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EKONOMIKOS TEORIJOS PAGRINDAI

( 4 tas, pataisytas ir papildytas leidimas )

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Vilnius, 2003

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UDK 330. Ek 34

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9HUVOR HNRQRPLNRMH VYDUEX UDVWL SUDGLQHV NDWHJRULMDV L NXUL JDOLPD PRGHOLXRWL HNRQRPLQHV QXRVWDWDV palaipsniui prijungiant kitas kategorijas. iekant pradLQL NDWHJRULM  QDJULQ WL WDV L M  NXULRV SDDLNLQDPRV PLQLPDOLX NLW NDWHJRULM VNDLLXPL

(NRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM \UD LQRPD DSLH 80000. 0HV VX VDYR GLSORPDQWDLV QDJULQ MRPH DSLH 1 W NVWDQW ekon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kceptas Atliktas darbas $WO\JLQLPDV $SPRN MLPR WHUPLQDV Apskaita Atsarga $VPHQLQ V SDMDPRV $WVWDW\PDV Toliau bus paWHLNWL QXURG\W HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM DSLEU LPDL $SLEU LPXRVH SDEUDXNWRV SODLDXVLDL SDSOLWXVLRV LU ODELDXVLDL YDUWRMDPRV HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV /DXWLQLXRVH VNOLDXVWXRVH QXURGRPDV OLWHUDW URV DOWLQLR QXPHULV R OLWHUDW URV V UDDV SDWHLNWDV DWDVNDLWRV JDOH -HL DSLEU LPDV \UD YLVLNDL DGHNYDWXV OLWHUDW URV

DOWLQLR DSLEU LPXL MLV \PLPDV NDEXW PLV -HL DSLEU LPDV Q UD YLVLNDL DGHNYDWXV OLWHUDW URV DOWLQLR DSLEU LPXL WDL MLV UDRPDV EH NDEXL  -HLJX WDL DXWRULQLV DSLEU LPDV WDL DOLD MR \PLme [ - ]. (NRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM DSLEU LPDL Akceptas - VXWLNLPDV VX NLWRV SXV V SDVL O\PX VXGDU\WL VXWDUW QXURG\WRPLV V O\JRPLV [4]. $SPRN MLPR WHUPLQDV - nustatytas laikas DSPRN MLPR RSHUDFLMDL XEDLJWL [-]. Apskaita - GXRPHQ ULQNLPDV LU VLVWHPLQLPDV [-]. $VPHQLQ V SDMDPRV - pajamos, NXUL YLHQD GDOLV XGLUEWD, o kita VXPRN WD PRNHVLDLV [-]. Atliktas darbas - naudingi YHLNVPDL DWOLNWL SHU WDP WLNU ODLNR WDUS  Atlyginimas - darbo YHUWLQLPDV [-]. Atsarga - tausotinas daiktas [2]. Atstatymas - fizLQL VDY\EL DWQDXMLQLPDV [-].

.DWHJRULM SDNRSLNXPR QXVWDW\PDV

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iais etapais: VXUDQGDPH QDJULQ MDPRV NDWHJRULMRV DSLEU LP  WDPH DSLEU LPH LVNLULDPH SDEUDXNLDPH HNRQRPLQHV NDWHJRULMDV LU VXUDQGDPH M DSLEU LPXV WDLS UHQNDPH DSLEU LPXV LU LVNLULDPH HNRQRPLQHV NDWHJRULMDV WRO NRO YLVRV MRV LDLNLQDPRV LU DSLEU LPXRVH QHOLHND QHSDDLNLQW HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM  VXUDRPRV OHQWHO YLVRV HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV LU QDJULQ MDPRV NDWHJRULMRV SDNRSD EXV YLHQHWX GLGHVQ X SDVNXWLQL M  GLGLDXVL SDNRSRV QXPHU WXULQL HNRQRPLQ NDWHJRULM  9LV WDL JDOLPD LOLXVWUXRWL SDY\]GLX Akceptas - VXWLNLPDV VX NLWRV SXV V SDVL O\PX VXGDU\WL VXWDUW QXURG\WRPLV V O\JRPLV Sutartis - GYLHM DU GDXJLDX DVPHQ VXVLWDULPDV G O VDQW\NL VXN ULPR SDNHLWLPR DU SDQDLNLQLPR

3DNRSLND HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD

Ivada: kategorija ,,akceptas" priklauso 1-ai pakopai.

3DNRSLND HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD VXGDURPD UHPLDQWLV HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM SDNRSRV QXPHULX Sudaryta sistHPD >@ VXVLGHGD L  SDNRS  6LVWHPRMH Q UD XROL WDUS SDNRS  W\ VLVWHPD QHWXUL WXL SDNRS  7DL SDVLHNWD Y\NXVLDL SDVLULQNXV NULWHULM  SDJDO NXU VNDLLXRMDPRV SDNRSRV

Sistemos panaudojimas
3DNRSLND HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD SDQDXGRWD VSUHQGLDQW NRQNUHLXV XGDYLQLXV 6XGDU\WRMH VLVWHPRMH HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV \UD O\J SDPDWDV  WRG O L VLVWHP UHLN W SULLPWL LU ODLN\WL VWDQGDUWLQH V YRN VLVWHPD Lietuvoje. 5HPLDQWLV LD SDNRSLND HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD JDOL E WL QDJULQ MDPL RG\QDL LU RG\Q OLDL UXRLDPL HNRQRPLQLDL WHNVWDL VWDW\PDL SR VWDW\PLQLDL DNWDL YDGRY OLDL VWUDLSVQLDL UDRPL NXUVLQLDL LU EDLJLDPLHML darbai...

Teksto recenzavimas
3DNRSLND HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD JDOL E WL QDXGRMDPD WHNVWDPV UHFHQ]XRWL ir jiems tobulinti. 3ULLPDPH SULHODLG  NDG YLHQRMH HNRQRPLQ MH QXRVWDWRMH DU NHOLRVH JUHWD YLHQD L NLWRV LG VW\WRVH QXRVWDWRVH WXUL E WL WRV SDLRV SDNRSRV HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV DUED JUHWLP SDNRS NDWHJRULMRV R XROL QHWXU W E WL 3DQDJULQ NLPH NRQNUHW SDY\]G  3DVLULQNLPH DNWXDO WHNVW LU MDPH SDEUDXN HNRQRPLQHV NDWHJRULMDV VNOLDXVWHOLXRVH QXURG\NLPH M SDNRSRV QXPHU  ,,Rengiant statybos (1) SURMHNWXV QXVWDWRPD VNDLLXRMDPRML statybos (1) kaina (4), kuri yra SODQXRMDPRML SURMHNWR Y\NG\PR kaina (4): M HLQD YLVRV XVDNRYR (1) ilaidos (4), susietos su projekto J\YHQGLQLPX

