Broiler Poultry health and management

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Dr.Kedar Karki M.V.St.Preventive Veterinary Medicine Senior Veterinary officer Central Veterinary Laboratory Tripureswor Kathmandu

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-s_ s'v'/fsf z/L/df k|fs[lts ?kdf ;3fpg] ;'Id hLjf0f';+u ;f}xfb| ldQ]/L ufF;f];\ . -v_ s'g} vt/gfs lhjf0f' ljiff0f'n] s'v'/fsf z/L/ c+u, k| 0ffnLdf cltqmd0f ug{ g;sf];\ . -u_ vfPsf] vfg]s'/f To;df kf]ifssf tTjsf] pko'Qm ro, kro eO z/L/df pkof]u xf];\ . -3_ z/L/sf] /f]u ;xg ;Sg] k|fs[lts Ifdtfsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ; +jw{g ug{ ;sf];\ cgL /f]u kf] s] nfuf];\ . -_ z/L/df k|fs[lts ?kdf kmfObf k'ofpg] kfrg k|0ffnLdf ljBdfg lhjf0f' ljiff0f' h'g hyfefjL Pl06jfof]l6s k|of]uaf6 Ifo x'G5g\ tLgsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+j4{g ug{ d2t k'ofpF5 . -r_ xflgsf/s lhjf0f' ljiff0f' lj?4 k|lt If]Kof:t k|xf/ . -5_ ;'kfRo k|f]l6g, le6fldg Pj+ OGhfOdsf] pTkfbg Pj+ cfk'tL{ ;xh u/fpg] . -h_ kfrg k|0ffnLsf] cDnLokg j[l4 u/fpg] . -em_ z/L/sf ljleGg s[ofk|s[ofaf6 pTkGg x'g] ljif ljiffbLsf] lgljlifs/0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] . o;/L k|lt h}ljssf] k|of]u s'v'/fsf] :jf:Yo Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] xf] eg] o;n] s'v'/fnfO{ k|rlnt sDkfOnf] JofS6/, ;fndf]g]nf, : 6fkmfOnf] sf]s; / O= sf]nfOsf] ;+qmd0faf6 dfq arfpGg a? s'v'/fsf] df;'af6 dfG5]df ;/]/ hg:jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/ klg Go"g u5{ h;n] ubf{ cfh hgdfg;df s'v'/f h] sf/0fn] lj/fdL ePklg Tof] OG/f]km\nf]s;fl;g, sf]lnl:6g, 6fOnf]l;g glbO t s'v'/f s] :j:y x'GYof] eGg] e|d s'v'/f kfns, Pu|Le]6 k| fljlwssf] t s] s'/f lj1 g] x' eGg] t Ps} k6s !) Pl06jfof]l6s n]Vg nfh dfGb}gg\ sf] klg r]t v'Nnf . oLgsf] k|of]u al9 g} gu/] Go"g unf{g h:n] ubf{ xfd|f s'v'/f hGo pTkfbgdf Pl06jfof]l6s hGo /;fogsf cjz]if Go"g b]lv z'Go b]lvP b/jf/ dfu{df vf]n]sf] s]= Pkm= ;L= k|mfO{ lrs]g xfd|f cfkm\g} 3/ cf+ugsf xf]nfg\. To;kl5 ljZj jhf/ klg xfd|} xf] eGg ;lsPnf .

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k[i7e'dL M h'g;'s} k|of]hgsf nflu kflng] s'v'/fx? s'g} klg d'n'ssf] u| fld0f cy{ Jojzfo /f]huf/L Ps ljlQo ;+3fg k|of]usf nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . obfsbf b]vf kg]{ cke{m6 gf}nf] vfn] /f]un] eg] of] JojzfonfO{ ;du| ?kd} w/fzfoL kfnf{ h:tf] l:ylt k'ofpnf ls h:tf] klg 5 . o;} ;+be{df sf7df08f} pkTosfdf ljleGg k|of]hgsf] nflu kflnPsf s'v'fdf crfgs ljut b'O{ dlxgf b]lv ;fdfGo s[ifssf] vf]/ b]lv Xofr/L / lj|8/ kmfd{x?df ljr/0f ub}{ u/]sf ;8]g 8]y l;G8f]d eGg] /f]unfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] km/s t g knf{ . o:tf /f]ux? dWo] s]xL crfgs b]vf k/] klg s'g} vf; c;/ gkf/L x/fpF5g\ eg] s]xLn] cToflws d[To'b/ u/fpg], pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj 36fpg], pTkfbg nfut a9fpg] ub{5g\ . s'v'/f kfng If]qdf ljut kms]{/ x]g]{ xf] eg] cf};tg\ k|lt jif{ s'g} g s'g} Pp6f gofF /f]u ylkPsf] kfO{G5 . o; tYofnfO{ ljut @% jif{df ylkPsf tnsf oL /f]usf] gfdfjnLn] k'li6 unf{ sL ? !_ 6sL{ sf]/fOhf @_ PeLog g]k|mfOl6; #_ h'gf]l6s Pleog OGkm\n'P~hf $_ xfOnL le?n]G6 OGkm]s;Lo; a;{n l8lhh %_ Eofl/oG6 OGkm]S;Lo; a;{n l8lhh ^_ cf]dLyf] JofS6]l/od /fOgf] 6ofsLon OGkm]S;g &_ Eofl/oG6 OGkm]S;Lo; a|f]+sfOl6; *_ c+uf/f, nLrL, l8lhh (_ /G6L+u :6G6L+u l;G8f]d !)_ lrs]g OGkm]S;Lo; Plgldof !!_ 6fG;ld;]jn efO/n k|f]e]G6Ls'nfOl6; !@_ Eofl/oG6, MG / MS, OGkm]S;g !#_ 8/dn :Sjfd; ;]n sf/;Lgf]df !$_ dfONjfO8 No'sf]l;;
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!%_ 6sL{ /fOgf] 6ofsfO;L; !^_ s[K6f] :kf]/Ll8of];L; !&_ :kfOsL+u df]/6fnL6L l;G8f]d !*_ d]/L le?n]G6 ds{ l8lhh !(_ knd'g/L xfOk/ 6]G;g l;G8f]d @)_ lju lne/ P08 P;lKng l8lhh @!_ ;fndf]g]nf OG6fOl8; @@_ OsjfOg Og;]kmnfOl6; efO/; Og 6sL{ @#_ :6G6L+u l;G8f]d Og 6sL{ @$_ kf]n6 OG6/fOl6; df]/6fln6L l;G8f]d @%_ dN6L ;]G6Ls lx:6f] ;fO6f];L; @^_ x]kf6fOl6; O;lKng dufnL l;G8f]d @&_ 6sL{ cf]:6f] dfOnfl6; sDKn]S; @*_ ;8]g 8]y l;G8f]d gofF /f]usf] klxrfgM ;+efjgf / dxTj htL a]nf ayfgdf s'g} ;+efjLt /f]usf] cj:yLtL jf cg'kl:yltsf nflu cg'udg sfo{ ;+rfng u/LPsf] x'G5 To; a]nf gofF /f]u kQf nfUg] ;+efggf a9L /x]sf] tYo kfOG5 . xfd|f] cfkm\gf] k/Lk|]Ifdf xfn ;+efljt j8{ km\n'sf] klxrfg sfo{sf nflu yfnLPsf] j8{ km\n' lgoGq0f cfof]hgf sf] sfo{qmdn] s'v'/fsf] /f]u lgbfg sfo{ ;lhnf] kf/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg gofF /f]usf] klxnf] klxrfg s[ifs Joj;foLn] Olut ug{ ;S5 . To; afx]s Joj:yfks ljlqm k|jGws clg /f]usf] pkrf/ / lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg JolQmaf6 tbf?Stfsf ;fy Olut ug] { Ifdtf x'g' g} kg]{ xf] . of] sfo{ cg'ej clg tflnd / cGt/s[ofaf6 k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 . ayfgdf o;/L b]lvg] gofF / gf}nf] /f]u ;bf b]lvb}+ cfPsf] /f]u eGbf cfkm}df k[ys k| s[ltsf] x'g] ub{5 . gofF /f]u b]lvbf u/Lg' kg]{ sfo{ M gofF /f]u cGj]if0f Tof] klg ayfgdf eg]sf] s'g} ck/fw cg';Gwfg ;/x g} xf] . To;sf nflu lgDg k|s[of t ug}{ k5{ .
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-!_ s] /f]u ;fFlRrs} gf}nf] xf] jf b]lvb}+ cfPsf] h:tf] xf] ;Dk"0f{ k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f w}o{ ;+u u/] t eO xfN5, cem /f]u b]vf k/]sf] ayfgsf] Joj:yfkg kIf clg jftfj/0fsf] clen]v s]nfpg t s] cN5L ug]{ . -@_ s'g} klg gf}nf] /f]u z+sf nfu] To;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tof/ kfg'{;\, gofF gfd lbg';\ / To;sf] ;'rgf k|jfx ug''{;\, 5nkmn ug'{;\ Psl5g tkfO{+sf] bf}+t/L xfF:nfg, lrGtf g ug'{;\ . -#_ cfjZos k/] lj:t[t Olkl8ldof]nf]hLsn cWoog ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . clg dfq yfxf x'G5 q'l6 sxfF eP5 . To;af6 /f]usf] k|s[ltsf] osLg x'g ;S5 . Joj;foLdf ljZjf; clg k|efjsf/L pkrf/, lgoGq0f t ;+ej x'g] g} eof] . cGoyf==================? ? ?

