MATHEMATICS MODEL OF A TURBOENGINES UNIVERSAL WORKING CHARACTERISTIC

Virgil STANCIU, Evelina ROTARU

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vstanciu@vuia.avionics.pub.ro
The exact estimation of turbo engine performances F, csp, and the determination of his exploitation characteristics (speed, altitude, speed rotation, flight, universal), can be accomplished based on the work characteristic of the turbo compressor group or groups that forms the engine. At present some work characteristic models are known and used for the turbojet in the critical ratings. Based on these models, the present paper proposes the generalization of those results so that for any of the other turbo engines the work characteristic to be established, on any functioning regime. This will be achieved using the similitude parameters of the speed rotation, flow and flight regime.

1. Introduction One of the most precise methods for estimating the turbojet performances is based on the calculation of the work characteristic of the turbo compressor group that is situated on the work fluid flux. By definition, the work characteristic, or work ratings line (LRL), represents the geometrical place of all stationary function regimes of the turbo compressor group. A stationary regime is that gas dynamic configuration when the flow is stationary or permanent in any work canal sections of the turbojet. Practically, the attainment of such regimes presumes the existence, at any speed rotation, of the mass, energy and mechanical power conservation, between the engines parts: (1) Ma + Mc = Mg Pprod = Pcons and nc = nt . (3) In those relations, the physical quantities have the following significance: M a , the airflow trough the compressor; M c , the fuel flow injected in the combustion chamber; M g , the exhaust gases flow that leaves the turbine; Pprod , Pcons the power generated by the turbine, and the power consumed by the compressor, other installations etc; nc , nt the speed rotation of the compressor and the

turbine, respectively. From a theoretical point of view, the working characteristic is defined by T1* * c = f Ma * , (4) p1
* where c and M a

are the similitude parameters of * p1 the air compression and of the airflow. Graphically, the most expressive representation of the work characteristic can be accomplished on the compressors universal characteristic. The turbo engines family includes also, beside the jet engine (MTR), the double flux turbo engine (MTRDF) and the turboprop engine (MTP). This paper proposes the generalization of the jet engine results to all the turbo engines mentioned above, using the known similitude parameters. 2. The fundamental equations the universal characteristic of

T1*

(2)

The principia schema of a generalized turbo engine is utilized. The engines turbine can rotate a compressor, a turbofan and a propeller (see figure 1), where, by Roman numbers are marked: I, the propeller; II, the turbofan; III, the compressor; IV, the turbine.

II

III

IV

Fig. 1 The general equation (1)(3) can be transformed in such way that the similitude parameters of speed rotation, flow etc., will be put in evidence. 2.1. The first equation T1* p
* 1

Pef is the power absorbed by the propeller on his shaft Pef = M a Pefsp .

mass

conservation

The relation (1) can be rewritten:

Ma

= C0 M g

T3* p
* 3

* c

T3* T1*

(5)

In the relation (7)(9), the expressions of the works are the one known: 1 * * * lT = T i3 1 k ' 1 , (11) * k' T l =i
* c * 1 * c
k 1 k

where C0 =

. 1 + mc
* ca

and energy conservation

2.2. The equation

* PT = M g lT ;

(7)

PC represents the compressors power

* PC = M a lC ; (8) PV is the power needed by the turbofan on the secondary (exterior) flux * PV = M a' lV ; (9)

, (14) k 1 k 1 *k *k P sp 1 1 ef C1 c * + C2 K V * + C * c V T1 where K is the double flux coefficient. Expressing the double flux coefficient as function of the similitude parameters is a difficult task. From the definition, we know M' K= a , (15) Ma where the expressions of the two flows, on the exterior contour and on the interior, working contour, are those corresponding to sections 2-2 and 2V-2V, see figure 2.

From relation (2), the energy conservation can be written as: (6) PT m = C1 PC + C2 PV + C Pef , where: C1 , C2 C and are the engines specific coefficients; PT is the turbines power

* 1 l =i c * . V Replacing (7)(13) in (6), is obtained T* * T* * T1* 1 Mg *3 c 3* T 1 k ' 1 = Ma * p3 T1 p1 * k' T

* V * 1

(10)

* c
k 1 k

(12)

(13)

2V

Ma

Ma

2V

Fig. 2 So, it fallow, M a' = a and q (2 ) A2 . T2* By rating the two relations from above, results, Ma = a

* 2V

* T2V

q (2V ) A2V

(16)