6NDLLXRMDPRML statybos (1) kaina (4) nustatoma visai statybai (1) arba ir paleidimo kompleksams, atskiriems statybos objektams M GDOLPV GDUE (0) JUXS PV NRQVWUXNFLM GDOLPV DWLGXRGDPLHPV naudojimui (2) nustatytu norminiu (0), o jeigu norminis (0) nenustatytas - sutartiniu (0) laiku. 6NDLLXRMDPRML kaina (4) nenustatoma, kai statybos (1) remonto GDUE (0) YHUW (0) PDHVQ NDLS  OLW >@ Ivados: 1 - oMH QXRVWDWRMH \UD L SDNRS HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV 1, 1,4, 4, 1,4, 2 - oje nuostatoje: l ,4, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0. 3 - oje nuostatoje: 4, 0, 0. .DLS PDW\WL L SDY\]GLR WLHN WRMH SDLRMH WLHN JUHWLPRMH QXRVWDWRVH \UD YDUWRMDPRV YDLUL SDNRS HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV 7RG O WREXOLQDQW WHNVW  UHLNLD DWVLYHOJWL HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM SDNRSDV LU MDV GHULQWL WDLS NDG QHE W GLGHOL SDNRS XROL LU WHNVWH DWVLVSLQG W SDNRS QXRVHNOXPDV W \ MXG MLPDV QXR DXNWHVQ V SDNRSRV OLQN HPHVQ V LU DWYLUNLDL 7REXOLQDQW WHNVW VL ODX WRN YDULDQW 

,,Rengiant statybos (1) SURMHNWXV DSVNDLLXRMDPRV pajamos (2), NXUL WLNLPDVL JDXWL WDV SDMDPDV (2) HLQD YLV VX statyba (1) VXVLMXVL LWHNOL (1) panaudojimas bei kompensacija (2) X SDWLUWXV VWDW\ERV (1) metu nuostolius (0). 6NDLLXRMDPRV SDMDPRV (2) JDOL E WL QXVWDWRPRV YLVDL statybai (1) arba ir paleidimo kompleksams, atskiriems statybos objektams (0), M GDOLPV GDUE (0) JUXS PV NRQVWUXNFLM GDOLPV DWLGXRGDPLHPV vartojimui (0) nustatytu norminiu (0), o jeigu norminis (0) nenustatytas - sutartiniu (0) laiku. Kai statybos (1) remonto GDUE (0) YHUW (0) PDHVQ NDLS 30000 OLW  apskaitos (0) DSPRN MLPR terminai (0) QHQXVWDWLQ MDPL  Ivados: 1 - RMH QXRVWDWRMH \UD L SDNRS HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV 1,2,2, 1, 1, 2, 1,0. 2 - oje nuostatoje: 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. 3 - oje nuostatoje: l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 PRGHOLDYLPR PHWRG IDLODV HNRQRPLQL QXRVWDW WLS IDLODV 3URJUDPRV YHLNLPDV WXU W E WL SDJU VWDV JDOLP NDWHJRULM NRPELQDFLM VXGDU\PX 5DFLRQDOL NRPELQDFLM GHULQL  DWULQNLPDV EXW HNVSHUWR IXQNFLMD 3URJUDPRV LHLQDQL LQIRUPDFLM VXGDU\W HNRQRPLQLV WHNVWDV VXVLGHGDQWLV L HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDW  Neturint tokios programos, kompiuteriu galima pasinaudoti kaip priemone SDOHQJYLQDQLD PRGHOLDYLP  UDLXV DWPLQW SDNRSLN HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHP  PHWRGXV EHL QXRVWDW WLSXV JDOLPD L LQIRUPDFLM SDQDXGRWL HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDW PRGHOLDYLPXL LXR DWYHMX UHLNLD LQRWL NDLS HOJWLV VX NRPSLXWHULX DWOLHNDQW WRNLXV Garbus: 1. Teksto paraymas 2. 7HNVWR YHGLPDV DWPLQW  3. 7HNVWR LNYLHWLPDV HNUDQ  4. Teksto paraymas popieriuje. 5. Teksto redagavimas. .LHNYLHQDV L GDUE VXVLGHGD L HLO V RSHUDFLM  3Y] WHNVWR LNYLHWLPDV HNUDQ  (LO 1U .ODYLDV 3DDLNLQLPDV 3DVWDERV 5RG\NO NRPDQGLQ MH HLOXW MH QXYHGDPD vir File,  3HO SDVSDXGXV SHO V NDLU M NODYL LVLVNOHLGLD PHQLX 7DPH V UDH URG\NOH VXUDQGDPDV 2pen. 2. Enter 3DVSDXGXV NODYL  HNUDQH DWVLUDQGD GRNXPHQW SDYDGLQLP V UDDV 3. 3HO 5RG\NO QXYHGDPD YLU WR GRNXPHQWR SDYDGLQLPR 3Y] 'RF$-DN NXU QRULPH LNYLHVWL HNUDQ  (QWHU 3DVSDXGXV NODYL  WHNVWDV DWVLUDQGD HNUDQH

(NRQRPLNRV QXRVWDW LGHQWLILNDYLPDV UHLNLD NDG L LQRPR HNRQRPLQLR WHNVWR UHLNLD DWSDLQWL QXRVWDW WLSXV G VQLXV SULQFLSXV VDY\EHV LU WW PRJXV EH NRPSLXWHULR GDUE DWOLHND SDO\JLQWL OHQJYDL QRUV NDUWDLV LN\OD DEHMRQL  R NXULDP JL WLSXL SULNODXVR GXRWD QXRVWDWD $EHMRQ DWVLUDQGD G O QHSDNDQNDPDL WLNVODXV LU YLHQDUHLNPLR HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDW WLS DSLEU LPR .RPSLXWHUL]XRMDQW HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDW LGHQWLILNDYLP  UHLN W WLNVOLDX DSLEU WL HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDW WLSXV R po to sudaryti algoritmus ir programas kiekvienam nuostatos tipui identifikuoti.

