Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

1Chng 1 MNG TRUY NHP V TUYN

1.1 Gii thiu
Mng truy nhp v tuyn hin nay ang c trin khai rt rng ri m ta c th thy hu ht mi ni. T mng thng tin di ng cho dch v thoi n cc mng WiFi dng truy nhp Internet. Trong chng ny ta s ln lt tm hiu v cc mng truy nhp . Mng truy nhp l mng giao tip trc tip vi cc thit b u cui nh in thoi i ng, my tnh, PDA, Do tnh di ng s lm cho ngi s dng cm thy thoi mi v h c th s dng dch v ca mng bt c ni u, hay t nht cng khng phi vng vu bi nhng rng but ca cc si cp. Ch duy nht cc mng truy nhp v tuyn gii quyt c vic ny. Vy, c im quan trng nht ca mng truy nhp v tuyn chnh l tnh di ng. u tin l mng thng tin di ng t bo cellular. Vi kin trc cell, kin trc chung nht cho cc mng di ng tng tnh linh hot ca cc thu bao. Mng t c thit k ban u cho dch v thoi c ci tin khng ngng cung cp thm cc dch v mi trn nn tng mng sn c. Tip theo l cc mng WiFi, bng cch s dng cc phng php truy nhp tin tin, tc mng cao, c ng dng rng ri trong mng khng dy cc b thay th cho mng LAN c dy truyn thng. iu ta ng quan tm mng WiFi y chnh l nh phng phng OFDM tng hiu qu s dng ph ln nhiu so vi cc phng php truy nhp thng thng nh FDM, TDM. OFDM c coi l nn tng cho mng thng tin di ng th h th t 4G, v cc mng truy nhp v tuyn tc trong tng lai. WiMax cng s dng phng thc iu ch OFDM. u im ca WiMax l ngoi tc cao cn c vng ph sng rng (tnh bng km).

1.2 Cc th h thng tin di ng t bo cellular:

2Th h th nht 1G
Th h thng tin di ng th nht (first generation) c gii thiu u tin vo nm 1980. Tuy nhin y khng phi l mng thng tin di ng u tin c xut hin, m trc c nhiu h thng di ng tn ti sn, ch c iu khc l chng khng c trin khai theo dng celluar. Nhng mng thng tin di ng ny c dung lng thp v kh nng di ng cng b hn ch.

Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

Trong h thng thng tin di ng t ong (mobile cellular network), ln u tin, mt vng ph sng rng ln c chia ra lm nhiu cell nh, v mt vi tn s c ti s dng m khng b chng ln ln nhau. iu ny lm tng dung lng h thng ln nhiu ln. th h th nht, ngi ta ch truyn dn nhng tn hiu analog v hu nh ch c tn hiu thoi c truyn i. th h ny khng c mt chun no cho h thng c cng b. Tuy nhin mt s h thng pht trin mnh vi nhng thnh cng ca n nh: Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), Total Access Communications System (TACS) v Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS). Trn thc t, hin nay h thng thng tin di ng th h th nht vn cn c s dng mt s nc trn c s h tng mng sn c, thm ch cn c pht trin. Cn cc nc c mng vin thng tin tin hn nh nc ta, th mng th h th nht khng c s dng hay khng cn c s dng na.

3Th h th hai 2G
h thng thng tin di ng t bo th h 2, ngi ta s dng phng php truyn dn s cho cc lung lu lng. S phn bit gia th h th 2 v th nht tht r rng l tn hiu truyn dn l s hay analog. Mt knh tn s c chia ra cho nhiu user bng cc k thut truy nhp v tuyn. Cu trc cell c phn cp ra thnh picocell, mircocell, macrocell do nng cao dung lng ca h thng. C nhiu chun cho mng thng tin di ng th h 2 (gi tt l mng 2G) nhng c 4 chun c s dng nhiu nht: Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications and its derivatives; digital AMPS (D-AMPS); codedivision multiple access (CDMA) IS-95; v personal digital cellular (PDC). Trong GSM l h thng pht trin nht, c s dng nhiu quc gia trong c Vit Nam, s c gii thiu trong phn tip theo. c im ca mng 2G l c dch vu thoi s, truyn tn hiu d liu tc thp nh SMS, EMS. Mng 2G h tr cc c ch chuyn giao (hand over), gip cc user c th di chuyn thoi mi hn t cell ny sang cell khc, nng cao tnh di ng. Mng cng s dng cc c ch iu khin cng sut cho cc thit b di ng, nng cao thi gian s dng pin v gim nhiu ca cc user nn thit b di ng nh gn hn.

