Candle making--Basics and Tips

Dr N K Srinivasan Welcome to this wonderful hobby or business! Candle making has a long history,from the Middle Ages.But it has become a fun-filled creative hobby as well as a home business or even small industry for many people.In the US, it is a 2 billion $ industry....Thousands of hobbyists, home-industry moms are doing this !.What is more ,you can make creative designs and art with candles!! Candle making is relatively simple, compared to other chemistry related hobbies---say, soap making! Basically you do two things---melt candle wax in a small pot ;then pour into a container or mold; You can use any container for making candles---some have used milk cartons, cardboard cans or even just aluminum foil folded into a cup. You can melt in a stove or even microwave oven for some waxes....be careful ,though...I would suggest a double boiler---a water bath inside which you keep the wax pot...this is safer and

easier to control the temperature. Most waxes melt between 130 deg F to 180 deg F; so not much of high temperature!

[You can use a solar cooker too to melt wax; See the section at the bottom of this article where I describe "how to build a solar cooker for melting wax"] For some candles, you use a mold---say a metal mold..a steel or aluminum piece or glass jars.If you use a metal mold, you have to strip the candle after it solidifies and hardens...You can coat or spray the inside of the mold with "mold release paint"--a

silicone paint! If not for profits, you can delight your relatives and friends with nice, custom-made designer-style candles for those special occasions--birthdays for instance!! Candle making is part art and part science!

Critical Factors in Candle -making

Let me focus on the critical factors right at the start.

1 FRAGRANCE:

For user/consumer appeal, pay attention to

fragrance or smell...this should be appealing and inviting.! You must also offer a variety of fragrances if you want a large market...Candles are mood-elevating things! Plenty of fragrances are available...experiment with a few and then expand your variety or menu. Let me repeat again: Fragrance is the number one factor for

customer appeal.Try burning different types in your home and ask the opinion of many people--> get their feedback. I am not going into the fascinating and intriguing subject of Aromapathy! If you are interested, read that subject with reference to scented candles! 2 COLOR of the candle: Here again taste varies;Candles are mood-elevating--so color should match the environ and the situation in which the candle is used...A romantic pair in a cozy room needs a different color candle than a religious old lady in

a church or chapel!--so you get my point. 3 SHAPE: Again tastes and uses vary; offer a choice of

shapes...this is like architecture...you can experiment and be creative...or else offer cylindrical, hexagonal or octagonal shapes...Children love funny shapes---say shapes of animals; while a religious person may like candles with church-themes--say figures of saints. The rest of the factors--like how long the candle would burn,how much it would drip, the type of wick and so on ---are minor factors....period. [Some rate candles with the number of hours it would burn---say 8 hours or 12 hours or 15 hours. This you can specify.]

Read the safety guidelines given at the bottom of this article.

Technical Factors
I hesitate to discuss these factors too much as this turns people off...but I am a technical person [a chemist and an engineer some years ago!] ; so I must mention a few things here. If you want consistent ,high quality results or going into large business, then pay more attention to these factors...Even if you are home-bound mind. Technically, in chemical terms, oils,fats and waxes are similar, except for viscosity or thickness. Most waxes are made by hydrogenating vegetable oils ,like artificial 'butters' --available in grocery stores/supermarkets. 1 Melting point Waxes melt at a particular temperature;you must ,weekend hobbyists , keep these few things in

know this temperature..MP-- from the supplier or experiment yourself..Keep the temp 20 to 30 degrees F above this melting point ....Do not overheat! you will burn part of the melted wax and create problems. If you add hardeners like stearic acid ,then MP will vary ;check on this. 2 Pouring temperature The temperature at which you pour molten wax into container or mold is very important...the liquid must flow freely and fill the cavity; there should be no air entrapment or unmelted areas.Check this temperature when you practice.!!

