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TS. NGUYN NH HIN & TS. LI KHC LI

H M & NRON
TRONG K THUT IU KHIN
Sch Chuyn kho dng cho o to Sau i hc ngnh iu khin & T ng ho

NH XUT BN KHOA HC T NHIN V CNG NGH

H NI 2007

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LI NI U.................................................................................................. 6
Chng 1: LGIC M..................................................................................... 1
1.1. TNG QUAN V LGIC M............................................................. 1
1.1.1. Qu trnh pht trin ca 1gic m .................................................. 1
1.1.2. C s ton hc ca 1gic m.......................................................... 1
1.1.3. Lgic m l 1gic ca con ngi ................................................... 2
1.2. KHI NIM V TP M.................................................................... 3
1.2.1. Tp kinh in .................................................................................. 3
1.2.3. Cc thng s c trng cho tp m ................................................ 4
1.2.4. Cc dng hm lin thuc ca tp m .............................................. 5
1.3. CC PHP TON TRN TP M..................................................... 5
1.3.1. Php hp hai tp m ....................................................................... 5
1.3.2. Php giao ca hai tp m ................................................................ 6
1.3.3. Php b ca mt tp m ................................................................. 8
1.4. BIN NGN NG V GI TR CA BIN NGN NG ............... 8
1.5. LUT HP THNH M ..................................................................... 9
1.5.1. Mnh hp thnh ......................................................................... 9
1.5.2. M t mnh hp thnh ............................................................... 9
1.5.3. Lut hp thnh m........................................................................ 10
1.5.4. Cc cu trc c bn ca lut hp thnh ........................................ 11
1.5.5. Lut hp thnh n c cu trc SISO........................................... 12
1.5.7. Lut ca nhiu mnh hp thnh............................................... 19
1.5.7. Lut hp thnh SUM-MIN v SUM-PROD................................. 22
1.6. GII M ............................................................................................. 23
2.6.1. Phng php cc i .................................................................... 24
Chng 2: IU KHIN M........................................................................ 29
2.1. CU TRC CA B IU KHIN M.......................................... 29
2.1.1. S khi b iu khin m........................................................ 29
2.1.2. Phn loi b iu khin m .......................................................... 30
2.1.3. Cc bc tng hp b iu khin m........................................... 31
2.2. B IU KHIN M TNH.............................................................. 32

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2.2.1.
KhiMerge
nim......................................................................................
32
2.2.2. Thut ton tng hp mt b iu khin m tnh .......................... 32
2.2.3. Tng hp b iu khin m tuyn tnh tng on........................ 33
2.3. B IU KHIN M NG............................................................ 35
2.4. THIT K H IU KHIN M BNG PIIN MM MATLAB . 37
2.4.1. Gii thiu hp cng c lgic m .................................................. 37
2.3.2. V d thit k h m ..................................................................... 41
2.5. H IU KHIN M LAI (F-PID) ................................................... 45
2.6. H IU KHIN THCH NGHI M ................................................ 46
2.6.1. Khi nim...................................................................................... 46
2.6.2. Tng hp b iu khin thch nghi m n nh............................ 48
2.7. TNG HP B IU KHIN M THCH NGHI TRN C S L
THUYT THCH NGHI KINH IN....................................................... 58
2.7.1. t vn ..................................................................................... 58
2.7.2. M hnh ton hc ca b iu khin m ...................................... 60
2.7.3. Xy dng c cu thch nghi cho b iu khin m ...................... 66
2.7.4. Mt s ng dng iu khin cc i tng cng nghip.............. 70
Chng 3: TNG QUAN V MNG NRON............................................ 75
3.1. NRON SINH HC ........................................................................... 75
3.1.1. Chc nng, t chc v hot ng ca b no con ngi .............. 75
3.1.2. Mng nron sinh hc .................................................................... 76
3.2. MNG NRON NHN TO ............................................................ 77
3.2.1. Khi nim...................................................................................... 77
3.2.2. M hnh nron .............................................................................. 80
3.3. CU TRC MNG ............................................................................ 83
3.3.1. Mng mt lp................................................................................ 83
3.3.2. Mng nhiu lp............................................................................. 84
3.4. CU TRC D LIU VO MNG ................................................. 87
3.4.1. M t vct vo i vi mng tnh............................................... 88
3.4.2. M t vct vo lin tip trong mng ng .................................. 89
3.5. HUN LUYN MNG ...................................................................... 92
3.5.1. Hun luyn gia tng ...................................................................... 92
3.5.2 Hun luyn mng theo gi............................................................. 94
Chng 4: MNG PERCEPTRONS ............................................................. 98
4.1. M U ............................................................................................. 98

