a CHAPTER 3 ASTM DISTILLATION, TRUE BOILING POINT DISTILLATION, AND EQUILIBRIUM FLASH VAPORIZATION RELATIONSIIES 30 3A 3B FOR PETROLEUM FRACTIONS Introduction. . Fig.3-0.1 ASTM, True Boiling Point, and Equilibrium Flash Vapor- ization Distillation Curves for a Naphtha-Kerosine Blend... 3-1 ‘Table 3-0.2 Summary of Correlations for Handling Distillation Data... 3-2 ASTM and True Boiling Point Distillation Relationships 3A. ASTM and ‘True Boiling Point Distillation Relationships at At- \ mospheric Pressure Fig. 3AL.1 Atmospheric ASTM Distil jon and True Boiling Point Distillation Relationship... ... 35 3A2. ASTM and ‘True Boiling Point Distillation Relationships at Sub- atmospheric Pressures Fig. 3A2.1 Subatmospheric ASTM Distillation an¢ True Boiling, Point Distillation Relationship.......2..+.....+ 7 ASTM Distillation and Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Relationships 3B, ASTM Distillation and Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Relation- ships at Atmospheric Pressure Fig. 3B1.1 Atmospheric. ASTM_ Distillation to. Equilibrium Flash Vaporization (50-Percent Temperature Con- version) 39 Fig. 3B1.2 Atmospheric ASTM Distillation to Equilibrium Flash Vaporization (Temperature Difference Con- version) Sit BAL 3B2, ASTM Distillation and Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Relation- ships at Subatmospheric Pressures Fig 1R2.1_ Subatmospheric ASTM Distillation t9 Equil Flash Vaporization (S0-Peresnt Temperature Con version) 3413 Fig. 382.2 Subatmospheric ASTM Distillation to Equilibrium Flash Vaporization (Temperature Difference Con- version) 315 383, ASTM Distillation and Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Relation ships at Superatmospheric Pressures Fig. 33.1 Equilibrium Flash Vaporization—Superatmospheric Pressure Conversion Chart 3.47 3B4. API Gravities and Atmospheric ASTM Distillation Curves of the Overhead and Bottoms Products from an Equilibrium Flash VaporizationAPI_TECHNICAL DATA BOOK PAGE Fig. 3B4.1- ASTM D 86 Distillation Temperatures of Overhead Product from an Equilibrium Flash Vaporization. 3-19 Fig, 34.2 ASTM D 86 Distillation Temperatures of Bottoms Product from an Equilibrium Flash Vaporization.. 3-21 Fig. 384.3 API Gravities of Overhead and Bottoms Prodiicts from an Equilibrium Flash Vaporization. ........ 3-23 ae eae sseeieee EE 3C True Boiling Point Distillation and Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Rela- tdonships ~3C1. True Boiling Point Distillation and Equilibrium Flash Vaporiza- tion Relationships at Atmospheric Pressure : Fig. 3C1.1 Atmospheric True Boiling Point Distillation to Equi Hibrium Flash Vaporization sevens BOS Bibliography ..... , ‘True Boiling Point Distillation and Equilibrium Flash Vaporiza- tion Relationships at Subatmospheric Pressures Fig. 3C2.1 Subatmospheric True Boiling Point Distillation to Equilibrium Flash Vaporization (50-Percent Tem- erature Conversion) 30 sees BOT Fig.3C2.2 Supatmospheric True Boiling Point Distillation to i Equilibrium Flash Vaporization (Temperature Di ference Conversion) . . ae 3-29 Fig. 3C2.3 Effect of Pressure on 30-Percent and 50-Percent ‘Temperatures of the Subatmospheric Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Curve... ..eeeeeeeeeees 431 3:33: CHAPTER 8 - © ASTM DISTILLATION, TRUE BOILING POINT DISTILLATION, AND EQUILIBRIUM FLASH VAPORIZATION RELATIONSHIPS FOR PETROLEUM FRACTIONS: 3.0 INTRODUCTION ASTM and true boiling point (TBP) analytical dis- tillations are used to define the volatility characteristics of petroleum fractions and other complex, mixtures. Both are batch distllations which differ mainly in the degree of fractionation obtained during the distillation. ‘Atmospheric ASTM distillations are run in an Engler + flask, No packing is employed, and reflux results only from heat losses through the neck of the flask. ASTM distillations are more widely used than TBP distillations because the former are simpler, less expensive, require less sample, and require gnly approximately one-tenth as much time, Furthermore, ASTM distillations are standardized, whereas TBP ‘distillations vary appre- ciably in procedure and apparatus. ‘ASTM distillation methods in use today are: ASTM Method D 86: ‘This method is used for the {illation of motor gasolines, aviation gasol i turbine fuels, naphihas, Kerosines, gas oils, oils, and similar petroleum products. Ttis carried out at atmospheric pressure. An exposed thermometer is used, and temperatures are reported without stem corrections. ASTM Method D 216: This method is used for the dis- tillation of natural gasoline and is performed at atmos. pherie pressure. ASTM Method D 1160: ‘This method is used for heavy petroleum products which can be vaporized partially or Completely at a maximum liquid temperature of 750 F at absolute pressures down to 1 mm Hg and condensed as liquids at the pressure of the test. It is carried out at pressures between 1 mm He and 760 mm Hg, absolute, ‘Temperatures are measured with a thermocouple. In the ASTM distillations there may be a residue left in the distillation equipment as well as a difference _——-betsveen-the-volujne-of th J charge and the sum. because a close approach to perfect component separa- tion is usually achieved. ‘The EFV curve is also a plot of temperature against percent by volume of liquid distilled, with the total ‘vapor in equilibrium with the unvaporized liquid ar a constant pressure. Each point on the EFV curve repie~ sents a separate equllibrium experiment. The number of equilibrium experiments needed to define all portions of the EFV curve varies with the shape of the curve. Normally, at least five such experiments are required. Fig. 3-0.4 also shows the EFV curves of a naphtha- Kerosine blend at atmospheric and several superatmos- pheric pressures. ‘The tedious procedures necessary to obtain experi- mental EFV data have given impetus to the develop- ‘ment of correlations for predicting EFV data from the analytical ASTM and TBP distilations. Both empirical and theoretical prediction methods have been developed. of the distillate and residue, This difference 1S usually termed “loss” and is generally thought of as volatile ‘components of the charge which have not been recon- densed, For preparation of an ASTM distillation for conversion to a TBP or equilibrium flash vaporization (EFV), the percent distilled at the reported temperature is the sum of the distillate collected and the loss. ‘TBP distillations are performed in columns with 15 to 100 theoretical plates at relatively high reflux ratios (ic., 5 to 1 or greater). The high degree of fractiona~ tion in these distillations gives accurate component dis- tributions for mixtures. ‘The lack of a standardized apparatus and operational procedure is a disadvantage, but the variations between various laboratories are small Edmister and Pollock, Chem, Eng. Progr. 44 905 (1948) 1c Boiling Point, and ation Curvee for a Napht Kerosine Blend. 1