Conf. dr.

CORNELIA
PRISACARU

CA FARMACEUTI CHIMIE
BIOLOGICA CHIMIE
ANALITICA CHIMIE
ORGANICA CHIMIE
ANORGANICA CHIMIE

A CANTITATIV
CALITATIVA
CA ANALITI CHIMIE

=
chimice combinatii
amestecuri
lor componente
dozarea
rea identifica
separarea
chimice r. ANALITICE REACTII

comuni rv.
grupa de rv.
selectivi rv.
specifici rv.
ioni de Nr.

redox indicatori rv.

ti fluorescen rv.
adsorbtie de rv.
complexare de rv.
e precipitar de rv.
reactie de Produsi
NH
4
KOH
2K [Hg I ]
KI
Cl
O
H O
KCl
3
7
+
+
+
+
2
2
2
4
4
Hg
Hg
NH
I
-
iodura oxiamidodimercurica
(rosie-bruna)
tetraiodomercuriatul
de potasiu (rv. Nessler)
+ +
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
4 3 3 2 4
2
4
3 3 2 4
2
4 3 3 2 4
2
NH 2 SrCO CO ) NH ( Sr
NH 2 BaCO CO ) NH ( Ba
NH 2 CaCO CO ) NH ( Ca
GRUPA a IV-a CATIONI
Componenta Ca
+2
Ba
+2
Sr
+2

Reactiv de grupa (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
la 60
0
C, in prezenta de NH
4
OH si NH
4
Cl
Precipitat CaCO
3
BaCO
3
SrCO
3

Aspect pp.amorf, alb pp. crist.alb pp. alb
Solubilitate -CH
3
-COOH; -acizi -acizi
-acizi minerali
Alte caracteristici la fierbere pp.
devine cristalin




+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
NO AgSCN SCN AgNO
NO AgCN CN AgNO
NO AgBr Br AgNO
NO AgCl Cl AgNO

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
4 2 4 4 4
2
4 3 4
3
NH 2 ) NH ]( ) SCN ( Co [ SCN ) NH ( 4 Co
NH 3 ) SCN ( Fe SCN ) NH ( 3 Fe
+
+
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + +
H COO) (CH ) LiZn(UO
COOH CH ) COO 2CH (Zn
) COO 2CH 3(UO Li
9 3 3 2
3 3
2
3
2
2

=
grupa) de rv. (fara a aV gr.
3
CO
2
)
4
((NH a aIV gr.
S)
2
)
4
((NH a aIII gr.
S)
2
(H a aII gr.
(HCl) I gr.
CATIONI grupe 5
periferica A ELECTRONIC STR. CRITERIU
E CLASIFICAR

GRUPA I CATIONI
Componena Ag
+
Pb
+2
Hg
2
+2

(argint) (plumb) (mercuros)
Reactiv de grup,
HCl 10% sau HCl 2N
Precipitate AgCl PbCl
2
Hg
2
Cl
2

Clorura de Clorura de Clorura mercuroas,
argint plumb (calomel)
Aspect
pp. alb pp. alb pp. alb
Solubilitate
HCl conc. ap, la fierbere (exces) cloruri

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MARE TE REACTIVITA
2e 18e
18e
periferica a electronic Struct.
TICI CARACTERIS
+ +
+ + + H AgCl HCl Ag
( )

+
tiosulfat
; amoniac
; ri sulfocianu
; cianuri
; conc HCl
solb , alb AgCl
+ +
H PbCl HCl Pb
2
2
( { ) fierbere la apa solb , alb . pp , PbCl
2
+
+
+ + +
+
2H
2
Cl
2
Hg 2HCl
2
2
Hg
( )
3 2 2
NH , alcaline cloruri de exces . solb Cl Hg +