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;du| Joj:yfkgM s'v'/f kfngaf6 ;kmn Joj;flo algG5 jf 6f6 klN6g]5 eg] s'/f s'zn Joj:yfklso Ifdtfdf lge{/ ub{5 . Ps s'zn Joj;flon] o; k]zf;+u ;DjlGwt ;a} Joj:yfkgnfO{ Go'gtd vr{df s;/L gfkmfd'ns agfpg ;lsG5 eGg]df rgfvf] x'g] cfkm} sf]lz; u5{ . t;y{ Joj;flon] lgDg pNn]lvt s]lx s'/fdf ljrf/ k'ofpg kg] { x'G5 . !- Ps lbg] rNnf s:tf] x'g' k5{ M km'lt{nf], rlDsnf cfFvf ePsf, bx|f] v'f, 6f7f] eO pleOg], ;'Vvf clg d'nfod KjfFv ePsf . ;fx|} Vofp6] x'g' x'Fb}g . ;a} rNnf Ps} gf;sf x'g' k5{ . v'f aflPsf, kv]6f n]q]sf, cfFvf gb]Vg] h:tf vf]6 ePsfsf] s] sfd, ;+Vof k'ofpg dfq . e/kbf]{ ljZjflznf] cfk'lt{ stf{af6 rNnf lng'xf];\ gq To} cfOl; rNnf knf{ . @_ bfgf M ;du| s'v'/f kfng Joj;fosf] nfut vr{df @# ltxfO{ vr{ t bfgfdf x'G5 . t;y{ bfgf Go"gtd dfq v]/ hfg] x'g' kb{5 . a|fOn/ s'v'/fnfO{ v'jfpg] bfgf b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . :6f6/ bfgfM h'g ! lbg b]lv $ xKtf;Ddsf s'v'/fnfO{ lbOG5 h:df k|f]l6gsf] dfqf @@@$ x'G5 . lkmlg;/ bfgfM h'g % b]lv & xKtfsf s'v'/fnfO{ lbOG5 h:df k|f]l6gsf] dfqf !(@) x'G5 . s'v'/fnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ bfgfsf] dfqf 36fP/ v'jfpg' kg] { cj:yf afx]s s'v'/fn] vfg rfx] cg';f/ o; k|of]hgsf s'v'/fO{ bfgf lbg' k5{ . /f]u lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd tyf pkrf/ Joj:yfkgM
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oL s'v'/fnfO{ s]lx /f]u lgoldt nfUg ;S5, j]n}df oLgsf] lgoGq0fsf pkfo bIf kz' lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . s'v'/fsf s]lx d'Vo /f]ux?dfM /fgLv]t kmjn kS; uDjf]/f] nLrL x6{ l;= cf= l8= k'nf]/d sS;Ll8of];L; h'sf cflb dflgG5 . oLgLx?sf] /f]syfd Pj+ lgoGq0fsf nflu a]n}df lglZrt pd]/ cufj} cfjZos vf]k Pj+ cf}iflw lgoldt ?kdf bIf k| fljlws;+u ;Nnfx u/L tflnsf agfO{ ug'{ t j]z . o; afx]s s'v'/f kmfd{df cfjZos Go'gtd h}ljs ;'/Iff Joj:yf ug'{ t a'l4dflg xf]nf . o; afx]s cfkm\gf] ayfgdf b}lgs )=% b]lv ! ;Dd s'v'/f dg{ yfn] o;sf] lj:t't /f]u lgbfg bIf kz' lrlsT;s;+u u/fO{ cf}iflw ug'{ plrt x'g]5 . dfq Pu| f]e]6sf] e/ kbf{ x'g] t cfkm\g} Iflt xf] . h'g cfh k|rlnt 5. ahf/ Joj:yfkgM cfkm'n] kfn]sf] s'v'/f ;do d} lalqm ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] of]hgf ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . a]n}df s'v'/f ljlqm x'g ;Sg' / plrt d'No kfpg ;lsof] eg] kf] s'v'/f a]Rbf gf]6} gf]6 . o;sf nflu lgDg s'/fdf ljrf/ k'ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . lalqm ug]{ 7fpFsf] cjl:ylt pTkfbgsf lsl;d, lhpFbf] jf tof/L u/LPsf d'No lj1fkg Joj:yfkg

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Joj;fosf] clen]vM cfkm\gf] Joj;fodf nfu]sf] vr{ tyf u/]sf] sfdsf] cWofjlws clen]v /fVg lememf] dfGg' x'Fb}g . To;sf nflu k|Tos s'v'/f Joj;foLn] lgDg clen]v /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . !_ Joj:yfklso clen]vM h:n] ;xof]u u5{ Joj:yfklso q'l6 ;Rofpg . rNnf plrt 5gf}6 ul/of] ls ul/Pg . bfgf plrt lyof] ls lyPg . s'v'/fsf] d[To'b/ sd ug{ . plrt cf}iflw k|of]u ug{ . @_ cfly{s clen]vM gfkmf3f6f yfxf kfpg . cgfjZos vr{ s6f}t Lug{ . Joj;fo la:tf/ ug{, k"jf{wf/ tof/ kfg{ jf Joj;fo 5f8L j}slNks Joj;fo /f]Hg

a|fOn/ s'v'/f Joj:yfkg s]xL ;d:of clg ;dfwfg

;d:of != klxnf] # lbg )=% eGbf a9L d[To' x'g' s_ Xofr/Ldf rNnf sf]/Ng] a]nf a9L cfb|tf x'g' / c08f gkrg] ;d:of . v_ ;fx|} ;fgf / Vofp6] rNnf . u_ vf]/ lgd{nLs/0f ubf{ w]/} w'Fjf nufPsf] sf/0fn] rNnfsf] cfFvf 3fF6L kf]Ng' / ofn sf9\g' 3_ a|'l8 ubf{ tfkqmd gldNg' . ;dfwfg

