100% gold backing: 100% b o ch ng vng A: Ability to pay: Kh n ng chi tr Above the line (ref.

Current account/Below the line ): Ph n trn v ch (cc giao d ch trong ti kho n vng lai) Absolute advantage: L i th tuy t i Accelerator (model): (M hnh) gia s Accelerator effect: Hi u ng gia t c Accounting price: Gi k ton Accumulated depreciation: Kh u hao tch l y Adaptive expectations (ref. ): Nh ng k v ng thch ng Adjustable peg regime: Ch i u ch nh h n ch Ad valorem tariff: Thu tnh theo ph n tr m c nh c a gi tr hng ho nh p kh u Adjustment cost: Chi ph i u ch nh (SX) Adverse selection: (Hi n t ng) L a ch n theo h ng b t l i Adverse supply shock: C s c cung b t l i Age-earning profiles: T ng quan tu i-thu nh p Aggregate demand schedule: ng/ Bi u t ng c u Aggregate demand: T ng c u / Nhu c u t ng h p Aggregate supply schedule: ng / Bi u t ng cung Allocate: Phn b ; n nh Allowance: Ph n ti n tr c p Analysis (stats): Phn tch _Risk analysis: _ Phn tch r i ro _Scenario analysis: _ Phn tch tnh hu ng _Sensitivity analysis: _ Phn tch nh y Animal spirit: Tnh theo b y / ha Annuity market: Th tr ng nin kim Anti-export bias: Thin l ch / nh ki n ch ng xu t kh u Appraisal: Th m nh Appreciation and depreciation: T ng gi tr v gi m gi tr Arbitrage: Kinh doanh(d a vo) chnh l ch t gi Arbitrage condition (ref. Uncovered interest /interest parity): i u ki n ngang b ng l i su t k v ng Asset stocks and service flows: D tr ti s n v lu ng d ch v Asymmetric information: Thng tin khng cn x ng Austerity program: Ch ng trnh th t l ng bu c b ng Autarky economy: N n kinh t t c p t tc Automatic stabilizers: Nh ng cng c n nh t ng Autonomous and induced expenditure: Ph n chi tiu t nh (ph i) v ph n chi tiu do (thu nh p) thc y Autonomous consumption: Tiu dng t nh Autonomous investment demand: Nhu c u u t t nh Average cost (AC): Chi ph trung bnh Average-cost pricing: nh gi theo chi ph trung bnh Average variable cost (AVC): Bi n ph trung bnh : B: Balance of payments: Cn cn thanh ton Balance of trade: Cn cn m u d ch

Balance sheet: B n t ng k t ti s n / B n quy t ton / cn i thu chi Balanced (GDP) ~ Equilibrium (GDP): (GDP) c cn i ~ (GDP) cn b ng Balanced budget multiplier: Th a s c a ngn sch cn b ng Bandwagon effect (ref. Network effects/): Tc ng theo tro l u Bank runs: Hi n t ng x rt ti n kh i ngn hng Bankruptcy: Ph s n Banks cash-deposit ratio: T s gi a s ti n m t v s ti n g i c a ngn hng Barriers to entry: Cc ro c n gia nh p / nh p ngnh Base year: N m g c/n m c s Below the line (ref. Capital account/Above the line ): Ph n d i v ch (cc giao d ch trong ti kho n v n) Benefit principle: Nguyn t c l i ch Beta: Ch s tnh s bi n ng l i t c c a m t c phi u cng v i s bi n ng l i t c c a ton b th tr ng ch ng khon Big bang (ref. Grativity theory) Bimodal: (M hnh) 2 ph ng th c Black market premium: M c / Kho n chnh l ch c a th tr ng ch en Bliss point = optimum optimoral: i m h nh phc Blue-chip stock: C phi u sng gi? Bond: Tri phi u Gild-edged bonds: Tri phi u chnh ph c gi tr cao Border price: Gi c a kh u Brain drain: Ch y mu ch t xm Breakeven point: i m ha v n Budget deficit and surplus: Thm h t v th ng d ngn sch Budget line: ng ngn qu / ngn sch Budget shares: T ph n ngn sch Buffer stocks: Kho m Building societies: T ch c c p tn d ng xy nh Burgernomics (Big Mac index): Kinh t h c bnh hamburger (ch s Big Mac) Business cycle: Chu k kinh t : C: Capacity charges: Ph cng su t Capacity utilization: M c s d ng n ng l c s n xu t ? Capital deepening: T p trung/chi u su v n Capital gains and losses: Li v n v l v n Capital-labor ratio: T s v n lao ng Capital widening: Phn tn v n Captive buyer: Ng i / Ngn hng b bu c ph i mua m t s ch ng khon v a pht hnh (nh n c quy nh) Cartel: Cc ten Cash drainage: Th t thot/ht ti n m t? Cash flow: Ngn l u / Dng l u kim Cash flow statement: Bo co lu ng ti n / ngn l u Cash limits: Cc h n m c ti n m t Catchall z: Bi n t ng h p z Causation: Quan h nhn qu Ceilings and floors: M c nh v m c y Ceilings / floors price: Gi tr n / sn