+
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+
+
+
sol ubi l e gr eu
col or at e
sul f ur i S H
2
2
2
2
Hg
Pb
Ag
+ +
H 2 S Ag S H Ag 2
2 2
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
H 2 Hg HgS S H Hg
H 2 PbS S H Pb
2
2
2
2
2
( )
3 2
HNO in solb , negru S Ag +
( )
( ) metalic Hg HgS S Hg
HCl , HNO in solb , negru PbS
dismutatie
2
3
+
+
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=
+
=
+
+
redox amfolit
2
Pb
Hg
Ag
2
SnCl
aldoze
aldehide
oxidant caracter
2
2
Hg
Ag
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
K 2 CrO Hg CrO K Hg
K 2 PbCrO CrO K Pb
K 2 CrO Ag CrO K Ag 2
4 2 4 2
2
2
4 4 2
2
4 2 4 2

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+
coloratie
te solubilita
distincti produsi
bazona difenilcar
ditizona
potasiu de cromat
selectivi rv.
;

KCN
NH
HNO
solub.
bruna rosie coloratie
CrO Ag
3
3
4 2

)
`

alcal. baze
miner. acizi
solub
pp.galben
PbCrO
4
{ }

conc. HNO solub.
purpurie rosie coloratie
CrO Hg
3
4 2
= +
+
) ocarbazona (difenilti DITIZONA Ag

acid
galben complex

bazic
violet complex
S C
+ Ag
+
N N C
6
H
5
NH NH C
6
H
5
HS
C
N N
N NH
S C
N N
N NH
Ag
ditizona
ditizonat de argint
(violet; pH = alcalin)
(galben; pH = acid)
C
6
H
5
C
6
H
5
C
6
H
5
C
6
H
5
Hg
2
+2
+ DIFENILCARBAZID =

= complex albastru-violet

O C
NH N C
6
H
5
NH NH C
6
H
5
Hg Hg
C
6
H
5
C
6
H
5
N
NH NH
NH
C O


caramizie rosie
Seignette sare
11 9 pH
DITIZONA
2
Pb =

=
+
+

2 HS C
N NH C
6
H
5
N N
C
6
H
5
+ Pb
+
=
2
S
C
N
NH
C
6
H
5
N
N
C
6
H
5
S
C
N
NH
C
6
H
5
N
N
C
6
H
5
Pb
+ 2 H+
ditizonat de plumb
ditizona
=
(rosu-caramiziu)
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+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
4 2
5 3 5 3
3 2 2 2 2
Sn , Sn
Sb , Sb , As , As
Bi , Cu , Cd , Hg , Cu

=
+

=
ci diamagneti
incolori
17e
2
Cu exceptie
2e 18
18e
a electronic Structura
0,5) (pH S
2
H : grupa Rv.de

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+ +
+ +
+ +

+ + + +

4
Sn ,
2
Sn
5
Sb ,
3
Sb
5
As ,
3
As
OR SULFACIZIL Subgr.
2
Cd ,
3
Bi ,
2
Cu ,
2
Hg OR SULFOBAZEL Subgr.
E CLASIFICAR
Componena Hg
+2
Cu
+2
Bi
+3
Cd
+2

Reactiv de grup, H
2
S (pH = 0,5)
Precipitat HgS CuS Bi
2
S
3
CdS
Aspect pp. negru pp. negru pp. brun pp. galben
Solubilitate -HNO
3
conc. -HNO
3
-HCl conc. - HCl 1N
la cald diluat -HNO
3
- H
2
SO
4
1:5
-ap, regal, diluat - HNO
3

la cald

=
5 : 1 SO H . solb
HCl . solb
CdS exceptie
SO H
HCl
. insolb
bazic . caract
Sulfuri
4 2
4 2
+ +
+ + + H 2 HgS S H Hg
2
2
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=
HCl p 3
3
HNO p 1 (
. conc
3
HNO
. lub so
negru . pp
HgS
+ +
H 2 CuS S H Cu
2
2
{
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diluat HNO . lub so

negru . pp
CuS
3
+ +
H 6 S Bi S H 3 Bi 2
3 2 2
3
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diluat HNO
. conc HCl
. lub so
brun . pp
S Bi
3
3 2
+ +
H 2 CdS S H Cd
2
2
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cald la 5 : 1 SO H
cald la . HClconc
. lub so
galben . pp
CdS
4 2
+ iodurile alcaline =
= HgI
2
(roie), solb.n exces rv. => [HgI4]
-2
(incolor)

