2.

1 Giao tip gia cc cng logic vi nhau

2.1.1 Gia TTL vi TTL Do cng loi nn chng ng nhin c th mc ni trc tip vi nhau. Dng trung bnh m bo mc in p vo, ra mc cao hay thp cho php th: IOH = 400uA cn IIH = 40uA khi ra mc cao IOL = 16mA cn IIL = 16mA khi ra mc thp Nh vy 1 cng TTL c th thc c khong di 10 cng logic cng loi. y ch xt tnh tng i do TTL c nhiu loi nn kh nng thc ti (tnh s to ra) cng khc nhau nh loi ALS c th thc c ti 20 cng 74ALS khc. bit chnh xc hn c th da vo thng s ca dng vo v ra ca IC trong s tay tra cu IC tnh ton 2.1.2 Gia TTL vi CMOS h 74HC, 74HCT mc thp TTL c th thc c CMOS do VOLmax(TTL)< VILmax(CMOS) v IOLmax(TTL) > IILmax(CMOS) mc cao TTL khng th thc c CMOS do p mc cao ca TTL c khi ch cn 2,5 V trong khi CMOS ch chp nhn p mc cao khng di 3,5V. nu ni mch th hot ng c th sai logic. C 1 cch khc phc l dng in tr ko ln ng ra ca cng TTL. Khi , qua in tr R ny, dng t ngun s nng dng vo CMOS nh p ra mc cao TTL s khng qu thp, CMOS s hiu c. Chng hn mt cng 74LS01 c IOLmax = 8mA, VOLmax = 0,3V thc mt cng 74HC00 c VIHmin = 3,5V, IIHmin = 1uA. Khi 74LS01 mc thp 0,3V th n s nhn dng ht mc l 8mA c cp thng qua in tr ko ln (trong khi dng IIHmin ch c di 1uA rt nh), th th s phi cn in tr ko ln c gi tr nh nht Rmin.

Cn khi mc cao 3,5V 74LS01 nhn dng 100uA v 74HC00 nhn dng 1uA. Vy khi ny in tr ko ln s phi c gi tr max hn li dng cho 2 cng

Khi Rmax th cng sut tiu tn max s nh nht T C = 15pF c thm vo khi ang mc thp 0,3V m chuyn ln mc cao th t s np cho p ln 3,5V CMOS hiu

Hnh 1.77 Giao tip gia TTL vi CMOS 2.1.3 TTL thc CMOS c p ngun cao hn 5V Cng ging nh trng hp trn, nu ra mc thp th TTL c th thc trc tip CMOS nhng nu ra mc cao VOH(TTL) ch c 2,7V n 5V th chc chn khng th thc c CMOS v khong p ny ri vo vng bt nh ca ng vo CMOS. Ta cng phi dng in tr ko ln, c th dng TTL ng ra cc thu h cho trng hp ny. 2.1.4 Giao tip CMOS-CMOS Vi cng in th cp, mt cng CMOS c th thc cho rt nhiu cng cng loi CMOS v dng cp khong 0,5 n 5mA trong khi dng nhn rt nh (di 1uA) Tuy nhin nu tn s hot ng cng cao th kh nng thc ti s cng gim i (c khi ch cn di 10 cng). L do l tn s cao, cc in dung ng vo ca cc cng ti s lm tng cng sut tiu tn v tr hon truyn ca mch. 2.1.5 CMOS thc TTL Khi thc ti mc cao thng VOH(CMOS) > VIH(TTL) cn dng nhn IIH(TTL) ch vi chc uA nn CMOS c th thc nhiu ti TTL. Khi thc TTL mc thp th rt phc tp tu loi. CMOS c (4000) khng thc c TTL. CMOS mi (74HC) th c th, s cng thc c tu thuc VOL(CMOS) > VIL(TTL) v dng tng ng ra (CMOS) phi ln hn tng cc dng ng vo IIL ca cc ti TTL. Nh vy, vic giao tip cc cng vi nhau cng rt a dng tu thuc yu cu ngi s dng. Mt vn khc cng cn phi quan tm l cc IC giao tip nhau chung ngun cp hay giao tip cng khong mc p s m bo hot ng hn. V vy c mt s IC c sn xut phc v cho vic chuyn mc in p giao tip gia CMOS vi TTL hay CMOS 4000 vi CMOS 74HC.

2.2 Giao tip gia cng logic vi cc thit b in 2.2.1 Giao tip vi cng tc c kh

Cc cng tc thng s dng ng m ngun cp to trng thi logic cho cng nhng do lm dng tip xc c kh nn khi ng m s sinh ra hin tng di.