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4.1.1.
M Merge
hnh nron
............................................................
98
4.1.2. Kin trc mng perceptron ......................................................... 100
4.2. THIT LP V M PHNG PERCEPTRON TRONG MATLAB100
4.2.1 Thit lp ....................................................................................... 100
4.2.2. M phng (sim) .......................................................................... 102
4.2.3. Khi to ...................................................................................... 103
4.3. CC LUT HC .............................................................................. 104
4.3.1. Khi nim.................................................................................... 104
4.3.2. Lut hc Perceptron (learnp) ...................................................... 105
4.3.3. Hun luyn mng (train)............................................................. 107
4.4. CC HN CH CA PERCEPTRON ............................................ 111
4.5. S DNG GIAO DIN HA KHO ST MNG NRON
.................................................................................................................. 112
4.5.1. Gii thiu v GUI ....................................................................... 112
4.5.2. Thit lp mng Perceptron (nntool)............................................ 113
4.5.3. Hun luyn mng........................................................................ 115
4.5.4. Xut kt qu Perceptron ra vng lm vic.................................. 116
4.5.5. Xo ca s d liu mng (Network/Data Window) ................... 117
4.5.6 Nhp t dng lnh ....................................................................... 117
4.5.7. Ct bin vo file v np li n .................................................... 118
Chng 5: MNG TUYN TNH ............................................................... 119
5.1. M U ........................................................................................... 119
5.1.1. Khi nim.................................................................................... 119
5.1.2. M hnh nron ............................................................................ 119
5.2. CU TRC MNG .......................................................................... 120
5.2.1. Cu trc....................................................................................... 120
5.2.2. Khi to nron tuyn tnh (Newlin) ........................................... 121
5.3. THUT TON CC TIU TRUNG BNH BNH PHNG SAI
LCH........................................................................................................ 122
5.4. THIT K H TUYN TNH .......................................................... 123
5.5. MNG TUYN TNH C TR ....................................................... 123
5.5.1 Mt tr.......................................................................................... 123
5.5.2. Thut ton LMS (learnwh) ......................................................... 123
5.5.3. S phn loi tuyn tnh (train) .................................................... 125
5.6. MT S HN CH CA MNG TUYN TNH.......................... 126

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Chng
H Merge
M - NRON
(FUZZY-NEURAL)....................................
128
6.1 S KT HP GIA LOGIC M V MNG NRON .................. 128
6.1.1 Khi nim..................................................................................... 128
6.1.2. Kt hp iu khin m v mng nron ...................................... 129
6.2. NRON M...................................................................................... 133
6.3. HUN LUYN MNG NRON-M ............................................. 135
6.4. S DNG CNG C ANFIS TRONG MATLAB THIT K H
M - NRON (ANFIS and the ANFIS Editor GUI)............................... 139
6.4.1. Khi nim.................................................................................... 139
6.4.2. M hnh hc v suy din m thng qua ANFIS (Model Learning
and Inferencc Through ANFIS)............................................................ 140
6.4.3. Xc nhn d liu hun luyn (Familiarity Brecds Validation)... 141
6.5. S DNG B SON THO ANFIS GUI ...................................... 143
6.5.1. Cc chc nng ca ANFIS GUI ................................................. 143
6.5.2. Khun dng d liu v b son tho ANFIS GUI: kim tra v hun
luyn (Data Formalities and the ANFIS Editor GUI: Checking and
Training) ............................................................................................... 144
6.5.3. Mt s v d ................................................................................ 145
6.6. SON THO ANFIS T DNG LNH ......................................... 153
6.7. THNG TIN THM V ANFIS V B SON THO ANFIS
EDITOR GUI............................................................................................ 157
6.7.1. D liu hun luyn (Training Data)............................................ 158
6.7.2. Cu trc u vo FIS (Input FIS Structure)................................ 158
6.7.3. Cc ty chn hun luyn (Training Options) ............................. 159
6.7.4 Tu chn hin th Display Options.............................................. 159
6.7.5. Phng php hun luyn (Method) ............................................ 160
6.7.6. Cu trc u ra FIS cho d liu hun 1uyn............................... 160
6.7.7. Sai s hun luyn ........................................................................ 160
6.7.8. Bc tnh (Step-size) .................................................................. 160
6.7.9. D liu kim tra (Checking Data)............................................... 161
6.7.10. Cu trc u ra FIS cho d liu kim tra (Output FIS Structure
for Checking Data) ............................................................................... 162
6.7.11. Sai s kim tra (Checking Error) .............................................. 162
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................ 163