2 4 4
2
2
K ] HgI [ KI 2 HgI
K 2 HgI KI 2 Hg
+
+ +
+ +
vi ol et al bast r u cpl x. zona Feni l car ba
(r osi e) HgCr O K de Cr omat
(r osi e) HgI al cal i ne Iodur i
4
2



cuprona
; cupferona
; ditizona
; Spacu . Gh . r

+ piridina => ditiocianatul dipiridinocupric (verde-maz,re)

2
2
2
K 2 ) SCN ( CuPy KSCN 2 Py 2 Cu
+ +
+ + +
rosu . pp I bismutiol
; cristalin galben . pp pirogalol
; galben . cplx tiouree
=
=
=
. port galb . cplx oxina
fraga rosu . cplx ditizona
; crist alb . pp Spacu . Gh . r
alcalin pH

=
=
=
Componena As
+3
As
+5
Sn
+2
Sn
+4
Sb
+3

Sb
+5

Reactiv de grup, H
2
S (pH = 0,5)
Precipitat As
2
S
3
As
2
S
5
SnS SnS
2
Sb
2
S
3

Sb
2
S
5

oxoanioni
tioanioni;
enati; comp.halog
-cationizi ( cationi cu sarcina formal
Caracter redox

As
+5
, Sb
+5
, Sn
+4
= oxidani ;

As
+3
, Sb
+3
, Sn
+2
= amfolii redox

+ +
+ + H 6 S As S H 3 As 2
3 2 2
3
+ +
H 10 S As S H 5 As 2
5 2 2
5
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+
iti sulfoarsen S As : Deosebirea
identica . solb , galben . pp S As
. alcal hidroxizi
CO ) NH (
NH . polis
solb , galben . pp S As
. alcal sulfuri
3 2
5 2
3 2 4
4
3 2
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
H 10 S Sb S H 5 Sb 2
H 6 S Sb S H 3 Sb 2
5 2 2
5
3 2 2
3
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. asem . solb , portocaliu . pp S Sb

. amoniu . polis
. alc baze
. alc sulfuri
HCl
. solb , portocaliu . pp S Sb
5 2
3 2
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
H 4 SnS S H Sn
H 2 SnS S H Sn
2 2
4
2
2
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=
amoniu de sulfura
. alcal baze
1 : 1 HCl
solb , murdar galben . pp SnS
a polisulfur
. HClconc
. solb , brun . pp SnS
2
(
(

) O As ( alba aureola
aliaceu miros
As Saruri
3 2
carbune calcinare
oIdentificarea As
+3

reacia Bettendorf (pH = puternic acid) + SnCl
2


+ + +
+ + + + Cl 6 Sn 3 As 2 Cl 6 Sn 3 As 2
4 2 3
Sn
HS
SH
CH
3
+2
+
2H
CH
3
S
S
Sn
+
+
+ ditiol (rv. specific)
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+
+ + + +
+ + + +
) (uranil
2
2
UO
2
Zn ,
2
Ni ,
2
Co ,
3
Fe
,
2
Fe ,
2
Mn ,
3
r C ,
3
Al
COMPONENTA
Subgrupa aluminiului
(subgrupa hidroxizilor)
Componen
a
Al
+3
Cr
+3

Reactiv de
grup,
(NH
4
)
2
S Tn prezent, de NH
4
OH [i
NH
4
Cl
Precipitat Al(OH)
3
Cr(OH)
3

Aspect gelatinos gelatinos
Culoare alb, verde-
cenu[ie

) sulfurilor (Sbgr. Mn Sbgr.

or) hidroxizil (Sbgr. Al Sbgr.
Subgrupa manganului (subgrupa sulfurilor)
Componena Mn
+2
Fe
+2
Fe
+3
Ni
+2

Co
+2
Zn
+2

Reactiv de
grup,
(NH
4
)
2
S Tn prezent, de NH
4
OH [i NH
4
Cl
Precipitat MnS FeS Fe
2
S
3
NiS
CoS ZnS
Culoare roz-carne neagr, neagr, neagr,
neagr, alb,
prezint coloraie {excepie: Al+3 (8e-) i
Zn+2(18 e-)}
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=
=