Central tendency: H ng tm Checkable deposites: Ti n g i dng sc Choice of production technique: S l a ch n k thu t s n xu t Churning process: Qu trnh khu y ng c c u vi c lm do ti n b cng ngh Circular flow of payments: Dng thanh ton lun chuy n Classical and Keynesian unemployment: Th t nghi p theo l thuy t c i n v theo l thuy t Keynes Classical dichotomy: Tnh l ng phn theo m hnh c i n Classical model: M hnh c i n Closed shop: Qu y b h p? Cng ty c t ch c cng on Closed/open economy: N n kinh t khp kn / m c a Coase Theorem: nh l Coase Cold turkey strategy (ref. Gradualism ): Chi n l c c p t c (gi m nhanh l m pht b ng cch gi m m nh t ng tr ng ti n) Collective action: Hnh ng t p th (c t ch c) Collective exhaustive: Hon ton Collinearity: C ng tuy n Multi-collinearity: a c ng tuy n Collusion: C u k t Combination: T h p Command economy: N n kinh t m nh l nh / ch huy Commodity monies: Ha t ; ti n t b ng hng ha Company: Cng ty Comparative advantage: L i th t ng i Compensating differentials: Cc m c b thm ti n l ng Compensating variation (ref. Equivalent ): Bi n thin b p Competition: C nh tranh Competition policy: Chnh sch v c nh tranh Complement (stats): B Complement: Hng b tr Complementary inputs: Nh p l ng b tr Concave (~ convex): Lm (~ l i) Conglomerate: T p on Concessionary price / rate: Gi / T su t u i Consistent: Th ng nh t / nh t qun Consolidated balance sheets: B ng cn i (k ton/ti sn) h p nh t Constant prices: Gi c nh / gi khng i Constant returns to scale: Sinh l i c nh theo quy m Constraint (informal / formal): H n ch / rng bu c (khng chnh th c / chnh th c; ngoi quy nh / theo quy nh) Consumer borrowing: Vay tiu dng Consumer choice: L a ch n c a ng i tiu dng Consumer distortion loss: M t mt do l ch l c trong tiu dng Consumer sovereignty: Ch quy n ng i tiu dng Consumer surplus: Th ng d ng i tiu dng Consumption: Tiu dng Independent / induced consumption: Tiu dng ph thu c / thay i? Consumption bundle: i m k t h p tiu dng

Consumption externalities: Nh ng ngo i tc tiu dng Consumption function: Hm tiu dng Contestable market: Th tr ng c th c nh tranh c Conversion factor: H s chuy n i Convertibility: Kh n ng chuy n i Corner solution: Gi i php kh x Correlation : T ng quan correlation _Positive(~negative): T ng quan ng bi n (~ngh ch bi n) Correlation of returns: T ng quan c a l i t c Cost-benefit analysis: Phn tch chi ph v l i ch Cost minimization: C c ti u ha / t i thi u ha chi ph Cost of capital: Chi ph v n Cost overrun: Chi ph pht sinh Cost of protection: Chi ph c a vi c b o h Cost plus pricing: nh gi theo cch thm vo chi ph Cost-push inflation: L m pht do chi ph y (~demand-pull inflation) Counter-vailing duty: Thu ch ng b o h gi; thu nh vo hng xu t/nh p kh u c tr gi Covered interest parity (ref. Uncovered interest ): Chnh l ch gi d u th v s n ph m l c d u Cracking spread (ref. Refining margin): Crawling-peg (exchange rate): i u ch nh t ng lc/ph gi d n d n (t gi h i oi) Credible threat: e d a c th th c hi n c Credit-based VAT: VAT trn c s hon thu Criminalization: Quy l t i ph m Crony capitalism: Ch ngh a t b n d a trn s thn c n Cross price elasticity of demand: co gin cho c a c u theo gi Cross-section data: S li u cho / m u / c tr ng Crowding out: S l n p / chn p Crowding-out effect: Tc ng l n p / chn p Currency board: C ch y ban ti n t / CB (d tr ngo i t n i t l u hnh) Current account: Ti kho n hi n hnh/cn cn ti kho n vn lai Current and capital accounts: Ti kho n vng lai v ti kho n v n Current prices: Gi hi n hnh (th i gi) D: Dead weight loss: S / m c m t mt v ch Dead weight tax burden: Gnh n ng v ch c a thu kha Debt management: Qu n l n Debt rescheduling: Hon n / gia h n n Decile: Thnh m i nhm b ng nhau Deflation (ref. Disinflation): Gi m pht (t c gi m gi hay gi m gi th c) Demand deposits: Ti n g i khng k h n (thu c ti kho n vng lai) Demand for foreign exchange: C u ngo i t Demand management: Qu n l nhu c u Demand-pull inflation: L m pht do c u ko (~ cost-push inflation) Demand schedule: Bi u c u / ng c u Demonetization: (qu trnh) Phi ti n t ha; gi m b t s d ng ti n m t Depletable and renewable resources: Cc ti nguyn khng th ti sinh v ti sinh

Depreciation: Kh u hao/m t gi ng ti n Depreciation rate: T l kh u hao Deregulation: N i l ng ki m sot Derived demand: Nhu c u d n xu t / phi suy / th pht Devaluation and revaluation: (chnh sch) Ph gi v nng gi Deviation: l ch -Standard deviation: _ l ch chu n Differentiated goods: hng ha (cng lo i) mang nt c tr ng ring Diminishing marginal rate of substitution: (Quy lu t) T l thay th bin gi m d n Diminishing marginal utility of wealth: Gi tr th a d ng bin gi m d n c a ti s n Diminishing returns: (Quy lu t) L i t c gi m d n Direct / indirect taxes: Thu tr c thu / gin thu Dirigiste: Chnh ph can thi p Disbursement: Gi i ngn Discount rate: Su t chi t kh u Discounting: Chi t kh u Discouraged worker/unemployed (ref.): Ng i th t nghi p do nan lng Discriminating monopoly: c quy n phn bi t i x Diseconomies of scale: Tnh phi kinh t v quy m Disinflation (ref. Deflation): Gi m l m pht (t c t ng gi gi m) Dispersion: Phn tn Disposable income: Thu nh p kh d ng Dissaving: Tiu(xi) ti n ti t ki m/gi m ti t ki m Distortions: Nh ng bi n d ng Distortions and market failure: Cc bi n d ng v th t b i th tr ng Distribution (stats): Phn ph i _Continuous distribution: _Phn ph i lin t c _Deterministic distribution: _ Phn ph i t t nh _Discrete distribution: _ Phn ph i r i _Normal distribution: _ Phn ph i chu n _Probability distribution: _ Phn ph i xc su t _Step distribution: _ Phn ph i b c thang _Triangular distribution: _ Phn ph i tam gic _Uniform distribution: _ Phn ph i u Divergence: Sai bi t Diversification: a d ng ha Dividends: Li c ph n / c t c Dollar openness index: Ch s m c a theo ng la Dollar standard: B n v la Domestic absorption: H p thu trong n c Domestic-oriented growth: T ng tr ng h ng vo th tr ng n i a Domestic resources cost: Chi ph ti nguyn trong n c Dumping: Bn ph gi Dummy variable: Bi n s gi Dynamic (additional) gains: L i ch n ng ng (b sung) : E:

Easy / tight monetary or fiscal policy: Chnh sch n i l ng / th t ch c ti n t hay thu chi ngn sch Eclectic Keynesian: Ng i theo thuy t Keynes chi t trung Econometrics: Kinh t l ng Economic cost: Chi ph kinh t Economic price: Gi kinh t Economic profit: L i nhu n kinh t Economic rate of return: T su t l i nhu n kinh t Economic rent = supra normal profit: L i nhu n kinh t = l i nhu n trn bnh th ng Economies of scale: L i th kinh t nh quy m Effective: Hi u d ng / hi u qu Effective demand: C u hi u d ng Effective protection: B o h h u hi u Effective rate of protection: T l b o h hi u d ng (r = v -v / v) Effective rate of return: Su t sinh l i hi u d ng Efficiency: Tnh hi u d ng / qu Efficiency loss: Hi u qu m t mt Efficiency wages: Ti n cng / l ng hi u d ng / qu Efficient asset market: Cc th tr ng ti s n c hi u d ng / qu Efficient resource allocation: S phn b ngu n l c c hi u d ng / qu Elasticity (Ref. Responsiveness ): co gin (s p l i/ph n ng l i) Elastic, inelastic and unit elastic demand: Nhu c u co gin, khng co gin, co gin m t n v Embodied technical progress: Ti n b k thu t c p d ng Endogeneous consumption: Tiu dng n i sinh Entry and exit: Nh p ngnh v xu t ngnh Envelop/meta production function: Hm s n xu t t ng h p Escrow account: Ti kho n thu gi (do bn th ba qu n l) Equilibrium aggregate output: T ng s n l ng cn b ng Equivalent variation (Ref. Compensating variation ): Bi n thin t ng ng Equalizing wage differentials: Cn b ng cc m c chnh l ch ti n cng Equity: V n c ph n Evolving market condition: S ti n tri n c a tnh hnh kinh t Ex-ante: Tin on Ex-post: H u suy Excess burden: Gnh n ng thu qu m c Excess demand: Tr i c u Excess productive capacity (idle capital goods): Th a cng su t (t li u SX nhn r i) Excess profits: Li v t Excess reserves: D tr d /tr i Excess supply: Cung v t Exchange rate: T gi h i oi Effective exchange rate: T gi h i oi hi u d ng Exchange rate speculation: S u c theo t gi h i oi Excise taxes (cf. ): Thu trn t ng m t hng Exogenous: Ngo i sinh, ngo i tc Exogenous expectations: Nh ng d tnh ngo i sinh Expected / unexpected inflation: L m pht d tnh c / b t th ng Expenditure approach: Ph ng php d a vo chi tiu ( tnh GDP)

Export-led growth: T ng tr ng theo h ng xu t kh u Export-oriented industrialization: Cng nghi p ha theo h ng xu t kh u Export credit subsidy: Tr c p tn d ng xu t kh u Extensive margin (ref. Intensive margin ): Gia t ng theo qui m ngu n l c ( a n t ng tr ng s n l Externalities: Ngo i tc, ngo i ng Dynamic externalities: Ngo i tc ng Extrapolative expectations: Nh ng d tnh ngo i suy Extreme Keynesian: Ng i theo thuy t Keynes c c oan : F: Factor endowments: S s h u cc y u t s n xu t Factor incomes: Thu nh p t cc y u t s n xu t Factor intensity: M c / c ng huy ng (s d ng) cc y u t s n xu t Factors of production: K (chi ph K), L (l ng), v T (ti n thu t) Factor substitution effect: Tc ng thay th y u t s n xu t Factorial: Giai th a Fallacy of composition: Khi ni m sai l m i v i s ng/s ng b sai l m Feasibility study: Nghin c u kh thi Fiat (or Token) money: Ti n php nh Final goods: Hng ha cu i cng Finance deepening: T ng c ng ti chnh; pht tri n h th ng ti chnh theo chi u su Fine tuning: Tinh ch nh Intermediate goods: Hng ha trung gian Financial depth: su ti chnh Financial discipline: K lu t ti chnh Financial intermediary: Trung gian ti chnh Financial restraint: Financial reppression: p ch ti chnh Financial price: Gi ti chnh Financial statement: Bo co ti chnh Financial rate of return: Su t sinh l i ti chnh Finite horizon: T m nhn/khung tr i h u h n Firm-specific human capital: V n nhn l c c th i v i hng First-best and second-best efficiency: Tnh hi u d ng / hi u qu t t nh t v t t nh F-test: Ki m nh Fisher Fiscal policy (~): Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch - Automatic (~): - (~) t ng - Discretionary (~): - (~) ch ng - Expansionary (~): - (~) m r ng; n i r ng - Contractionary (~): - (~) thu h p Fixed cost (FC): nh ph Fixed factors: Cc y u t s n xu t c nh Fixed / floating exchange rates: T gi h i oi c nh / th n i Flow variable: Bi n s mang tnh dng ch y; bi n s dng Force of compounding: S c m nh c a l y ti n Foreign exchange reserves: D tr ngo i t / ngo i h i Forward and contingent market: Cc th tr ng b t tr c v k h n

ng)