,GHQWLILNDYLPDV JDOLQD YHUWLQWL HNRQRPLQ WHNVW  6NDLW\WRMXL SULLPWLQDV WHNVWDV NXULDPH QXRVWDWRV LG VWRmos WDP WLNUD WYDUND 1XRVHNOXV LG VW\PDV SDOHQJYLQD WHNVWR VXSUDWLP 

,YDGRV LU SDVL O\PDL

Ivados

1. ,QDJULQ MXV HNRQRPLQHV NDWHJRULMDV PDW\WL NDG WD SDWL NDWHJRULMD YDLULXRVH OLWHUDW URV DOWLQLXRVH DSLEU LDPD VNLUWLQJDL W\ LXRODLNLQ SDG WLV DLNLQDQW HNRQRPLQLXV UHLNLQLXV SURFHVXV Q UD VWDELOL JDOLPD VWDELOL]XRWL SDQDXGRMXV SDNRS HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHP  2. 6XGDU\WDV ULQNRV HNRQRPLNRV V O\JRPLV DNWXDO HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM V UDDV 3. 1XVWDW\WDV NLHNYLHQRV HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMos pakopos numeris, kuris tiesiogiai priklauso nuo priimto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gas pakopas. 9. .LWDV QH WUDXNWDV SDNRSLN HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHP  NDWHJRULMDV JDOLPD QHVXQNLDL  WDOSLQWL L  VLVWHP  10. 3ULWDLNLXV SDNRSLN HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHP WHNVW UHFHQ]DYLPXL EHL M WREXOLQLPXL JDOLPD ivengti pakRS XROL YLHQRMH LU JUHWLPRVH QXRVWDWRVH 11  0RGHOLXRMDQW ELQDULQ V U\ JDXWD NDG EH VSHFLDOLRV SURJUDPRV NRPSLXWHULR WDLN\PR JDOLP\E V \UD QHGLGHO V UDLXV DWPLQW SDNRSLN HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHP  PHWRGXV EHL QXRVWDW WLSXV L infRUPDFLM HNVSHUWDV - PRGHOLXRWRMDV JDOL SDQDXGRWL HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDW PRGHOLDYLPXL

3DVL O\PDL

7HNVWDL SDUHQJWL 9HUVOR HNRQRPLNRV NDWHGURV SRV GLR (1995 06 22) QXWDULPX LDP SURMHNWXL SULWDU 9HUVOR YDG\ERV IDNXOWHWR LU 9*78 7DU\ERV 3URMHNW SDU P /LHWXYRV YDOVW\ELQLV PRNVOR LU VWXGLM IRQGDV Knyga susideda i GYLHM GDOL  PLNURHNRQRPLNRV LU PDNURHNRQRPLNRV 3LUPRV GDOLHV SDUHQJLPXL YDGRYDYR doc. A.Jakutis, VI. 3HWUDNHYLLXV GRF /HNXW LU GU $ 6WHSDQRYDV DQWURV - doc. S.Zaicevas. Knygos EHQGUDDXWRULDL \UD JUXS VWXGHQW  NXUL GXRPHQ\V SDWHLNLDPL LRMH OHQWHO MH Bendraautoriai: 7HPRV 1U 9DUGDV 3DYDUG $NDGHPLQ JUXS 1. 5 -DQXNDLW  9 7UL\W 2. % /DSLHQ\W  % -RQLNDLW VV-4/1 3. R. Mituzas, V. Korsakas 4. - /XNLQDLW  6 0HG NDLW 5. - %XL W  / 3HLXO\W VV-4/2 6. E. Kaminskas, I. ukys 7. D. Nalivaika, D. iuparys 8. R. Bukelis, R. Valacka VV-4/3 9. / 1DOL QDV 0 6WHSRQ QDV

1. .DGDQJL HNRQRPLQ V NDWHJRULMRV SDNRSRV QXPHULV SULNODXVR QXR VXGDU\WR DU SULLPWR NDWHJRULMRV DSLEU LPR WDL SDJULQGLQ G PHV VNLUWL DSLEU LP SDULQNLPXL Drba sudarymui, t.y. standartizavimui. 2. 3DSLOG\WL HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM V UD QDXMRPLV NDWHJRULMRPLV NDG E W JDOLPD VXGDU\WL SLOQ SDSUDVW LU GDQLDXVLDL YDUWRMDP NDWHJRULM V UD  3. 3DSLOG\WL LU SUDW VWL SDNRSLN HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHP LNL 10 SDNRS  4. 6XGDU\W SDNRSLN HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHP 3(.6 SULLPWL NDLS VWDQGDUWLQ V YRN VLVWHP  5. 1RULQW PRGHOLXRWL HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDWDV NRPSLXWHULX E WLQD VXGDU\WL VSHFLDOL SURJUDP  NXULRMH E W  SDNRSLND HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD NDWHJRULM DSEU LPDL PRGHOLDYLPR DOJRULWPDL LU HNRQRPLNRV QXRVWDW WLSDL 6. 5HPLDQWLV VXGDU\WD SDNRSLND HNRQRPLQL NDWHJRULM VLVWHPD JDOL E WL VXGDURPL RG\QDL UHQJLDPL HNRQRPLQLDL WHNVWDL VWDW\PDL SR VWDW\PLQLDL DNWDL YDGRY OLDL VWUDLSVQLDL kursiniai ir baigiamieji darbai.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.   21.

6 *X\W  - .OLEDYLL W 5 3DOLRNLHQ  9 %XUEDLW , 9DEXRODLW  . .OLPDYLL W $ %DULDXVNDLW  5 %DULDXVNDLW  - %XL W  / 3HLXO\W 9 (OVN\W  $ YHGDV 5 &LUXO\W  - %XL W D. Nalivaika, D. iuparys, / 1DOL QDV 5 7UXVLOR 5 0DUWLQNHYL ' /HQLDXVNDV 6 *X\W  - .OLEDYLL W % /DSLHQ\W  % -RQLNDLW  9 %XUEDLW  5 HSXO\W 6 *UX]G]HYLLXV, M. irmulis 5 -DQXNDLW  9 7UL\W

VV-4/4 VV-4/2 VV-4/2 VV-4/2 VV-4/3 VV-4/3 VV-4/3 VV-4/3 VV-4/4 VV-4/4 VV-4/1 VV-4/1

0LNURHNRQRPLNRV WHPDV SHUVNDLW LU YHUWLQR VWXGHQWDL / 1DOL QDV LU 0 6WHSRQ QDV 99-4/3). YDG SDUHQJ  GRF $ -DNXWLV GDNWDUDV $ 6WHSDQRYDV VWXGHQWDL . .OLPDYLL W 99 -4/2), - 9DEXRODLW 99 - 4/2), $ .XMDO\W 99 - 4/4), - 3UDVFHYLL W 99 - 4/4). Recenzavo doc. S. Zaicevas ir doc. 0. 3HWUDVNHYLLXV PLNURHNRQRPLND LU GRF $ -DNXWLV (makroekonomikD 9LV WHNVW SHUL U MR GRF / HNXW  $XWRULDL G NRMD EXYXVLHPV LU GDEDUWLQLDPV 9*78 G VW\WRMDPV NXUL PHGLDJD EXYR SDVLQDXGRWD UHQJLDQW OHLGLQ VSDXGDL