=
+

=
+

verde ratat) MnS(deshid

carne roz at) MnS(hidrat
violet verde (st.)
3
Cr
albastru (inst)
2
Cr
coloratia
hidratare de starea
oxidare de starea
)
`

=
=
+
+
brun galben Fe
verde Fe
Fe
3
2
)
`

=
=
+
+
divers .) inst ( Co
roz Co
Co
3
2
prezint mai multe stri de oxidare {excepie: Al
+3
i Zn
+2
}

=
=
=

=
+
+
+
+
+
) ti permangana ( violet Mn
) manganati ( verde Mn
) manganiti , MnO ( brun Mn
.) instab ( Mn
roz ) stab ( Mn
Mn
7
6
2
4
3
2
Al
+3
=> Al(OH)
3
, pp alb, gelatinos;

Cr
+3
=> Cr(OH)
3
pp verde-cenuiu,gelatinos
Cl NH 6 S H 3 ) OH ( Al 2 HOH 6 S ) NH ( 3 AlCl 2
4 2 3 2 4 3
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + +
4 2 4
2
NH 2 MnS S ) NH ( Mn
| ) verde carne roz MnS
fierbere
+
+ +
+ + +
4 3 2 2 4
3
NH 6 S Fe S ) NH ( 3 Fe 2
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+
apa in . insolb
acizi in . solb
negru . pp
S Fe
3 2
+ +
+ + +
4 2 4
2
NH 2 FeS S ) NH ( Fe
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)
`

+
acizi in . solb
negru . pp
FeS
+ +
+ + +
4 2 4
2
NH 2 CoS S ) NH ( Co
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+
regala apa
. conc HNO
. solb
negru . pp
CoS
3
+ +
+ + +
4 2 4
2
NH 2 NiS S ) NH ( Ni
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+
regala apa
. conc HNO
. solb
negru . pp
NiS
3
+ +
+ + +
4 2 4
2
NH 2 ZnS S ) NH ( Zn
{ } erali min acizi in . solb alb . pp ZnS +
lacuri
ina chinalizar
alizarina

O
HO
OH
SO
Na
O
O
3
Al
OH
Complex alizarinei cu
Al+3
=
= LAC ROSU
+ acidului salicilic => complec[i diferit colorai (pH)

pH puternic acid (pH = 1) => complex violet
pH moderat acid(pH = 4)=> complex rou-portocaliu

C
O
OH
Fe
+2
O
pH = 1
(violet)
C
O
OH
F
O
O
C
O
HO
+
pH = 4
(rosu)
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+
+
+
+
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=
scazuta te reactivita
8e periferica a electronic struct.
CIGENERALE TI CARACTERIS
Rv. de grup
=
)
`

Cl
4
NH , OH
4
NH ,
0
60
3 2 4
CO ) NH (
GRUPA a IV-a CATIONI
Componena Ca
+2
Ba
+2
Sr
+2

Reactiv de grup, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
la 60
0
C, Tn prezen, de NH
4
OH [i NH
4
Cl
Precipitat CaCO
3
BaCO
3
SrCO
3

Aspect pp.amorf, alb pp. crist.alb pp. alb
Solubilitate -CH
3
-COOH; -acizi -acizi
-acizi minerali

= +
+
minerali acizi
acetic acid
solb.
in pp.cristal amorf pp.alb, rv.grupa Ca
fierbere
2
+
+
+ + +
4 3 3 2 4
2
NH 2 CaCO CO ) NH ( Ca
acizi in . lub so
alba culoare
carbonati
Ba
Sr
Cl NH , OH NH , C 60
2
2
4 4
0

)
`

+
+
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
4 3 3 2 4
2
4 3 3 2 4
2
NH 2 BaCO CO ) NH ( Ba
NH 2 SrCO CO ) NH ( Sr
Coloraia flcrii

roscat galben
2
Ca -
carmin rosu
2
Sr
verzui galben
2
Ba
=>
+
=>
+

=>
+

+ acidului picrolonic (pH=neutru) => cplx. galben-rocat;