4Mng 2.5G Qu ln 3G
Tuy mng 3G c gii thiu v ra i trc 2G. Tuy c nhiu tnh nng mi, mnh v c nhiu u im nhng vn cn kh mc tin v c bit l nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng cha cn thit do c im mng 3G cch bit rt ln so vi mng 2G. Do ngi ta mi xy dng mng 2G pht trin ln mng 2.5G nhm thc
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y cc nhu cu s dng tnh nng cao cp cho ngi tiu dng, vi gi thnh nng cp chp nhn c. S phn bit gia 2.5G v 2G cng nh 2.5G v 3G ch mang tnh cht tng i, khng c mt s nh ngha r rng no v mng 2.5G. Do c mt s mng nng cp t 2G ln 2.5G nhng c nhng c tnh ca mng 3G. Vi tc cao hn so vi mng 2G nn mng 2.5G c nhiu ng dng multimedia hn nh MMS, email, WAP (c th xem l bn rt gn ca WEB cho thit b di ng), data (nhc chung, hnh nh, games) Thng thng mt mng 2.5G pht trin t GSM th c th s dng mt trong cc k thut sau: high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD), General Packet RadioServices (GPRS), and Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE). y, ta ch gii thiu v s nng cp t 2G ln 2.5G trong mng GSM. Nhc im ln nht ca h thng GSM chnh l tc d liu. Ch t c 9.6kbps cho mi knh hay 14.4kbps. tng tc d liu th HSCSD thay v ch s dng mt khe thi gian cho 1 knh th n c th s dng nhiu khe thi gian hn cho 1 user. Do tc tng ln ln s khe thi gian tng ln. K thut HSCSD ny c u im l n gin, nn n c trin khai d dng, v cc in thoi ch cn nng cp phn mm l c th s dng c mng, v vy chi ph u t ban u thp. Tuy nhin nhc im ca n l vn s dng phng php chuyn mch knh (mi user c n nh mt knh v tuyn khi s dng) nn gi thnh s dng vn cn cao v lng ph ti nguyn. B li, HSCSD thch hp cho cc loi d liu thi gian thc vi tc nhanh hn so vi GSM. Vi nhng nhc im nn cc nh sn xut khng ci tin chun ny m s dng chun GPRS s dng phng php chuyn mch gi. Phng php chuyn mch gi s dng m sa li nn thch hp vi cc ng dng d liu. GPRS cng cho php ngi s dng s dng nhiu knh thi gian tng tc d liu. u im ca GPRS l s dng phng thc chuyn mch gi nn mi user khi no cn mi c cp mt hay mt s knh lm vic, nn cc knh c s dng mt cch hiu qu v c bit ngi s dng ch cn phi tr tin cho nhng g m h s dng. Cc thit b c khng tng thch vi mng GPRS cng th nng cp c phn mm s dng. Tuy nhin do phi u t thm cc thnh phn khc ca mng nn chi ph nng cp ln GPRS cng tng i cao hn so vi HSCSD nhng c th chp nhn c. Nhc im cui cng l phng thc chuyn mch gi v cc knh c dng chung nn n khng thch hp cho cc d liu thi gian thc v mi ln cn chuyn d liu l phi xin cp knh. S ci tin GSM cui cng l mng EDGE. Khc vi 2 k thut trn. EDGE s dng mt phng php iu ch mi l 8PSK cho tc d liu tng ln gp ba ln so vi GMSK (2 mc). Do mun nng cp ln h thng ny th ngi ta phi u t vi chi ph ln hn. Ngoi phi nng cp phn mm cho cc thit b, th nhiu phn cng cng c b sung thm nh cc b khuch i BTS, b iu ch 8PSK, thit b u cui phi tng thch. Cc knh user khi ang c s dng cho EDGE th khng c s dng cho thoi, nn dung lng thoi ca mng gim khi s ngi dng tng. Tuy s dng 8PSK nhng phng thc iu ch c GMSK vn c s dng cho cc knh thoi. u im ca EDGE na
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Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

l n s cng c hu hiu khi kt hp vi GPRS. Hin nay Vit Nam ang s dng GPRS kt hp vi EDGE cho mng 2.5G, thng phi gi l EGPRS. Cc mng 2G khc cng c th nng cp ln 2.5G vi nhng cch thc khc nhau m ta khng trnh by y.

5Th h th ba - Mng 3G
S pht trin nhanh chng ca mng 2G khin ngi ta a ra mt chun mi 3G vi cc ng dng cao cp hn nh multimedia tc cao, nhiu loi hnh thoi khc nhau. S khc bit c bn ca 3G so vi 2G l tc d liu, ngi ta gi mng 3G l mng bng thng rng (broad band) c th ng dng cc dch v a phng tin (multimedia). Tuy khng c nh ngha v tc ca 3G nhng hu ht cc chun 3G a ra u c tc chp nhn c t 144kbps 384kbps v c th t n 2Mbps v s dng phng php a truy nhp CDMA. Ty theo c s h tng hin c ngi ta a ra nhiu cch tin ln mng 3G nh hnh sau:

Hnh 1.1 Nng cp ln t mng 3G hin c

Qu tht mi cch nng cp ca mi mng u khc nhau nhng ta u thy rng, mng 3G cui cng u s dng k thut CDMA c th c kt hp vi TDM.

Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

6Tng kt
Mi th h di ng u c mt c im khc nhau. Cc th h sau vi nhng ci tin cho ta tc cao hn th trc vi tnh di ng cao hn. S ci tin v tc thay i b mt mng thng tin di ng mt cch mnh m, t ban u ch phc v cho cc dch v thoi thng thng, th ngy cc xut hin nhiu dch v a dng hn, t cc dch v tc thp n dch v tc cao hn nh a phng tin, ngoi ra cn c cc dch v thm vo. Vi s ci tin khng ngng nh vy, trong tng lai s xut hin thm nhng mng th h mi 4G, 5G vi tc c nhanh hn, kh nng linh ng cao hn. Ta c th tham kho thm hnh di c mt ci nhn tng qut hn v cc th h mng thng tin di ng Cellular.

Hnh 1.2 Cc th h mng thng tin di ng hin ti v tng lai

6.1 Mng thng tin di ng t ong GSM

7Kin trc mng GSM

Mobili

Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

Hnh 1.3 Kin trc mng GSM

Cc thnh phn ca mng bao gm: MS = ME + SIM. ME: Mobile Equipement. L thit b di ng c cung cp bi cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Thit b di ng c th l nhng chic in thoi thng thng hay cng c th l nhng chic my tnh xch tay.
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Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

SIM: Subscriber Indentify Module. tch bit gia nh sn xut thit b vin thng v nh cung cp dch v vin thng, mi thit b di ng c trang b mt SIM. SIM l c s qun l thu bao ca nh cung cp dch v. Gia SIM v ME thng khng c mi lin h no, nhng cng c i khi mt ME c tch hp sn lun c SIM MS (mobile station) l s kt hp gia ME v SIM to thnh mt thit b trong mng thng tin di ng. BTS: Base Tranceiver Station. Trm thu pht c bn. l trm lin lc vi MS. Mi BTS qun l cc ME mt vng ngi ta gi l cell. Mt BTS c th phc v nhiu MS. Tn hiu c truyn trc tip t MS v BTS l tn hiu s c iu ch, trong GSM l GMSK. BTS c nhim v gii iu ch lun s v ghp li gi v cho MSC. Trong mt mng GSM c rt nhiu BTS, s BTS cng nhiu th dung lng mng cng tng ng thi. BSC: Base Station Controller. Mt BSC iu khin nhiu BTS. BSC ngoi nhim v nhn cc lung d liu t BTS gi v cho MSC chuyn mch, n cn c nhim v iu khin hot ng ca BTS nh phn knh tn s, s dng nhy tn, MSC: L thit b duy nht chuyn mch trong mng GSM. Tt c cc cuc gi u phi i qua MSC. S lng MSC mt mng khng nhiu. C mng ch c 1 MSC l . MSC khng ch c ni vi cc MSC khc m n cn c ni vi cc tng i trong mng PSTN thc hin cuc gi vo mng ny. HLR: l thanh ghi thng tr. N lu li cc thng s ca thu bao trn mng nh ngy cung cp, s bo mt, qun l thu bao . VLR: l thanh ghi tm tr, n lu li cc thng s ca thu bao ng nhp vo mng v ang hot ng. Khi mt thu bao tt my hay ra khi vng ph sng thi thanh ghi ny cng xa b thu bao . N c tc dng nh v thu bao ang u trong mng thc hin thng bo cuc gi. EIR: Thanh ghi qun l thit b. Tt c cc thng s ca thit b truy nhp vo mng c bit l s IMEI s c lu y. AUC: Trung tm nhn thc. xc thc thu bao c phi l gi mo hay khng. N c thc hin bng nhng thut ton bo mt vi cc thng s trong SIM. IWF: Internetwork Function. Chuyn i thch ng vi cc mng khc. OMC: Trung tm qun l v bo dng.

8Hot ng
Trc tin, cc MS c nhim v m ha, iu ch lung tn hiu ca ngi s dng thnh dng s v truyn ti cc BTS, ng thi cng c nhim v ngc li l nhn cc lung tn hiu ca BTS, gii iu ch, gii m thnh tn hiu s giao tip vi ngi s dng (thoi & d liu). Giao din gia MS v BTS c gi l
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Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

giao din v tuyn, tn hiu truyn gia MS v BTS l tn hiu s c iu ch. Trong mt mng GSM c rt nhiu cc BTS, mi BTS phc v cc thu bao trong vng ph sng ca mnh c gi l cell. Thu bao c th di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc m vn gi vng lin lc nh vo c ch chuyn giao ca BTS. BTS nhn lung tn hiu t MS gii iu ch thnh lung s, sau ghp knh cc lung nhn c vi nhau truyn v MSC (khi chuyn mch) thng qua BSC. T BTS truyn ti BSC c th s dng si quang (khuyn ngh) hoc c th s dng vi ba s. Mng GSM nc ta hu ht u s dng viba s do lung truyn t BTS v MSC c tc khng cao lm l 2Mbps vi chi ph u t khng cao lm so vi cp quang. BSC l thnh phn iu khin BTS, mt BSC c th iu khin rt nhiu BTS. Nh trn bit, BTS ch c chc nng l iu ch, gii iu ch v hot ng rt th ng ph thuc vo s iu khin BSC. BSC c chc nng l chuyn lung d liu t MSC n BTS cn thit. N n nh, cp pht knh tn s cho mi hot ng ca BTS v MS. S d mng c thm thnh phn BSC l gim gi thnh ca BTS, ng thi BTS s mm do hn. Lc cc BTS s hot ng ng b hn trong vic cp pht knh tn s, trnh hin tng nhiu ng knh. Hn na, mi BTS ch cn hot ng tn s no th ta ch vic lp t thm module cho BTS (v mi BTS ch cn hot ng mt s knh tn s). Thnh phn cui cng ca mng l MSC. Nhim v ca khi ny l chuyn mch cc lung d liu ngi dng n ng ni ca n. MSC c th c ni n mng PSTN, cc MSC khc, Gateway,

