xc nh gii tnh ng vt: Do phn li ca cp NST gii tnh trong gim phn kt hp vi s t hp ca chng trong th tinh

Th d: a s cc loi ng vt, c th ci mang cp NST gii tnh XX, c th c mang cp NST gii tnh XY. Trong gim phn: C th ci (XX) to ra mt loi trng duy nht mang 1 NST gii tnh X. C th c (XY) to ra hai loi tinh trng l 1 loi mang NST gii tnh X v 1 loi mang NST gii tnh Y vi t l xp x nhau. Trong th tinh: Trng mang NST gii tnh X kt hp vi tinh trng mang NST gii tnh X to thnh hp t mang cp NST gii tnh XX pht trin thnh c th ci. Trng mang NST gii tnh X kt hp vi tinh trng mang NST gii tnh Y to thnh hp t mang cp NST gii tnh XY pht trin thnh c th c. S gii thch: P: XX (ci) x XY (c) G: X , X: Y F1: XX (ci): XY (c) T l c ci trong mi loi lun xp x 1: 1 II. Phng php gii bi tp i vi bi tp lai cp mt tnh trng vi gen nm trn NST gii tnh. Ni chung hai dng ton thun v ton nghch, cch gii cng tng t nh cc dng tng ng thuc nh lut Menen (xem li phn hng dn lai mt cp tnh trng theo nh lut Menen). III. Bi tp v hng dn gii: Bi 1: loi bm tm, c th c mang cp NST gii tnh XX; c th ci mang cp NST gii tnh XY. a/ Trnh by c ch xc nh gii tnh ca bm tm km theo s minh ho. b/ T l c: ci loi bm tm c xp x 1: 1 hay khng? Ti sao? p s: a/ b/ Bi 2: rui gim, gen A quy nh mu mt v gen a quy nh mu mt trng. Cc gen nm trn NST gii tnh X. a/ Hy vit kiu gen quy nh mu mt v mu mt trng rui gim c v rui gim ci.

b/ Xc nh kiu gen v kiu hnh ca con lai F1 khi: + B mt v m mt trng + B mt trng v m mt c/ Nu con lai F1 c mt c sinh ra t rui m mt trng th kiu gen v kiu hnh ca rui b nh th no? Rui F1 cho thuc gii tnh no? p s: a/ b/ c/ Bi 3: ngi, bnh teo c do gen d nm trn NST gii tnh X quy nh; gen tri D quy nh c pht trin bnh thng. a/ Nu m c kiu gen d hp v b bnh thng th cc con sinh ra s nh th no? b/ Nu cc con trong mt gia nh c con trai bnh thng, c con trai teo c, c con gi bnh thng, c con gi teo c th kiu gen v kiu hnh ca b v m nh th no? Lp s lai minh ho. p s: a/ b/ Bi 4: ngi, bnh dnh ngn tay th 2 v th 3 c quy nh bi gen nm trn NSt gii tnh Y. a/ Bnh ny c th c n khng? Gii thch. b/ Vit s lai biu th s biu hin ca bnh. p s: a/ b/ Bi 5: ngi, gen A quy nh nhn mu bnh thng, gen a quy nh m mu. Cc gen nm trn NST gii tnh X. a/ Vit cc kiu gen quy nh cc kiu hnh tng ng c th c nam v n. b/ Lp s lai v xc nh kiu gen, kiu hnh ca con khi: B bnh thng v m m mu B m mu v m bnh thng p s: a/ b/

Bi 6: Bnh mu kh ng ngi do gen a nm trn NST gii tnh X quy nh, gen tri A quy nh mu ng bnh thng. a/ Mt cp v chng sinh c mt a con gi b bnh mu kh ng th kiu gen v kiu hnh ca h nh th no? b/ Mt cp v chng khc sinh c mt a con trai bnh thng th kiu gen v kiu hnh ca h nh th no?