Trc khi i vo cu trc ca mch TTL c bn, xt mt s mch in cng c kh nng thc hin chc nng logic nh cc cng

logic trong vi mch TTL:

Mch hnh 1.46 hot ng nh mt cng AND. Tht vy, ch khi c hai u A v B u ni vi ngun, tc l mc cao, th c hai diode s ngt, do p u ra Y s phi mc cao. Ngc li, khi c bt c mt u vo no thp th s c diode dn, p trn diode cn 0,6 hay 0,7V do ng ra Y s mc thp. Tip theo l mt mch thc hin chc nng ca mt cng logic bng cch s dng trng thi ngt dn ca transistor (hnh 1.47). Hai ng vo l A v B, ng ra l Y. Phn cc t hai u A, B Q hot ng trng thi ngt v dn bo ho Cho A = 0, B = 0 Q ngt, Y = 1 A = 0, B = 1 Q dn bo ho, Y = 0 A = 1, B = 0 Q dn bo ho, Y = 0 A = 1, B = 1 Q dn bo ho, Y = 0 C th tm tt li hot ng ca mch qua bng di y

Nghim li thy mch thc hin chc nng nh mt cng logic NOR V c cu to ng vo l in tr, ng ra l transistor nn mch NOR trn c xp vo dng mch RTL Vi hnh trn, nu mch ch c mt ng vo A th khi ny s c cng NOT, cn khi thm mt tng transistor trc ng ra th s c cng OR By gi c cng logic loi DTL, ta thay hai R bng hai diode ng vo (hnh 1.48) Khi A thp, B thp hay c 2 thp th diode dn lm transistor ngt do ng ra Y cao. Khi A v B cao th c hai diode ngt => Q dn => y ra thp R rng y l 1 cng NAND dng DTL (diode u vo v transistor u ra) Cc mch RTL, DTL trn u c kh nng thc hin chc nng logic nhng ch c s dng dng n l khng c tch hp thnh IC chuyn dng bi v ngoi chc nng logic cn phi m bo ngi ta cn quan tm ti cc yu t khc nh : Tc chuyn mch (mch chuyn mch nhanh v hot ng c tn s cao khng). Tn hao nng lng khi mch hot ng (mch nng, tiu tn mt nng lng di dng nhit). Kh nng giao tip v thc ti, thc mch khc. Kh nng chng cc loi nhiu khng mong mun xm nhp vo mch, lm sai mc logic. Chnh v th mch TTL ra i, thay th cho cc mch loi RTL, DTL. Mch TTL ngoi transistor ng ra nh cc mch trc th n cn s dng c cc transistor u vo, thm mt s cch ni c bit khc, nh m bo c nhiu yu t ra. Hnh 1.49 l cu trc ca mt mch logic TTL c bn :

Mch ny hot ng nh mt cng NAND. Hai ng vo l A v B c t cc pht ca transistor Q1 (y l transistor c nhiu cc pht c cu trc mch tng ng nh hnh bn ) Hai diode mc ngc t 2 ng vo xung mass dng gii hn xung m ng vo, nu c, gip bo v cc mi ni BE ca Q1 Ng ra ca cng NAND c ly ra gia 2 transistor Q3 v Q4, sau diode D0 Q4 v D0 c thm vo hn dng cho Q3 khi n dn bo ho ng thi gim mt mt nng lng to ra trn R4 (trng hp khng c Q4,D0) khi Q3 dn. in p cp cho mch ny cng nh cc mch TTL khc thng lun chun l 5V Mch hot ng nh sau : Khi A thp, B thp hay c A v B thp Q1 dn in; phn cc mch p st trn Q1 nh sao cho Q2 khng dn; ko theo Q3 ngt. Nh vy nu c ti ngoi th dng s i qua Q4, D0 ra ti xung mass. Dng ny gi l dng ra mc cao k hiu l IOH Gi s ti l mt in tr 3k9 th dng l:

Khi c A v B u cao, nn khng th c dng ra A v B c, dng t ngun Vcc s qua R1, mi ni BC ca Q1 thc vo cc B lm Q2 dn bo ha.