+ murexid (pH=12) => cplx. solb.violet;
+naftilhidroxilamina => cplx.rou-crmiziu
CO
CO
N
O
Ca
O
N
OC
OC
+ rodizonat de sodiu(pH slab acid, neutru) =>
)
`

)
`

HCl in . solb
brun
. pp
C
O
C
O
Sr
C
C
C
C
O
O
O
O
+ rodizonatului de sodiu => pp. rou brun
C
O
C
O
C
C
C
C
O
O
O
O
Na
Na
+ Ba
+
=
2
C
O
C
O
C
C
C
C
O
O
O
O
Ba
+
2 Na
+
GRUPA a V-a CATIONI
(grupa f,r, reactiv)
Reactiv de
grup,
-

Componen
a
Li
+
Na
+
K
+
Rb
+
Cs
+
Fr
+
Mg
+2
NH
4
+

+
a aV . gr a aIII . gr . ermed int . prop
4 , 10 4 , 9 pH la . pp
Al cu asemanare
3
Caracteristici generale
a aV . gr a aIII . gr . ermed int . prop Li
+
Mg
+2

gelatinos alb precipitat LiF F Li
amoniacal
mediu
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + + + Na 2 H PO Li HPO Na Li 3
4 3
KOH
4 2

fosfat neutru de Li (pp. alb, cristalin)
Reactia cu OH
-
= LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Mg(OH)
2
,
NH
4
OH

COMBINAvII COMPLEXE

Mg
+2
+ difenilcarbazida = complex rosu-violet
O C
N
N
NH
C
6
H
5
Mg
+2
N
C
6
H
5
2
_
CULOAREA FLACARII DE GAZ

Li
+
= rosu-aprins
Na
+
=galben
K
+
= violet
NH
4
+
= verzui

Li
UO (CH - COO)
CH -COOH
Zn
+
+
+
+
3
2
2
2
3 3
(CH -COO)
acetat de uranil
acetat de zinc
UO
H
9 2
Li
Zn( )
3
(CH -COO)
3
+
+
acetat de zinc, litiu si uranil
(precipitat galben-verzui)
Na
+
+
+
+ UO (CH - COO)
2
2
2
3
3
3
acetat de uranil
CH -COOH
Na
UO (CH -COO)
3
H
+
acetat de sodiu si uranil
acid acetic
(precipitat cristalin, galben)
NH
4
KOH
2K [Hg I ]
Cl
H O
KCl
3
+
+
2
2
4
4
tetraiodomercuriatul
de potasiu (rv. Nessler)
KI
O
7
+
+
2
Hg
Hg
NH
I
-
iodura oxiamidodimercurica
(rosie-bruna)

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+
3
HNO
HOH
Ba
Ag
SARURI tea solubilita
2
)
3
Ba(NO
AgNO
reactia
3
CRITERIU

VII VI, V, IV,

III II, I,
ANIONI grupe 7
GRUPA I ANIONI
Compo
nen
a
Anionii
halogenur,


Cl
-
Br
-
I
-

Anionii
hipohalogenit


ClO
-
BrO
-

IO
-

Anionii
pseudohalo
genur,

CN
-
SCN
-

Anionii
cianocomplec[
i

[Fe(CN)
6
]
-3

(fericianur)

[Fe(CN)
6
]
-4

(ferocianur)

Co(CN)
6
]
-4

hexacianocobalt
iat

Ag NO
3
precipitate albe, insolubile Tn H
2
O [i HNO
3
diluat
Ba(NO
3
)
2

-nu precipit,-
Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
Reactia cu AgNO
3

3
3
NO AgCl AgNO Cl

+ + +

+
tiosulfat ri, sulfocianu
cianuri ,
3
NH
solb.
cazeos alb,
AgCl

+
cianuri
NH
solb.
insolb.HNO
cazeos galbui, alb
AgBr
3
3

+ + +
3 3
NO AgBr AgNO Br

+
ri sulfocianu
cianuri
NH
solb.
HNO
HOH
insolb.
galben
AgI
3
3

+ + +
3 3
NO AgI AgNO I
ClO
-
, BrO
-
, IO
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
+
+
AgBr
AgI
AgCl
3
AgNO cu Reactia -
OXIDANT CAR.
dismutatie ATE INSTABILIT
GENERALE TICI CARACTERIS
3
2
HClO HCl 2 HClO 3
O HCl 2 HClO 2
+
+
0
2
e 2
e 1 0 e 1 e 2
2
I I 2
) Cl Cl Cl ( Cl Cl
KOH KCl I KI 2 HClO


