SDH Transport Systems: SDH Frame and Multiplex Structure

SDH Transport Systems Overview
SDH Frame and Multiplex Structure

STM-1 Frame (Section Overhead, Pointers, Virtual Containers) SDH Multiplex Hierarchy (STM-N, AU-3/4, VC-3/4, VC-1/2)
Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur
SDH Network Elements and Topologies

Terminal & Add/Drop Multiplexers, Digital Cross-Connects Hub / Mesh / Ring Architectures
SDH Overhead Information

Multiplex / Regenerator Section Overhead (MSOH / RSOH) Higher / Lower Order Path Overhead (VC-4/VC-3/VC-2/VC-1 POH)
SDH Management Functions

Anomalies, Defects, Failures and Alarms Fault / Performance and Configuration Management
SDH Automatic Protection Switching (APS)

1+1, 1:1 and 1:N Protection Multiplex Section Protection, K1/K2 Bytes, Path Protection
SDH Timing and Synchronisation

A. Steffen, 20.05.2002, KSy_SDH.ppt 3
SDH Transport Systems
Frame and Multiplex Structure Frame and Multiplex Structure
SDH Frame Structure Synchronous Transmission Module STM-1

1 1 9 10 270 Administrative Unit AU-4 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 1 STM-1 frame = 2430 octets in 125 s N1 Container C-4 260 columns Virtual Container VC-4 with Path Overhead POH 261 columns
RSOH
2 Regenerator Section 3 Overhead 4 H1 H2 H3 5 6 7 8 9 Pointer
MSOH
Multiplex Section Overhead
SDH Frame Structure A single SDH frame is called a Synchronous Transmission Module (STM-1). Transmitted over a duration of 125 s, the frame consists of 2430 octets organized as 9 rows of 270 octets each. A single octet in an SDH frame represents a 64 kbps channel (8 bits every 125 s), several octets can be aggregated to form containers for larger data rates. SDH Section Overhead (SOH) A relatively large number of 72 octets in an STM-1 frame have been reserved for various management and monitoring purposes. This so-called section overhead (SOH) is further divided into a regenerator section overhead (RSOH) and multiplex section overhead (MSOH). Administrative Unit (AU-4) and Virtual Container (VC-4) The actual payload carried in an STM-1 frame is encapsulated in an administrative unit (AU-4). The AU-4 consists of a VC-4 virtual container comprising 261 columns plus a 9 octet wide AU-4 pointer that points to the first octet of the VC-4 payload container. AU-4 Pointer The SDH pointer mechanism is a very elegant way of multiplexing multiple data containers without the need to align the containers to a common frame start. Thus the frame buffers in SDH multiplexing equipment can be kept small and the transmission delay due to buffering is minimized. The VC-4 container is allowed to float freely within the AU-4. The H1 and H2 pointer bytes form a word with a range of 0 to 782 which indicates the offset, in three byte increments, between the pointer and the first byte of the VC-4. If the offset has the value 0 then the J1 byte of the VC-4 follows immediately after the H3 bytes of the AU-4 pointer
SDH Multiplexing Hierarchy - ETSI Branch
STM-N xN
AUG
AU-4
VC-4 x3
C-4 140 Mbit/s
STM-1 : 155 Mbit/s STM-4 : 622 Mbit/s STM-16 : 2.5 Gbit/s STM-64 : 10 Gbit/s STM-256 : 40 Gbit/s
TUG-3 x7
TU-3
VC-3
C-3 45 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
Basic Operations Mapping Stuffing Aligning Multiplexing
TUG-2 x3
TU-12
VC-12
C-12 2 Mbit/s
VC-11
C-11 1.5 Mbit/s
Network Elements and Topologies Network Elements and Topologies
SDH Network Elements

Digital Cross-Connect (DCS / DXC)
used in meshed networks mainly STM-N interfaces large switching matrix (1024 STM-1) Wideband DCS: VC-12 granularity Broadband DCS: AU-4 granularity
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

used in rings two STM-N line interfaces (East/West) large number of tributary interfaces STM-1, 140 / 34 / 2 Mbit/s (equipped up to full ring capacity)
Terminal Multiplexer (TMX / PTE)

used as concentrator (hub) STM-1/4 (redundant) line interface mainly 2 Mbit/s tributary interfaces
STM-4 Add/Drop Multiplexer Block Diagram
STM-4 Line West
VC-12 Switching matrix
STM-4 Line East
140 Mbit
34 Mbit
STM-1
2 Mbit
Tributaries
SDH Network Configurations Mesh / Ring / Hub Architectures
Overhead Information Overhead Information
SDH Overhead Hierarchical Layers

Path Multiplex Section Regenerator Section Multiplex Section Regenerator Section
PTE PTE
Path Termination
REG REG
RS Termination
ADM ADM
MS Termination
REG REG
RS Termination
PTE PTE
Path Termination
PTE REG ADM RS MS
Path Terminating Element (Terminal Multiplexer) Regenerator Add/Drop Multiplexer Regenerator Section Multiplex Section
STM-1 Section Overhead (SOH)
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A1 B1 D1
A1
A1
A2 E1 D2
A2
A2
J0 F1 D3
RSOH
AU-4 Pointer B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 M1 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2