22, 23 ir 24 WHPDV SDUHQJ GRF VI. 3HWUDNHYLLXV

1. Ekonomikos teorijos objektas

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2.Rinka
2.1. Rinka, jos funkcijos ir formos
Rinka - WDL SUHNLQL -SLQLJLQL VDQW\NL YLVXPD SUHNL LU SDVODXJ PDLQDL WDUS SLUN M LU SDUGDY M  vykstantys pagDO SUHNLQ V JDP\ERV LU FLUNXOLDFLMRV G VQLXV 5LQND SDGHGD NRRUGLQXRWL YDLUL HNRQRPLNRV VXEMHNW YHLNO LU WHQNLQWL PRQL SRUHLNLXV -L QHWDSDWLQWLQD VX WDP WLNUD SUHN\YLHWH YLHWD NXULRMH Y\NVWD pirkimo - SDUGDYLPR VDQG ULDL 7RNV SRL ULV \UD SHU VLDXUDV %HQGUHVQLV ULQNRV VXSUDWLPDV DSLPD SUHNL NDLQ IRUPDYLPR M JDV SDNODXV LU SDVL O  3UHNL EHL SDVODXJ NDLQ O\JLV LU NLWLPDV LQIRUPXRMD VDYLQLQNXV NXU SDQDXGRWL M LWHNOLXV N JDPLQWL NDLS JDPLQWL LU NDP JDPLQWL JDUDQWXRMDQW GLGLDXVL QDXG gamintojams ir YDUWRWRMDPV -HLJX NXUL QRUV SUHNL DU SDVODXJ SDNODXVD GLGHO  R SDVL OD QHSDWHQNLQD SDNODXVRV WDL E WHQW M JDP\E LU UHLNLD SO VWL LXR DWYHMX JDPLQWRMDL JDXV GLGHVQHV SDMDPDV R YDUWRWRMDL JUHLLDX SDWHQNLQV VDYR SRUHLNLXV WU NVWDPRPV SUHN PV DU SDVODXJRPV 'LGLDXVL YDLGPHQ LRMH VLWXDFLMRMH VXYDLGLQW DXNWHVQ V NDLQRV 7DLJL ULQND \UD LWHNOL SDVNLUVW\PR YDLULRPV SUHN PV JDPLQWL VLVWHPD U 3 pav.). 3 SDY SDYDL]GXRWDV VXSDSUDVWLQWDV HNRQRPLNRV PRGHOLV LU\NLQD ULQNRV YLHW  -L E GDPD WDUS YHUVOR PRQL LU YDUWRWRM  XWLNULQD WULM SDJULQGLQL HNRQRPLQL NODXVLP N JDPLQWL NDLS JDPLQWL LU NDP JDPLQWL VSUHQGLP  LXRODLNLQ MH YLVXRPHQ MH ULQND \UD VYDUELDXVLDV YLVRV HNRQRPLQ V YHLNORV RUJDQL]DYLPR E GDV

3pav. (NRQRPLQ s veiklos apytaka

5LQNRV YDLGPXR JHULDXVLDL DWVLVNOHLGLD SHUMRV funkcijas. Pirmiausia, ULQND \UD WDUSLQ JUDQGLV WDUS JDP\ERV LU YDUWRMLPR NDLS UHSURGXNFLMRV PRPHQW  LU WDUSXVDY\MH MXRV VLHMD LXR DWYLOJLX ULQND DNW\YLDL YHLNLD WLHN JDP\E  MRV DSLPW  VWUXNW U  DXJLPR WHPSXV SUHNL NRN\E  DVRUWLPHQW LU NLWXV QDFLRQDOLQLR produkto gDP\ERV URGLNOLXV WLHN LU YDUWRMLP YLVDLV MR NLHN\ELQLDLV LU NRN\ELQLDLV DVSHNWDLV 1RUV LD SLUPXPDV SULNODXVR JDP\EDL WDLDX ML SULYDOR RULHQWXRWLV YDUWRMLP EHL MR SRN\LXV NDGDQJL JDOXWLQLV JDP\ERV WLNVODV \UD YDUWRMLPDV 6DYR UXRWX YDUWRMLPDV WXUL VNDWLQWL DWLWLQNDPXV JDP\ERV SRN\LXV 7LN LRPLV V O\JRPLV SDNODXVD DWLWLNV SDVL O  LU HNRQRPLNRMH EXV SXVLDXVY\UD Antra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etvirta, SHU ULQN \UD HIHNW\YLDX J\YHQGLQDPDV HNRQRPLNRV VXEDODQVXRWXPDV SDVDOLQDPDV JDPLQWRM GLNWDWDV OLNYLGXRMDPDV GHILFLWDV LU NLWRV DGPLQLVWUDFLQ V-NRPDQGLQ V NLR YDOG\PR VLVWHPDL E GLQJRV \GRV 7DLJL ULQND NDLp pats save reguliuojantis mechanizmas, yra labai svarbus ekonomikos augimo, jos efektyvumo didinimo ir kuo geresnio YDUWRWRM SRUHLNL WHQNLQLPR YHLNVQ\V 5LQNRV DWOLHNDPDV IXQNFLMDV JDOL SHULPWL YDOVW\E V RUJDQDL Y\ULDXV\E  SROLWLQL SDUWLM YDGRYDL rHLNDODXGDPL L JDPLQWRM JDPLQWL DWLWLQNDPDV SUHNHV WDXS\WL LWHNOLXV JHULQWL SUHNL NRN\E EHL DVRUWLPHQW LU WW 7RNLD HNRQRPLNRV RUJDQL]DYLPR VLVWHPD EXYR E GLQJD DGPLQLVWUDFLQHL-NRPDQGLQHL YDOG\PR IRUPDL7DLDX ML QH URG VDYR J\Y\ELQJXPR LU EXYR SULYHUVWD XOHLVWL SR]LFLMDV ULQNRV SULQFLSDLV SDJU VWDL HNRQRPLNRV YDOG\PR sistemai. 3DWL ULQND VNLUVWRPD SUHNL SDVODXJ  LU LWHNOL ULQNDV 3UHNL ULQND NDLS WDUSLQLQNDV WDUS YDUWRWRM LU JDPLQWRM  SHU NDLQ NLWLP LQIRUPXRMD JDPLQWRMXV NRNLRPV SUHN PV YDUWRWRMDL LOHLGLD GDXJLDXVLDL SLQLJ  NRNLDV SUHNHV JDOLPD EUDQJLDXVLDL SDUGXRWL 7RG O JDPLQWRMDL LU VWHQJLDVL JDPLQWL WRNLDV SUHNHV LU WRN M NLHN  NXUL UHLNDODXMD ULQND LU NXULRV MLHPV XWLNULQD GLGLDXVLDV SDMDPDV ,WHNOL ULQNRMH susidariuVLRV NDLQRV WDLS SDW SDGHGD JDPLQWRMDPV DSVLVSU VWL NDLS JDPLQWL NRNLXV LWHNOLXV QDXGRWL NDG SUHNL JDP\EDL LOHLGLDPRV SLQLJ VXPRV E W NXR PDHVQ V W\ NDG JDP\ERV NDVWDL E W NXR PDHVQL .DGDQJL SUHN V LU LWHNOLDL UHDOL]XRMDPL WDP WLNURPLV NDLQRPLV LWHNOL VDYLQLQNDL suinteresuoti taupiai naudoti turimus iteklius, o vartotojai -vartojamas prekes. 5LQND IXQNFLRQXRMD WLN JU\QRV NRQNXUHQFLMRV V O\JRPLV Grynoji konkurencija - WDL SLUN M ODLVY OHLVWL pinigus kaip jiems atrodo geriau, gamintojams - gaminti norimas prekes, naudojant jiems tinkamus iteklius. ie SDVLULQNLPDL DSULERWL NDLQ  NXULRV VXVLGDUR QHDVPHQLQL VSUHQGLP SDJULQGX ' O GLGHOLR SLUN M LU SDUGDY M