Forward markets and spot markets: Cc th tr ng t tr c v cc th tr ng giao ngay Fractional reserve banking: Ho t ng ngn hng v i kho n d tr khng ng k Fractional reserve system: H th ng d tr m t ph n Free entry/(exit): Nh p ngnh/(xu t ngnh) t do Free riders: Nh ng ng i xi cha /ng i n theo Free-rider problem: V n ng i xi cha Natural unemployment = Frictional +: Th t nghi p t nhin = t/ng do ch a tm c vi c lm ng structural unemployments: + t/ng do s n ng ng/ thay i c c u c a n n kinh t . Full-employment budget: Ngn sch ton d ng nhn cng Function: Hm s Functional income distribution: Phn ph i thu nh p theo ch c n ng Fundamental trading: u t ng c qun tnh th tr ng (theo gi tr th c) Future value: Gi tr t ng lai : G: Gains from trade: L i ch t th ng m i/ngo i th ng Game theory: L thuy t tr ch i GATT: Hi p nh chung v thu quan v m u d ch General equilibrium: Cn b ng chung / t ng th General human capital: V n nhn l c mang c i m chung Geometric series: Chu i s nhn GNP and national income: GNP v thu nh p qu c dn GNP at factor cost: GNP theo chi ph cho y u t s n xu t GNP at market prices: GNP theo gi th tr ng GNP deflator: H s gi m pht/kh l m pht Gold reserve: D tr vng Gold standard: B n v vng Goldbugs: Nh ng con b vng Goods: Hng ha Related goods: Hng ha c lin quan Inferior goods: Hng ha th c p Government regulation: S i u ti t c a chnh ph Government spending and net taxes: Chi tiu c a chnh ph v thu rng Government spending on goods and services: Chi tiu chnh ph cho hng ha v d ch v Gradualism policy (ref. Cold turkey strategy ): Chnh sch tu n t (gi m l m pht b ng cch gi m d n m c t ng tr ng ti n) Gradualist monetarist: Ng i theo thuy t tr ng ti n tu n ti n Grativity theory (Ref. Big Bang): Greenfield (project): (D n) hon ton m i Gross domestic product (GDP): T ng s n ph m qu c n i Growth rate: T c t ng tr ng Sharp gyration: Chu k xoay vng r r t H: Hands-off policy: Chnh sch khng can thi p Hedgers: Nh ng ng i t b o hi m High-powered money or monetary base: Qu ti n m nh/ c s ti n

High turn-over sector: Khu v c c s thay i nhn cng cao Homogeneous products: S n ph m ng nh t Horizontal and vertical equity: Bnh ng theo chi u ngang / d c Horizontal/ ver cal / conglomerate mergers: H p nh t theo tuy n ngang / d c / k t kh i Hotelling rent: Gi tr s d ng ngu n l c t nhin Human capital: Ti s n nhn l c Human wealth: C a c i c a con ng i Hyperinflation: Siu l m pht Hysteresis: Hi n t ng tr : I: ICOR: T l bin t gi a v n v s n l ng Identities: ng nh t th c National Income Identities: ng nh t th c c a thu nh p qu c dn Imperfect competition: C nh tranh khng hon h o Implicit cost: Chi ph n Import restrictions: Nh ng h n ch nh p kh u Import substitution: Thay th nh p kh u Import substitution industrialization: Cng nghi p ha thay th nh p kh u Incidence of taxation: i t ng ch u thu Income and substitution effects: nh h ng thu nh p v nh h ng thay th Income approach: Ph ng php d a vo thu nh p ( tnh GDP) Income distribution: Phn ph i thu nh p Income effect: nh h ng thu nh p Income effect of wages: nh h ng thu nh p c a l ng Income elasticity of demand: co gi n c a c u theo thu nh p Income statement: B n bo co thu nh p / B n thu nh p Income policy: Chnh sch thu nh p Index of distortion: Ch s bi n d ng/bp mo Index numbers: S ch s Indexation: Ph ng php ch s ha Indifference curve: ng ng d ng/bn quan Indifference map: B n ng d ng Inductive reasoning: L p lu n quy n p Industrial concentration: S t p trung cng nghi p Industrial policy: Chnh sch cng nghi p Industrialization: Cng nghi p ha Infant industry: Ngnh non tr Infant industry tariff argument: Lu n c ng h thu nh p kh u v m t ngnh non tr Inferior goods: Hng ha th c p Infinitely elastic: Co dn hon ton Inflation-adjusted budget: Ngn sch c i u ch nh theo l m pht Inflationary gap: H cch/kho ng tr ng l m pht Informative econom analysis: Phn tch thng tin kinh t Injection: (cc kho n/l ng) b m vo Innocent entry barrier: C n tr ng u nhin i v i vi c nh p ngnh Innovation: Sng ki n

Inputs and outputs: u vo (nguyn v t li u) v u ra / xu t v nh p l ng Insiders and outsiders: Ng i trong cu c v ng i ngoi cu c Insolvency: Tnh tr ng khng tr n c / m t kh n ng chi tr Intangible capital: V n v hnh Intensive margin (ref. Extensive margin ): Gia t ng n ng su t ngu n l c (d n n t ng tr ng s n l ng) Intercept: Tung g c Interest: Li su t Interest sensitivity: nh y c m theo li su t Intermediate goods: Hng ha trung gian Internal rate of return: N i su t thu h i v n / n i su t sinh l i Internal / external balance: Cn b ng bn trong / bn ngoi International debt crisis: Kh ng ho ng n qu c t Intersection: Giao Intervention and official financing: Can thi p v ti tr chnh th c Intra-industrial trade: Th ng m i trong ngnh Invention and innovation: Pht minh v c i ti n k thu t Inventory: Hng t n kho Inverse relation: T ng quan ngh ch bi n Investment: u t Inventory _: u t hng t n kho Just-in-case _: u t d phng Just-in-time _: u t khi c n Just-in-time management: (Qu n l) i u v t t v a c s n ngay khi c n gi m gnh n ng chi ph t n kho trust company: Qu /Cng ty y thc u t Investment demand schedule: ng bi u th nhu c u u t Invisible hand: Bn tay v hnh IOU money: Ti n d a theo n Iron-rice bowl: Th i k bt s t ( n t p th ) Iso-cost: ( ng) ng ph Iso-quant: ng l ng Iso-value line: ng ng gi tr IS and LM schedule: Cc ng bi u th IS v LM : J: Job acceptance schedule: ng th s ng i ch p nh n cng vi c Joint stock company: Cng ty c ph n Junk bonds: Tri phi u li su t cao : L: Labor force schedule: ng th lao ng Labor hoarding: Tch tr lao ng Labor-intensive: Thm d ng lao ng Labor market tight: Th tr ng lao ng khan hi m Laffer curve: ng Laffer Laissez-faire economy: N n kinh t t do [Chnh ph khng can thi p] Law of diminishing marginal utility: Quy lu t th a d ng bin gi m d n Law of diminishing return: Quy lu t sinh l i gi m d n