12

Xofr/LnfO{ vj/ ug{';\, Vofp6] rNnf s] kf] kfnL /fVg], hfjf] cf}iflwn] s] rNnf xnSs a9fpnf, b'Mv dfq lsg lj;fpg] . @= % b]lv !) lbgsf rNnf esfes dg{ yfn]M s_ dfpaf6} ;/]/ cfPsf /f]u, ;fndf]g]nf, O= sf]nfO t xf]gL . ctL tLI0f nIf0f clg esfes rNnf dg{ s] sf] cfOtjf/ s'y] { lg . v_ v} tLI0f Og;]kmnf]dfOnfl6; kf] eof] ls . u_ 9'zLsf] ljiffQmLn] t afFsL kf] s] /fVnf . 3_ bfgf s} u'0f:t/ sf] s] kf] 5 / e/ . _ xfjfsf] cfjZos lgsf; gePsf] 3/ To;df Ifdtf eGbf al9 rNnf sf]lrP/ /fv] kl5 lg:;fl;P/ dg{ kf] s] a]/ nfpGy] . ;dfwfg lj1sf] ;Nnfx lnO pko'Qm k|lt hLjf0f' gfzs cf}iflw Tof] PlG6jfof]l6s ;fy} cfjZos ;x cf}iflwn] ;fndf]g]nf, O= sf]nfO t lgoGq0f u5{ . afFsL tkfO{+sf] plrt Pj+ s'zn Joj:yfklso Ifdtf / nulzntfdf e/ knf{ x} . #_ ;fg} pd]/df :jf; k|:jf;df ;d:of s_ dfpaf6} dfOqmf]KnfHdf cfof] ls < v_ rNnf g} e'6\g] u/L tftf] kf/L a|'l8 ul/of] ls < u_ O= sf]nfO, 9'zL k|b'lzt kfgL kf] kof] ls < ;dfwfg kfgLdf lgoldt P;Ll8kmfo/ k|of]u ge'Ng' xf]nf . $_ uDaf]/f] M plrt t/Lsf / pko'Qm vf]k lbg r'lsP 5 eg] @!@@ lbg kl5 t 6'kn'Ss b]lvG5 x} . lgoldt vf]k nufpFbf ljrf/ k'ofpg' xf]nf . %_ /fgLv]t M
13

udL{sf] a]nf ;tfpnf s'v'/fsf] vf]/sf] h}ljs ;'/Iff Jojl:yt ug'{;\ . hyfefjL s'v'/fsf] vf]/df ko{6s g leqfpg';\ . c?sf vf]/sf ef8f pks/0f clg ;jf/L ;fwg cfkm\gf] vf]/df k|j]z tyf k|of]u gu/fpg';\ . ^_ ;8]g 8]y l;G8f]d M xnSs a9\g] a|fOn/df al9 b]lvG5 x} . df;' dfq nfUg] kmf]S;f]/ d'6' rfFlx a9]g eg] rNnf @!@@ lbg k'u] kl5 bfgf t 36fpg';\ x} . o; eGbf afx]s s'v'/fsf rNnf vf]/df xfn] kl5 Ps k6s lj1;+u ;Nnfx nLg lememf] t gdfGg';, hyfefjL Pu|f]e]6df h] cf}iflw ljlqmsf] nflu /flvPsf] 5, Tof] dfq vkt ug]{ u/fpg] u/L, a|fOn/ gkfNg';\, cgL kf] a| fOn/ kfn]kl5 cfpF5 gf]6 .

Joj;flos s'v'/f kfngsf nflu Gogtd cfwfe"t h}ljs ;'/Iff

. k[i7e'dL M ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu Joj;flos ?kdf kfnLg] s'v'/fsf] 3gTj j[l4 tyf cfhsf cfg'jf+lzs ;'wf/ u/LPsf s'v'/fsf hft a9\bf] /f]u Jofwsf r'gf}ltsf ;+be{df s'v'/f kfns Joj;flon] s]lx Go'gtd cfwf/e't h}ljs ;'/Iff t cfkm\gf] s'v'/f kfNg] vf]/df ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . cfkm\gf] s'v'/f kmfd{ cg'';f/sf] h}ljs ;'/Iff k|jGwsf] Joj:yfkg Pj+ sfof{Gjog b}lgs ?kdf ul/g] xf] eg] To:tf s'v'/f kmfd{df Pleog Ogkm\n'P~hf, /fgLv]t, uDaf]/f] h:tf /f]ux? Go'gLs/0f ug{ cfjZo ;lsG5 . /f]usf hLjf0f' ljiff0f' s'v'/fsf vf]/df cf];f/ k;f/sf dfWod M s'v'/fsf] Ps vf]/af6 csf]{ vf]/df k|f/lDes ?kdf /f]usf hLjf0f' ljiff0f'x? k|b'lift s'v'/fsf vf]/df k|of]u u/LPsf
14

ef8fs'8f n'ufkmf6f cgL s'v'/f vf]/df sfd ug]{ dflg;n] k| of]u ug]{ h'Qf rKknsf] dfWodaf6 ;g]{ u5{ . h+unL r/f, d';f, 5'r'Gb|f] h:tf hgfj/n] klg of] sfo{df d2t k'ofpF5 . o;sf] ;fy} s'v'/f kmfd{df s'v'/f cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ ;jf/L ;fwg, s'v'/f /fVg] afs;, s'v'/fsf km'n /fVg] afs; o;sf nflu emg s] c5'tf] /xnfg kf] . To;} u/L dflg; tyf kz'x? klg s'v'/f vf]/x?df lhjf0f' ljiff0f' cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ dfWod dflgG5g\ . /f]u nufpg] lhjf0f' ljiff0f' dflg;sf n'uf, h'Qf, 5fnf tyf skfndf 6ffl;P/ Ps vf]/af6 ;/]/ csf]{ vf]/df k'Ug ;+sf]r kf] s] dfGnfg . s's'/, lj/fnf, d';fx? ;fy} d:t p8\g] lkm/Gt] r/fx? t dfG5] eGbf s] sd kf] xf]nfg . lem+uf, uf]a|]ls/f, nfdv'] t cfhsf] ;dfg'kflts, ;dfj]zLsf] s'/f rls{/x]sf] j]nf emg r'k kf] s] nfUnfg x} . xfjfx'/L jtf; cfhsf] ljZj jfliks/0f cgL hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] rrf{ rn]sf] a]nf jfo'd08n t s] c5'tf] eOa:nf v} . o; kl/k|]Ifdf s'v'/f kfns s[ifsn] Go'gtd ?kdf cfkm\gf] s'v'/f kmfd{df cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ cfwf/e't h}ljs ;'/Iffsf pkfox?sf af/]df ;f/fz+df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . !_ Gogtd ko{tsnfO{ cfkm\gf] vf]/ cjnf]sg u/fpg';\ . d]/f] vf]/df ko{6g jif{ @)!!,z'? ePsf] 5}g eGg] ;'rgf 6fF:g' xf];\ . @_ tkfO{+ cfkm} klg c?sf] s'v'/f kmfd{df hyfefjL ko{6g ug{ ghfg';\ x} a? ko{6g jif{ @)!! sf] cfGtl/s ko{6g ;+Vof gk'u] gk'uf];\, uP @)!@ df hfg' xf]nf x} . #_ s's'/, lj/fnf], d';f, ls/f, km6\of\u|fnfO{ cfkm\gf] s'v'/f kmfd{sf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 d'Qm /fVg';\ x} . $_ d';f, ls/f, km6\of\u|f lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfox? s'v'/f kmfd{df lgoldt cjnDag ug'{;\