V 2 k 1 where d = 1 + . 2 iH 2.3. The equation mass conservation

* p2

(17)

K = C3 where

* V T * q ( 2V ) 2 , * * C T2V q ( 2 )

(18)

T = T

* 2 * 2V

1+ 1+

* c

1 . 1 (19)

* V

A2V . A2 Regarding the flow gas dynamic function q, in the two sections, it will be considered and the constant C3 is C3 = *' k + 1 k 1 2 k 1 q ( ) = 2 2 where
1

* where C4 = a ' ar . In the previous relation

(20)

2 p T 1 * * = T 1 T 1 k ' 1 . * k ' p T T So, the second mass conservation equation become

* 3 * 4 * 4 * 3

Mg (21)

2 =
and

V2 k R T1* Tc* 2 k +1
* c k 1 k * c

T = 1+
* c

2.4. The flows equations . k 1 k , (22) To fundamental equations (5), (14) and (25) are added the expression of the airflow and exhaust gases flow in section 1-1 and 3-3, respectively p* (26) M a = a 1 q ( ) A1 sin 1 T1*

In the same time

2 2V

1 ' k + 1 1 = ar * * k 1 d da V

(23)

* V

* c k 1 k

Mg

T3* p
* 3

= C4

* p4 T3* q ( c ) A5 , * p3 T4*

T3* p
* 3

= C4

1 * * T 1 T 1 k ' 1 * k' T

k 1 k

The turbo compressor groups functioning and, firstly, the turbine behaviour, are heavily influenced by the exhaust system flow regime. So, to the first mass conservation equation must be added the second equation that regards the flow conservation in the exhaust system, between the minimal area section of the working canal, 3'-3' and 5-5. p* * So, if M g = M g3' = M 5 and M g5 = a ' ar 4 q (5 ) A5 T4* then the mass conservation leads to the expression (24)

q ( 5 ) A5

(25)

* and M g = a ' pf

* p3 * 3

T Using the similitude parameters, the anterior expressions become: Ma and Mg

q (3' ) A3' sin 3' .

T1*
* p1

= C5 q ( 1 ) , C5 = a A1 sin 1

(27)

T3*
* p3

i , (33) T3* T1* nV, the speed rotation of the turbofan is n nV = (34) i i being the demultiplication rate of the turbofan speed rotation. T
* 3

* 1

= C6 q (3' ) ,

* C6 = a ' pf A3' sin 3 ' . (28)

4. The specific power equation From the turboprop engines studies is known that the specific work produced by the turbine depends on the type of exhaust gases expansion. So, for the turboprops with complete expansion (MTPD. COMPLETE) k ' 1 k' 1 * * * ; lT = T i3 1 (35) * * * d da c ca the turboprops with constant expansion (MTPD. CONSTANT) k '1 k' 1 *' * * lT = T i3 1 * * * . (36) da ca ca Obviously, Pefsp l *' l * r m T c , (37) * T1 i1* i1* where r and m are the gear efficiency and the mechanical efficiency, and k '1 *' k' lT T3* 1 * T * 1 (38) * * * i1* T1 d da c ca l* * 1 and c = c * . So the similitude parameter of the c i1* specific power becomes * * * T* Pefsp = f c , c ,T , 3* , H , V . (39) * T1 T1 5. The fundamental equations system of
k 1 k

3. Mathematics modelling of the universal characteristic of the compressor and of the turbine In the fundamental equations (5), (14) and (25), frequently appear, besides the similitude parameters of the airflow and * gas flow, the compress ion degree c , the expansion
* degree of the exhaust gases in the turbine T , and the * adiabatic efficiency of the compressor c and of the * turbine T . Analytical expressions are needed for those parameters, as function of the similitude ones. For this purpose, its assumed that the universal characteristic of the compressor, of the turbofan and of the turbine, can be expressed as two variable functions. By approximation are obtained, T1* * c = f M a * , n * p1 T1 (29) * T1* n c = f M a * , * p1 T1

* V = f M a T * V = f M a T and * T = f M g * T = f M g

Obviously, M a T is the total airflow trough the turbofan M a T = M (1 + K ) . The turbines similitude parameter, n T
* 3

nV p1* T1* T1* nV , p1* T1* T1* , T3* n , * p3 T3* * T3 n . , * p3 T3*

(30)

(31)