9Cp pht knh theo nhu cu

Do mng v tuyn l mng s dng chung, trong khi ti nguyn v tuyn li hu hn. Do s dng cc ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu ngi ta s dng phng php cp pht knh theo nhu cu. Khi user mun s dng ti nguyn ca mng, n phi xin php mng c cp php knh v knh ny s c thu hi li sau khi user s dng xong. iu ny l rt quan trng trong mng v tuyn v tt c cc mng v tuyn u s dng phng php ny. Ngoi cp pht knh theo nhu cu cn c phng php cp pht knh ng. Phng php ny s dng khi hiu sut s dng ng truyn ca mi user khng ng u. V d nh mng GPRS s dng truyn d liu. Khi ti nguyn s c chia u cho cc user. Khi user ny khng s dng m user khc ang cn ti nguyn th ti nguyn s c chia s cho user kia s dng. Phng php cp pht knh ng tng hiu sut s dng knh nhng n khng ph hp trong mng thoi.

10Ti s dng tn s
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Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

Trong mng thng tin di ng t ong, mi BTS ph sng mt vng gi l mt cell. Mi cell ny c bn knh nht nh ty vo cng sut pht sng ca mi BTS. V vy bn knh hot ng ca cc cell ny c s chng ln ln nhau (xem hnh 1.4), tc l mt MS c th c phc v bi 1 lc 2 BTS. S chng ln ny gy ra mt hin tng l giao thoa tn hiu. Tc l mt knh c s dng bi BTS ny th BTS bn cnh khng c s dng knh na. M c th trong GSM l cc knh tn s, trong CDMA l cc chui tri ph. Trong khi cc knh ny li c s lng hu hn. Do phi c bin php ti s dng chng.

Hnh 1.4 S chng ln vng ph sng cc BST

C nhiu cch thc ti s dng. Ty vo loi knh s dng. S ti s dng ny phi bo m l 2 knh ging nhau 2 BTS th phi nh hng cho nhau t nht, trong iu kin cho php.. y, mi cell ca mng thng tin c v bng hnh lc gic (ging nh 1 t ong nn ngi ta cn gi y l mng thng tin di ng t ong). C 3 cch ti s dng ti nguyn thng dng. mi cch ngi ta chia thnh cc cluster, mi cluster gm nhiu cell s dng cc knh khc nhau (trong 1 cluster khng c 2 knh trng nhau).

Hnh 1.5 Cc cell trong mng 9

Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

Mi Cluster 7 cell c cho nh hnh bn di

Hnh 1.6 Ti s dng tn s 7 cell(tri) v cu trc 1 cluster (phi)

Mi Clusler 4 cell

Hnh 1.7 Cluster 4 cell

Mi Cluster 3 cell

Hnh 1.8 Cluster 3 cell

Nhn xt: Da vo 3 cch ti s dng trn th ta thy cch ti s dng kiu 1 Cluster cho nhiu thp nht do 2 knh s dng chung ti nguyn nm rt xa nhau.
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Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

Tuy nhin cch s dng ny lng ph nht v s ti nguyn phi chia lm 7 phn, nn dung lng trong cell thp. Trong khi kiu ti s dng 1 cluster 3 cell th hiu qu v nhiu thp nht, cc knh dng chung ti nguyn rt gn nhau, nhng b lai th cch ny cho dung lng mi cell cao nht bi v s ti nguyn trong mi cell ch b chia 3. Nh vy ty thuc vo iu kin thc t, cn dung dng hay cht lng m ta c cch ti s dng thch hp. Trn thc t c mt s bin php nhm nng cao cht lng v dung lng mt cell nh chia tch cell, trm lp, t n ten cc v tr thch hp.

11Chuyn giao
Khi mt MS di chuyn trong vng ph sng, n c th di chuyn sang vng ph sng ca BTS khc. Khi , MS phi c phc v bi BTS khc. Qu trnh chuyn i phc v BTS ca MS c gil chuyn giao. Chuyn giao cng c th do BTS ny y dung lng, n c th yu cu BTS khc phc v MS ca n nu c th BTS c th phc v thm nhng MS mi. thc hin chuyn giao, trong cc MS u c cc thit b cng sng. Trong mng GSM, MS s thng bo cng t nht 7 BTS gn nht m n nhn c v thng bo cho BTS n ang phc v (Thc cht l MSC, BTS ch l trung gian vn chuyn). Do MSC s bit nn BTS no phc v n v thng bo cho BTS chun b phc v. C 2 c ch chuyn giao: Chuyn giao cng: Xa knh c ri thit lp knh mi BTS khc. GSM dng k thut ny. D liu truyn i b ngt qung. Chuyn giao mm: Thit lp knh mi ri mi xa knh c. K thut ny cn gi l chuyn giao t t, s dng trong CDMA. K thut ny gip cho d liu c truyn ti lin tc khng b mt.