Law of One price: Quy lu t m t gi Leakages and injections: Cc kho n r r v b m vo / hao ph v b sung Leasing firm: Cng ty cho thu ti chnh Least square: Bnh ph ng nh nh t Legal tender: Ph ng ti n thanh ton h p php (lu t nh) Lender of last resort: C u cnh cho vay cu i cng Less developed countries (LDCs): Cc n c km pht tri n h n Level field: Sn ch i cng b ng / cng m t sn ch i Leveraged buy out (LBO): n b y mua chu c thi vi c Leveraged financing: Ti tr n b y Life-cycle hypothesis: Gi thuy t v vng i / chu k tuu i th (s n ph m) Life-cycle oriented expectation: K v ng theo nh h ng chu k i ng i Liability: N , ti n n , ngh a v , tiu s n Limited liability: Trch nhi m h u h n Line of credit: M c tnh d ng Liquid assets ratio: T l ti s n d thanh tiu Liquidity: (Tnh) Thanh hon / Thanh tiu Loan facility: Ch ng trnh cho vay Local content requirement: Yu c u v thnh ph n (c ngu n g c) n i a Logrolling: B phi u theo ki u mc ngo c Long run average cost (LAC) curve: ng chi ph bnh qun di h n Long run competitive equilibrium: Cn b ng c nh tranh di h n Long run marginal cost (LMC) curve: ng chi ph bin di h n Long run total cost curve: ng t ng ph di h n Long / short run Phillips curve: ng Phillips di / ng n h n Lumpy investment: u t theo t ng m ng Lump-sum tax (ref. Excise taxes ): Thu g p / khon : M: M1: L ng ti n l u hnh + ti n g i khng k h n M2: M1 + ti n g i c k h n + $ ti t ki m qui m nh + gi tr giao d ch ng n h n M3: M2 + $ ti t ki m qui m l n + gi tr giao d ch di h n M1 and M0: M c cung ti n M1 v M0 Macroeconomics demand schedule: ng c u mang tnh kinh t h c v m Macroeconomics: Kinh t h c v m Managed or dirty floating: S th n i c qu n l hay khng thu n khi t Management board: Ban qu n l/H i ng Qu n tr Marginal cost: Chi ph bin t Marginal cost of labor: Chi ph bin t cho lao ng Marginal cost pricing: nh / t gi theo chi ph bin t Marginal firm: Xu t bin Marginal income tax rate: Thu su t bin nh vo thu nh p Marginal principle: Nguyn l bin Marginal product of labors: S n ph m bin c a lao ng Marginal propensity to consume (MPC): Thin h ng tiu dng bin t Marginal propensity to import: Thin h ng nh p kh u bin t Marginal propensity to save (MPS): Thin h ng ti t ki m bin t

Marginal rate of substitution: T l thay th bin t Marginal rate of transformation: T l chuy n i bin Marginal revenue: Doanh thu bin t Marginal revenue product of labor: S n ph m doanh thu bin c a lao ng Maturity: n h n thanh ton Marginal utility: Th a d ng bin t Marginal value product of capital: S n ph m gi tr bin c a v n Marginal value product of labor: S n ph m gi tr bin c a lao ng Market clearing: i m cn b ng th tr ng Market demand curve: ng c u c a th tr ng Market failure: Tr c tr c / th t b i c a th tr ng Market mechanism: C ch th tr ng Market niche: V th th tr ng Market oriented reform: C i cch theo nh h ng th tr ng Market premium rate: T l chnh l ch gi Black market premium rate: T l chnh l ch gi c a th tr ng ch en Parallel market premium rate: T l chnh l ch gi c a th tr ng song hnh Market structure: C c u th tr ng Mark-up () / mark-up price: Ph n t ng thm hay c ng thm () / Gi n Matching grant: Tr c p i ng Non-matching grant: Tr c p n thu n Maturity: n h n/ o h n Mean: Trung bnh Means test: Ch ng trnh tr c p trn c s thu nh p th p Median: Trung v Median voter: C tri trung dung Medium of exchange: Ph ng ti n trao i Menu cost of inflation: Chi ph th c n c a l m pht Merit goods: Hng c l i , hng khuy n d ng Meso-economics: Kinh t h c trung dung (Macro-eco. > Meso-eco > Micro- eco.) Microeconomics: Kinh t h c vi m Minimum wage: Ti n l ng t i thi u Mix of fiscal and monetary policy: K t h p chnh sch ngn sch v ti n t Mixed economy: Nn kinh t h n h p Mobility of labor: Tnh lun chuy n c a lao ng Mode: Cao t n (t n s ) Model: M hnh Momentum trading (ref. fundamental): Giao d ch theo qun tnh th tr ng Monetarists: Nh ng ng i theo thuy t tr ng ngn Monetary accommodation: S i u ti t ti n t Monetary aggregate: Cung ti n (M1, M2, M3) Monetary base: C s ti n Monetary overhang: (tnh tr ng) S d ng qu nhi u ti n m t Monetary standard: B n v ti n Monetary Union: Lin minh ti n t Monetized economy: N n kinh t ti n t ha Money illusion: o t ng v ti n

