.

,
,
, ,
.
.
,
, ,
- .
,
, (287 212. .
.., 3. ..). ,
:
-
, (
);
-
( , ,

, ,
, ;
- , .
, , ,
Vitruvius- (Marcus Pollio
Vitruvius), Augusta (1. ..),
,
.
, ,
.
(15 -16. ),
, . ,
:
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519) , ,

( ;
, ,
: '' '';
, , 17.
,
);
- Galileo Galilei (1564 1642) ''Due nuove science''
1638. ,
1

 ,
.
(17 18. ),
, :
- Robert Hooke (1635 1703) 1638. . ''De Potentia
Restitutiva'' ( ),
(
).
, ,
:
Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) 1638 ..
Edme Mariotte (1620 -1684)
Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703) 1678..

Jacob Bernoulli (1654 - 1705 )
Daniel Bernulli (1700 - 1782)
Leonard Euler (1707 - 1738)
Charles de Coulomb (1736 - 1806)
Simeon Denis Poisson (1781 - 1840)
Louis M.N. Navier (1785 - 1836) 1825.. ..
Adhemar Barre de St. Venant (1797 - 1886) 1853.

Augustin Cauehy (1789 - 1857)
Gabriel Lame (1795 -1870) 1852. .

Emile Clapeyron (1799 -1864)

James Maxwell (1831 -1879)
Otto Mohr (1835 -1918)
(1878 - 1972) ,
, :
1638 Galileo GALILEI
1678 Robert HOOKE
1825 Louis NAVIER ( )
1852 Gabriel LAME ( )

:
. ,
, ,
,
.

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
RESISTANCE DES MATERIAUX
FESTIGKEITSLEHRE

,
. ,

,
, ,
.
,
: ?
:

,
, ,
.

O
:
o
o
o
.

. ,


.
, ,
, .
.
, :
- , , ...
- , , , ...
- , , , ...
- , , ...
- , , , ....
- , , ....
- , , , ...
- , , , , ...
- , , , ....
- , , ... , .
, ,
, , : ,
, ,
. ,

.
, ,
, ,
,
,
:
- ,
- (, ,
, , ...),
- (, , ...).
- ,
:
-
- .

 , ,
.

, :

(a )
, ,
, , .
: .

,
( )

1.1.

dij
dij

= ij

lim

di j 0

dij
dij

= ij

.
, ,
- i ( ij) x, y, z,
xx, yy, zz x, y, z.

n = n (x, y, z),
..................................................................................................................................

( , )

1.2
:

N jNiNk N'jNi'Nk' ,

lim

dij 0, dik 0

(N N N
j

N'jNi'Nk' = jk ,

Ni , Nj Ni N.
...

 ( , ), i ( j i k ,
ij ik), xy,
yz, zx.

jk = jk (x, y, z),
.................................................................................................................................

() ()
, ,
.

..
..
, x, y, z, xy, yz, zx, n
n .
..................................................................................................................................

,
.

)
)

) ()
..................................................................................................................................


V ( )
Ni Nj
dij.

1.3
,
: dij = const dij const.
(
),
.
(
.
:
:

L = L0
L L0

o ( )
o
o
o .........
..................................................................................................................................


, ,

, ,

:
1) (, ),
2) (, ).
-
.
1)

()
-

.
..
..

2)

.
..

...

.

, ,
:
- (),
-
(), .

()
(), ( )
.

A = dA,

(1)

10

S x = y dA,
A

S y = x dA,

(2)

-
-
-
-

Sx = A yc

Sy = A xc ,

(3)

.
(3) ()
:
Sy
S
xC =
, yC = x
(4)
A
A

Ix = y 2 dA
A

Iy = x 2 dA

(5)

,
:
Ix > 0, Iy > 0.

11

( )

Ixy = xy dA

(6)

- Ixy > 0,
- Ixy < 0.

-
( ),

I0 = 2 dA

(7)

2 = x2 + y2

I0 = x 2 + y 2 dA = x 2 dA + y 2 dA
A

(8)

I0 = Ix + Iy

(7),
.

I0 = Ix + Iy = Iu + Iv
:
n

A = dA = ... + ... +... = A(1) + A(2) + ... = A(i) ,

A

A1

i=1

A2

S x = y dA = ... + ... +... = S x (1) + S x (2) + ... = S x (i) ,

A

A1

i=1

A2

12

S y = x dA = ... + ... +... = S y (1) + S y (2) + ... = S y (i) ,

A

A1

i=1

A2
n

Ix = y 2 dA = ... + ... +... = Ix (1) + Ix (2) + ... = Ix (i)

A

A1

i=1

A2

Iy = x 2 dA = ... + ... +... = Iy (1) + Iy (2) + ...... = Iy (i) ,

A

A1

i=1

A2

I xy = x y dA = ... + ... +... = I xy (1) + I xy (2) + ...... = I xy (i)

A

A1

i =1

A2
n

I0 = 2 dA = ... + ... +... = I0 (1) + I0 (2) + ...... = I0 (i) (9)

A

A1

i=1

A2

() : ,
.