12Mng CDMA
Hu ht tt c cc mng i ng t ong u c cu trc gn nh ging nhau. Mng CDMA cng vy, c cng bao gm cc thnh phn v hot ng tng t mng GSM. Nhng im khc bit ca 2 bn l ch yu l do cng ngh truy nhp trn phn v tuyn. Mng CDMA cng c s dng cc k thut ti s dng ti nguyn, chuyn giao nhng cch thc khc.

12.1 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

13Gii thiu

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Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

Wi-Fi thc cht l mt ci tn thng mi, sau ngi ta mi t cho n ci tn Wireless Fidelity gii thch cho ci tn ca n. Wi-Fi hay mng 802.11 l h thng mng truy nhp khng dy s dng sng v tuyn. WiFi khng ch c dng kt ni Internet khng dy m cn dng kt ni hu ht cc thit b tin hc v vin thng quen thuc nh my tnh, my in, PDA, in thai di ng m khng cn dy cp ni, rt thun tin cho ngi s dng. Vit Nam, h thng ny hin ang c trin khai rt mnh m, c mt khp ni nh sn bay, qun caf, th vin hoc khch sn, thm ch trong cc trng i hc. H thng cho php truy cp Internet ti nhng khu vc c sng ca h thng ny, hon ton khng cn n cp ni cho cc thit b u cui. Ngoi cc im kt ni cng cng (hotspots), Wi-Fi cn c thit lp trong nh ring ngy cng nhiu. M hnh mng Wi-Fi c th hin trong hnh di y:

Hnh 1.9 S kt ni mng wifi

1.4.2 c im
Tn gi 802.11 bt ngun t vin IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Vin ny a ra nhiu chun cho nhiu giao thc k thut khc nhau, v n s dng mt h thng s nhm phn loi chng. 3 chun thng dng ca WiFi hin nay l 802.11a/b/g. Hin ti cn c chun n ang c nghing cu, nhng cng cha phi l chun cui cng v hin cng c rt nhiu thit b h tr chun n d cho chun n cha c cng b chnh thc. Cc chun 802.11.

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802.11 Tn s Tc Khong cch Variant 802.11a 5GHz 54Mbps 12m @54Mb/s 90m @6Mb/s

M t

Hnh thnh chun cho mng WLAN hot ng tn s 5GHz. Tc ln n 54MHz. Do tn s cao nn vng ph sng hp, nhng b li ph tn ny li t nhiu hn v c t thit b hot ng tn s ny. 802.11b 2.4GHz 11Mbps 30m Hnh thnh chun (gi l Wi-Fi) cho @11Mb/s mng WLAN hot ng tn s 90m @1Mb/s 2.4GHz, tc d liu ln n 11Mbps. c gii thiu 1999. Thit b chun 802.11b ny khng tng thch vi chun 802.11.a. Chun 802.11b ny c th c s dng trong cc thit b gia dng. 802.11g 2.4GHz 54Mbps 15m Pht trin lp vt l trong chun 802.11b @54Mb/s t c tc cao hn l 54Mbps. 45m iu c bit ca chun 802.11g ny l @11Mb/s c tnh tng thch ngc vi cc thit b chun 802.11b. N cng hot ng tn s 2.4Ghz. Chun ny c IEE cng b chnh thc vo 06/2003 v hin nay ang c s dng rng ri. 802.11x Cc chun khc ch c t cc giao thc MAC, PHY, tch hp QoS v tng cng tnh bo mt cho mng khng dy. Source: IEEE 802.11 c. Hot ng hnh di l mt v d trong phn chia tn s hot ng cho 1 mng wifi.

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Hnh 1.10 Mt v d trong phn chi bng tn mng WLAN s dng chun 802.11

Mng Wifi s dng phng php iu ch OFDM. D liu sao khi c tri ph s chia ra thnh nhiu lung tn hiu s c tc nh hn. Mi lung c iu ch bng mt tn s trong tp tn s trc giao. 802.11a 802.11a l mt phin bn tc cao ca WLAN 802.11. N hot ng tn s 5.7GHz v cho php truyn d liu vi tc 54Mbps. Mt h thng 802.11a cung cp 8 knh tn s b rng 25MHz trc giao vi nhau v c th c n 64 user cng truy cp vo AP cng mt thi im.