+ + +

+ + + + +
CN
-
SCN
-

= =
=
S C N
N C
Reactia cu AgNO
3

+ + +
3 3
NO AgCN AgNO CN

+
cianuri de exces in solb.
cazeos alb,
AgCN

+
+ + +
3
3 3
) SCN ( Ag SCN 2 AgSCN
NO AgSCN AgNO SCN
[Fe(CN)
6
]
-4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
-3
[Co(CN)
6
]
-3

[Fe(CN)
6
]
-4
galben;
[Fe(CN)
6
]
-3
rou-portocaliu;
[Co(CN)
6
]
-3
galben
Culoare:
Reactia cu AgNO
3


+ + +
3 6 4 3
4
6
NO 4 ) CN ( Fe Ag AgNO 4 ) CN ( Fe

+
3
NH
3
HNO
insolb.
portocaliu alb
| | | |

+ + +
3 6 3 3
3
6
NO 3 ) CN ( Fe Ag AgNO 3 ) CN ( Fe

+
3
NH
3
HNO
insolb.
portocaliu
O
2
N
ONa
NO
2
2
HCN
NC
CN
N
OH
H
H
2
O
NO
2
+
O
2
N
ONa
NO
2
+
picrat de sodiu
izopurpurat

+ + Cl 3 ) SCN ( Fe FeCl SCN
3 3
negru . pp ) SCN ( Cu Cu SCN
2
2
+ +
+
GRUPA a II-a ANIONI
Componen
a
S
-2
NO
2

-
CH
3
-COO
-
HCOO
-


CNO
-

Reacia cu
AgNO
3

Precipitate insolubile Tn H
2
O, solubile Tn
HNO
3

Reacia cu
Ba(NO
3
)
2

- nu precipit, -
Reactia cu AgNO
3

3 2 3
2
NO 2 S Ag AgNO 2 S

+
HOH insolb.
diluat
3
HNO solb.
negru

+ + +
3 2 3 2
NO AgNO AgNO NO

+
diluat
3
HNO
(cald) O
2
H
solb.
cristalin alb,
Reactia cu AgNO
3
Reactia cu AgNO
3

+
diluat
3
HNO
(fierbere) O
2
H
solb.
cristalin alb,

+ + +
3 3 3 3
NO COOAg CH AgNO COO CH

+ + +
3 3
NO AgCNO AgNO CNO

+

3
HNO
NH
solb.
cristalin alb,
3
HCOOH CO 2Ag 2HCOOAg
cristalin) alb, ( NO HCOOAg AgNO HCOO
2
T
3 3
0
+ +
+ + + +

+ nitroprusiatul de sodiu, [Na

2
[Fe(CN)
5
]NO]x2H
2
O = cplx. ro[u-violaceu
+ fuxin, ro[ie = decolorare;
+ dimetil-p-fenilendiamina = albastru de metilen;

IDENTIFICARE ION S
-2

N
S
N
H
3
C
H3C
+
N
CH3
CH3
Cl
-
clorura de metiltionina
NO
2-
+ Peter Griess (alfa-naftilamina + acid sulfanilic, m. acid) = cplx.
ro[u;
HONO H
2
N
SO
3
H HCl
2H
2
O
N
N
Cl
-
NH
2
+
+
+
SO
3
H
N
N
+
+
HCl
NH
2
N N
SO
3
H
clorura de sulfat acid de
diazoniu
a naftilamina
Cl
-
SO
3
H
IDENTIFICARE ION NO
2
-

GRUPA AIII-a ANIONI
Componen
a
CO
3
-2
; SO
3
-2
; BO
2
-
; P
2
O
7
-2
;
(carbonic) (sulfit) ( metaboric) (pirofosforic)

IO
3
-
; HPO
3
-2
; PO
3
-2

(iodic) (fosforos) (metafosforic)