15

%_ sf7] s'v'/f, h+unL r/f r'?L / tkfO{+sf] vf]/df kflnPsf s'v'/f jLr lklIfo jftf{nfk e]63f6 u/fpg] sfo{ gug'{ xf]nf . ^_ cfkm\gf] s'v'/fsf] jyfgsf] uxg lgl/If0f b}lgs cfkm} ug'{xf]nf ;xfossf] e/ g kg'{ xf]nf . &_ s'v'/f vf]/sf] jftfj/0f clwstd pRr /fVg' xf]nf, w'nf] lxnf] ,xfjfsf] plrt lgsfzsf] Joj:yf t ug}{ k5{ . *_ s'v'/fsf] vf]/, jl/j/L, bfgf /fVg] 7fpF ;kmf / ;'Vvf /fVg';\ . (_ /f]usf] klxrfg b|'t ug'{;\ st} tkfO{sf s'v'/fM bfgf sd vfg] nf];] 5g\ ls km'n kfg{ sdL u/] ls sdnf] af]qmf ePsf] cfsf/ gldn]sf] km'n kf] kf5{g ls 6fpsf], cfFvf, l;p/, nf]tL kf] ;'lGgof] ls l;p/ n'tf], sfnf], gLnf], k'm;|f] eof] ls gfsaf6 kfgL h:tf] l;+ufg cfpF5 ls vf]Sg] of/ 3'/ u5{g\ ls lx+8\g} ck7\of/f] 5 ls 5]/kl6 nfUnf x} crfgs cfTdxTof kf] u5{g\ . cGtdfM lhjf0f' ljiff0f'sf] k|b'if0f /f]Sg ;sg' Joj;fols s'v'/f kfngsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 . cTolws 3fts tyf ; +qmfds /f]usf lhjf0f' ljiff0f'sf] s'v'/f kmfd{df k|j]zn] s'v'/f kfng Joj;fodf ck|Tofl;t Iflt k'ofpg ;S5 . plrt h}ljs ;'/Iffsf] b}lgs k|rngn] s's'/fnfO{ /f]u nfUgaf6 t arfpF5 g} o;sf ;fy} /f]u km}nLg, dfxfdf/L x'gaf6 dfq arfpFb}g, h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu s'v'/f kflnPsf] xf] To;af6 ck]lIft cfDbfgL klg kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] s'v'/f kfngdf u/Lg] h}ljs ;'/Iffsf pkfo JolQm dffqsf] lhDd]jf/L x}g j? of] o; If]qdf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ Joj;flosf] ;femf lhDd]jf/L klg xf] .
16

;fgf a|fOn/ rNnfdf :kfOsLu df]6f{lnl6 l;G8f]d Ps ljj]rgf:

k[i7e'dL
g]kfndf @ xKtf ;Ddsf pd]/sf ;fgf a|fOn/ rNnfdf PSsf;L v'6\6f kv]6f n'nf] eP/ d[To' b/ PSsf;L a[l4 x'g k'u]sf] lyof] o; /f]uaf/] leGg kz'lrlsT;fsdL{sf] leGg wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 . w]/}sf] wf/0ff PlePg Og;]kmnfOl6; /f]u eGg] b]lvPsf] lyof] . t/ pQm /f]u x'Fbf lj/fdL rNnf y/y/ sfDg' kg]{df Tof] nIf0f lyPg a? rNnfsf] v6\6f kv]6f 6fpsf] n'nf] ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] . t/ k|of]uzfnf kl/If0f ubf ljiff0f' lyPg . cGoqsf] clen]v x]g]{ xf] eg] o:t} k|sf/sf] nIf0f s'v'/fsf] rNnfdf !(**!((@ lt/ cd]l/sfsf] hlh{of, cnjfdf, c/sfG;;, 8fndf/ef, gy{ Sof/f]lngf /fHodf Jofks ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] e]l6G5 . pQm If]qdf kz'lrlsT;s, ljz]if1sf] 6f]nLn] /f]u af/] cWoog ubf{ o:tf] cj:yf s'g} Ps s'v'/faf6 dfq geO{, s]lx Joj:yfklso q'l6, s]lx lhjf0f'sf] ;+qmd0f tyf bfgfdf ePsf] k|b'if0fn] ubf{ ePsf] 7x/ ul/Psf] clen]vLt 5 . pQm If]qdf xfnklg nIf0fsf lj/fdL t b]lvG5g\ t/ pkrf/ Pj+ lgoGq0fsf] pkfo PsLg ePsf] j}1flgs tYo kfOb}gg\ .

/f]usf nIf0fx?
*!^ lbg leqsf pd]/sf rNnfx? crfgs n'nf eO nDk;f/ kg] { cToflws d[To'b/ a9]/ hfg] . d[To' x'g] qmd nIf0f b]lvPsf] # b]lv % lbg ;Dd /xg] . To;kl5 d[To' x'g] qmd /f]lsg] . k|efljt rNnfx? ;'t]/ kN6]/ j:g], d'G6f] ntfg]{ nIf0f b]lvPsf] @ 306f b]lv ^ 306f leq d[To' x'g] . afFr]sf rNnfx?df Vofp6]kg b]lvg], tf}n ga9\g] h:tf nIf0f b]lvG5g\ . d[t rNnfdf sn]hf]df /Qm>fj b]lvg], sn]hf] kmQSs un]sf] h:tf] b]lvg], j;f{ kmfj|L;Lo; ;fgf] eP/ hfg], d[uf}nfdf o'/]6 hDdf x'g], s|kdf kfgL hDg], cfGb|fdf kfgL tyf emf]n hDdf ePsf] b]lvg] . duh kmQSs un]sf] h:tf] b]lvg] .

/f]usf k|d'v sf/0f

9';LhGo jf cGo lhjf0f'hGo ljiffbL k|d'v dflgPsf] 5 . xfd|f] cfkm\gf] kl/j]zdf klg jyfgdf d[To' ePsf] rNnfsf] zj lgZ5]bg kl5 k| of]uzfnf kl/If0f ubf{ lhjf0f' Pj+ 9';LhGo lhjf0f' sl/j ^) &) df 9';Lsf] ;+qmd0f Pj+ k|b'if0f kfOPsf]5 .

pkrf/ tyf /f]syfd

emf]n dfOsf] 6f]s;Lg 6f]s;f]n, 6f]s;f]lned, x]kf6]flne, nLe/6lgs, x]kf6f]s]o/, 8fOh]:6Le dN6Lle6fldg lj= sDKn]S;,
17

k]G6L;f]n ;fy} Un'sf]h tyf ;fdfGo Pl06jfof]l6s kfgLdf lgoldt lbg] xf] eg] d[To'b/ /f]Sg ;lsg] cGoqsf] cg'ej 5 . o;} k|sf/sf] pkrf/ ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf] jyfgdf /f]u lgs} xb;Dd k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 . o; af/] la:t[t cWoog xfd|f] kl/k|]If ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

km\o'hfl/od f/f pTkflbt ljifsf] s'v'/fsf] z/L/df x'g] s'k|efj Go'gLs/0f ug]{ s]xL Jofjxfl?s t/Lsfx? dfOsf]6f]S;Lg (Mycotoxin) zAbsf] pTklQ u|Ls zAb MYKES af6 ePsf] tYo e]l6G5 h;sf] zfAbLs cy{ 9'';L x'G5 . clg n]l6g efiffdf 6f]S;Lsd h;sf] cy{ ljif (Toxin) xf] . oL 9';L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . Ps y/L lhljt ?v lj?jfnfO{ ;+qmd0f u/fpF5g\ clg 9';L hGo ljiffQm pTkfbg u/fpF5g\ eg] csf]{ y/Lsf 9';L af]6 lj?jf hGo pTkfbg e08f/0f ubf{ pTkGg x'G5g\ . o;/L ; +qmldt ds}, uxF' rf]s/, /fO; a|fg -9'6f]_, jbfdsf] lkgf, ltnsf] lkgf, e6df;sf] lkgf tyf hf}af6 bfgf ha s'v'/fnfO{ v'jfOG5 o:sf] s'k|efj b]vf kg]{ ub{5 . o;/L lbPsf] bfgf s'v'/fnfO{ v'jfPkl5 ro ckro (Metabolism) k|s[ofaf6 sfaf]{xfO{8]6, af];f], k|f]6Lg, vlgh nj0f k|fKt x'G5 . oL / o:tf 9';L k|hftLf/f k|b'lift s[lif pTkfbgsf ;fy} xf8sf] w'nf], /ut klg of] 9';Laf6 ;+qmd0f x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf k|lt cfFvf lrlDng ;lsGg . o:tf bfgf ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu kflng] s'v'/fnfO[ v'jfpFbf s'v'/fsf] :jf:Yodf c;/ t k5{ g}, pTkfbg klg 36fpF5 . km\o'hfl/odM of] k|hfltsf] 9';L ljleGg jf]6 lj?jfsf] Jof8 b]lv jfnL yGsfpg] a]nf ;Dd ;+qmd0f ug]{ tYo e]l6G5 . s[lif pTkfbg / pkpTkfbgx? ;+ro ul/ /fVg] a]nfsf]
18