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Hnh 1.11 Phn chia bng tn trong 802.11a

802.11a chim 300MHz bng thng trong gii tn U-NII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure ). N bao gm 3 di tn 100MHz, di lower c tn s 5.15-5.25 vi cng sut pht ti l 50mW, di middle c tn s 5.25-5.35 c cng sut pht ti a l 200mW v di upper 5.725-5.825 c cng sut pht ln n 1W. Vi nng lng bc x ln di tn upper thng dng cho cc ng dng building building cn 2 di tn kia thng dng cho cc ng dng in-buiding. Tuy nhin nhng ni khc nhau th li s dng cc ph khc nhau trong di ph trn. M, ngi ta s dng c 3 bng tn trn trong khi chu u li s dng bng tn upper cn Nht Bn li ch s dng bng tn lower. Tuy nhin chun 802.11a ny li khng c ph bin bi s ra i ca 802.11g nn ngi ta cng t quan tm n n. 802.11a s dng phng php iu ch OFDM. Lung d liu c chia thnh cc lung tn hiu tc thp hn iu ch. 802.11a nh ngha 8 knh 25MHz khng chng ln (non-overlapping) trong 200MHz bng thng ca 2 di tn pha di. Mi knh 25Mhz (tht s ch s dng trong khong 20Mhz) li c chia lm 52 knh con (trc giao) c bng thng 300Mhz. Mi lung tn hiu tc thp kia s c iu ch trn 1 knh con ny, v cc lung c iu ch v truyn i song song vi nhau. t c nhng tc d liu khc nhau, 802.11a s dng cc m xon c tc khc nhau. 802.11a s dng phng php sa li FEC n gin. Phng ny khng c s dng trong 2 chun kia. 802.11b Khc vi 802.11a, 802.11b hot ng tn s 2.4 GHz, bng ISM (MHz industrial, scientific, and medical unlicensed frequency band) vi bng thng. Di

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tn ny c chia ra lm 3 di tn s khng chng ln. Trong mi di li c chia thnh nhiu knh c bng thng 25MHz trc giao vi nhau. Nh bng pha di. 802.11b s dng phng php truy nhp CCK-DSSS.

Bottom (GHz) Center (GHz) Top (GHz) 1 2.401 2.412 2.423 2 2.406 2.417 2.428 3 2.411 2.422 2.433 4 2.416 2.427 2.438 5 2.421 2.432 2.443 6 2.426 2.437 2.448 7 2.431 2.442 2.453 8 2.436 2.447 2.458 9 2.441 2.452 2.463 10 2.446 2.457 2.468 11 2.451 2.462 2.473 Source: Tim Pozar, Bay Area Wireless Users Group from FCC sources Bng phn chia tn s trc giao trong chun 802.11g

Hnh 1.12 S phn chia bng tn chun 802.11g

802.11g
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802.11g v c bn cng tng t nh 802.11b, nhng s dng phng php iu ch OFDM kt hp vi QPSK v QAM. 802.11g l s kt hp ca 802.11a v b vi nhng ci thin trong bo mt v c ch sa li. 802.11g t c tc 54Mbps di tn 2.4Ghz. y l di tn c bng thng hp (85MHz) v nhiu nhiu (l vi ba, sng v tuyn, ) nn y chnh l hn ch ca 802.11g nhng b li n c tm ph sng xa hn nhiu so vi chun a hot ng 5GHz. Ta c th tng hp u nhc im 3 cng ngh a/b/g trn trong bng sau 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g t nhiu do s dng di D can nhiu bi cc D can nhiu bi cc tn 5G. Tc cao. thit b dn dng nh thit b dn dng nh in thoi khng dy, l in thoi khng dy, l Tc cao vi ba,vv vi ba,vv Tc thp Ci thin tnh chng Vng ph sng rng nhiu ca chun b nn tc C ch sa li FEC n Vng ph sng rng cao gin C ch sa li cao hn, Vng ph sng rng 64user/AP (access point) m xon C ch sa li cao hn, t tin 32 user/AP m xon R tin 64 user/AP Trung bnh: tnh cnh tranh cao

13.1 WiMax (World Interoperability for Microwave Access)

14Gii thiu:
WiMax l mt cng ngh truy nhp khng dy bng thng rng mi, da trn chun IEEE 802.16 c tc truyn dn d liu ti 70Mbps vi phm vi hot ng 2-10km trong khu vc thnh th v 50km ti nhng vng ho lnh. Thc t, WiMax hot ng tng t Wifi nhng vi tc cao hn v khong cch ln hn rt nhiu vi mt s lng ln ngi s dng. Mt h thng WiMax gm hai

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Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

phn: Trm pht (Ging cc BTS trong mng thng tin di ng vi cng sut ln c th ph sng mt vng rng ln n 8000km2) v Trm thu (c th l cc anten nh nh cc card mng cm vo hoc c thit lp sn trn Mainboard bn trong my tnh) ng ch , cc trm pht c kt ni vi Internet thng qua cc ng truyn tc cao (thng chy bng si quang) hay c ni vi mt trm pht khc nh l mt trm trung chuyn bng ng truyn thng (Line of Sight), v chnh v vy WiMax c th ph sng n nhng vng rt xa. Bn cnh , WiMax cng hot ng mm do nh WiFi khi truy cp mng. Mi khi mt my tnh mun truy nhp mng n s t ng kt ni n trm anten WiMax gn nht.