Money market equilibrium: S cn b ng c a th tr ng ti n t Money multiplier: S nhn ti n t Money supply: Cung ti n Monopolies and mergers commission: y ban v c quy n v h p nh t Monopolistic competition: C nh tranh c tnh c quy n Monopoly power: Quy n l c c quy n Monopsony: c quy n mua Moral hazard: Cc nguy h i do tm l l i Multiplier: Th a s /H s nhn Multiplier-accelerator model: M hnh t ng t c theo th a s / h s nhn Multiplier coefficient: H s khuy ch i Multually exclusive: Lo i tr l n nhau N: Narrow banking: (Chnh sch) Ho t ng ngn hng thu h p National debt: N qu c gia National income accounting: H ch ton thu nh p qu c dn National procurement: Vi c mua hng c a chnh ph Nationalized identities: ng nh t th c c a thu nh p qu c dn Nationalized industries: Cc ngnh qu c h u ha Natural monopoly: c quy n t nhin Natural rate of unemployment: T l th t nghi p t nhin Net economic welfare: Phc l i kinh t rng Net export: Xu t kh u rng Net present value: Gi tr hi n t i rng Net property income abroad: Thu nh p ti s n rng t n c ngoi Network effects/externalities (ref. Bandwagon effect ): Tc ng/ngo i tc t m ng l i New classical macroeconomics: Kinh t h c v m tn c i n New international economic order: Tr t t kinh t th gi i m i New protectionism: Ch ngh a b o h m i Newly industrializing countries (NICs): Cc n c m i cng nghi p ha Nominal and real interest rates: Li su t danh ngh a v li su t th c t Nominal and real money balances: S d /d tr ti n danh ngh a v th c t Nominal variables: Cc bi n s danh ngh a Nominal / real exchange rate: T gi h i oi danh ngh a / th c t Non-institutional civilian population: L c l ng lao ng dn s (available for civilian emplyment) Non market: Phi th tr ng Non-participation rate (ref. Discouraged worker/): T l khng tham gia l c l ng lao ng Non-tariff barriers: Cc hng ro phi thu quan Non performing assets: Nh ng ti s n khng sinh l i Non performing loans: Nh ng kho n vay khng th c hi n ng h p ng Non traded: Phi ngo i th ng Normal and inferior goods: Hng bnh th ng v hng th c p Normal profit opportunity cost of K: L i nhu n thng th ng chi ph c h i c a v n Normative economics: Kinh t h c chu n t c Null hypothesis: Gi thuy t khng? Numeraire: Th nguyn/thng s o l ng

: O: Offer price: Gi cho Offer curve: ng cong cho hng Oligopoly: c quy n nhm / t p on Open economy economics: Kinh t h c v m c a n n kinh t m Open market operations: Nh ng nghi p v th tr ng t do Opportunity cost of capital: Chi ph c h i c a v n Optimal tariff: Thu nh p kh u t i u Other things equal: Cc i u ki n khc gi nguyn / khng i Outcome: K t qu ; K t c c _Basic outcome: _K t qu c s Outstanding credit/loans: Tn d ng ch a thanh ton / d n Overall fit of regression: M c ph h p t ng th c a ph ng trnh h i quy?/ H i quy k t qu ch ng Overhead inputs: Nh p l ng gin ti p Overshooting: T ng v t Overtime and short time: Ch lm thm gi v ch rt gi lm : P: Paid-in capital: V n gp Panel data: D li u theo nhm m u Par value of gold: Gi tr ngang gi c a vng Paradigm: Lu n thuy t Paradox of thrift: Ngh ch l ti t ki m Paradox of voting: Ngh ch l v b phi u Pareto efficiency of resource allocation: Tnh hi u qu Pareto c a phn b ngu n l c Partial equilibrium: Cn b ng b ph n Participation rate: T l tham gia Partnership: H i chung v n Patents: B ng pht minh / sng ch Path of government spending: M hnh/cch th c chi tiu c a chnh ph Pattern of trade: M th c ngo i th ng Pay in kind: Tr b ng hi n v t Peak load pricing: nh gi theo gi cao i m/theo cng su t t i a Pension: L ng h u / h u b ng Pay As You Go_: L ng h u do ng i khc ng gp Fully Funded_: Qu l ng h u t gp Per capita real GNP: GNP th c t tnh theo u ng i Perceived wealth: C a c i d tnh c Percentage change: Chnh l ch tnh b ng ph n tr m Perfect capital mobility: Kh n ng l u chuy n hon h o c a v n Perfect competition: C nh tranh hon h o Performance: Thnh qu Permanent income hypothesis: Gi thuy t v thu nh p lu di Permutation: Ch nh h p Personal income distribution: Phn ph i thu nh p cho c nhn Personnem:

Physical and financial capital: V n hi n v t v v n ti chnh Physiocrat: Ngu i theo phi tr ng nng Plug: Point-year of access unemplyment: N m i m ph n tr m th t nghi p v t qu m c t nhin Policy coordination: i u ph i chnh sch Political business cycle: Chu k kinh t chnh tr Poll tax: Thu thn Pooled lending/loan: Cho vay lin hi p Positive bias: Thin l ch ng bi n Positive economics: Kinh t h c th c ch ng Potential output: S n l ng ti m tng Pre-commitment: Cam k t tr c Present value: Gi tr hi n t i Premium: Th ng kim/Ph th ng - High risk premia: - Ph th ng r i ro cao Price elasticity of demand: co gin theo gi c a c u Price fixing: C nh gi Price volatility: Bi n ng gi c Price support: Tr gi Primary commodities: Hng s ch Principle of targeting: Nguyn t c h ng ch Private and social cost of unemployment: Thi t h i / ph t n c nhn v x h i c a th t nghi p Private sector cash-deposit ratio: T s gi a ti n m t v s ti n g i c a khu v c t nhn Prabability: Xc su t _Conditional probability: _Xc su t c i u ki n _Cumulative probability: _Xc su t tch l y Product differentiation: Phn bi t cng m t nhm s n ph m Product distortion loss: M t mt do l ch l c trong s n xu t Production externalities: Nh ng ngo i tc s n xu t Production function: Hm s n xu t Production incentives: Cc ng c / khuy n khch s n xu t Production Possibility Frontier (PPF): ng gi i h n kh n ng s n xu t Production smoothing: Vi c lm cho s n xu t c tri ch y Productivity: N ng su t Profit: L i nhu n Progressive taxes: Thu l y ti n Project appraisal: Th m nh d n Property rights: Cc quy n s h u ti s n Protection: B o h Proxy: i di n; bi u tr ng Public / private goods: Hng cng c ng / t nhn Public choice: S l a ch n c a cng chng Public ownership: S h u cng c ng / nh n c Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): Ngan b ng s c mua / ng mi l c Purchasing power of money: S c mua c a ng ti n Pure inflation: L m pht thu n ty :

