Diversity

D|vers|ty
O %e condition of being different.
O An instant or a point of instance.
D|verge
O %o move or extend in different directions from a common point.
O %o become or be different in caracter or form.












D|vers|ty
O Diversity of form
O Diversity of function
O We will focus on taxonomic diversity
4 %e evolution of many diverse species
Jft fre Spec|es?
O Species literally means "kinds.
O We recognize most species by teir appearance.
O Many species cange little over large geograpic ranges.

O But males and females may not look alike.
O Immature individuals may not look like teir parents.
O Oter types of information must be used to determine species.

O %e biological classification system was started by Swedis biologist
Carolus Linnaeus in te 1700s.
O Linnaeus described species based on teir appearance:
morphological species concept.
O Members of species look alike because tey sare many alleles
(genes).
O He originated te -inomial system of nomenclature.
fss|f|cft|on System
O Every species as two names: te genus (group of closely related
species) to wic it belongs, and te species name.
O %e name of te taxonomist wo first describe te species is often
included.
Ex. omo sapiens
O Biological classifications are used to express te evolutionary
relationsips of organisms.
O %axa are expected to be monophyletic: a taxon contains an
ancestor and all descendants of tat ancestor, and no oter
organisms. Also known as a clade.

O Classification system
4 Families are grouped into orders
4 Orders into classes
4 Classes into phyla
4 Pyla into ingdoms
4 Application of tese levels is somewat subjective.
O %e tree domains of
life are separated by
molecular tecniques:
4 Bacteria
4 Arcaea
4 Eukarya

Jft fre Spec|es?
O Species can be tougt of
as brances on te tree
of life.
O $peciation: %e process
by wic one species
splits into two or more daugter species, often gradually.
O %e -iological species concept: proposed by Ernst Mayr:
"Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding
natural populations wic are reproductively isolated from
oter suc groups.
O %is does not apply to asexually reproducing organisms.
|oog|cf D|vers|ty (17 m||on nfmed)
O Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
4 Hierarcical classification
Binomial system of naming
Example (Human)
O Domain (Eukarya)
4 Kingdom (Animalia)
Pylum (Cordata)
Class (Mammalia)
O Order (Primates)
4 Family (Hominidae)
Genus (Homo)
Species (sapiens)



Domf|n fcter|f (Lubfcter|f)
Structure
O Single cell
O Prokaryote
O Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
eproduct|on
O Asexual (some gene excange)
-utr|t|on
O Heterotropautotrop (cemopoto)
S|gn|f|cfnt feftures
O Ecological
O Medicinal
O Industrial
Domf|n Arcfef (Arcfebfcter|f)
Structure
O Single cell
O Prokaryote
O Cell wall (no peptidoglycan)
O Cell membrane (distinct lipids)
eproduct|on
O Asexual
-utr|t|on
O Heterotropautotrop (cemo)
S|gn|f|cfnt feftures
O Extreme environments (including our guts)
Domf|n Lukfryf rot|sts (note te term M|crob|f Lukfryote)
Structure
O Eukaryote
O Single (mostly)
O Some ave cell walls and some dont
eproduct|on
O Asexualsexual
-utr|t|on
O Heterotropautotrop
S|gn|f|cfnt feftures
O Diverse
O Aquatic ancestral to oter Eukarya
Domf|n Lukfryf k|ngdom fntfe
Structure
O Eukaryote
O Multicellular
O Cell walls (cellulose)
eproduct|on
O Asexualsexual
-utr|t|on
O Mostly autotrops
S|gn|f|cfnt feftures
O Higest above-ground mass
O Essential source of food for animals
Domf|n Lukfryf k|ngdom Iung|
Structure
O Eukaryote
O Multicellular (mostly)
O Cell wall (citin)
eproduct|on
O Asexualsexual
O Mating types (different mating strategies)
-utr|t|on
O Heterotrop (absorptive)
S|gn|f|cfnt feftures
O Decomposers
O Parasites
O Mutualists
Domf|n Lukfryf k|ngdom An|mf|f
Structure
O Eukaryote
O Multicellular
eproduct|on
O Asexualsexual (mostly sexual)
-utr|t|on
O Heterotrop (ingestive)
S|gn|f|cfnt feftures
O Diverse
O Numerous
I|ruses
Structure
O Not a cell
O RNADNA
O Protein coat (capsid)
O May or may not ave a membrane outside protein coat
eproduct|on
O Parasitic
-utr|t|on
O Parasitic
Are tey f|ve?
O Virion state (dormant state) vs. Active State
|oog|cf D|vers|ty
O Kinds of diversity? (species # - taxonomic, diversity of form,
diversity of function). Focus ere on taxonomic diversity.
O Classification systems: empasize ierarcical, binomial system,
domains and kingdoms
O Brief survey and summary of kingdoms (Eubacteria,
Arcaebacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia)

rchaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plant nimal Virus
$truc
ture
O Single cell
O Prokaryote
O Cell wall
O Cell
membrane
O Single cell
O Prokaryote
O Cell wall
(peptidoglycan)
O Eukaryote
O Mostly
single cell
O Some ave
cell wall
O Eukaryote
O Multicellular
O Cell wall
O Eukaryote
O Multicellular
O Cell wall
O Eukaryote
O Multicellular
(mostly)
O No cell wall
O Not a cell
O RNADNA
O Protein coat
O Some ave
a
membrane
#epr
oduc
tion
O Asexual O Asexual O Asexual
O Sexual
O Asexual
O Sexual
O Asexual
O Sexual

O Asexual
O Sexual
O Parasitic
utri
tion
O Heterotrop
O Autotrop
O Heterotrop
O Autotrop
(cemotropic
& pototropic)
O Heterotrop
O Autotrop
O Heterotrop O Mostly
autotrops
O Heterotrop O Parasitic