lr:ofg ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf tyf tfkqmd xfd|f] h:tf] hnjfo' ePsf] b]zdf o; hftsf] 9';Lsf] ;+qmd0f Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu Hofb} pkof]uL dflgG5 . ckm\nf6f]S;Lg k| hfltsf] 9';Ln] o; ;+u ldt]/L ;DaGw ufF:g a]/ nufpFb}g . o:tf] ePsf] v08df s'v'/f, j+u'/, 6ls{, xfF; al9 k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ . To;}n] o:tf 9';Lsf] z/L/df x'g] ro ckroaf6 (Metabolism) pTkflbt tTjnfO{ Mycotoxin elgG5 . h'g z/L/sf nflu 3fts x'G5g\ . nIf0fM

logsf] ljifQmf ;do ;dodf b]vf k5{g\ t/ em lrGg ufx|f] x'G5 . o:tf ljif Ps csf{df ;b}{gg\ . oL ljiff0f'x?af6 k|efljt ayfgx?df Antibiotic k| of]usf] s'g} c;/ b]lvb}g . logsf] c;/ df};d Pj+ vf; df};dL cj:yfdf e/ kb{5 .

efO/;, JofS6]l/of, h'sf, k|f]6f]hf]gsf sf/0f x'g] /f]u lj?4 ljleGg y/Lsf P06Ljfof]l6s cf}iflwx? 5g\, t/ oL 9';Lsf sf/0f ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu kfn]sf s'v'/fsf] pTkfbgdf 7'nf] cfly{s Iflt k'Ug hfG5 . o;f] x'g'sf s/0f 9';L ;+qmldt bfgfdf pknAw kf}li6s tTj kfrg s[of kl5 ;fgf] cfGb|faf6 ;+lrt eO{ z/L/sf] ljleGg efudf k'Ug ;Sb}g . s'v'/fx?sf] crfgs d[To' x'g', km'n kfg]]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu kflng] s'v'/fsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf 36\g], SoflN;od, DofUg]l;od tyf nf}x tTjsf] z/L/df ;+r]tg gx'g'sf ;fy} ljleGg /f]u lj?4 k|of]u

19

ul/g] vf]k k|efjsf/Ltfdf c;/ kg'{ klg oL 9';L hGo ljifx?sf] k|d'v sf/0f dflgG5g\ . kz' k+IfLsf] z/L/df x'g] ro ckro s[ofdf (Metabolism) sn]hf]n] dxTjk"0f{ e"lesf v]Ng] ub{5 . h;n] z/L/sf] /utdf cfjZos dfqfdf Un'sf]h, Un'sf]lgof]h]g]l;; tyf UnfOsf] h]gf]nfOl;; k| s[ofaf6 k'ofpg] sfd ub{5 . o; afx]s z/L/sf] ljleGg efunfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|f]l6gsf] Joj:yf ug'{, lkQ pTkfbgdf d2t ug'{sf ;fy} z/L/df ljleGg ?kdf k|j]z u/]sf ljifnfO{ lgljlifs/0f ul/ z/L/ aflx/ k7fpgdf klg dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . t/ ha sn]hf] cfkm} 9';LhGo ljifsf sf/0f sdhf]/ x'g afWo x'G5, tj lgZrog} kz' k+IfLdf o:tf ljiffn' tTj lj?4 ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtfdf sdL x'g] / s'v'/f lj/fdL x'g] nIf0f b]vf kb{5 . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf kz' k+IfLnfO{ arfpg] kf] s;/L
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Snf]lng Snf]/fO{8, le6fldg lj sDKn]S;, k|f]kfof]lgs Pl;8, lne/ 6lgs, lk= Pkm= P;= h:tf cf]iflwx?n] sn]hf]nfO{ dha't agfpF5 . o; afx]s xfO{8]8 ;f]l8od SoflN;od Plnldgf]l;lns]6 hf] Ps lsl;dsf] lhof]nfO{6 bfgfdf ld;fpFbf bfgfdf ePsf] 9';LhGo ljif ;+r]tgnfO{ lgik|eflj agfpF5 . k|f]kfof]lgs Pl;8n] o:tf 9';Lsf] clej[l4 x'g glbgdf d2t k'ofpF5 . h:n] ubf{ sn]hf] h'g ;'s} k|sf/sf] ljiffn' tTjnfO{ lgljlifs/0f (Detoxification) df d2t ub{5 . o; afx]s z/L/df ljleGg vfn] /f]u pTkGg u/fpg] sf/0f k|lt /f]u ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 u/fpF5 .

20

ahf/ k'Ug nfu]sf a|fOn/ s'v'/fdf ;8]g 8]y l;G8f]d, s'v'/f :jf:Yo Joj:yfkgdf ylkof] r'gf}ltM
k[i7e'dL 5f]6f] cjlw ;fgf] k'FhL nufgLaf6 e/kbf]{ cfo cfh{g ug{ ;xfos dflgPsf] a|fOn/ s'v'/f kfngsf] ;du| Joj:yfkg eg] ;xh 5}g . o; cl3sf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf k|of; af6 xfn ;dd s'v'/fsf ;du| /f]u Joflw, s'kf]if0f tyf :t/Lo Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? k|rngdf NofPsf 5g\ . o;} klg cfhsf a|fOn/ s'v'/f 5f]6f[ ;dodf w]/} bfgf vfO ahf/ k'ofpg ;lsg] u/L cg'jf+zLs ;+/lrt 5g\ h;df /f]u cgL tgfj vKg ;Sg] Ifdtf eg] hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] klg ;fdfGo Joj:yfklso q'ltdf klg crfgs logLx?sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df xfn o; >fj0f dlxgfdf sf7df08f} pkTosfdf em08} tof/L cj:yfdf /x]sf a|fOn/ s'v'/f ahf/df s'v'/fsf] vkt sd x'g] ;do k/L a]n}df lalqm x'g g;sL s[ifssf] vf]/df y'lk|bf ^ xKtf pd]/ k'u]sf s'v'/f crfgs pQfgf] k/L v'6\6f dfly kf/]/ tGsfP/ dg{ yfn] kl5 s[ifs t cfZro{df k/] eg] kz' :jf:Yo sdL{ clg lj1 gfhjfkm pkrf/sf k|of; e'Gt] x'Fbf . s] g} /x]5 t a|fOn/ s'v'/fsf] ;8]g 8]y l;G8f]d ;g !(*& tfsf o'/f]lko d'n'sn] klg o:t} cj:yf Joxf]/]sf] kfOG5 . o;} xf/fxf/Ldf ljZjsf cGo d'n'sdf klg o; ;d:ofn] lk/f]n]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . a[xt k|fl1s cg';Gwfg kl5 ;a}sf] lgisif{ eg] o; cj:yfsf] sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf l56f] tf}n a9fpg /f]u nfUg glbg bfgfdf k|of]u ul/ /;folgs Pl06 afof]l6s, Pl06 ssl;l8of]:6f6 clg l56f] tf}n jw{sx?nfO{ O+lut u/]sf 5g\ eg] bfgfdf 9';Lsf] k|b'if0f kf] lsg c5'tf] x'Fbf] xf]nf . xnSs a9]sf vfOnfUb s'v'/f x]bf{ x]b}{ pQfgf] kl/ k5fl/g' clg v'6\6f dfly tGsfpg] dfq o;sf nIf0f x'g] Tof] klg #)$) ;]s]08df, Tof] bo3f6 eP h:t} .
21