, (5), (6) (8),
(
) .

13


Ix, Iy, Ixy
x, y ,
I, I, I ,
x, y.

=+x

=b+y

(12)

:
I =

I =
I =

(13)

(12), :
I =

(14)

, , :
I = Ix + A b2 + 2b S x ,
I = Iy + A a 2 + 2a S y ,

I = Ixy + A a b + a S x + b S y .

(15)

I01 = 12 dA

(16)

I01 = I + I = I0 + A r 2 + 2(a S y + b S x )

(17)

14

 : = b = , (15)
I = Ix + A C ,
2

I = Iy + A C ,
2

I = Ixy + A C C ,

I01 = I0 + A r 2 .

(18)

(Steiner) .
:

(18)
.

xy uv.

Ix, Iy, Ixy , x, y

. Iu, Iv, Iuv
u, v x, y .
u = x cos + y sin

(19)

v = x sin + y cos

, (6) (8), :
Iu =
Iv =
Iuv =

15

 (19) :
Iu =

, , :
Iu = I x cos 2 + I y sin 2 2 I xy sin cos ,

I v = I x sin 2 + I y cos 2 + 2 I xy sin cos ,

Iuv = ( I x I y ) sin cos + I xy cos 2 sin 2 .

(20)

:
cos 2 =

1 + cos 2
,
2

sin2 =

1 cos 2
,
2

,
:
1
(Ix + Iy ) + 1 (Ix Iy )cos 2 Ixy sin 2 ,
2
2
1
1
Iv = (Ix + Iy ) (Ix Iy )cos 2 + Ixy sin 2 , ,
2
2

Iu =

Iu, v =

1
1
Ix + Iy Ix Iy cos 2 m Ixy sin 2 ,
2
2

Iuv =

1
Ix Iy sin 2 + Ixy cos 2 ,
2

(21)

, (8), :
I0 = Iu + Iv = Ix + Iy .

(22)

(21) Iu Iv
.
. :
dIu
= 0,
d

dIv
= 0,
d

16

dIu
dI
= v = Ix Iy sin 2 2 Ixy cos 2 = 0
d
d

(23)

( ) (21)
, (23).
:

tg2 =

2 Ixy

(24)

Ix Iy

(21):

d2Iu
d2Iv
=

= 2 Ix Iy cos 2 + 4 Ixy sin 2 =

d 2
d 2

2 Ixy
= 2 cos Ix Iy 2 Ixy
=
Ix Iy

[(

= 2 I x I y

2
)2 + 4 I2xy ] cos
.
I I
x

d Iu
d2Iv
<
0

I
(

)
=
I
,

> 0 Iv ( = ) = Imin .
u
max
d 2
d 2
. :

: Ix > Iy :

tg

sin =

1 + tg
2

cos =

1
1 + tg2

(24) (21) :

Iu,v =

1
2

(I

+ Iy )

(I I ) + 4 I
,
(I I ) + 4 I
(Ix Iy )2 + 4 I2xy ,
2

1
2

I1,2 =

1
2

(Ix + Iy ) 21

2
xy

2
xy

(25)

: Iu () = = Imax = I1,
Iv () = + / 2 = Imin = I2,
Iu v () = = I12 = 0,
= .
1 2 ,
.
() , 1
2 () ,
I1 I2 () .
17

,
..

m, n
:

Im,n =
Im,n =

(
(

1 I
2 1
1 I
2 1

+ I2 )

1 I
2 1

I2 ) cos 2 ,

I2 ) sin 2 .

(26)

i=

I
, [L], > 0
A

(27)

(28)

u2 v 2
+ 2 =1
i22
i1

(29)

.................................................................................................................................

18

:
Ix
y max

= Wx

Iy
x max

= Wy

(30)

x y.
:

W0 =

I0

(31)

max

:
W0 =

I0
I
= 0
R D/2

( D=2R).

, :

Ix = Ix (1) + Ix (2) + ... + Ix (n) = Ix (i),

, :
Wx =

Ix
y max

Ix (1) + Ix (2) + ... + Ix (n )

Wx (1) + Wx (2) + ... + Wx (n ) ,
y max

,
Wx Wx (i) .

19