Hnh 1.13 M hnh truyn thng ca WiMax

15c im
WiMax c tiu chun ho IEEE 802.16. H thng ny l h thng a truy cp khng dy s dng cng ngh OFDMA c cc c im sau: Khong cch gia trm thu v pht c th ti 50km. Tc truyn c th thay i, ti a 70Mbit/s. Hot ng trong c hai mi trng truyn dn: ng truyn tm nhn thng LOS (Line of Sight) v ng truyn che khut NLOS (Non line of sight).

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Di tn lm vic 2-11GHz v t 10-66GHz hin v ang c tiu chun ho. Trong WiMax hng truyn tin c chia thnh hai ng ln v xung. ng ln c tn s thp hn ng xung v u s dng cng ngh OFDM truyn. OFDM trong WiMax s dng tng cng 2048 sng mang, trong c 1536 sng mang dnh cho thng tin c chia thnh 32 knh con mi knh con tng ng vi 48 sng mang. WiMax s dng iu ch nhiu mc thch ng t BPSK, QPSK n 256-QAM kt hp cc phng php sa li d liu nh ngu nhin ho, vi m ho sa li Reed Solomon, m xon t l m t 1/2 n 7/8. rng bng tn ca WiMax t 5MHz n trn 20MHz c chia thnh nhiu bng con 1,75MHz. Mi bng con ny c chia nh hn na nh cng ngh OFDM, cho php nhiu thu bao c th truy cp ng thi mt hay nhiu knh mt cch linh hot m bo ti u hiu qu s dng bng tn. Cng ngh ny c gi l cng ngh a truy nhp OFDMA (OFDM access). Cho php s dng c hai cng ngh TDD (time division duplexing) v FDD (frequency division duplexing) cho vic phn chia truyn dn ca hng ln (uplink) v hng xung (downlink). V cu trc phn lp, h thng WiMax c phn chia thnh 4 lp : Lp con tip ng (Convergence) lm nhip v giao din gia lp a truy nhp v cc lp trn, lp a truy nhp (MAC layer), lp truyn dn (Transmission) v lp vt l (Physical). Cc lp ny tng ng vi hai lp di ca m hnh OSI v c tiu chun ho c th giao tip vi nhiu ng dng lp trn nh m t hnh di y.

Hnh 1.14 Phn lp trong mng WiMax

16Cng ngh truy nhp knh (OFDMA) cho mng WiMax

Hot ng truy nhp knh lp MAC ca WiMax hon ton khc so vi WiFi. WiMax h tr phng php truyn song cng FDD v TDD s dng k thut truy nhp TDMA/OFDMA. u im ca phng php ny l n cho php linh ng thay i rng bng tn ln hoc xung, dn n c th thay i tc pht (Upload) hoc thu (Download) d liu ch khng phi l c nh nh trong ASDL hay CDMA. Trong WiFi tt c cc trm truy nhp mt cch ngu nhin n im truy cp (Access point - AP), chnh v vy khong cch khc nhau t mi nt n AP s lm gim thng lng mng. Ngc li, lp MAC ca 802.16, lch trnh
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hot ng cho mi thu bao c nh trc, do vy cc trm ch c duy nht mt ln cnh tranh knh truyn dn l thi im gia nhp mng. Sau thi im ny, mi trm c trm pht gc gn cho mt khe thi gian. Khe thi gian c th m rng hay co hp li trong qu trnh truyn dn. u im ca vic t lch trnh l ch truyn dn vn hot ng n nh trong trng hp qu ti v s lng thu bao ng k vt qu cho php, v n cng c th tng c hiu qu s dng bng tn. Vic s dng thut ton lch trnh cn cho php trm pht gc iu khin cht lng dch v (Quality of Service -QoS) bng vic cn bng nhu cu truyn thng gia cc thu bao. lm c iu ny, h thng WiMax thc hin vic m ho v iu ch thch nghi (AMC-Adaptation Modulation and Coding) ti u ho bng thng tu thuc vo iu kin ca knh truyn. i vi knh truyn tt (c ngha l t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR cao) c th iu ch 64-QAM. Ni knh cht lng thp hn th gim dn mc iu ch xung n QPSK. Nh vy so vi WCDMA th OFDMA c rt nhiu u im Cng ngh OFDM WCDMA (MMSE) WCDMA (Rake) S lng thu bao trong mt trm ph sng 40 40 40 Thng lng trung bnh ca mng (Mbit/s) 4,45 3,83 3,03 Thng lng trung Tr truyn dn bnh ca mt thu trung bnh ca bao (kbit/s) mt gi (s) 1802 1170 490 2,33 3,56 8,54

Mc d vy, OFDM khng phi khng c nhc im, l n i hi kht khe v vn ng b v s sai lch v tn s, nh hng ca hiu ng Doppler khi di chuyn v lch pha s gy ra nhiu giao thoa tn s (Intercarrier interference - ICI) m kt qu l ph b s trc giao gia cc tn s sng mang v lm tng t s bt li (BER). Tuy nhin OFDM cng c th gim bt s phc tp ca vn ng b thng qua khong bo v (GI). S dng chui bo v (GI) cho php OFDM c th iu chnh tn s thch hp mc d vic thm GI cng ng ngha vi vic gim hiu qu s dng ph tn s. Ngoi ra OFDM chu nh hng ca nhiu xung, c ngha l mt xung tn hiu nhiu c th tc ng xu n mt chm tn hiu thay v mt s k t nh trong CDMA v iu ny lm tng t l li bit ca OFDM so vi CDMA.

