Spectral Calibration Lamps © Calibrated Irradiance Sources ~ Black Bodies “Deuterium Sources © Are Lamp Sources ox. Oi juices ‘Sources atic Sources12 CRUEL _ OPTICAL RADIATION TERMINOLOGY AND UNITS INSTRUMENTS There are many systems of units for optical radiation. In this catalog we try to adhere to the internationally agreed CIE sys- tem. The CIE system fits well with the SI system of units. We mostly work with the units familiar to those working in the UV to near I. We have limited the first part ofthis discussion fo steady state conditions, essentially neglecting dependence on time. We expiictly discuss time dependence at the end of the section. RADIOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC AND PHOTON QUANTITIES ‘The emphasis in our catalog is on radiometric quantities. These are purely physical. How the (standard) human eye records optical radiation is often more relevant than the absolute physical values. This evaluation is described in photometric, Units and is limited to the small part of the spectrum called the visible. Photon quantities are important for many physical processes. Table 1 lists radiometric, photometric and photon quantities, Table 1 Commonly Used Radiometric, Photometric and Photon Quantities 1 Usual ‘Quantity Lunt | uantty —_| symbot | Faani Energy J {Curious eneray | Oy | RacantPoweror | 9, |W Luminous Fx | im | Radiant xtance | My | Wm? | Luminous Extance | My | ‘imm? | Photon Entanco |My | st m2 | oremitance’ | or Emnanes | | | racsance E_ | Wm? | uminance 5 | & Photon tradiance |, | sm? Pastime, | 15 | War! |tunemsrieray| | ot | Ptnioniy |p se! | Radiance te | Wert? | Luminance 4 | cam? | Proton Radiance | Lp s'sr'm? | * Photon quantities are expressed in number of photons followed by the units, eg. photon flux (numberof photons) %, The unit for photon | ‘orgy if numberof photons ‘The subscripts e.v, and p designate radiometric, photometric, and photon quantities respectively. They are usually omitted when working with only one type of quantity. Symbols Key: J: joule W: watts m:meter ss: steradian Table 2. Some Units Still in Common Use Unie Equivalent ‘Quanity Tarot a | Gomer | Footeandle mn? ‘muinance Footamtet | cd? Luminance Lamar edom? Luminance ‘Sometimes “sterance’, ‘areance’, and “pointance" are used to supplement or replace the terms above. * Sterance, means, related to the solid angle, so radiance may be desoribed by radiant sterance. ‘© Areance, ralated to an area, gives radiant areance instead of radiant exitance. * Pointance, related to a point, leads to radiant ppointance instead of radiant intensity, Im: lumen : second, cod: candela ‘ic lux, lumen m® SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION “Spectral” used before the tabulated radiometric quantities implies consideration of the wavelength depen- dence of the quantity. The measurement wavelength should be given when a spectral radiometric value is quoted, ‘The variation of spectral radiant exitance (Mg;), oF iradi- ance (Eq,) with wavelength is often shown ina spectral distribution curve. Pages 1-40 to 1-53 show spectral distrib- Ution curves for iradiance. Contact us for further information on any of the products in this catalogUNITS FOR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE USED IN THIS CATALOG In this catalog we use mW m?nm''as our preferred units for spectral irradiance. Conversion to other units, such as mW mé um’, is straightforward, For example The spectral irradiance at 0.5 m from our 6333 100 watt QTH lamp is 12.2 mW mr nm “at 480 nm. This is 0.0122 Wm nm 4.22W me? um" 1.22 UW om nm all at 0.48 im and 0.5 m distance. With all spectral irradiance data or plots, tho measurement parameters, particularly the source: measurement plane distance, must be specified, Values cited in this catalog for lamps imply the direction of maximum radiance and at the specified distance. Wavelength, Wavenumber, Frequency and Photon Energy This catalog uses “wavelength” as spectral parameter. Wavelength is Inversely proportional to the photon energy: shorter wavelength photons ate more energetic photons. \Wavenumber and frequency increase with photon energy. The units of wavelength we use are nanometers (rm) and micrometers (um) (or the common, but incorrect, version, microns) tinm=10%m 4 pm = 10% m= 1000 nm 41 Angstom unit (A) = 10" m Fig. 1 shows the solar spectrum and S800K blackbody spectral distributions against energy (and wavenumber), in contrast with the familiar representation (Fig. 4 on page 1-5). Table 2 below helps you to convert trom one spectral parameter to another, The conversions use the approximation 3 x 10° ms" for the speed of light. For accurate work, you must use the actual speed of light in medium. The speed in air depends on wavelength, humidity and pressure, but the variance is only important for interferometry and high resolution spectroscopy TECH NOTE IRRADIANCE: SPATIAL DEPENDENCE 0 um = 10" nm Inadiance and most other radiometric quantities have values defined at a point, even though the units, mM m2 nar", imply a large area. The ful description requires the ‘spatial map ofthe irradiance. Otten average values over a defined area are mast useful. Peak levels can greatly ‘exceed average values. THESE CURVES DISPLAY THE SAME ATA AS Fig 4 ON PA THALTRE BLACKRODY PEAR’ ‘178, CORRESPONDING TO. "Ges an Fla 4 Pace "THe PEAK WAS A #50 PHOTON ENERAY (ev) Fig.t Unconventional display of solar radiance on the outer ‘atmosphere and the spectral distribution of a 5600K blackbody withthe same total radiant flux. CONVERTING FROM RADIOMETRIC TO PHOTON QUANTITIES Expressing radiation in photon quantities is important when the results of iraciation are described in terms of cross section, number of molecules excited or for many detector and energy conversion systems, quantum efficiency. Monochromatic Radiation Calculating the number of photons in a joule of monochromatic light of wavelength 2 is straightforward since the energy in each photon Is given by: het. joules Where: hh= Planck's constant (6.626 x 10% J s) = Speed of light (2.998 x 10° m s") ‘A= Wavelength in m ‘So the number of photons per joule is: Nox = 2.x 5.08. 10° where 2 is in nm” Since a watt is a joule per second, one Watt of mono chromatic radiation at } corresponds to Npa photons par ‘second. The general expression is: Ng. at Similarly, you can easily calculate photon irradiance by 4d top cpacTunuty ‘Conversion Examples: 200 5x10" T 15x 105 00 Suto! | exio 1000 io! | _axiox tat ily individuals working licable wavelength units are nm, wavenumber units are em, ete Infrared analysis, adhere to the cm “ photon nergy le ueualy expressed in oleciron vole to rlate to chemical bond siengthe.The urls are also more convenient than photon energy expressed in joul 36 the energy of a§00 nm photon Is 3.98 x 10"? J =2.48 eV fries Lasers Photolithography FT-AR ‘Monochromators & Spectrographs Spectrometers Detection Equipment Instruments Fiber Optics