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LI NI U
Ngy nay, cc h thng m v mng n ron ngy cng c ng dng
rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc ca i sng x hi. c bit, trong lnh vc
iu khin v t ng ho, h m v mng n ron ngy cng chim u th v
mang li nhiu li ch to ln. Vi u im c bn l c th x l vi
chnh xc cao nhng thng tin "khng chnh xc" h m v mng nron l c
s ca h "iu khin thng minh" v "tr tu nhn to".
p ng nhu cu tm hiu v ng dng lgic m v mng n ron ca
ng o bn c, c s c v v ng vin ca BGH trng i hc K
thut Cng nghip, chng ti mnh dn vit cun sch "H m v nron
trong k thut iu khin".
Cun sch c vit da trn cc bi ging v h thng iu khin thng
minh cho hc vin cao hc ngnh T ng ho trng i hc K thut
Cng nghip. Cun sch khng phn tch qu su nhng vn l thuyt
phc tp m ch cung cp cho bn c nhng ni dung rt c bn v H m,
mng n ron nhn to v h M-nron. Mc tiu cao hn l gip bn c bit
cch khai thc nhng cng c sn c ca phn mm MATLAB phn tch,
thit k cc b iu khin m, nron nhm iu khin cc i tng trong
cng nghip. Mi phn u c cc v d c th hng dn thit k.
Cun sch l ti liu tham kho cho hc vin cao hc, sinh vin ngnh
iu khin, cc k s ngnh in, Cng ngh thng tin v cc nghin cu
sinh quan tm n lnh vc iu khin m v mng nron.
Trong qu trnh bin son, khng trnh khi cn nhiu sai st. Chng ti
mong nhn c s ng gp kin cc ca ng nghip v bn c gn, xa.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Thi Nguyn, ngy 01 thng 12 nm 2006
Cc tc gi

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Chng 1

LGIC M
1.1. TNG QUAN V LGIC M
1.1.1. Qu trnh pht trin ca 1gic m
T nm 1965 ra i mt l thuyt mi l l thuyt tp m (Fuzzy
set theory) o gio s Lofti A. Zadeh trng i hc Califonia - M a ra.
T khi l thuyt ra i n c pht trin mnh m qua cc cng trnh
khoa hc ca cc nh khoa hc nh: Nm 1972 GS Terano v Asai thit lp
ra c s nghin cu h thng iu khin m Nht, nm 1980 hng Smith
Co. bt u nghin cu iu khin m cho l hi... Nhng nm u thp k
90 cho n nay h thng iu khin m v mng nron (Fuzzy system and
neural network) c cc nh khoa hc, cc k s v sinh vin trong mi lnh
vc khoa hc k thut c bit quan tm v ng dng trong sn xut v i
sng. Tp m v lgic m da trn cc thng tin "khng y , v i
tng iu khin y v i tng mt cch chnh xc.
Cc cng ty ca Nht bt u dng lgic m vo k thut iu khin t
nm 1980. Nhng do cc phn cng chun tnh ton theo gii thut 1gic m
rt km nn hu ht cc ng dng u dng cc phn cng chuyn v lgic
m. Mt trong nhng ng dng dng lgic m u tin ti y l nh my x
l nc ca Fuji Electric vo nm 1983, h thng xe in ngm ca Hitachi
vo nm 1987.
1.1.2. C s ton hc ca 1gic m
Lgic m v xc xut thng k u ni v s khng chn chn. Tuy
nhin mi lnh vc nh ngha mt khi nim khc nhau v i tng.
Trong xc sut thng k s khng chc chn lin quan n s xut hin
ca mt s kin chc chn" no .
V d: Xc sut vin n trng ch l 0,
Bn thn ca s kin "trng ch" c nh ngha r rng, s khng
1