VNDLLDXV ULQNRMH Q YLHQDV L M QHSDUGXRGD LU QHSHUND \PLRV SUHNL  FLUNXOLXRMDQL ULQNRMH GDOLHV LU WRG O NLHNYLHQR M LQGLYLGXDO V VSUHQGLPDL QHWXUL SRYHLNLR NLW SLUN M LU SDUGDY M YHLNORV DSLPLDL EHL NDLQRPV Prieingas dalykas - grynoji monopolija. Jei visa akos ar rinkos pardavimo apimtis sukoncentruota YLHQRV PRQ V UDQNRVH ML WDPSD PRQRSROLVWH PRQ V - PRQRSROLVW V LQGLYLGXDOXV VSUHQGLPDL OHPLD NDLQ G\G  LWHNOL SDQDXGRMLPR LU JDP\ERV DSLPW  *U\QRVLRV PRQRSROLMRV SDSLOGRPD V O\JD - DUWLP SDNHLLDP J U\EL VXEVWLWXW  SDNDLWDO  QHEXYLPDV QHV VPDUNLDL SDGLGLQXV NDLQDV LU VXPDLQXV JDP\ERV DSLPW  YDUWRWRMDL JDOL LPWL YDUWRWL SDNDLWDOXV LU SDHLVWL PRQRSROLMRV JU\QXP  7LHN JU\QRML NRQNXUHQFLMD WLHN JU\QRML PRQRSROLMD \UD SUDNWLNRMH QHVXWLQNDPL PRGHOLDL 7DL LGHDOL]XRW ULQN SDY\]GLDL 5HDOL ULQND \UD WDUSLQ MH E VHQRMH ML WXUL YLHQRV LU NLWRV ULQN VWUXNW U EUXR  % GLQJLDXVLDV tokios rinkos atvejis yra oOLJRSROLQ ULQND NXULRMH YLHSDWDXMD NHOHWDV PDGDXJ YLHQRGR G\GLR SDUGDY M SY] -$9 DXWRPRELOL SUDPRQ V *HQHUDO 0RWRUV , Ford Motor ir Crysler ILUPRV -L JDOL E WL JU\QD NDL SUHN V QHVLVNLULD VDYR NRN\E V SR\PLDLV SOLHQDV DNPHQV DQJOLV LU SDQ DUED QHJU\QD NDL SUHN V WXU GDPRV W SDL SDVNLUW  VNLULDVL VDYR NRN\ELQ PLV FKDUDNWHULVWLNRPLV DXWRPRELOLDL GUDEXLDL DYDO\Q LU SDQ MonoSROLMD LU ROLJRSROLMD DSLE GLQD ULQN L SDUGDY M JDPLQWRM  SXV V 3DQDDXV SRE GLR \UD LU SLUN MR YDUWRWRMR ULQND YLHQR SLUN MR ULQND YDGLQDPD monopsonija SY] SULHNDULQ V /LHWXYRV 0DLVWR LU 3LHQR FHQWUR PRQ V R NHOHWR oligopsonija.

2.2. 3DNODXVD LU SDVL OD

3LUN M LU SDUGDY M WDUSXVDYLR VDQW\NLDL ULQNRMH UHLNLDVL SHU SDNODXV LU SDVL O  QHV SDNODXVD LU SDVL OD \UD VYDUELDXVLDV ULQNRV HNRQRPLNRV EUXRDV QXOHPLDQWLV SURGXNFLMRV JDP\ERV SO WLP LU PDLQLP  NDLQ NLWLP  SRUHLNL SDWHQNLQLPR ODLSVQ LL- GDXJHO NLW HNRQRPLNRV UDLGRV HOHPHQW  Paklausa \UD SUHNL LU SDVODXJ NLHNLR NXU QRUL LU JDOL VLJ\WL WXUL WDP SDNDQNDPDL SLQLJ  SLUN MDL SULNODXVRP\E QXR NDLQRV .LWDLS WDULDQW SDNODXVD \UD UHDOXV SLUN M SRUHLNLV -HL YDUWRWRMDV WLN QRUL SLUNWL SUHN  EHW MR SDMDP WDP QHXWHQND WDL MR QRUDV Q UD SDNODXVD WDLS SDW LU SDNDQNDPDV SLQLJ NLHNLV SUHNHL SLUNWL Q UD paklausa, jeigu vartotojas nenori jos pirkti. .DLQRV NLWLPR LU SHUNDPR SUHNL LU SDVODXJ NLHNLR NLWLPR ULQNRMH U\\V JDQD SDVWRYXV WRG O MLV paprastai mikroekonomikoje formuluojamas kaip SDNODXVRV G VQLV SUHNL SDNODXVRV G\GLV NLQWD NDLQ NLWLPXL SULHLQJD OLQNPH W\ NXR DXNWHVQ V SUHNL EHL SDVODXJ NDLQRV WXR PDHVQ M SDNODXVD LU DWYLUNLDL 3UHNL paklaXVD ULQNRMH SULNODXVR QHWLNWDL QXR NDLQ  3DY\]GLXL NDYRV YDUWRMLPDV /LHWXYRMH GLG MD GLG MDQW MRV NDLQRPV 7DL QHSDQHLJLD SDNODXVRV G VQLR 3DNODXVD VXVLMXVL LU VX NLWDLV QHNDLQLQLDLV YHLNVQLDLV PDGD VNRQLX pajamomis ir kt.), bet jeigu visus kitus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 YDUWRWRMDV YDUWRMD GDXJLDX DWSLJXVLRV SUHN V YLHQHW  NDG QHLOHLVW VDYR VDQWDXS SLUNGDPDV EUDQJHVQ SUHN  Paklausos grafikas. Paklausos G VQLV JDOL E WL SDYDL]GXRWDV JUDILNDL U 4 SDY 2.1 OHQWHO UDRPH NHOHW NDLQRV LU SDNODXVRV NLHNLR UHLNPL  LDV UHLNPHV DWLG MXV NRRUGLQDL VLVWHPRMH - kainas (P) vertikalioje D\MH R SDNODXVRV NLHN 4 - horizontalioje ayje - gaunami taNDL $ % & ' LU ( SHU NXULXRV QXEU WD NUHLY D vadinama paklausos kreive. 3DNODXVRV NUHLY V SDVLVOLQNLPDV 3DNODXVRV G VQLV QXVDNR SUHNL SDNODXVRV NLHNLR LU NDLQRV U\  7DLDX SUHN V NDLQD \UD WLN YLHQDV L YHLNVQL  YHLNLDQL SDNODXV  3DVWDURVLRV G\GLV SULNODXVR LU QXR GDXJHOLR NLW V O\J  , M VYDUELDXVLRV 9DUWRWRM SDMDPRV LU M SDVNLUVW\PDV .LW SUHNL VXEVWLWXW  SDNDLWDO  NDLQRV  OHQWHO  3UHN V SDNODXVD LU NDLQD