17ng dng v trin vng pht trin ca WiMax

Ph sng trong phm vi rng, tc truyn tin ln, h tr ng thi nhiu thu bao v cung cp cc dnh v nh VoIP, Video m ngay c ADSL hin ti cng
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Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn

cha p ng c l nhng c tnh u vit c bn ca WiMax. Cc ng ADSL nhng khu vc m trc y ng dy cha ti c th nay c th truy cp c Internet. Cc cng ty vi nhiu chi nhnh trong thnh ph c th khng cn lp t mng LAN ca ring mnh l ch cn t mt trm pht BTS ph sng trong c khu vc hoc ng k thu bao hng thng ti cng ty cung cp dch v. truy cp ti mng, mi thu bao c cung cp mt m s ring v c hn ch bi quyn truy cp theo thng hay theo khi lng thng tin m bn nhn c t mng. Bn cnh , h thng WiMax s gip cho cc nh khai thc di ng khng cn phi ph thuc vo cc ng truyn phi i thu ca cc nh khai thc mng hu tuyn, cng l i th cnh tranh ca h. Hu ht hin nay ng truyn dn gia BSC v MSC hay gia cc MSC ch yu c thc hin bng cc ng truyn dn cp quang, hoc cc tuyn viba im-im. Phng php thay th ny c th gip cc nh khai thc dch v thng tin di ng tng dung lng trin khai cc dch v mi vi phm vi ph sng rng m khng lm nh hng n mng hin ti. Ngoi ra, WiMax vi kh nng ph sng rng, khp mi ng ngch thnh th cng nh nng thn, s l mt cng c h tr c lc trong cc lc lng cng an, lc lng cu ho hay cc t chc cu h khc c th duy tr thng tin lin lc trong nhiu iu thi tit, a hnh khc nhau. Hin ti c nhiu thnh ph trn th gii nh M, Nht, Trung Quc, Hn Quc v.v. c k hoch trin khai WiMax, v ngay c Microsoft cng quan tm v coi WiMax nh l mt tiu chun v s tch hp vo trong cc phn mm ca mnh vo mng. D on cc sn phm tch hp WiMax vi my tnh cng s c cho ra mt th trng vo cui nm 2005.

17.1 Tng kt
t c tnh di ng ca cc thit b u cui, th ch s dng c duy nht mt phng php l sng v tuyn. Tuy nhin hn ch ln nht ca sng v tuyn chnh l bng thng v nhiu. Mng thng tin di ng do c nhiu trm thu pht hot ng ng b vi nhau nn t c tnh di ng cao. Bng thng ca mng thp do vng ph sng mi trm ln nn nh hng ln ca nhiu. Mng c thit k ch yu l truyn thoi nn vn thi gian thc c quan tm hng u. Mng th h 3G vi tc cao hn cho php trin khai cc dch v phi thoi nh truy cp internet, TVmobile, Video on Demand VoD, Mng Wifi c ng dng trong mng cc b vi tc cao. Mng c tc d liu cao nh tng tn s s dng tc tng bng thng v s dng cc cng ngh truy nhp mi tin tin hn nh CDMA. Vng ph sng ca mng nh, tm 100m tr li nn tnh di ng khng ln. Cui cng l WiMax t c tc v tnh di ng cao nht nh s dng bng tn 16 n 55Ghz. Tuy nhin thc hin WiMax th cn rt nhiu thi gian
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na hon chnh n. Hin nay mt s h thng WiMax c trin khai trn thc t nhng ch mc th nghim. Mng c thit k truyn d liu tc cao v thi gian thc nn thoi cng c th truyn trn mng Voice over WiMax. Cc mng truy nhp v tuyn hin nay ngy cng c tc cao hn, linh hot hn vi cc ci tin khng ngng.

Ti liu tham kho: 1. GSM System Engineer Asha Mehrotra 2. Understanding Cellular Radio William Webb 3. Introduction To Mobile Telephone Systems: 1G, 2G, 2.5G, and 3G Wireless Technologies and Services - by Lawrence Harte and David Bowler 4. Introduction to 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN): Technology, Market, Operation, Profiles, & Services by Lawrence Harte 5. Wi-Fi Handbook: Building 802.11b Wireless Networks by Frank Ohrtman and Konrad Roeder 6. Bi bo WiMax - Cng ngh truy nhp mng khng dy bng rng ca ThS. Nguyn Quc Khng, TS. Nguyn Vn c, ThS. Nguyn Trung Kin, KS. Nguyn Thu H ng trn bo tp ch Bu chnh vin thng v cng ngh thng tin ngy 13/3/2006. 7. IEEE 802.16a-2003: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems

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