(32) , can be written as

Assembling the facts presented above, a system of equations can be put together, system which permits the calculus and the representation of the universal work characteristic of a turbo compressor group. The constants' C0, C3-C6 values are known. The algebraic system comprises 15 equations (40)(54)
Ma T1* p1* = C 5 q ( 1 )

(40)

Mg Ma

T3* p
* 3

= C 6 q ( 3 ' ) T p
* 3 * 3

(41)

* c

Bibliography
x x x x 3  r e p r j D q  w p  j C i  e w i h  B j Y u  Y y v X  h  W j  x 3 q   w d A u & d r g n k p  1 t  g v   @ c V u x  2 F  r f ' r f s &  b t x 5 r a q 9  s ` j g 8 Q p  f Y y X e  x W X & o x  V V ( n e U 5 d S ( l ' T m ( S l ' k & R ' c j 7 G  1 d d b 6 a i ` x   5 h c  ( Q g  a Y 1 X  & b f W ' a e 2 V e 5 ` U x ( d S Q Y $ T 4 X ! S W # V d  R U { "  3 & ! S  Q 2 T P

1.
1  S  & |  I R  0 H  ) G ~  ( F ' }  |  {   z E  & %  E y

T1* Mg * = Ma * p3 p1 (43) k 1 k 1 k * k Pef sp c* 1 V 1 C1 + C2 K + C * * * T1 c V

* * * * K = f ( V , V , c , c , V , H , V 2 )

n T3* n=

n T1* n T1*

1 T3* T1*

T1*

T1* n c* = f M a * , p1 T1* * T1 n * c = f M a * , p1 T1* * T1 1 n * V = f M a (1 + K ) * , p1 i T1* T1* 1 n * V = f M a (1 + K ) * , p1 i T1* T* n * T = f M g *3 , p3 T3* * T n * T = f M g *3 , p3 T3* * * * * T Pef sp 3 = f c ,c ,T , ,V , H * * T1 T1 Mg

T3*
* p3

= C4

q ( 5 ) A5 * 1 T t
*

1 1 k ' 1 * k' T

and 22 unknowns p
* 1

Ma

T1*

, Mg

T3* p
* 3

* * * * * * , c , V , T , c ,V ,T ,

n T
* 1

T3* P sp ef , * , H ,V , q ( 1 ) ,V2 , q ( 3' ) , 5 , n, i, A5 , K * T1 T1 Its solving assumes imposing 7 parameters.

T3*

T3* 1 * * c T 1 k ' 1 * T1 * k' T

* 1 * 1

= C0 M g

(42)

T3* T1*

2. V. STANCIU, Calculul caracteristicilor motoarelor turboreactoare birotoare, Editura Institutului 3. V. STANCIU, Caracteristici de exploatare ale motoarelor turboreactoare polirotoare, Editura PILTA CO TRADE COMPANY SRL, 189p, 1993; 4.

5. V. Stanciu, E. ROTARU, Procese n turbomotoare, note de curs, Editura PRINTECH, 336 p, 6. V. STANCIU, E. ROTARU, A. BOGOI Teoria

(44) (45)

7. (46)

Buletinul Institutului Politehnic, XLII, nr.1, pp 79-85, 8. V. STANCIU, Calculul caracteristicii de lucru a motorului turboreactor simplu flux monorotor, prin metoda suprapunerii caracteristicilor universale ale compresorului V.STANCIU, Asupra unei metode de calcul a caracteristicii de lucru ale motoarelor turboreactoare simplu flux birotoare, Buletinul Institutului Politehnic, XLVIII, pp 47-57, 9. V. STANCIU, O calcul a caracteristicii universale a turbinei axiale polietajate, monorotoare, Buletinul Institutului Politehnic, XLXI, pp 85-91, 10. V. STANCIU, A method of Modelling the Fundamental problem of the Jet Engine, Buletinul al Institutului Politehnic, seria inginerie nr.2, pp 83-92, 11. V. STANCIU, Modelation des caractristiques d`exploatation du motor turboracteur birotor, Buletinul Institutului Politehnic, seria inginerie vol 53, pp 191-201, nr. 3-4, 12. V. STANCIU, A method of numerical improving of the universal characteristics of an axial kinetic compressor, Buletinul Institutului Politehnic, seria inginerie nr.3-4, 13. V.STANCIU, M. BOSCOIANU, O simulare caracteristicii de debit a unui compresor axial subsonic monorotor, Revista Academiei Tehnice Militare, nr.1, pp 3038,

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53) .

1 2

(54)

n T3*

, .