Hnh 1.78 Giao tip vi cng tc c kh Vi in gia dng nh n qut th hin tng di ny khng nh hng g c v di xy ra rt ngn ch khong vi ms, n qut khng kp sng tt hay quay dng hoc nu c i th mt cng khng th thy c. Nhng vi cc vi mch in t, rt nhy vi nhng thay i rt nh v rt nhanh nh vy. Hin tng di ny sinh l do khi ta ng cng tc th tht ra l ng m nhiu ln ri mi ng hn hay khi m cng tc th thc ra cng l cng tc cng b h v ng nhiu ln trc khi h hn. Bn c th kim tra hin tng di ny ca cng tc vi mch m b tr nh hnh 1.78. y dng cng schmitt trigger CMOS chuyn mch tn hiu to bi cng tc. Do khi nhn cng tc, gy ra di, cng tc chuyn qua li gia mass v Vcc a vo cng logic, Schmitt trigger rt nhy khi p vo ln hn hay nh hn p ngng ca n th lp tc p ra s l mc cao hay mc thp, mc ny cung cp cho mch m v mch hin th nu c ni t mch m s cho s m l s ln di cng tc. Hin tng ny ch xy ra vi chc ms nhng vi mch logic i khi cng l nguy him ri. chng di ta c th s dng phn cng hay phn mm. Chng hn bn phm my tnh u l cc cng tc c kh, 1 phn mm trong my s d c cng tc chuyn tip trong mt khong thi gian ngn khong 20ms, nu thc s cng tc c nhn th mc logic mi n n nh sau khong thi gian di y v phn mm mi chp nhn c trng thi ca cng tc. Cn y trnh by cch chng di bng t v mch cht. Chng di dng t lc u vo T C gi tr khong 0,01us c ni ng vo ca cng logic nh hnh v. Khi nhn cng tc, t C np qua cng tc vo t. Ti khi cng tc nh ra, c hin tng di t s x qua R xung mass. Thi hng x l 100k x 0,01uF = 1ms ln hn chu k di ti a ca cng tc ch vi trm ns. Do khi ny cng logic cha chuyn mch, ti khi p x trn t gim xung ti di mc ngng ca cng logic th trng thi logic ng ra mi lt li (hnh 1.79).

Hnh 1.79 Cch chng di dng t lc Cng logic NOT c dng c th l loi TTL thng hay Schitt trigger Chng di dng mch cht Mch cht c bn dng 2 cng nand mi cng 2 ng vo c hi tip cho c kt hp vi 2 in tr ko ln mc ng vo to thnh mch chng di t cng tc Khi cng tc bt ln v tr 1 (nh hnh 1.80) ng vo NAND1 mc 0 do ng ra Q' = 1

Hnh 1.81 Cch chng di dng mch cht Q' = 1 a v ng vo NAND2, ng thi ng vo cn li mc 1 ni qua R2 ln Vcc nn ra Q= 0, Q= 0 a v ng vo nand1 khi ny nu di c xy ra i chng na lm cho ng vo t cng tc t 1 xung 0 th do = 0 nn ng ra nand1 lun l 1. Nh vy chng t rng Q v khng h b nh hng bi cng tc b di. Trng thi ca n ch chuyn mch dt khot mt ln khi cng tc c nhn qua a v ch lt li trng thi khi cng tc c nhn qua 2. mt dng khc cng c th chng di c th hin nh hnh 1.82:

Hnh 1.82 Chng di dng cng NOT Bt cng tc sang mass, ng ra I2 mc 0 a v qua R ng vo I1 nn vn lm I2 ra 0 cho d cng tc c b di ln xung nhiu ln. Do ng ra I3 lun mc 1 Ngc li nhn cng tc qua Vcc, ng ra I2 mc 1 a v ng vo I1 mc 1 li vn lm I2 ra mc 1 bt chp cng tc b di, kt qu ra I3 lun mc 0 Cng logic c s dng trong mch cht trn c th l loi TTL hay CMOS thng hay schmitt trigger u c c nh cng NOT 4069, 4040; cng NAND 7400, 4011, 74132, 2.2.2 Giao tip vi ti nh

Ti hin nay c s dng rt phong ph, n c th l R hay c tnh cm khng, ti tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn, ti p thp, dng thp hay l cao, xoay chiu hay mt chiu. Cc cng logic c ch to ra c th giao tip vi hu ht cc loi ti nhng cc cng u c dng thp, p thp th chng thc ti nh th no? Ti c nh hng g tr li cng logic khng? Phn ny s trnh by mt s kh nng ca cng logic khi giao tip vi cc loi ti khc nhau : Led n rt hay c s dng hin th cc vi mch in t, p ri trn n di 2V, dng qua khong vi mA do nhiu cng logic loi TTL v CMOS 74HC/HCT c th thc trc tip led n Tuy nhin loi CMOS 4000, 14000 th khng th do dng vo ra mc cao v thp u rt nh (di 1uA, v di 0,5mA) mc d chng c th hot ng v cho p ln hn loi 2 loi kia Mch giao tip vi led nh hnh 1.83 :