nIf0f o; cj:yfn] dg]{ s'v'/fn] z'?df s'g} k|ToIf nIf0f b]vfpFb}gg\ . k|fo tGb'?:t vfOnfUbf s'v'/f PSsf;L y/y/ sfFk]h:tf] u/l 3fF6L tGsfpg] kv]6f km/km/fpg] v'6\6f c//f] kf/L #)$) ;]s]08df e'O{+df pQfgf] k/L 9nL v'6\6f dflylt/ tGsfpg] . o:tf] s'v'/fsf] zj kl/If0f -lgZ5]bg_ ubf{ k]6df /ut kfgL e/LPsf', sn]hf] ;'GgLPsf] tyf /Qm>fjsf nIf0f b]lvG5g\ eg] cfGb|fdf tfhf bfgf h:tfsf] To:t} g kr]sf] cj:yfdf kfOG5, k|f]e]lG6s'n;df eg] df]lx h:tf] n]8f] b]lvG5 . d/]sf] s'v'/fsf] sn]hf], kmf]S;f], lkmof], k|f]e]lG6s'n; clg luhf8{ gkr]s]f bfgfdf O= sf]nfO{, :6fkmOnf] sf]s; tyf ;fndf]g]nf h:tf hLjf0f' ;lxt P;k/hLn; tyf k]gLl;lnod k| hfltsf] ljiffn' 9';L xfd|f ;Gbe{df t kfOPsf] 5}g . cGoqsf] clen]v klg o; eGbf km/s eg] 5}g . pkrf/ o:tf nIf0f b]lvPsf ayfgx?nfO{ emf]n 6sl;g jfOG8/, 6s;f]n, 6s;f]lned clg sf]sf]lgn ;fy} ODo'gf] df]8'n]6/ ODo'gf] s]o/, cDnLotf a9fpg Pr Kn;, P;L8f];f]n h:tf] cf}iflw ;fy} Un'sf]h ;lxtsf] On]S6f]nfO6 clg cfOgf]kmf]/ ;d'xsf] cf}iflw t glbg' a]; elgPsf] /x]5 . ;fy} bfgfdf lgoGq0f o:tf] a]nf clt pQd cGoq t lbhdf @ k6s To;df klg !)!% 36fP/ v'jfpg ;NMnfx lbg' plrt . /f]syfd nIf0f t slxn] b]lvg], b]lvP d'6' b'Vg] Heart attack d'6'3ft h:tf] a]n}df cfhsf a|fOn/nfO{ vfg kfg, cf}iflw d'nf] ubf{ hfGg] dfG5];+u ;Nnfx nLP kf] a]z .

s'v'/fsf] kf]if0f Pj+ :jf:Yo ;'/Iffdf ;xh}ljs -k| f]jfo]l6s_ NofS6f]nfOg, ckl/xfo{ jf kmfObfd'ns M

22

k[i7e'dL M kz'k+IfLsf] kfrg k|0ffnLdf k|fs[lts ?kdf cjl:yt lhjf0f'sf] ; +t'lnt ;+/If0f g} kz'k+IfLsf] ;d'Ggt :jf:Yosf] k|lts xf] eGg] dfGotf cfh ljZjJoflk 5 . To;}n] cfhsf Joj;flos ?kdf h'g ;'s} k|of]hgsf nflu kflng] kz' k+IfLsf cfxf/ ljxf/ Joj:yfkgdf s]Gb|Lt 5 . o;} d];f]df Tof] ;xh}ljs k| f]jfof]l6sn] 7fpF cf]u6]sf] 5 . k|f]jfo]l6s, ;xh}ljsx? hLljt To:tf lhjf0f'x?sf] ;xld>0f xf] h:n] kz' k+IfLsf] kfrg k| 0ffnLsf] ljBdfg u'0fsf/L ;'Id hLjnfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+aw{g u/fpF5g\ . ToxL eP/ xf]nf uPsf] dlxgf lbg cl3 lqk'/]Zj/ lt/ Sofgf8faf6 o;} If]qdf laofafl/lw u/L w]/} jif{ kl5 g]kfn kmls{Psf kz' lrlsT;s 8f= /fh]z emfn] s.o{kq k|:t't ug{ Pp6f ;'rgf g]kfn e]6]l/g/L Pzf]l;P;gsf] ;'rgf kf6Ldf yk]sf] k.Oo.] lk|jfof]l6s, k|f]jfof]l6s, l;djfof]l6s s] Pl06jfof]l6ssf] ljsNk xf]< o; k|lt w]/} jl/i7 kz' lrlsT;sn] u/]sf] lj/f]w o; :tDesf/nfO{ hfoh nfUof] . o;af/] s'g} kl/of]hgf tof/ x'g kof], ljb]zL lj1 cfpg' kof] clg kf] ;f]rf}+nf . kz'k+IfLsf] kf]if0fdf k|of]u u/Lg] z'Id lhjf0f' dflg;sf] kf]if0fdf z'Id lhjf0f'sf] k|of]u d]/f] xh'/ cfdf s} kfnf b]lv xf] lg, gq blx, klg/ / lrh cldnf] jgfpg NofS6f] Jofl;nfO / Joflkm8f] JofS6]l/of k|of]u ePs} /x]5 . t/ oL lhjf0f'sf] cNk lhjg rqm x'Fbf tLgsf] k|of]u kz'k+IfLsf ef]hg hGo k|of]hgsf nflu pko'Qm b]lvPsf] 5}g . o; tYonfO{ dgg ubf{ kz'k+IfLsf nfuL k|of]udf NofOPsf] ;x h}ljsx?df s'g} Ps jf w]/} yl/ lhjf0f'sf] ;dL>0f jf 9';Lx? k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfhsf] ljZj e/L gfd} ls6]/ elglbg] xf] eg] NofS6f]nfOg k|f]jfof]l6sdf /x]5 . OG6/f] sf]s;, Jofl;n;, NofS6f] Jofl;n;, k]l8sf]d;, ;fqmf]fOs;; . o;/L ;dfj]zL z'Id hLj ;d'xsf] kf]if0f eP kl5 lsg rflxof] Tof] Pl06afof]l6s xf} .
23