Nu mc ti t ngun Vcc ti ng ra Y th dng s qua ti, qua Q3 lm n dn bo ho lun. Ng ra s mc thp v p ra chnh l p VCE ca Q3 khong 0,2 n 0,5V tu dng qua ti. Khi ny ta c dng ra mc thp k hiu l IOL. S d gi l dng ra v dng sinh ra khi cng logic mc thp (mc d dng ny l dng chy vo trong cng logic) V d nu ti l 470 ohm th dng IOL khi ny l:

Vy mch logic trn c chc nng hot ng nh 1 cng NAND 2 ng vo Nu h hai ng vo A v B th Q1 vn ngt, Q2 vn dn, ko theo Q3 dn khi c ti ngoi tc l ng ra Y vn cao, do ging nh trng hp ng A v B ni ln mc cao. Nu A v B ni chung vi nhau hay Q1 ch c 1 cc pht th mch NAND chuyn thnh mch NOT Vic sp xp th t Rc, Q4, D0, Q3 thnh hnh ct ging nh hnh ct chmtotem pole-hnh t vt ca ngi M da nn dng mch ny c gi l mch logic ng ra ct chm, cu trc ca cc loi cng logic khc nh and, or, exor cng ging nh vy. Tuy vy ta cng s gp cc mch logic c ng ra kiu khc nh mch ng ra cc thu h, ng ra ba trng thi. Nhng mch ny ta s tm hiu phn sau. Ring i vi mch loi ny, khi ng ra chuyn tip trng thi t thp ln cao c th xy ra trng hp c Q3 v Q4 cng dn (Q3 cha kp tt). iu ny lm cho dng b ht t ngun ln hn hn v c th lm st p ngun trong vi ns. Vn ny ta cng s ni k hn bi s dng cng logic. Mch ng ra ct chm thuc loi mch ra ko ln tch cc (active pull up) tc l ng ra c cp ngun thng qua Q4 (linh kin in t tch cc). Cn cc mch khc nh RTL, DTL ng ra c cp in thng qua R (linh kin in t th ng) tng tc chuyn mch cao hn hn loi trn, mt s ci tin mi v cng ngh mi c thm vo Diode thng c c thay th bi diode schottky. Cu trc lp tip xc loi ny l Si_Al (cht bn dn loi p). p ngng ch cn 0,35V. K hiu ca diode nh

Tip n, transistor c mc thm diode schottky gia cc nn v cc thu nh hnh. k hiu ca transistor s nh hnh trn. Khi ny thay v dn bo ho, transistor s ch dn gn bo ho do diode dn khong 0,3V ri. iu ny c ngha l transistor s chuyn mch nhanh hn. QUY M TCH HP Cc mch cng logic nh trn c tch hp li thnh mt mch t hp bn dn rt rt nh v c t vo gia mt v bc, c dy kim loi ni ra ngoi cc chn. Thng th vi mch cng nand nh trn s c bn mch nh th c tch hp trong mt v bc, chng thuc loi tch hp c nh: small scale integration (SSI), mt s IC c bit c s cng ln hn mt cht hay quy m phc tp hn nn thuc loi tch hp c va: medium scale integration (MSI). Khi nm trong IC tch hp, s sp xp mch v cc chn ra vo cho loi cng chun ny (v d vi loi cng nand) s l:

C nhiu mch khc s tch hp nhiu cng hn v tt nhin thnh phn chnh ca nhng mch ny s l cc transistor v quy m tch hp c th t hng trm n hng trm triu transistor trn mt phin bn dn, ch c t trong mt v bc khng ln qu vi xen ti mt vung. Chng hn Cc mch chuyn i m, dn tch knh, mch logic v s hc m chng ta s tm hiu phn sau thuc loi tch hp c va, mt s l loi tch hp c ln : large scale integration (LSI) v cu trc mch gm khong t 12 n 100 cng c bn (MSI) hay 100 n 1000 cng c bn (LSI) Cc mch nh, vi iu khin, vi x l, lp trnh c th tch hp t hng ngn n hng triu cng logic trong n v c xp vo loi tch hp c rt ln (VLSI) siu ln (ULSI).