Hnh 1.83 Giao tip vi LED R l in tr gii hn dng cho led, cng tu loi cng logic c s dng m R cng khc nhau thng chn di 330 ohm (in p Vcc =5VDC) tu theo vic la chn sng ca led. Ngoi led ra cc cng logic cng c th thc trc tip cc loi ti nh khc nh loa gm p in (loa thch anh) c dng v p hot ng u nh, y l loi loa c kh nng pht ra tn s cao. Mch thc cho loa gm nh hnh 1.84 di y

Hnh 1.84 Cng logic thc loa Lu l loa gm l ti c tnh cm khng, khi cng chuyn mch c th sinh dng cm ng in th cao gy nguy him cho transistor bn trong cng v vy cn 1 diode mc ngc vi loa gm bo v cng.

2.2.3 Giao tip vi ti ln Do khng dng p cng logic thc cho ti, mt khc nhng thay i ti nh khi ngt dn ngt, khi khi ng u c th gy ra p ln, dng ln v vt qu sc chu ng ca ti nn cn c cc phn trung gian giao tip, n c th l transistor, thyristor, triac hay opto coupler tuy theo mch. Hy xt mt s trng hp c th : a. Ti cn dng ln: Do dng ln vt qu kh nng ca cng nn c th dng thm transistor khuch i ln, khi tc ng mc thp dng transistor pnp cn khi tc ng mc cao nn dng transistor loi npn

Hnh 1.85 Giao tip vi ti cn dng ln Khi ny cn tnh ton cc in tr phn cc cho mch Gi s ti cn dng 100mA. Khi transistor dn bo ho s= 25 Vy tnh dng IB = IC/25 = 4mA R1 = (Vcc - VBE - VCE)/IB 1K R2 c thm vo gim dng r khi transistor ngng dn, R2 khong 10K Trng hp ti cn dng ln hn na ta c th dng transistor ghp Darlington tng dng ra

b. Ti cn p ln Khc vi trng hp ti cn dng ln, khng th dng transistor lm tng m v ct cng logic cu to bi cc transistor bn trong rt nhy, p ngc chu ng ca chng khng ln lm nn vi p ti ln c th lm cht chng thm ch lm cht lun c transistor m bn ngoi. Gii php trong trng hp ny l phi dng thm 1 transistor khc lm nhim v cch li p cao t ti vi cng logic, cng c th dng cng m thc chu p cao nh 7407

Hnh 1.86 Giao tip vi ti cn p ln hnh trn transistor cch li in th Q1 hot ng cng in th nh mch TTL cn transistor thc Q2 hot ng in p theo yu cu ca ti. mc thp Q1 dn dng vo Q2 lm n dn v ng c s chy. Trong mch R1, R3 phn cc cho Q1, Q3 v quyt nh dng ra ti, cn R2, R4 dng gim dng r, diode D bo v transistor Q2 khng b qu dV/dt... Cn vi cng CMOS tc ng mc thp v c mc cao khi thc ti th cng tng t. Transistor darlington c thay th (nh hnh 1.86) nu thy cn phi dng ln cho ti. Ring vi cng TTL tc ng mc cao th c th khng cn transistor cch li cng c nu dng cho ti (do phn cc nghch tip gip BC). Tuy nhin phi lu rng in p phn cc nghch khng c vt qu gii hn in p chu ng ca mi ni BE (thng thng khong 60VDC). c. Ti hot ng p xoay chiu p xoay chiu y l p li 220V/50Hz hay dng, vi gi tr ln nh vy nn cn cch li cng logic vi ti, mt s linh kin hay dng cch li l thyristor, triac, r le, ghp ni quang (opto coupler). y trnh by cch dng thyristor v opto coupler. Cch dng r le cng ging nh phn trc, vi hai u cun dy r le bn transistor thc cn chuyn mch nm bn ti. Dng triac: Transistor dng m dng cho triac, cc in tr phn cc v mc thm gim dng r tnh ton ging nh trc. Triac c dng cn quan tm n dng thun ti a v in p nghch nh lun nm di gi tr nh mc

Hnh 1.87 Giao tip vi ti hot ng in p xoay chiu Dng kt ni quang: Cch ny cch li hon ton gia mch p thp v p cao nh 1 opto couple nh hnh v. Cng logic tc ng mc thp lm opto dn ko theo SCR c kch m ti. p 20VDC nui opto c chnh lu t ngun xoay chiu, v n p bi diode zener. Mch tc ng mc cao cng tng t.

Hnh 1.88 Giao tip dng kt ni quang