MSOH
RSOH - Regenerator Section Overhead
A1..A2 B1 J0 E1 F1 D1..D3
Framing bytes - designate start of STM-1 frame RS bit interleaved parity (BIP-8) - parity computed over previous frame RS trace - connection verification (E.164 number) RS orderwire 64 kbit/s voice connection for operators RS user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators RS data communications channel (DCC) 192 kbit/s OAM channel (Operations, Administration and Maintenance)
MSOH - Multiplex Section Overhead

MS bit interleaved parity (BIP-24) - parity computed over previous frame MS orderwire 64 kbit/s voice connection for operators MS data communications channel (DCC) 576 kbit/s OAM channel (Operations, Administration and Maintenance) MS remote error indication (REI) number of errored BIP-24 blocks received at the remote end
B2..B2 E2 D4..D12 M1 K1/K2 S1
Automatic protection switching (APS) MS protection / alarm indication signal (AIS) / remode defect indication (RDI) Synchronisation status Quality of STM-1 signal when used as synchronisation and timing source
POH - Higher Order Path Overhead (VC-4/3)

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 Path trace - connection verification (E.164 number) Path bit interleaved parity (BIP-8) - parity computed over previous container Path signal label mapping type in VC-n Path status monitoring of bidirectional path status Path user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators Tributary unit multiframe indicator - start of multiframe Path user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators Automatic Protection Switching (APS) path protection Network operator byte higher order tandem connection overhead (TCOH)
POH - Lower Order Path Overhead (VC-2/1)
V5
BIP-2 / Remote error indication (REI) / Remote failure indication (RFI) / signal label / remote defect indication (RDI) Path trace connection verification (E.164 number)
J3
N2
Network operator byte lower order tandem connection overhead (TCOH)
K4
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) path protection
The lower order POH is a single overhead octet per VC-2/1 organized as a multiframe of 4 frames.
Management Functions Management Functions
SDH Anomalies, Defects, Failures and Alarms

Anomalies
B1 / B2 / B3 bit interleaved parity (BIP) errors Remote Error Indication (REI)
Defects
Persistent anomalies beyond a maximum time limit Loss of Signal (LOS) Loss of Frame Alignment (LOF) Loss of Pointer (LOP) Alarm Indication Signal (AIS), Remote Defect Indication (RDI)
Failures
Persistent defects beyond a maximum time limit
Alarms
Maintenance signals to alert downstream equipment that a defect or equipment failure has been detected
Fault and Performance Monitoring

Anomalies, defects and failures are reported to OAM function
SDH Defects Signalling in forward and backward directions

Lower Order Path (POH) Higher Order Path (POH) Multiplex Section (MSOH) Regenerator Section (RSOH)
LOS LOF LOS LOF MS AIS RDI (K2) RDI (G1) RDI (V5) LOS LOF MS AIS LOP AU AIS LOP TU AIS
RDI (K2) RDI (G1) RDI (V5)
LO PTE HO PTE MS TE Alarm Detection
RS TE RS TE RS TE Alarm Transmission
MS TE HO PTE LO PTE
Automatic Protection Switching Automatic Protection Switching
Protection Schemes
1+1 Protection
working channel priority traffic protection channel
1:1 Protection (general case 1:N protection)

working channel priority traffic protection channel extra traffic
Bidirectional MS Shared Protection Ring Normal State

Node A Fiber 1 Node B Node C
Fiber 2 working protection
Node F
Node E
Node D
Bidirectional MS Shared Protection Ring Failed State

Fiber 2 MS Protection Switching within 50 ms
Node F
Node E
Node D
Special Case: Transoceanic Links Normal State

New York London Paris
Atlantic Ocean Channel
Boston
Amsterdam
Zurich
Special Case: Transoceanic Links Failed State

New York London Paris
Short cuts
Atlantic Ocean Channel three ocean crossings single crossing
Boston
Amsterdam
Zurich
Unidirectional MS Dedicated Protection Ring Normal State

Fiber 2 working protection
Node F
Node E
Node D
Unidirectional MS Dedicated Protection Ring Failed State

Fiber 2 MS Protection Switching within 50 ms
Node F
Node E
Node D
Path Protection
working path
B
VC-n multicast
C
path protection switching within 30 ms VC-n
protection path
Timing and Synchronisation Timing and Synchronisation
Hierarchical Timing Distribution

ITU-T G.811 PRC Primary Reference Clock Accuracy: 10-11 300 s/year S1 Byte 0000 Quality unknown 0010 G.811 PRC 0100 G.812 transit 1000 G.812 local 1011 G.813 SETS 1111 Do not use 2 Mbit/s STM-4 Ring Any STM-N or 2.048 Mbit/s signal can be used as a timing source for SDH equipment STM-1 Ring
STM-16 Ring

SDH Transport Systems: SDH Frame and Multiplex Structure

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SDH Transport Systems: SDH Frame and Multiplex Structure

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SDH Transport Systems Overview

SDH Frame and Multiplex Structure

Zrcher Hochschule Winterthur

SDH Network Elements and Topologies

SDH Overhead Information

SDH Management Functions

SDH Automatic Protection Switching (APS)

SDH Timing and Synchronisation