TRANSMISSION od. LINE? |?‘Transmission Line Structures Copyright © 1990 by McGraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore. All rights reserved. No part of this publi- cation may be reproriuced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567890 KHLSSG 943210 ISBN 0-07-099156-1 The editor of his book was Jenny Goh. This book teas set in Century Schoolbook 9/11 pt Typeset by Superskit! Graphics Pee Led. Cover design by Allison Cheng. Printed by Kim Hup Leé Printing Co Pte Ltd Printed in SingaporeContents FOREWORD (vii) PREFACE (viii) . INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES, CLEARANCES AND TOWER CONFIGURATIONS 18 Material properties 18 Design span lengths 23 Tower configurations 26 ‘Types of towers 29 Insulator swings and clearances 46 . FACTORS OF SAFETY AND LOADS 58 Factors of safety 59 Permissible deflections 59 Loads 59 Loadings and losd combinations 77 SAG-TENSION CALCULATIONS AND CHARTS 92 Calculations using parabolic formula 92 Catenary formula for long spans 94 Caleulations for unequal support levels 98 Co-ordination of sags 97 Behaviour of composite conductors 98 ‘Varney's graphic method of sag-tension calculations 100 Stringing charts 104 |. ANALYSIS OF FORCES AND DEFLECTIONS 108 Idealisation Plane truss analysis 109 ‘Manual method of analysis — graphical and analytical 170 Matrix method of analysis 119 Analysis for three-dimensional behaviour 136 Comparison of various types of analysis 137 Estimation of forces and deflections 138 ™) 6. TOWER DESIGN 143 Bracing Systems 142 Determination of member sizes’, 144 ‘Tension members 145 Compression members 145 Manual method of design 153 Computer-aided design 153 Computer software packages 162 Structural steel connections 164 Tower accessories 179 1. TRSTING OF TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS 179 Scope of tasts 179 Requirements of tower testing stations 179 Major tower testing stations 150 Model tower testing 183 ‘Tower testing procedures 184 ‘Tower materials in destruction tests 187 Analysis of causes of failure 188 8. CORROSION PROTECTION OF TOWER STEEL 192 Mechanism of corrosion 192 Preventive measures 195 Repair techniques 201 9, TOWER FOUNDATIONS 204 ‘Loads, safety factors and settlements 204 Classification and properties of soils 206 Data for foundation design 207 Classification and types of foundations 208 Analysis and design concepts 212 Anchors 222 Structural design of foundations 224 Examples in foundation design 224 Earthing 231 10. TOWER FABRICATION AND LINE, CONSTRUCTION 236 ‘Tower fabrication 236 Line surveys 248