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hay khng vVersion
c nh
lng bi mc
xc sut (trong trng hp ny l 0,8). Loi pht biu ny c th c x l
v kt hp vi cc pht biu khc bng phng php thng k, nh l xc
sut c iu kin chng hn.
S khng chc chn trong ng ngha, lin quan n ngn ng ca con
ngi, l s khng chnh xc trong cc t ng m con ngi dng c
lng vn v rt ra kt lun. V d nh cc t m t nhit "nng",
"lnh", "m"s khng c mt gi tr chnh xc no gn cho cc t ny, cc
khi nim ny cng khc nhau i vi nhng ngi khc nhau (l lnh i
vi ngi ny nhng khng lnh i vi ngi khc). Mc d cc khi nim
khng c nh ngha chnh xc nhng con ngi vn c th s dng chng
cho cc c lng v quyt nh phc tp. Bng s tru tng v c suy
ngh, con ngi c th gii quyt cu ni mang ng cnh phc tp m rt kh
c th m hnh bi ton hc chnh xc.
S khng chc chn theo ng vng: Nh ni trn, mc d dng nhng
pht biu khng mang tnh nh lng nhng con ngi vn c th thnh
cng trong cc c lng phc tp. Trong nhiu trng hp, con ngi dng
s khng chc chn ny tng thm linh hot. Nh trong hu ht x hi,
h thng lut php bao gm mt s lut, mi lut m t mt tnh hung. V
d mt lut quy nh ti trm xe phi b t 2 nm, mt lut khc li gim nh
trch nhim. V trong mt phin ta, chnh n phi quyt nh s ngy pht
t ca tn trm da trn mc ru trong ngi, trc y c tin n hay
tin s khng,... t kt hp li a ra mt quyt nh cng bng.
1.1.3. Lgic m l 1gic ca con ngi
Trong thc t, ta khng nh ngha mt lut cho mt trng hp m nh
ngha mt s lut cho cc trng hp nht nh. Khi nhng lut ny l
nhng im ri rc ca mt tp cc trng hp lin tc v con ngi xp x
chng. Gp mt tnh hung c th, con ngi s kt hp nhng lut m t cc
tnh hung tng t. S xp x ny da trn s linh hot ca cc t ng cu
to nn lut, cng nh s tru tng v s suy ngh da trn s linh hot
trong lgic ca con ngi.
thc thi lgic ca con ngi trong k thut cn phi c mt m hnh
ton hc ca n. T lgic m ra i nh mt m hnh ton hc cho php
2