It is obvious that you need a good thermometer to measure the liquid temperature.Glass thermometers are available for 3$ to 5$ ; get a good one! This is the most important investment for your quality control! 3 Weighing things is important..even the additives ,fragrances and colors you add, ---keep measuring and relate to one lb [one pound] of wax. 4 Add fragrances last...add color dyes [blocks or liquid] earlier, but stir well... WICKS Wax melting and wicking go together...choose proper wicks--a variety is available...You can use wick-assemblies already made or make one using wick base and holders for proper positioning...You can also use simple cardboard and pencil arrangement to thread the wicks....Again try a few of these for doing fast.

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Types of candles and your shopping list

Types of waxes 1 Paraffin wax---this is a petroleum product---same as your vaseline or skin cream/lotion base; this wax is the cheapest and readily available.You can start your trials with this wax. You may add stearic acid as a hardener for thick, long candles.[Usually

melts around 130 deg F +/- 2 deg F] 2 Soy wax...this is relatively new wax for candle making--an eco-friendly vegetable product made from soy-bean oil. This wax is becoming popular--a bit more expensive than note at the end of this article]. paraffin wax.[See

3 Palm wax---this is made from palm oil--a regular cooking oil; most commonly imported from Malaysia or Thailand...some eco-groups are objecting to using this because, lots of trees are cut in these countries for cultivating for this oil , which has become a commercial venture... Palm wax is a bit more expensive than paraffin wax...But it is eco-friendly--no smoke and no harmful chemicals from burning ;some state that paraffin wax is bad for health;especially causing indoor pollution if used within rooms. Like Soy wax, palm wax is a renewable resource. But paraffin wax is a 'by-product ' of petroleum industry and therefore will be available at low cost as long as people use automobiles! For candle lovers, Palm wax, also called 'crystallizing wax'--gives sparkling wax,that burns 40% more time compared to paraffin and may not require any fragrance at all--apart from eco-concerns. 4 Beeswax--- this is the traditional, medieval wax candle

material, used in churches and monasteries---made by millions of hard-working bees for their hives...this is much expensive [3 to 4

times that of paraffin wax]..you may use this for special occasions ...for churches or religious ceremonies or on special request from customers...some like its smell;some don't! One advantage is that you can make beeswax candles by wrapping method-called 'rolling the sheet'--wrap the sheet thin shapes.!This is easy for kid's projects. 5 Crystal wax--- this a new entrant---useful for kids because this does not require melting...you get in powder form which you can pack in a container---good for kids projects...if you like ,you can melt this too. This is called crystal-magic and sold under that name. [I shall not discuss gel wax and other stuff in this article'] There are suppliers who make wax blends: blend of paraffin + soy, soy+palm and so on for various reasons---not always technical..Sometimes to avoid import duties, sometime to reduce cost and so on.Check the blends carefully. { Historically,tallow or animal fat, from pigs or cattle , have been used by chandlers to make candles. Due to bad smell and other factors, they are rarely used these days.} Wax Additives The main additives are for: 1 Hardening the wax---usually stearic acid,aka stearin, is added; like wax into

2 Ultraviolet UV light stabilization--simply stated, the color of candles kept outdoors fade fast;this helps to keep the color fast; 3 Gel additives for decorative purposes. There are many commercial names for these;check with suppliers.

Types of candles
The most common forms of candles are: * Container candle * Pillar candle * Votive candle Container candles are easy to make...You just pour molten wax into a container carrying a wick at the center.The container can be a glass jar or glass vase or even a wine glass..you can use a milk carton or plastic cup or a coconut shell. Since there is a container around the candle, we need not be considering the dripping of candle or the softness of the candle. Pillar candles are the cylindrical pillar ,without a container.You require a metal or plastic mold to make them. After the wax hardens ,you strip off the candle from the mold...Molds can be reused.The mold is given a plastic coating to enable easy stripping.Instead of cylindrical, you can have molds of hexagonal or octagonal shape. These candles should be a bit hard to enable

standing , to prevent bending or warping.Some hardeners are added to the wax melt. Pillar candles can be large for church services. Votive candles,also called vigil candles, are small jar like candles,again made with a mold and requires no container.They are typically 2in height and 2in diameter. They are used in small rooms for decoration.You may keep them on glass or plastic holders. Small candles in a aluminum cup with a small wick ,called 'tea lite' has become popular...You can keep them for short period, indoors. Tapers are long thin candles, made by building a small rod like candles. Votives and tapers may be used with a candle stick or holders.