3UHN V YLHQHWR NDLQD A 5 5 B 4 10 C 3 20 D 2 35

3UHN V SDNODXVRV NLHNLV____________________

60

 9DUWRWRM VNRQLV LU PDGRV *\YHQWRM VNDLLXV VartotRM RSWLPL]PDV DU SHVLPL]PDV 9LV PLQ W YHLNVQL SRYHLN SDNODXVDL JDOLPD SDURG\WL NLHNYLHQ L M ODLNDQW PDWDPXRMX G\GLX R likusius - SDVWRYLDLV 3DNODXVRV SDGLG MLP  DU VXPD MLP G O EHW NXULR L YHLNVQL JDOLPD SDYDL]GXRWL SDNODXVRV NUHLY V SDVLVOLQNLPX GHLQ  GLG MDQW SDNODXVRV NLHNLXL DUED NDLU -MDL PD MDQW 7DL UHLNLD NDG HVDQW EHW NRNLDL SUHN V NDLQDL SDNODXVRV NLHNLV SDGLG MD DUED VXPD MD G O NXULR QRUV L YHLNVQL SRYHLNLR 7UXPSDL DSYHOJVLPH JDOLPXV YDULDQWXV 9DUWRWRM SDMDP augimas VXGDUR JDOLP\E SLUNWL GDXJLDX JHURV NRN\E V SUHNL  NXULRV \UD EUDQJHVQ V 7RG O JDOLPD WLN WLV NDG SDNODXVRV NUHLY SDVLVOLQNV GHLQ  NDLS SDURG\WD  SDY D JUDILNH 3DGLG MXV SDMDPRPV VXPD MD SLUN M G PHV\V SLJLRPV EORJHVQ V NRN\E V SUHN PV - SDNODXVD PD MD SDNODXVRV NUHLY SDVLVOHQND NDLU U  SDY E JUDILNDV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oveikis yra skirtingas, priklausomai aU GYL SUHN V \UD substitutai SDNHLLD

YLHQD NLW YDUWRMDQW SY] NDYD LU DUEDWD DU komplementarios (vartojamos kartu, pvz., automobilis ir benzinas). Jeigu A iU % SUHN V \UD VXEVWLWXWDL $ SUHN V NDLQRV DXJLPDV GLGLQD % SUHN V SDNODXV  QHV YDUWRWRMDV LPD YDUWRWL GDXJLDX WRV SUHN V NXULRV NDLQD QHSDGLG MR *UDILNH WRNV SDNODXVRV SDGLG MLPDV SDYDL]GXRWDV SDNODXVRV NUHLY V SDVLVOLQNLPX GHLQ U 6 pav. a grafLN  -HLJX $ LU % SUHN V \UD NRPSOHPHQWDULRV SUHN V NDLQRV DXJLPDV VXPDLQV % SUHN V SDNODXV  R MRV SDNODXVRV NUHLY SDVWXPV NDLUL M SXV U 6 SDY E JUDILN  7DL DWVLWLQND WRG O NDG SDEUDQJXV YLHQDL SUHNHL YDUWRWRMDV PDLQD MRV YDUWRMLP  EHW kartu jis nebegali vartoti tokia pat DSLPWLPL LU NLW SUHNL  NXUL QHJDOLPD YDUWRWL DWVNLUDL QXR SDEUDQJXVLRV SUHN V $NLYDL]GX NDG $ SUHN V NDLQDL PD MDQW % SUHN V SDNODXVD NHLVLV SULHLQJD OLQNPH WLHN VXEVWLWXWR WLHN komplementaraus ryio atveju.

Be WR SDNODXVRV NLWLPXL WXUL UHLNP V LU NLWL YHLNVQLDL - J\YHQWRM VNDLLXV PDGD YDUWRWRM VNRQLV YDUWRWRM RSWLPLVWLQLV DU SHVLPLVWLQLV SRL ULV JDOLPXV NDLQ SDVLNHLWLPXV DWHLW\MH 3LUP M YHLNVQL SRYHLNLV paklausos kitimui yra lengvai suprantamas, WDL RSWLPLVWDL LU SHVLPLVWDL NDLQ JDOLP SDNLWLP UHDJXRMD QHYLHQRGDL 3HVLPLVWDL WLNLVL NDLQ NLOLPR LU SDGLGLQD SDNODXV  R RSWLPLVWDL O NXULXRMD WLN GDPLHVL NDLQ VXPD MLPR LU WDP WLNUX ODLNRWDUSLX SDNODXV VXPDLQD 3DVL WD - SUHNL NLHNLV NXU SDUGDY MDL QRUL LU JDOL SDUGXRWL WDP WLNURPLV NDLQRPLV .DGDQJL SDVL OD \UD WLHVLRJLDL VXVLMXVL VX NDLQD WRG O SDVL ORV G VQLV formuluojamas taip: SUHNL SDVL ORV NLHNLV NLQWD NDLQ NLWLPR OLQNPH - SUHNL NDLQRPV GLG MDQW DWLWLQNDPDL GLG MD LU SDVL OD R NDLQRPV PD MDQW - SDVL OD PD MD 7DL SULNODXVR QXR JDXQDPR SHOQR G\GLR 3DVL OD GLG MD GLG MDQW SUHN V NDLQDL R PD MD MDL PD MDQW G O DWLWLQNDPR PRQ V JDPLQDQLRV W SUHN  SHOQR NLWLPR GLG MDQW SUHN V NDLQDL o gamybos katams liekant tokiems paW JDP\ERV SULHPRQL VDYLQLQNDV JDXQD GLGHVQ SHOQ  WRG O MLV GLGLQD WRV SUHN V JDP\E LU SDUGDYLP NLW  QHSDEUDQJXVL SUHNL V VNDLWD %H WR LU NLWL JDPLQWRMDL LPDVL JDPLQWL SDEUDQJXVL SUHN  QHV WDL V O\JRMD M SDMDP DXJLP  1RUV SDVL ORV G VQLR DSLEU LPH QXURG\WD NDG SDVL ORV NLHNLV SDSUDVWDL NLQWD NDLQRV NLWLPR OLQNPH JDPLQWRMDV VLHNGDPDV GLGLQWL VDYR SHOQ  JDOL NHLVWL SUHN V SDVL ORV NLHN LU SULHLQJD OLQNPH QHJX NDG NLQWD NDLQD 7DLDX WDL QHSDQHLJLD EHQGURV SODLDL SDVWHELPRV WHQGHQFLMRV NXUL QXVDNR SDVL ORV G VQLV