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t cc
quMerge
trnh quyt
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v c lng Version
ca con ngi
theo dng gii
thut. D nhin cng c gii hn, l lgic m khng th bt chc tr
tng tng v kh nng sng to ca con ngi. Tuy nhin, lgic m cho
php ta rt ra kt lun khi gp nhng tnh hung khng c m t trong lut
nhng c s tng ng. V vy, nu ta m t nhng mong mun ca mnh
i vi h thng trong nhng trng hp c th vo lut th lgic m s to
ra gii php da trn tt c nhng mong mun .
1.2. KHI NIM V TP M
1.2.1. Tp kinh in
Khi nim tp hp c hnh thnh trn nn tng lgic v c nh
ngha nh l s sp xp chung cc i tng c cng tnh cht, c gi l
phn t ca tp hp .
Cho mt tp hp A, mt phn t x thuc A c k hiu: x A. Thng
thng ta dng hai cch biu din tp hp kinh in, l:
Lit k cc phn t ca tp hp, v d tp A1 = {xe p, xe my, xe ca, xe
ti};
- Biu din tp hp thng qua tnh cht tng qut ca cc phn t, v d:
tp cc s thc (R), Tp cc s t nhin (N).
biu din mt tp hp A trn tp nn X, ta dng hm thuc A(x),
vi:
1 khi x A
A(x) ch nhn mt trong 2 gi tr "1"
0 khi x A
hoc "0"
k hiu = {x X| x tho mn mt s
tnh cht no }. Ta ni: Tp A c
nh ngha trn tp nn X.
A(x) =

Hnh 1.1 m t hm ph thuc A(x)

ca tp cc s thc t -5 n 5.
A = {xR|5 x 5}
1.2.2. nh ngha tp m
Trong khi nim tp hp kinh in hm ph thuc A(x) ca tp A, ch
c mt trong hai gi tr l "1" nu xA hoc "0" nu xA.
3

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CchPDF
biu Merge
din hm
ph
thuc
nh trn s Version
khng ph
hp vi nhng tp
c m t "m" nh tp B gm cc s thc gn bng 5:
B = {x R| x 5}.
Khi ta khng th khng
nh chc chn s 4 c thuc B
hay khng? m ch c th ni n
thuc B gao nhiu phn trm.
tr li c cu hi ny, ta phi
coi hm ph thuc B(x) c gi tr
trong khong t 0 n 1 tc l: 0
B(x) 1.
T phn tch trn ta c nh ngha: Tp m B xc nh trn tp kinh in
M l mt tp m mt phn t ca n c biu din bi mt cp gi tr
(x,B(x)). Trong x M v B(x) l nh x.
nh x B(x) c gi l hm lin thuc ca tp m B. Tp kinh in M
c gi l c s ca tp m B.
1.2.3. Cc thng s c trng cho tp m
Cc thng s c trng cho tp m l cao, min xc nh v min tin
cy (hnh 1.3)
+ cao ca mt tp m B
(nh ngha trn c s M) l gi
tr ln nht trong cc gi tr ca
hm lin thuc:
H = SUP B (x)
xM

Mt tp m c t nht mt
phn t c ph thuc bng 1
c gi l tp m chnh tc (H =
1). Ngc li, mt tp m B vi H
< 1 gi l tp m khng chnh tc.
+ Min xc nh ca tp m B (nh ngha trn c s M) c k hiu
bi S l tp con ca M c gi tr hm lin thuc khc khng:
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= {xUnregistered
M| B(x) > 0}.
+ Min tin cy ca tp m B (nh ngha trn c s M) c k hiu bi
T, l tp con ca M c gi tr hm lin thuc bng 1:

T= {x M| B(X) = 1}.
1.2.4. Cc dng hm lin thuc ca tp m

C rt nhiu cch khc nhau biu din hm lin thuc ca tp m.

Di y l mt s dng hm lin thuc thng dng:
+ Hm lin thuc hnh tam gic (hnh 1.4a);
+ Hm lin thuc hnh thang (hnh 1.4b);
+ Hm lin thuc dng Gauss (hnh l.4c);
+ Hm lin thuc dng Sign (hnh 1.4d);
+ Hm Sigmoidal (hnh 1.4e);
+ Hm hnh chung (hnh 1.4f).

Hnh 1.4. Cc dng hm lin thuc ca tp m

1.3. CC PHP TON TRN TP M

Trn tp m c 3 php ton c bn l php hp, php giao, v php b.