Making candles
The process of making candles is pretty simple. 1 Weigh the wax in required quantity...cut into small pieces; drop into melting pot. Use a double boiler as a safety measure. 2 Melt slowly ,checking the temperature often. 3 Keep the container or mold ready with wick in place. 4 Add coloring matter;stir well; add fragrance and stir well just

before pouring! 5 Pour molten wax into the mold or container slowly; 6 Allow the candle to harden for 12 hours or more.

7 If you are using the mold, strip the candle gently after it has hardened,say after 12 to 24 hours; Candles shrink after becoming solid and cooling to room temperature;if with container, light it as such. [If you have difficulty in stripping the candle from the mold,here is the tip; keep the mold in a fridge for about 15 mins and then pull the candle out.] 7 Trim the wick to 1/2 inch or so. 8 Light the candle---check for burning time,smell and so on.

Keep a journal and record your measurements and observations...this is important.

Making large number of candles for profit

It is easy to melt a few pounds of wax at a time and pour into several molds or containers. We also have fixtures with multiple molds for this purpose. You can trim and smooth the candles for better finish.

The cost of candle making is pretty low; for fancy candles or bulk production, the profit margin can be high.

The major cost is ,of course, the cost of wax itself.The cost decreases when you buy in bulk --in 10 lb or 50 lb packages, preferably from on-line suppliers.

The cost of fragrance can be high and again you should buy in larger quantities and optimize their use by experiments. The cost of the rest of the items--wicks, holders,coloring stuff --are pretty low. You can price the candles 3 times the production cost;if this price is high, try 2.5 times the production cost.Think of ways of reducing your cost.It is better to slightly lower the price rather than lose the business as a starter. You can make special designs of candles with innovative approaches. There are plenty of books available on this fast-growing subject. Incidentally, by promoting candles and using eco-friendly materials, you can save the planet by reducing fossil fuels used for power generation by utilities...Every bit helps!

Candle Projects for Kids!

Candle projects are great fun for kids--ages 3+; But be careful when they have to melt wax [at 130F or higher] and pour. Adult

supervision is required. But there are many projects without heating the wax. You can give them "Crystal-Magick" stuff for making candles---this requires no melting at all. Let them try decorating candles or making nice candle holders from house-hold scrap material. Here are some specific suggestions for Kid's projects: 1 You can use old wax crayons ["crayola stuff"] --broken pieces-to melt and make new candles..Remove the paper sleeve and clean as needed. Cut into small pieces.Melt in a small steel kid's pot! 2 You can also use old crayon bits for coloring your wax melt before pouring...make different colors by mixing and matching them. You can give them a project to make rainbow colors in a single candle--by adding different color crayons in small quantities one after another to a transparent paraffin wax melt.[ I regularly use crayon bits and pieces to color my melt of wax.] 3 Kids can paint or make designs on glass or steel container candles.The kids can use inexpensive poster paints or tempera paints to color or use oil pastel sticks to paint.If you are using oil pastels,get some good quality pastels. Kids can also paint on the candle itself using inexpensive acrylic paints. 4 Flower pots can serve as candle container or holders and kids

can paint the outside of these with designs. 5 Use plastic molds to make animals in candles or use cookie cutters of different shapes. You can also develop "fund raiser projects" with candle sales for students. There are several websites for kid's projects;look up these sites: www.crafty-moms.com www.familyfun.go.com www.artistshelpingchildren.org A useful general website for candlemaking--a great resource--is: www.candleandsoap.about.com

Happy and glorious candle making!

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Solar cooker for wax melting!