Q: Quadrant: Gc t a /gc ph n t Quantity theory of money: Thuy t nh l ng ti n t Quasiliquid asset: Ti s n g n nh c kh n ng thanh kho n Quick-disbursing funds: Ti n k pht nhanh Quintile: Thnh n m ph n b ng nhau Quota: H n ng ch Import / Export quota: H n ng ch nh p kh u /Xu t kh u Rents_: Tr c l i thng qua h n ng ch : R: Radical critique: S ch trch theo khuynh h ng c p ti n Random events: Cc bi n c ng u nhin Random error: Sai s ng u nhin Range of values: Mi n gi tr Ratchet effect: Tc ng thanh truy n Rate of return: Su t sinh l i / t su t l i t c / t su t sinh l i Rate of return on investment: Su t sinh l i t ut Internal rate of return: N i su t thu h i v n / T l hon v n n i b Rateable value: Gi tr c th nh thu Rational expectations (Ref. Adaptive expectations ): Nh ng k v ng h p l Real / relative price: Cc gi th c t / t ng i Real balance effect: nh h ng s d ti n th c/hi u ng ti n th c Real interest rate: M c li su t th c t Real prices and real income: Gi th c t v thu nh p th c t Real variables: Cc bi n s th c t Real-wage hypothesis: Gi thuy t v ti n l ng th c t Receipt: S thu Recessionary gap: h cch/kho ng tr ng suy thoi Reciprocal capital: V n i ng Red tape (barriers): (Nh ng ro c n) th t c phi n h Redundant labor (surplus/disguised/hidden/concealed unemployment): Refining margin (ref. Cracking spread): Chnh l ch t ng doanh thu s n ph m v i chi ph l c d u Reflation: Lm t ng l m pht (do t ng s n l ng c a n n kinh t ) Regional integration: H i nh p khu v c Registered unemployment: Th t nghi p c ng k Regression: H i qui Regulation: i u ti t (gi) Regulatory capture: i u ti t b tri Regulatory policy: Chnh sch i u ti t Rent: T / L i Rent seeker / seeking: Ng i / s ki m c l i Rental on capital: Ti n thu v n Replacement ratio: T s thay th Required rate of return on capital: Su t sinh l i c n c c a v n Required real rate of return on capital: Su t sinh l i th c t c n c c a v n Required reserve ratio: T l d tr b t bu c

Research & Development (R&D): Nghin c u v pht tri n Reservation wage: M c l ng t i thi u theo th tr ng/m c l ng theo chi ph c h i Resiliency: Tnh nh y bn Resource: Ngu n ti nguyn / ngu n l c Responsiveness (ref. Elasticity ): Restrictive practices: (Lu t v ) Cc ho t ng h n ch Retail price index (RPI): Ch s gi bn l Retained earnings: L i nhu n gi l i Returns to scale/labor: Su t sinh l i theo quy m/theo lao ng Revenue: Doanh thu Risk attitude/risk character: Thi i v i r i ro Risk-aversion: Khng thch r i ro Risk-diversification: Phn tn r i ro Risk-loving: Thch r i ro Risk Master: Ph n m m Risk Master (kh ng ch r i ro) Risk-neutrality: Bng quan v i r i ro Risk-pool: Gp chung r i ro Risk premium: Ph r i ro Risk-sharing: Chia x r i ro Room to maneuver: Ph m vi an ton cho php ( i u ch nh thu chi n/s) Robustness of an exchange rate regime: Tnh thi t th c c a 1 ch t gi h i oi Run (a): (M t) c n s t rt ti n S: Sacrifice ratio: T l nh i (gi a th t nghi p v l m pht) Sample space: Khng gian m u Savings function : Hm ti t ki m Scarcity : S khan hi m Scatter diagram : th r i Second-best: Lo i hai / K ci t t nh t Second fiddle: Th y u (b hai) Secular stagnation: S nh tr v lu v di Self-financing: T ti tr Seigniorage: Thu l m pht / L i nhu n pht hnh ti n Separations: B vi c hay m t vi c Shadow price: Gi m / bng Shareholder: C ng Shoe-leather costs of inflation: Chi ph da giy c a l m pht Short-run aggregate supply schedule: ng t ng cung ng n h n Short-run average fixed costs (AFC): nh ph bnh qun ng n h n Short-run fixed costs (AFC): nh ph ng n h n Short-run marginal costs (SMC): Chi ph bin t ng n h n Short-run total costs (STC): T ng ph ng n h n Short-run variable costs (SVC): Bi n ph ng n h n Short-run / long-run adjustments: Nh ng i u ch nh ng n h n / di h n Shutdown price: Gi ng c a / gi cu i ngy (th tr ng ch ng khon) Signaling and screening: Pht tn hi u v sn l c