1.3.1. Php hp hai tp m

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Hnh 1.5. Hp ca hai tp m c cng c s

theo quy tc Max (a), theo Lukasiewwiez (b)
Hp ca hai tp m A v B c cng c s M l mt tp m cng xc
nh trn c s M vi hm lin thuc c xc nh theo mt trong cc cng
thc sau:
1. A B(x) = Max{A(x), B(x)};
2. A B(x) = min {1, A(x) + B(x)} php hp Lukasiewiez);

3. A B(x) =
4. A B(x) =

max{A(x), B(x)} khi min{A(x), B(x)}=0

1 khi min{A(x), B(x)} 0
A(x) + B(x)
(Tng Einstein)
1 + A(x) + B(x)

5. A B(x) = A(x) = B(x) - A(x)A(x) (tng trc tip).

Ch : C nhiu cng thc khc nhau c dng tnh hm lin thuc
A B(x) ca hai tp m. Song trong k thut iu khin m ta ch yu dng
2 cng thc hp, l ly Max v php hp Lukasiewiez.
b/ Hp hai tp m khc c s
thc hin php hp 2 tp m khc c s, v nguyn tc ta phi a
chng v cng mt c s. Xt tp m A vi hm lin thuc A(x) c nh
ngha trn c s M v B vi hm lin thuc B(x) c nh ngha trn c s
N, hp ca 2 tp m A v B l mt tp m xc nh trn c s MxN vi hm
lin thuc: A B(x, y) = Max {A(x, y), B(x, y)}
Vi A(x, y) = A(x) vi mi y N v B(x, y) = B(y) vi mi x M.
1.3.2. Php giao ca hai tp m

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Hnh 1.6. Giao ca hai tp m c cng c s

theo quy tc Min (a) v theo tch i s (b)
Giao ca hai tp m A v B c cng c s M l mt tp m cng xc
nh trn c s M vi hm lin thuc A B(x) c tnh:
1, A B(x) = Min {A(x), B(x)};
2. A B(x) = A(x).B(x) (tch i s);

cng ging nh trong php hp, trong k thut iu khin ch yu ta s

dng cng thc 1 v cng thc 2 thc hin php giao 2 tp m.
b/ Giao hai tp m khc c s
thc hin php giao 2 tp m
khc c s, ta cn phi a v cng
c s. Khi , giao ca tp m A c
hm lin thuc A(x) nh ngha trn
c s M vi tp m B c hm lin
thuc B(x) nh ngha trn c s N
l mt tp m xc nh trn c s M
x N c hm lin thuc c tnh:
A B(x, y) = MIN{A(x, y), B(x, y)}
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A(x, y)and
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A(x) vi mi y N v B(x, y) = B(x) vi mi x
M.
1.3.3. Php b ca mt tp m

B ca tp m A c c s M v hm lin thuc A(x) l mt tp m AC

xc nh trn cng c s M vi hm lin thuc: A(x) = 1- A(x)
1.4. BIN NGN NG V GI TR CA BIN NGN NG

Thc t hng ngy chng ta lun dng cc t ng, li ni m t cc

bin. V d khi ta ni: "in p cao qu", "xe chy nhanh qu",... nh vy
bin "in p", bin "Tc xe",... nhn cc gi tr t "nhanh" n "chm",
t "cao" n "thp". dng tng minh, cc bin ny nhn cc gi tr c th
(r) nh in p bng 200 V, 250 V...; tc xe bng 60 km/h, 90 km/h...
Khi cc bin nhn cc gi tr khng r rng nh "cao", "rt cao" "nhanh",
"hi nhanh"... ta khng th dng cc gi tr r m t c m phi s dng
mt s khi nim mi m t gi l bin ngn ng.
M bin c th gn bi cc t trong ngn ng t nhin lm gi tr ca n
gi l bin ngn ng.
Mt bin ngn ng thng bao gm 4 thng s: X, T, U, M. Vi:
+ X: Tn ca bin ngn ng;
+ T: Tp ca cc gi tr ngn ng;
+ U: Khng gian nn m trn bin ngn ng X nhn cc gi tr r;
+ M: Ch ra s phn b ca T trn U.
V d: Bin ngn ng "Tc xe" c tp cc gi tr ngn ng l rt
chm, chm, trung bnh, nhanh, rt nhanh, khng gian nn ca bin l tp cc
s thc dng. Vy bin tc xe c 2 min gi tr khc nhau:
- Min cc gi tr ngn ng N = [rt chm, chm, trung bnh, nhanh, rt
nhanh].
- Min cc gi tr vt l V = {x R (x0)}.
Mi gi tr ngn ng (mi phn t ca Ni c tp nn l min gi tr vt l
V. T mt gi tr vt l ca bin ngn ng ta c c mt vct gm cc
ph thuc ca x:
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nh x trn c gi l qu trnh fuzzy ho gi tr r x.