My own experiments and trials in candle making led me simple solar cooker for melting wax. to use a This avoids using a stove or

microwave oven for melting ,saving energy from utilities and also a simple,better control of melt temperature and, above all a

perfectly safe method of melting....I have build a simple solar box cooker for this purpose which you can build in an afternoon. I

describe here in sufficient detail :"How to build a Solar box cooker for wax melting?".. You can ,of course, modify the design and also build a cooker of

bigger size..You can also give this as a science project for middle school kids![ I have done this with nearly 30 kids] [I must add here that beekeepers have been using solar beeswax

melters made of wooden boxes, styrofoam insulation, glass or perspex windows---they are quite heavy (about 50 lbs or more), sometimes placed on a wheeled trolley.Commercial ones cost about 100 to 200 $. The design I give here is pretty simple and is of very low weight

and almost zero cost.]

Build a Solar cooker for wax melting?

Materials required: 1 Enameled tray [ as used in ovens; I use a small 8in x 8in tray.][You can also use a aluminum tray used for serving food.] 2 A cardboard box--a shallow one ,preferably 9in x 12 in [ I use a 'priority mailing box' of USPS] 3 Aluminum foil- heavy duty [Reynolds Al foil] 4 Cardboard pieces [3 pieces] [about 9in x12 in] 5 Shredded paper [from any paper shredder] or cut newpaper. 6 A transparent plastic sheet [about 9 in x 12 in]

7 Glue 8 Duct tape or sealing tape or mailing tape 8 A liquid thermometer or candy thermometer you may have. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------I am sure you can collect all these very easily. Step by step instruction: 1 Make a cut out on the top of the box to the size of the tray;in my case, the cut out is 8in x8 in. square. 2 Place a piece of foil, about 9in x 9in, at the bottom of the box. 3 Fill the box with shredded paper in a loose manner. 4Cut the transparent plastic sheet to form a cover over the tray and paste the sheet on one side of the box.This would enable the sheet to cover the tray and easy to lift up for placing the melt pot. 5 Make three aluminum reflectors with cardboard pieces :pasting the aluminum foil [bright side up] on 9inx12 in cardboard sheet. 6 Press the tray into the cut out, flush with the top surface of the box.Use sealing tape or duct tape on all four sides to seal the tray to the top of the box.The plastic sheet will fall over the tray as a transparent cover. 7 Paste the reflectors on the three sides of the box.The

reflectors can be straight and vertical or else capable of tilting. 8 Keep the cooker in the sun ,oriented such that the reflectors reflect the solar rays into the tray. 9 Keep the melt pot on the tray and cover with transparent plastic sheet. 10 Measure the temperature of a bowl/ pot a water bowl for initial trials.] [ Note : Avoid using a glass or ceramic container for wax...it with wax.[You can keep

will heat slowly; use only a metallic container or pot.] Basic principle of this design of cooker: A. Solar energy entering through the plastic sheet is absorbed by the tray and the pot.[The tray may be painted mat-black, that is dull-black, color,but this is not essential.] The plastic sheet acts as glazing using 'green-house effect' preventing heat rays or infra-red rays from hot object [tray & pot] going out. B. Much heat may be lost from the bottom of the tray.This is reduced by two means: 1 aluminum foil kept at the bottom of the box which reflects the heat back to the tray; 2 the shredded paper with air gaps which act as excellent

insulator and also prevents convection of air below the tray. C.The three reflectors reflect rays of the sun into the

tray.These reflectors may not be perfect [that is 100 % reflection] and may not be positioned at suitable angle for reflection.Yet, they would increase the heat input into the box in large quantities. By these three means --A,B and C--we heat up the tray easily to about 100deg C [212 F]... You can reduce the temperature by opening the plastic sheet or with a cardboard cover. Parabolic or concentrating reflectors: Solar energy friends use these to focus solar energy into a small area. This would result in a high temperature quickly. Though such a reflector can be used for melting wax, it is difficult to control the temperature. Hence not recommended for this application.Such reflectors can burn wax and start a fire! [Some may use Fresnel lens for this purpose; this is also not recommended.] In my opinion, solar box cookers are the ideal equipment for tapping solar energy for melting wax. We need only 140 to 170 deg F to melt waxes; this temperature range is attained in about 20 minutes in my trials;[in the month of June at Palo Alto, Northern California].If you live in southern USA or south India or southern parts of Africa, it may take only cutting the area of sunlight falling

