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KEY WORDS: Urea synthesis section, Process simulation, Reactor modeling, Heterogeneous
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[1] Isla, M. A. and Irazoqui, H. A., Simulation of an urea synthesis reactor. 1. Thermodynamic
framework, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, p. 2662 (1993).

[2] Dente, M., Pierucci, S., Sogaro, A., Carloni, G. and Rigolli, E., Simulation program for urea
plants, Comput. Chem. Engng., 21, p. 389 (1988).
[3] Irazoqui, H. A. and Isla, M. A., Simulation of an urea synthesis reactor. 2. Reactor model, Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res., 32, p. 2671 (1993).
[4] Dente, M., Rovaglio, M., Bozzano, G. and Sogaro, A., Gas-liquid reactor in the synthesis of
urea, Chem. Eng. Sci., 47, p. 2475 (1992).
[5] Satyro, M. A., Li Yau-Kun, Agarwal R. K. and Santollani, O. J., Modeling Urea Processes.

www.SID.ir

A New Thermodynamic Model and Software Integration Paradigm. From the Virtual Materials
Group. Presented at the Chemical Engineers Resource Page. www.virtualmaterials.com (2003).
[6] Claudel, B., Brousse, E. and Shehadeh, G., Novel Thermodynamics and Kinetics Investigation
of Ammonium Carbamate Decomposition Into Urea and Water, Thermochemica Acta, 102,
p. 357 (1986).
[7] Shen, R. C., Rate of Biuret Formation from Urea, Agri. and Food Chem., 7, p. 762 (1959).
[8] Janjic, D., Etude de Iequilibre de dissociation du carbamate dammonium a Iaide dun
appareil nouveau, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 47, p. 1879 (1964).
[9] Joncich, M. J., Solka, B. H. and Bower, J. E., The thermodynamic properties of ammonium
carbamate. An experiment in heterogeneous equilibrium, J. Chem. Edu., 44, p. 598 (1967).

[10] Egan, E. P., Potts, J. E. and Potts, G. D., Dissociation pressure of ammonium carbamate, Ind.
Eng. Chem., 38, p. 454 (1946).

[11] Smith, J. M. and Van Ness, H. C., Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics,

SI

3rd Ed., Mc Graw-Hill, (1985).

[12] Fogler, H. S., Elements of chemical reaction engineering, 3rd Ed., Englewood Clifts,

Ar

ch

ive

of

Prentice-Hall, (1986).

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