V d: ng vi tc 50 km/h ta c

1.5. LUT HP THNH M

1.5.1. Mnh hp thnh

Xt hai bin ngn ng v ; Bin nhn gi tr (m) A c hm lin

thuc A(x) v nhn gi tr (m) B c hm lin thuc B(x) th hai biu
thc:
= A; = B c gi l hai mnh .
Lut iu khin: nu = A th = B c gi l mnh hp
thnh.Trong = A gi l mnh iu kin v = B gi l mnh kt
lun. Mt mnh hp
thnh c th c nhiu mnh iu kin v nhiu mnh kt lun, cc
mnh lin kt vi nhau bng ton t "v". Da vo s mnh iu kin
v s mnh kt lun trong mt mnh hp thnh m ta phn chng thnh
cc cu trc khc nhau:
- Cu trc SISO (mt vo, mt ra): Ch c mt mnh iu kin v mt
mnh kt lun. V d: nu = A th = B.
- Cu trc MISO (Nhiu vo, mt ra): C t 2 mnh iu kin tr ln
v mt mnh kt lun. V d: nu 1 = A1 v 2 = A2 th = B.
- Cu trc MIMO (Nhiu vo, nhiu ra): C t nht 2 mnh iu kin
v 2 mnh kt lun. V d: nu 1 = A1 v 2 = A2 th 1 = B1 v 2 = B2
1.5.2. M t mnh hp thnh

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gi tr x0 c ph
thuc A(x0) i vi tp m A ca mnh iu kin, ta xc nh c
tho mn mnh kt lun. Biu din tho mn ca mnh kt lun nh
mt tp m B cng c s vi B th mnh hp thnh chnh l nh x:
A(x0) B(y).

nh x ny ch ra rng mnh hp thnh l mt tp m mi phn t l

mt gi tr (A(x0), B(y)) tc l mi phn t l mt tp m. M t mnh
hp thnh tc l m t nh x trn. nh x (A(x0), B(y)) c gi l hm
lin thuc ca lut hp thnh. xy dng B(y) c rt nhiu kin khc
nhau. Trong k thut iu khin ta thng s dng nguyn tc ca Mamdani
" ph thuc ca kt lun khng c ln hn ph thuc ca iu
kin"? T nguyn tc ta c hai cng thc xc nh hm lin thuc cho
mnh hp thnh A => B:
1. cng thc MIN: A=>B(x, y) = MIN{A(x), B(y)}
2. cng thc PROD: A=>B(x, y) = A(x)B(xy
1.5.3. Lut hp thnh m

Lut hp thnh l tn chung gi m hnh R biu din (mt hay nhiu)

hm lin thuc A=>B(x, y) cho (mt hay nhiu) mnh hp thnh A B.
Mt lut hp thnh ch c 1 mnh hp thnh gi l lut hp thnh n,
c t 2 mnh hp thnh tr ln gi l lut hp thnh phc.
Xt lut hp thnh R gm 3 mnh hp thnh:
R1: Nu x = A1 Th y = B1 hoc
R2: Nu x = A2 Th y = B2 hoc
R3: Nu x = A3 Th y = B3 hoc

Hnh 1.9. M t hm lin thuc ca lut hp thnh

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Vi mi
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3 tp m ng vi 3
mnh hp thnh R1, R2, R3 ca lut hp thnh R. Gi hm lin thuc ca
cc tp m u ra l: B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) th gi tr ca lut hp thnh R
1

ng vi x0 l tp m B thu c qua php hp 3 tp m: B = B1 B2

B3.
Tu theo cch thu nhn cc hm lin thuc B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) v
1

phng php thc hin php hp nhn tp m B m ta c tn gi cc lut

hp thnh khc nhau:
- Lut hp thnh MAX-MIN nu B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) thu c qua
1

php ly Min cn php hp thc hin theo lut Max;

- Lut hp thnh MAX-PROD nu B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) thu c qua
1

php PROD cn php hp thc hin theo lut Max;

- Lut hp thnh SUM-MIN nu B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) thu c qua
1

php ly Min cn php hp thc hin theo lut SUM;

- Lut hp thnh SUM - PROD nu B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) thu c
1

qua php ly PROD cn php hp thc hin theo Lukasiewicz.