5 to 10 minutes for melting.I could melt

1/2 lb of wax per batch

with this small cooker..You can build bigger ones for larger capacity per batch. -------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTE: Soy wax versus Paraffin wax for candles

1. Soy wax is natural,grown on the soil,renewable resource 2 Soy wax is almost soot free while burning ,unlike paraffin wax.[It produces thin white soot, but very little compared to paraffin.] 3 Soy wax burns 30 to 50% longer than paraffin wax of the same volume. 4 Soy wax is healthier;no toxic compounds generated while burning, unlike paraffin wax.EPA has listed several chemicals found in the smoke of paraffin wax. 5 Soy wax does not require any additive like hardeners, unlike paraffin which is hardened with strearin or stearic acid. [Soy wax is produced in USA and other countries; Paraffin wax is a petroleum product; Palm wax is made from Palm oil,grown mostly in Malaysia.The oils are hydrogenated for hardening.if you wish to support American farmers, go for Soy candle wax.] -------------------------------------------------------------

Eco-friendly Candles
Eco-friendly candles can be produced using Soy or palm wax with solar wax melters and using natural or herbal coloring agents and essential oils.This combination will mark the chandlers as "green chandlers".

Safety Guidelines
1 Always melt wax using a double boiler...Do not heat the wax pot directly. Wax is like any cooking oil; it is flammable and can catch fire. 2 Never heat the wax above 212 deg F or 100 deg C, which is the boiling point of water. 3 If there is fire or burning of wax, cover the pot with a liquid to quench the fire. Do not throw water on the fire. 4 While melting wax, always remain close to the pot and do not leave the pot unattended. 5 Children should be kept away from the melting pot ;if children do any work with hot wax, adult supervision is required. 6 Keep a fire extinguisher ready near the wax melting area. 7 Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of molten wax as additional check. Labeling: If you are selling candles, label them thus: Do not

leave lighted candle unattended.

Fragrance lists
Fragrance is the number one factor for customer appeal in candles. Real estate agents have a saying that what matters in home selection are three things: location,location,location. Likewise in candles selection: it is fragrance,fragrance,fragrance. Keep the scented candles lightly scented: as a thumb rule-- use 1 oz [30ml] of fragrance for 1 lb of wax. Vary this as you experiment. Some use 1.5 oz or 2 oz, also. Much depends on the wax used --its nature and quality -to soak up the oils. Fragrances come in numerous types.One website says that they have 800 fragrances in their stores.. mind boggling! For starters, my advice is that your try two or three fragrances only during your first 6 months of trials..there is so much to learn... Fragrances are easy to understand; there are three categories: fragrances of fruits [apple,orange,lemon], food stuff& herbals [vanilla,cinnamon,clove,sage] and flowers [jasmine,rose,].Pick one of each and try them out... Some classify fragrances as follows:

Top notes:Basil,citronella, sage,lemon,sweet orange,peppermint....

Middle notes: chamomile,lavender,nutmeg,rosemary,geranium... Base notes: cedar wood, ginger,cinnamon,frankincense,patchouli,vetiver... The general rule is that base notes are longer lasting and diffuse slowly ,while top notes evaporate easily and lasts for a short time.This would help you to understand what they call 'throw' of fragrances. Whatever fragrances that you choose or your customer

requests, add small quantities first and try with small candles..about 2 oz candles or votive candles. Please give your feedback as comments in scribd.com or send email: nksrinivasan@hotmail.com ----------------------------The End-------------------------------