C
2
O
4
-2
; C
4
H
4
O
6
-2
; C
6
H
5
O
7
-3

(oxalic) (tartric) (citric)
AgNO
3
Precipitate albe, insolubile Tn ap,, solubile Tn acizi
minerali;
Ba(NO
3
)
2
- nu precipit,-
Reactia cu AgNO
3

+
3
NH
3
HNO
solb.
cristalin alb,

+ + +
3 3 2 3
2
3
NO 2 CO Ag AgNO 2 CO
2 2
T
3 2
CO O Ag CO Ag
0
+

+ + +
3 3 2 3
2
3
NO 2 SO Ag AgNO 2 SO

+
OH
4
NH
3
HNO
solb.
cristalin alb,

+ + +
3 7 2 4 3
4
7 2
NO 4 O P Ag AgNO 4 O P
{

+
COOH
3
CH solb.
alb
COO
2AgNO
Ag
2 NO
3
CO
+
-
COO
-
-
COO
COO
Ag
Ag
+
3
COO
COO
Ag
Ag
2
+
2
T
0

+
3
NH
3
HNO
solb.
cristalin alb,
COO
2AgNO OH)
2
3
COO
(CH
-
-
+
COOAg
OH)
2
COOAg
(CH
2NO
-
3
+
tartrat neutru de Ag
t
Ag
0
CH
2
COO
-
C
HO
COO
-
CH
2
COO
-
3AgNO
3
+
CH
2
COOAg
C
HO COOAg
CH
2
COOAg
NO
-
3
+
citrat Ag
difuz Ag
t
floconos alb,
DEPUNERE 0

+
IDENTIFICARE ION CO
3
-2

CO
3
-2

+ 2H
+
H
2
CO
3
HOH
CO
2
HOH BaCO ) OH ( Ba CO
3 2 2
+ +
HO
OH
OH
pirogalol
PURPUROGALINA
(rosu-brun)
IDENTIFICARE ION IO
3
-
IDENTIFICARE ION IO
3
-

GRUPA a IV-a ANIONI
Componena
PO
4
-3
S
2
O
3
-2
AsO
3
-3
AsO
4
-3
CrO
4
-2

(fosforic) (tiosulfuric) (arsenios) (arsenic) (cromic)

Cr
2
O
7
-2
IO
4
-

(bicromic) (periodic)
AgNO
3


Precipitate colorate, solubile Tn acizi minerali
diluai
Ba(NO
3
)
2

Precipitate albe greu solubile Tn ap,, u[or
solubile Tn acizi minerali
alb) ( 2NO O S Ag 2AgNO O S
3 3 2 2 3
2
3 2
+ + +


+ + +
3 3 3 3
3
3
NO 3 AsO Ag AgNO 3 AsO

+
3
3
NH
HNO
solb.
roscat brun
alb) ( 2Cl O BaS BaCl O S
3 2 2
2
3 2
+ + + +

galben) (+ + +

3 4 3 3
3
4
3NO PO Ag 3AgNO PO
caramiziu) rosu ( 2NO CrO Ag 2AgNO CrO
3 4 2 3
2
4
+ + +


+ + + Cl 2 BaCrO BaCl CrO
4 2
2
4
{

+
minerali acizi solb.
galben
4
CrO
2
H
4
CrO
2
Ag HOH
7
O
2
Cr
2
Ag
2NO O Cr Ag 2AgNO O Cr
3 7 2 2 3
2
7 2
+ +
+ +

IDENTIFICARE ION S
2
O
3
-2
+ azotat nicheletilendiamina = pp. violet (Gh. SPACU)
2 2 2 2
3 3 2 3 2 3 3
2
3 2
NH CH CH N H ED
NO O S Ni(ED) ) (NO Ni(ED) O S
=
+ +

IDENTIFICARE ION PO
4
-3
+ molibdatul de amoniu = pp. galben (fosfomolibdat)
O 12H 3NaNO NO 21NH ) (MoO PO ) (NH
24HNO MoO ) 12(NH PO Na
2 3 3 4 12 3 4 3 4
3 4 2 4 4 3
+ + +
+ +
GRUPA a V-a ANIONI
Componen
a
NO
3
-
ClO
3
-