Significance of coefficients: M c c ngh a th ng k c a h s Simulation: M ph ng Single market: Th tr ng th ng nh t Single-peaked preferences: Nh ng i u mu n l a ch n c chung Social cost of monopoly: Chi ph / t n th t x h i cho c quy n Sole trader: Ng i bun bn c th Solvent (= creditworthy): C tn nhi m, c kh n ng thanh ton n Special deposits: Cc kho n k g i c bi t Specific tariff: Thu quan tnh theo n v hng ha Speculative bubbles: Cc bong bng u c Spreadsheet: B ng tnh (trn my tnh) Stabilization policy: Chnh sch n nh ha Stagflation: L m pht + tr tr Stand-by arrangement/agreement: H p ng d phng Standard paradigm: th c h /m hnh/ki u m u tiu chu n Steady state: Tr ng thi d ng Sterilization: V hi u ha (b ng chnh sch ti n t ) Sterilization impact of capital inflow: Tc ng v hi u ha thm h t cn cn thanh ton b i dng v n ch y vo Stochastical dominance (ref. Loren s curve/ Gini coefficient): Stock: 1. Tr l ng 2. C phi u Stock and flows: Tr l ng v l u l ng Store of value: D tr gi tr Strategic entry barrier: C n tr chi n l c i v i vi c nh p ngnh Strategic entry deterrence: Ng n ch n nh p ngnh c tnh chi n l c Strategy: Chi n l c Strike/exercise price: Gi th c hi n Structural adjustment loans: Cc kho n vay i u ch nh c c u kinh t Subsidy: Tr c p Subsistence: Subsistence agriculture: Nng nghi p t cung t tiu Subsistence crop : V ma t tiu Subsistence wage: L ng v a s ng Sustainability of external debt: Kh n ng duy tr n n c ngoi Substitutes and complements: Hng thay th v hng b tr Substitution and output effects: nh h ng / Tc ng thay th v s n l ng Substitution effect of wages: nh h ng / Tc ng thay th c a l ng Substitution effect: nh h ng / Tc ng c a thay th Sunk cost fallacy: S hi u l m v chi ph chm Sunrise and sunset industries: Cc ngnh m i m c/ln v cc ngnh s p l n/h t th i Supernormal profits: Siu l i nhu n / L i nhu n siu ng ch Supplementary benefit: Tr c p b sung Supply-side economics: Kinh t h c tr ng cung Symmetric (~non-sym): i x ng (~b t/phi i x ng) Syndicate loan: Cho vay lin hi p : T: Takeover and mergers: S mua t v s h p nh t

Tangency equilibrium: Ti p i m cn b ng Tangible wealth: Ti s n h u hnh Tariff: Thu quan Taste: S thch, th hi u Tax base: C s (tnh/ch u/thu) thu Tax incident: Ai ph i ch u thu Tax wedge: Chnh l ch gi do thu Tax-based incomes policy: Chnh sch thu nh p d a vo thu Technical change through R&D: Thay i cng ngh qua R&D Technical efficiency: Tnh hi u d ng / qu v m t k thu t Technical knowledge: Tri th c / Ki n th c k thu t Technology: K thu t / Cng ngh Technological unemployment: Th t nghi p do ti n b cng ngh Terms of trade: T gi trao i m u d ch (PX/PM) _ gains: L i ch t (trao i) ngo i th ng Test discount rate: T l chi t kh u th i m Testing an economic model: Ki m nghi m m t m hnh kinh t The Corset: K ho ch Corset Tiebout model: M hnh Tiebout Time series data: Dy s li u theo th i gian Token money: Ti n quy c Total costs: T ng ph Total revenue: T ng doanh thu Tradable: Kh th ng Trade balance: Cn cn th ng m i Trade creation: T o l p ngo i th ng Trade diversion: Ch ch h ng ngo i th ng Traded and non-traded (goods): (Hng) ngo i th ng v phi ngo i th ng Trade Unions: Cng on Trade-off: S nh i Tranche: Transaction: Giao d ch / th ng v Transaction, precautionary, and assets motives: Nh ng ng c giao d ch, d phng, v ti s n Transfer earnings: Thu nh p t chuy n giao Transfer payment: Chi chuy n giao/Chi tr c p Transfer in kind: Tr c p b ng hi n v t Transmission mechanism: C ch lan truy n Trend output path: ng bi u th xu th s n l ng Treasury: B ti chnh / ngn kh T statistic: Tr th ng k t Two-part tariffs: (H th ng) gi hai ph n : : Uncertainty (ref. Risk): Tnh khng ch c ch n; tnh b p bnh Uncovered interest parity (Ref. Arbitrage condition ): Ngang b ng li su t theo t gi k v ng (khng Unemployment benefit: Tr c p th t nghi p Unemployment rate: T l th t nghi p

m b o)

Union: H i Unit of account: n v k ton Involuntary unemployment: (T l , s ) th t nghi p b t bu c Utility: th a d ng Utility maximization: T i a ha th a d ng : V: Value added: Gi tr gia t ng Value added tax (VAT): Thu gi tr gia t ng Variability: bi n thin Variable: Bi n s _Dummy variable: _Bi n s gi _Stochastic variable: _Bi n s ng u nhin Variable cost (VC): Bi n ph Variable factors: Cc y u t s n xu t thay i Variance: Ph ng sai Venture capital: V n u t vo doanh nghi p m i Viability: Kh n ng thnh t u/tnh kh thi Vested interest: Quy n l i c m b o b t di b t d ch Velocity of money: Vng quay c a ti n / t c l u chuy n ti n Volatility: Tnh d bi n ng Voluntary export restraints: Nh ng h n nh xu t kh u t nguy n : W: Wage and price flexibility: Tnh linh ho t c a gi v ti n l ng Wage indexation: Wage-price spiral: Vng xoy gi-l ng Wage-rental ratio: T s ti n cng -ti n thu v n Wealth effects: Hi u ng / tc ng c a c i Wealth taxes: Thu ti s n Weighted social welfare: Phc l i x h i c tr ng s Welfare economics: Kinh t h c phc l i Willingness to pay: M c s n lng chi tr Working capital: V n ho t ng : Y: Yield on external debt: Li i v i n n c ngoi Yield on investment: L i nhu n t ut : Z: Z-score: Gi tr c a Z Zero growth proposal: xu t t ng tr ng b ng khng