of] ;xh}ljs k|f]jfof]l6sn] sfd u5{ kf] s;/L < tLg l6s6 dxfljs6 kms{G5 tLg lt/ . -s_ k|lt:kwf{Tds c;dfj]zLs/0f -v_ b'Zdg dfly 9f8df 6]s]/ 6fpsf]df xfGg] -u_ z/L/df /f]u Ifdtfsf] gjLgtd ljsf; vfg] s'/fdf kz'k+IfLsf nflu kmfObf k'ofpg] vfnsf lhjf0f' ;xh}ljs ?kdf k'ofpg] xf] eg] z/L/sf] nflu xfgL k'ofpg] lhjf0f'n] jf; t kfpFb}g k|lt:kwf{ s] unf{g af6fdf wgf{ a;] t xf] gL . ;xh}ljs k|f]jfo]l6sdf ;DdLlnt lhjf0f'n] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj kz'k+IfLsf] z/L/df b]vfO ;s] kl5 Tof] /f]u pTkGg u/fpg] lhjf0f', ljiff0f'nfO{ s] sf] jf;:yfg b]nfg\ . Iflt k'ofpg ;Sg] lhjf0f', ljiff0'nfO{ z/l/df k|j]z u/] kl5 jf; :yfgsf] ;'lglZrttf gx'g', s'g} 5]pdf l9lk u/L a;] cfjZos jf;, skf;, kf]if0f s} Joj:yf gx'g' a? ;xh}ljssf] ;xof]u pko'Qm Pj+ k|ofKt kf]if0f kfP kl5 x'g] eg]sf] kz'k+IfL tGb'?:t, vfOnfUbf df]6f3f6f, clg oL o:tf kz'k+IfLnfO{ /f]u kf] s] nfuf];\ . k|f]jfof]l6s ;xh}ljssf] k|of]uaf6 s'v'/fx?df b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efj M :ofqmf]dfOs;, Jofl;n; h:tf ldl;Psf] k|f]jfof]l6s ;xh}ljs NofS6f]nfOg k|of]u ubf{ bfgf pkof]usf] Ifdtf a|f]On/df ! @ n] a9]sf] tYo e]l6G5 . ;fy} k|f]jfof]l6s v'jfPsf] / gv'jfPsf] s'v'/fdf tf}nsf] km/s j[l4 & / !^ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . km"n pTkfbgsf] tYof\s o; eGbf km/s lsg xf];\, d[To'b/ cfkm}df l:y/, lgoldt ;xh}ljs, NofS6f]nfOg s'v'/fsf] bfgf kfgLdf /flvg] xf] eg] O= sf]nfO, ;fndf]g]nf, sS;L / 6f]S;Lsf] 6fpsf] kf] lsg b'vfpg] . cemf j+u'/ kfng

24

ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] xf] eg] xF'b} gePsf] :jfOg lkme/sf] s] lrGtf ug'{ . cGtdf, cfhsf] o'udf cf}iflw eg] s} of] k|f]jfof]l6s, ;xh}ljsL, To;df NofS6f]nfOg vf; u/L s'v'/f, j+u'/nfO{ tLgsf] :jf:Yo ;'/lIft ug{, t/ h] kfof] To} pTkfbg t k|of]u gug'{ j]z, ug}{ k/] j[xt ;dfj]zL sf/0f ePsf] NofS6f]cf]nfOg h:tfnfO{ g} k|of]udf NofpFbf j]z jf 5gf}6 cl3 lj1sf] ;Nnfx lng lsg ljl;{g] kf] xf} .

Joj;foLs s'v'/f kfngdf gjLg k|lalwM vfg] kfgLsf] cDnLos/0f

k[i7e'eLM kz'k+IfLsf nfuL kfgL Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kf]ifs tTj dfgLG5 . To;} klg k+IfLx?n] c? hLj eGbf a9L kfgL k|of]u ub{5g\ . oLgsf] z/L/df x'g] k|To]s zfl//Ls s[ofdf o;sf] ; +nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . cfjZos kf]ifs tTj tyf clS;hg zl//sf ljleGg k|0ffnL, c+u tyf tGt';Dd k'ofpg] Ps dxTjk"0f{ dfWod kfgLnfO{ dfgLG5 . o;sf] ;fy} zl//sf] tfks|d lgoGq0f Pj+ ;Gt'ng ug{ o;sf] cfkm\g} e'dLsf /x]sf] 5 . cem zl//df x'g] ljleGg /;folgs s[of k|lts[ofdf o;sf] e'dLsf gsfg{ kf] s] ;lsGYof] . b'ef{Uojz s'v'/fkfng Joj:yfkgdf o;sf] af/]df rrf{ kl/rrf{ eg] lj/n} kfOG5 . cfhsf] cfw'lgs s'v'/f kfng ubf{ s'v'/fn] hlt ;Sbf] ;kmf kfgL lbg' kb{5 . h;df lhjf0f' ljiff0f'sf] ;+s|d0f, k|b'if0f Go"g xf]; . ;kmf kfgLn] s'v'/fsf] kfrg k|0ffnL :j:y t /fV5 g} o; afx]s pQm k|0ffnLdf /x]sf pkof]uL lhjf0f'x? nfO{ klg :j:y /fVb5 h;n] ubf{ s'v'/fn] bfgfdf pknAw kf]ifs tTj ;lhn} krfpgsf ;fy} zl//df u|x0f ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g. hLjf0f'sf] ljsf;sf cfjZostfM

25

z'Id hLjf0f'x?sf] lg/Gt/ a[l4sf nfuL kfgLsf] ultljlw, lk= Pr, tfks|d cgL cfjZos kf]ifs tTj dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . O= sf]nfO, ;fndf]g]nf, sDkfOnf] JofS6/ h:tf 3fts hLjf0f'sf] a[l4sf nfuL kfgLsf] ultljlw dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . o:tf vfn] hLjf0f'nfO{ =========;Ddsf] kfgLsf] ultljlw cfjZos k5{ h'g ;fdfGo vfg]kfgLdf kfOG5 . kfgLsf] lk= Pr kfgLdf kfOg] xfO8f]hgsf] dfqfn] lgwf{/0f u5{ h'g hLjf0f'sf] a[l4 ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . ;fndf]g]nf, O= sf]nfO tyf sDkfOnf] JofS6/x? $=%* ;ddsf] lk= Pr ePsf] kfgLdf afFRg ;S5g\ eg] cfjZos a[l4 ljsf; eg] lk= Pr & df al9 ub{5g\ . o;/L ^=%* ;Ddsf] kfgLdf ePsf] lk= Prn] ;j} vfn] hLjf0f' ljiff0f' tyf 9';Lsf] a[l4 ljsf;nfO{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpg d2t k'ofpg] u5{ . kfgLsf] u'0f:t/M s'v'/fnfO{ v'jfpg] kfgLsf] k|of]uzfnf kl/If0f u/L o;sf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . hLjf0f' hGo kl/If0faf6 kfgLdf cj:yLt hLjf0f'sf] lsl;d tyf ltgsf] 3gTj, dfqf olsg ug{ ;lsG5 . kfgLsf] /;folgs ljZn]if0f ugf{n] kfgLdf cjl:yt vgLhx?sf] lsl;d tyf dfqf yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . pko'Qm kfgLdf hLjf0f'x? sf] 3gTjsf] dfkb08 !)) l;= Pkm= o' k|lt Pd= Pn tyf O= sf]nfOsf] pkl:ylt %) l;= Pkm= o' k|lt Pd= Pn eGbf sd x'g cfjZos 5 . h}ljs cDnsf] k|of]uaf6 kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fM ;fdfGotof kfgL z'l4s/0fsf nfuL Snf]l/g, xfO8f]hg k/cS;fO8, k/ Pl;l6s Pl;8 h:tf /;fog k|of]u ul/G6. logsf] k| of]un] kfgLdf ePsf] h}jLs kbfy{ dfqsf] dfqf 36fpg] sfd ub{5 . csf]{ tkm{ h}jLs cDnsf] k|of]un] eg] kfgLdf ePsf O= sf]nfO, ;fndf]g]nf h:tf hLjf0f'nfO{ $% ldg]6 leq gk6 kf5{ . sd lk= Pr clg jkm8{ h}jLs cDnsf] Iff/ o; k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u x'G5g\ . kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ l:y/ /fVg jf ;'wf/ ug{ s'g} Psdfq h}jLs cDnsf] k|of]u eGbf o:tf h}jLs cDnsf] ;fd'lxs k|of]u al9 k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{
26