3DVL ORV JUDILNDV

1RU GDPL SDYDL]GXRWL SDVL ORV G VQ JUDILNDL WXULPH SDO\JLQWL NHOHW SUHN V NDLQRV LU SDVL ORV NLHNLR UHLNPL  NXULDV SDWHLNLDPH 2.2 OHQWHO MH -RV GXRPHQ\V URGR MRJ GLG MDQW NDLQDL QXR 1 iki 5, paVL ORV NLHNLV GLG MD QXR O LNL 65. $WLG M NRRUGLQDL VLVWHPRMH WDNXV $ % & ' LU ( LU SHU MXRV QXEU OLQLM  SDYDL]GXRVLPH SDVL ORV LU NDLQRV U\  *DXWD OLQLMD YDGLQDPD SDVL ORV NUHLYH LU \PLPD UDLGH 6 U 7 pav.).  OHQWHO  3UHN V SDVL OD ir kaina 3UHN V NDLQD A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E 5

3UHN V SDVL ORV NLHNLV 10 35 50 60 65

3DVL ORV NLHNLV SULNODXVR QH WLNWDL QXR SUHN V NDLQRV EHW LU QXR NLW YHLNVQL  NLW SUHNL NDLQRV JDP\ERV LWHNOL NDVW  WHFKQRORJLM Naitos ir pan. .LW SUHNL NDLQ NLWLPDV JDOL SDNHLVWL WDP WLNURV SUHN V SDVL ORV G\G  MHLJX MRV \UD VXEVWLWXWDL DUED NRPSOHPHQWDULRV JDP\ERV SRL ULX 'YL SUHN V \UD VXEVWLWXWDL MHL M JDP\EDL QDXGRMDPL WLH SDW\V LWHNOLDL SY] GLUYRHPLV QDXGRMDPDV YDLULRPV HP V NLR NXOW URPV DXJLQWL 7XRPHW DXJDQW $ SUHN V NDLQDL

JDPLQWRMDV MRV JDPLQD GDXJLDX LU WDP QDXGRMD LWHNOLXV NXULH LNL WRO EXYR QDXGRMDPL SUHN V % JDP\EDL 3DVWDURVLRV SDVL OD PD MD MRV NUHLY SDVLVOHQND [ NDLU  NDLS SDURG\WD 8 pav. a. .RPSOHPHQWDULRV SUHN V JDP\ERV SRL ULX \UD WRNLRV NXUL JDP\ERV SURFHVH QDXGRMDQW WXRV SDLXV LWHNOLXV YLHQRV SUHN V JDP\EDL NDLS SDSLOGRPDV SURGXNWDV DOXWLQLV SURGXNWDV SDJDPLQDPD LU NLWD SUHN SY] LJDXQDQW QDIW  NDUWX LVLVNLULD LU MRV GXMRV 7RNLX DWYHMX GLG MDQW SUHN V $ NDLQDL GLGLQDPD MRV JDP\ED R NDUWX SDGLG MD LU % SUHN V SDVL OD 3DVL ORV NUHLY SDVLVOHQND GHLQ U SDY E

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pasiVOHQND GHLQ 

a) $ LU % SUHN V \UD VXEVWLWXWDL $ SUHN V NDLQD GLG MD

E $ LU % SUHN V NRPSOHPHQWDULRV $ SUHN V NDLQD GLG MD

2.3. Pusiausvyra rinkoje

3DNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV V YHLND
.DGDQJL SDNODXVD LU SDVL OD LUHLNLD VNLUWLQJXV YDUWRWRM LU JDPLQWRM LQWHUHVXV WRG O MXRV VXJUHWLQXV JDOLPD VXSUDVWL NDLS NLQWD NDLQRV NRQNXUHQFLQ MH ULQNRMH 7DLDX NDLQD LU SHUNDPRV EHL SDUGXRGDPRV SUHN V NLHNLV ULQNRMH \UD EHQGUL WLHN SLUN MXL WLHN SUHNL VDYLQLQNXL QHV SULHLQJX DWYHMX VDQG ULV WDUS M QH Y\NW  9DGLQDVL SDNODXVD LU SDVL OD WXUL E WL SXVLDXVY\URMH 7DL JDOLPD SDYDL]GXRWL JUDILNDL 9LHQDPH JUDILNH QXEU WRV SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV NUHLY V E WLQDL VXVLNLUV WDP WLNUDPH WDNH *UDILNH U 9 pav.) pavaizduotas takas E yra pusiausvyros takas, NXULDPH GYL M JRV DWVWRMD YLHQD NLW  9LHQD L W M J - tai vartotojo siekimas VLJ\WL NXR GDXJLDX SUHNL  M YHUWHL NULQWDQW R NLWD M JD - WDL JDPLQWRMR VLHNLPDV UHDOL]XRWL NXR PDLDX SLJHVQL SUHNL  3XVLDXVY\URV WDNH HVDQW SUHN V NDLQDL 3E, SDNODXVRV G VQLV VNDWLQD SLUN M SLUNWL SUHNL NLHN 4E, o SDVL ORV G VQLV - SDUGDY M SDUGXRWL WRN SDW SUHNL NLHN  (VDQW EHW NXULDL NLWDL NDLQDL GLGHVQHL X SXVLDXVY\URV NDLQ  SDVL OD \UD GLGHVQ X SDNODXV  7DL URGR NDLQRV 3 OLQLMRV VXVLNLUWLPR VX SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV NUHLY PLV WDNXV DWLWLQNDQW\V SUHNL NLHNLDL 4DI ir QSI . 7DLJL GDOLV SUHNL OLNV QHUHDOL]XRWD 3LUN MDL JDO V ULQNWLV SDUGDY MDL NRQNXUXRV VWHQJGDPLHVL YLVN SDUGXRWL LU EXV SULYHUVWL PDLQWL NDLQDV7RNLD SDG WLV ULQNRMH YDGLQDPD vartotojo rinka. -HLJX SUHNL SHUWHNOLXV \UD GDXJHOLR SUHNL ULQNRVH YLVD HNRQRPLND YDGLQDPD SHUWHNOLQH