ClO
4
-

MnO
4
-2

(nitric) (cloric) (percloric) (manganic)

MnO
4
-
S
2
O
8
-2

(permanganic) (persulfuric)

AgNO
3
- nu precipit,-
Ba(NO
3
)
2
- nu precipit,-
Provenienta

Anionul NO
3
-
provine de la acidul azotic, HNO
3

+
+ +
3 3 2 3
NO O H O H HNO
Ionul ClO
3
-
provine de la acidul cloric, HClO
3
2 2 2
2 4 3
O 2 Cl ClO 2
HOH ClO 2 HClO HClO 3
+
+ +
Anionul percloric, ClO
4
-
, deriv din disocierea acidului percloric, HClO
4
,
+
+ + O H ClO HOH HClO
3 4 4
CARACTER OXIDANT
3 2
2
2
2
2 4 2 2 2
Fe Fe
I
Br
Cl
I
Br
Cl
CO O H C ; S S H
+ +

INCOLOR VIOLET
4HOH Mn 8H 5e MnO
ACID PUTERNIC pH
2
4

+ + +
=
+ +
O H 8 CO 10 SO K MnSO 2 SO H 3 ) COOH ( 5 KMnO 2
2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 4
+ + + + +
acizi aldehide alcooli
oxidare oxidare

BRUN VIOLET
2HOH MnO 4H 3e MnO
acid slab sau neutru pH
2 4

+ + +
=
+
VERDE VIOLET
MnO 1e MnO
alcalin pH
2
4 4

+
=

) IRINA(rosu NITROANTIP ANTIPIRINA
verzui - galben verzui - portocaliu rosu BRUCINA
= +
= +
IDENTIFICARE ION NO
3
-
IDENTIFICARE ION MnO
4
-

=
=
=

+
+
alcalin pH ); verde violet ( MnO MnO
acid slab , neutru pH ); brun violet ( Mn MnO
acid pH ); roz violet ( Mn MnO
2
4 4
4
4
2
4
GRUPA a VI-a ANIONI
Componen
a
SO
4
-2
F
-
[SiF
6
]
-2

(sulfat) (fluorur,) (hexafluorosilicic)

AgNO
3
- nu precipit,-
Ba(NO
3
)
2
Precipitate albe, greu solubile Tn ap, [i acizi
minerali
2
4 4
4 4 2
SO H HSO
HSO H SO H
+
+
+
+ (NaHSO
4
[i Na
2
SO
4

Provenienta

Reactia cu BaCl
2


+ + + Cl 2 BaSO BaCl SO
4 2
2
4

+
(fierbere) SO solb.H
alb
4 2
2 ) 4 4 2 4
) HSO ( Ba SO H BaSO +
Provenienta

Identificarea anionului SO
4
-2

+ = +
are) stralucito (ace
t cristaliza
murdar alb
BENZIDINA de SULFAT BENZIDINA de acetat
NH
2
NH
2
.
.
CH
3
COO
-
CH
3
COO
-
SO
4
-2
+
2
NH
2
NH
2
.
.
+ SO
4
-2
CH
3
COO
-
acetat de benzidina
sulfat de benzidina
GRUPA a VII-a ANIONI
Componen
a
SiO
3
-2
WO
4
-2

(silicic) (wolframic)
AgNO
3
Precitate insolubile Tn ap,, greu solubile Tn
HNO
3

Ba(NO
3
)
2
Precitate insolubile Tn ap,, greu solubile Tn
HNO
3

Provenienta

H
2
SiO
3
, acid bibazic, foarte slab

+ + +
3 3 2 3
2
3
NO 2 SiO Ag AgNO 2 SiO

+
iminerali aciz solb.
galben
Reactia cu AgNO
3

Identificarea anionului SiO
3
-2
9HOH 2NO ) (NH ] H ) O [Si(Mo
NO 20NH 22HNO MoO ) 12(NH SiO
(galben) amoniu de bdat silicomoli amoniu de molibdat
3 4 4
4
3 6 7 2
3 4 3 4 2 4
2
3
+ + +
+ + +
= +
+