s'v'/fsf] nfuL k|of]u ul/g] ;l;l8kmfo/df k|f]kfof]lgs Pl;8, kmf]/lds Pl;8, Pl;l6s Pl;8, j'6fPl/s Pl;8 dWo]sf] ;ld>0f x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] kfgLsf] k|of]un] s'v'/fdf O= sf]nfO, ;fndf]g]nf h:tfsf] ; +qmd0fnfO{ Go"lgs/0f dfq ub}{g a? s'v'/fsf] kfrg k| 0ffnLsf] sfo{ ;xh kf5{ . cem o;df ylkPsf] dfOsf] 6f]S;Lgn] s'v'/fx?df u/fpg] /]:kfO/]6/L cNsfnf]l;; h;n] ubf{ s'v'/fdf of/ of/ ug]{ xfl5pF cfpg] h:tf ;d:ofaf6 klg d'lQm lbnfpF5 . h;nfO{ ;fdfGotof s'v'/f kfns, k| fljlws Pj+ o; If]qdf sfo{/t lj1n] l;= cf/= l8 dfgL Joy{ vr{ a9fpg] l:ylt 5 . kfgL z'l4s/0f tyf cDnLs/0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLM s'v'/fsf] vf]/ ;kmf ubf{ ;j{k|yd kfgLsf ef8f ;kmf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 tL ef8fdf hd]sf kq / kfk|f x6fpg' kg] { x'G5 . ;fdfGo lgd{nLs/0f ug]{ /;fogaf6 of] sfd ;+ej x'b}g . l:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf lgd{nLsf/s tyf h}jLs cDnsf] ;Gt'ng o'Qm ld>0fn] o;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . z'?df o;/L ul/Psf] tof/Ln] eljiodf kflng] s'v'/fnfO{ k|of]u u/fOg] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf] ;'lgZrLttf u/fp5 . kfgLsf ef8fdf hd]sf kq / kfk|fx?n] gqeg] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df c;/ k'ofO /xg] 5g\ . t;y{ kfgLsf] plrt lgd{nLs/0f tyf cDnLs/0fn] s'v'/fdf b]lvg] kfgLaf6 pTkGg x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf /f]u JofwL Pj+ ljsf/ Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;3fpF5 . h;n] ubf{ s'v'/fx?sf] kfrg k| 0ffnLn] ;'rf? tyf cTolws Ifdtfdf vfg]s'/f krfpg] kr]sf] kf]ifs tTj zl//df k'ofpg ;Sg]5 . o;f] eP s'v'/fdf /f]u vKg ;Sg] Ifdtf :jtM j[l4 x'g] 5 . lgoldt Pj+ pko'Qm dfqfdf pko'Qm lsl;dsf Pl;l8kmfo/x?sf] k|of]un] s'v'/fsf jyfgdf d[To' b/ dfq x}g s'v'/fsf] pkrf/df k|of]u ul/g] cf}iflwsf] dfqf clg vr{df ;d]t sld u/fpg d2t ug]{ 5 . h;n] ubf{ xfdLn] kfn]sf s'v'/f :j:y, vfOnfUbf, xnSs hLp
27

nfu]sf, u'0f:t/Lo df;', ;'b[9 s'v'/fsf km'nsf af]s|f ePsf bfgsf] vkt ck]Iffs[t sd pTkfbgsf nfuL x'g uO ;du| ?kdf h'g ;'s} k|of]hgsf nfuL kflnPsf s'v'/faf6 s'v'/f kfnsn] kfpg] eg]sf] pRr d'gfkmf s'v'/f kfng Joj;foaf6 t/ kfgL lgd{nLs/0f / cDnLs/0f ug{ k|of]u ul/g] cf}iflwsf] 5gf}6 lj1sf] /fo lnO{ ug'{ xf]nf .

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dflg;df of] /f]u ;+qmldt lhpbf] jf d/]sf] r/fsf] k|ToIf ;Dks{af6 ;b{5 . ljiff0f'n] ;+qmd0f u/]sf] !* b]lv &@ 306f;Dddf nIf0f b]lvG5 . ck|ToIf ?kdf jftfj/0fLo >f]t jf ; +qmfds j:t'x? ;"nL, df;' / c08fx?af6 klg ;g{ ;S5 . dflg;af6 dflg;df ;b{}g jf lj/n} ;b{5 . a8{ n"sf ljiff0f'n] lg/Gt/ ?kdf cfkm\gf] h}ljs ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ul//xg] x'bf / oxL k|lqmof dflg;sf] z/L/leq eO{ dflg;af6 dflg;df ;g{ ;Sg] ;+efjgfsf ;DjGwdf cem} cg';Gwfg x'g afsL 5 /f]usf nIf0fx? of] /f]usf] ljiff0f'n] s'v'/fdf dGbb]lv clt ulDe/ nIf0fx? b]lvG5g\ . cs:dft w]/} s'v'/fx? dg{], km'n kfg{ aGb x'g], 6fpsf] ;'lGgg], bfgf gvfg], ltvf{pg], ;]tf] 5]g{] / kIf3ft x'g] x'G5 . ;fy} /f]uL s'v'/fsf] l;p/ / nf]tL /Qmljlxg lkmSsf jf KofhL /+usf b]lvG5g\ . s'v'/fsf] r'Rrf]af6 afSnf] emf]n lgl:sPsf] x'G5 . of] /f]uaf6 d/]sf] s'v'/fnfO{ k/LIf0f ubf{ Zjf; tyf ef]hg gnLdf /Qm>fj ePsf] b]lvG5 . dflg;df of] /f]un] ubf{ s8f Hj/f] cfpg], -!)% l8u|L km/]gxfO{6;Dd_ ?3fvf]sL nfUg] / 3f6L b'Vg] x'G5 . ;fy}, s]xLdf kmf]S;f]df uDeL/ c;/ kg{ uO{ lgdf]lgof /f]u nfUg ;S5 . lgdf]lgof nfuL ;s]kl5 /f]uLsf] d[To' x'g ;S5 . of] /f]ujf6 d'Vo k|efljt ;d"xx? of] /f]uaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf ;d"xx? a9L k|efljt x'g ;Sg] x'G5 . s'v'/f kfng sfo{df sfd ug{] sfdbf/x? /f]u ;DaGwL k|of]uzfnfdf sfd ug{] JolQmx? s'v'/f tyf r/fr'?Lsf] ljqm]tfx? s'v'/fsf] df;';+u k|ToIf n;k;df /x]sf df;' ljqm]tf tyf jwzfnfsf cGo JolQmx? u|fdL0f If]qdf kflng] s'v'/frNnf ;+u;+u} aRrfx? klg v]Ng] ePsfn] of] /f]u aRrfx?df nfUg] ;+efjgf x'G5 . /f]uaf6 aRg] pkfox? of] /f]uaf6 aRg lgDgfg';f/sf] s]xL pkfox? ckgfpbf dflg;df ;d]t 3fts x'g] of] ;+qmfds /f]uaf6 aRg ;lsg] ; +efjgf /xG5 .
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 /f]usf] z+sf:kb cj:yfsf s'v'/fr/fr'?LnfO{ lgu/fgLdf /fVg' k5{ / z+sf nfu]sf] a]nf t'?Gt} e]6]/Lg/L lgsfox?df va/ ug{'k5{ . z+sf:kb s'v'/fr/fr'?Lsf] cf];f/k|;f/ ug{lbg' x'b}g . /f]uL jf z+sf:kb s'v'/fsf] df;' tyf c08f 5'bf ;fa'gn] /fd|/L xft w'g] ug'{ kb{5 . s'v'/fkfng kmfd{x? / ofr/Lx?df plrt h}ljs ;'/Iffsf pkfox? clgjfo{ ?kn] ckgfpg] . s'v'/fsf] df;' tyf c08f /fd|/L ksfP/ vfg] . JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbg] .

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