Vy, xc nh hm lin thuc B(y) ca gi tr u ra B ca lut hp
thnh c n mnh hp thnh R1, R2, ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
+ Xc nh tho mn hj.
+ Tnh B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) ; B' ( y ) theo quy tc min hoc Prod
1

B ( y ) = Min{uA(x0), B ( y ) }= Min {hj, B ( y ) }

'
j

hoc B ( y ) = A(x0). B ( y ) = hj. B ( y ) .

j

+ xc nh B(y) bng cch thc hin php hp cc B' ( y )

j

1.5.4. Cc cu trc c bn ca lut hp thnh

Ta s kho st hai cu trc c bn ca lut hp thnh, l cu trc SISO

v cu trc MISO.
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+ Cu
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l cu
trong lut
hp thnh
c cc mnh
iu kin v mnh kt lun l cc mnh n.

V d:

R1: nu = Al th = B1 hoc

R2: nu = A2 th = B2.
+ Cu trc MISO l cu trc trong lut hp thnh c cc mnh
iu kin l mnh phc v mnh kt lun l mnh n.

V d:

R1: nu 1 = A1 v 2 = B1 th = C1 hoc

R2: nu 1 = A2 v 2 = B2 th = C2.
1.5.5. Lut hp thnh n c cu trc SISO

a) Lut hp thnh MIN

Lut hp thnh MIN l tn gi m hnh (ma trn) R ca mnh hp
thnh A B khi hm lin thuc A=>B(x, y) ca n c xy dng theo quy
tc MIN.
Xt lut hp thnh ch c 1 mnh : Nu = A th = B
xy dng R, trc tin hai hm lin thuc A(x) v B(y) c ri rc
ho vi tn s ri rc nh khng b mt thng tin.
V d: A(x), B(y) c ri rc ho ti cc im:
x {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}
y {0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9}.
Vi cc im ri rc ny th theo
A=>B(20; 0.7) = R(20; 0.7)=MIN{A(20),b(0.7)}=MIN{0.5; 1}= 0.5
A=>B(30; 0.7) = R(30; 0.7)=MIN{A(30),b(0.7)}= MIN{1; 1}= 1
.

Hnh 1.10. Ri rc ho cc hm lin thuc

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5= 25 gi tr, thnh
ma trn R (c gi l ma trn hp thnh MIN) gm 5 hng 5 ct.

Khi tn hiu u vo l mt gi tr r x0 = 20, tn hiu u ra B c hm

lin thuc:
B(y) = R(20, y) = {0; 0.5; 0.5; 0.5; 0}.
thun tin cho vic xc nh hm lin thuc ca tn hiu ra di dng
nhn ma trn, ta nh ngha mt ma trn T = {a1 a2} ma trn ny ch c mt
phn t bng 1 cn cc phn t khc u bng 0. V d vi tp 5 phn t cho
tn hiu u vo x {10; 20; 30; 40; 50} th ng vi x0 = 20 (phn t th hai)
ta c:
a = (0 1 0 0 0)
V khi
B(y) = R(x0, y) = aT. R = {0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0}.
Tng qut cho mt gi tr r x0 bt k
x0 X = {10 20 30 40 50}
ti u vo vct chuyn v c dng:
aT = (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5)
trong ch c mt phn t a; duy nht c ch s i l ch s ca x0 trong X c
gi tr bng 1, cc phn t cn li u bng 0. Hm lin thuc mB'(y) di
dng ri rc c xc nh:

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