9 pav. Rinkos pusiausvyra

(VDQW JU\QDL NRQNXUHQFLMDL SDUGDY MDL VXGDUR V O\JDV GLG WL SDNODXVDL PDLQGDPL NDLQ  -HLJX SDVWDURML VXPD V WLHN MRJ WDSV PDHVQ X SXVLDXVY\ULQ  SUHNL SDVL OD ULQNRMH EXV PDHVQ QHJX SDNODXVD (9 pav. paklausos kiekis QD2 LU SDVL ORV Niekis QS2 3LUN MDL LPV WDUS VDY V NRQNXUXRWL *HUDL LQRPD NDG NRQNXUHQFLMRMH ODLPL WDV NXULV WXUL GDXJLDXVLD ODLNR LU NDQWU\E V VWRY WL HLO MH SDUGXRWXY MH 3DUGDY MDL JDOL pasirinkti, kam parduoti, o kam neparduoti, kokia tvarka parduoti. Tai - gamintojo rinka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

Voratinklio teorema
3DNODXVRV SDVL ORV LU NDLQRV GLQDPLN JDOLPD SDDLNLQWL QDXGRMDQW VXSDSUDVWLQW PRGHO  NXULV vadinamas voratinklio teorema. 3LUN M UHDNFLMD YDUWRMDPRV SUHN V SLQLJLQ V YHUW V SDVLNHLWLP JDOL E WL JUHLWD WRG O JDOLPD WHLJWL NDG SDNODXVRV G\GLV \UD SUHN V NDLQRV IXQNFLMD *DPLQWRMDV SDSUDVWDL QHJDOL PRPHQWDOLDL UHDJXRWL NDLQRV SDVLNHLWLP SDVL ORV NLHNLR SDGLGLQLPX QHV JDP\ERV DSLPLDL SDNHLVWL UHLNLD WDP WLNUR ODLNR SHULRGR SY] HP V N\MH WDP UHLNLD LWLV PHW  WRG O UHDOLDX LUHLNLPH SUHN V YHUW V LU SDVL ORV U\ ULQNRMH MHLJX ODLN\VLP V SULHODLGRV NDG SDVL OD SULNODXVR QXR SUD MXVL PHW NDLQRV DUED L PHW NDLQRV V O\JRMD LU DWHLQDQL PHW SDVL ORV G\G  JeLJX HVDP PHW NDLQD \UD P1, DWHLQDQL PHW SDVL OD EXV 42 U 10 SDY D JUDILN  7DLDX LV NLHNLV EXV nupirktas tik esant kainai P2 'DU NLWDLV PHWDLV SDVL OD VXPD V LNL Q3 Bet toks kiekis, kaip matome i grafiko, EXV QXSLUNWDV X GLGHVQ NDLQ P1. T VGDPL V O\JLQ SDY\]G  SDPDW\VLPH NDG NDLQD VY\UXRMD WDUS 31 ir P2 SDUGXRGDP LU SHUNDP GDLNW NLHNLV - tarp Q2 ir Q3 0RGLILNXRWDV YRUDWLQNOLR PRGHOLV URGR VDYDLPLQ NDLQRV DUW MLP SXVLDXVY\URV WDN  *UDILNH E pavaizduotas kainos ir paklausos EHL SDVL ORV NLHNLR VY\UDYLPDV NDL SDVL ORV NUHLY \UD PDLDX SDVYLUXVL QHJX SDNODXVRV NUHLY L NUHLYL SDVYLULPR UHLNP LU YHLNVQLDL DLNLQDPL HODVWLQJXPR WHRULMRMH

Q3Q0Q4Q2

Kai kaina yra P1 ML OHPLD SDVL ORV G\G DQWUaisiais metais Q2 EHW MLV EXV SDUGXRWDV PDHVQH NDLQD 32 7DLDX L NDLQD OHPV GDU NLW PHW SDVL ORV NLHN  NXULV EXV O\JXV 43. Bet toks kiekis bus parduotas kaina P3 dar NLWDLV PHWDLV SDVNDWLQV SDVL ORV NLHNLR NLWLP LNL Q4. 7RNLH J VWDQW\V SDNODXVRV - pDVL ORV NLHNLR LU NDLQRV VY\UDYLPDL QHLYHQJLDPDL DUW MD WDN  NXULDPH NDLQD O\JL 30, o kiekis Q0. Tai ir yra pusiausvyros kaina.

a)

b)

3DNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV NLWLPDV

Pusiausvyros takas - EHQGUDV SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV NUHLYL WDNDV JDOL NHLVWL VDYR SDG W , veikiant SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV NLWLPR YHLNVQLDPV NXULH NDLS MDX EXYR SDURG\WD V O\JRMD NUHLYL SRVOLQNLXV .RNLRV SXVLDXVY\URV WDNR MXG MLPR SDJULQGLQ V NU\SW\V NRNLD MR : NRRUGLQDL - NDLQRV LU SUHNL NLHNLR kitimo WDUSXVDYLR SULNODXVRP\E NLQWDQW QHNDLQLQLDPV SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV YHLNVQLDPV" $WVDN\PXV NODXVLP pateikia 11 pav. .DL SDVL OD SDVWRYL R SDNODXVD GLG MD SDVLVOHQNDQW SDNODXVRV NUHLYHL L SDG WLHV '1 '2 (grafikas (a)), WLHN NDLQD WLHN SDUGDYLPR DSLPWLV GLG MD .DL SDVL OD QHPD MD R SDNODXVD PD MD NDLQD LU SDUGDYLPR DSLPWLV VXPD MD JUDILNDV E

*UDILNXRVH F LU G SDYDL]GXRWDV SDVL ORV NLWLPDV HVDQW SDVWRYLDL SDNODXVDL .DL SDVL OD GLG MD MRV NUHLY SDVLVOHQND L SDG WLHV S1 62. *UDILNH F SUHN V SLQLJLQ YHUW ULQNRMH VXPD MD R SDUGDYLPR DSLPWLV SDGLG MD .DL SDVL OD PD MD R SDNODXVD SDVWRYL SDVL ORV NUHLY SDVLVOHQND NDLU L 61 62 SDG W  SDUGDYLPR DSLPWLV VXPD MD R NDLQD SDGLG MD *UDILNXRVH H LU I SDYDL]GXRWDV SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV NUHLYL Vinchroninis pasislinkimas - paklausa ir SDVL OD NLQWD NDUWX .DL SDNODXVD LU SDVL OD DXJD JUDILNDV H SDUGDYLPR DSLPWLV SDGLG MD R NDLQD LOLHND QHSDNLWXVL HVDQW YLHQRGDP SDVL ORV LU SDNODXVRV SULHDXJLXL 3DNODXVDL GLG MDQW MRV NUHLY SDVLVOHQND GHLQ L SDG WLHV '1 D2, R SDVL OD WRNLX SDW G\GLX VXPD MD - NUHLY SDVLVOHQND NDLU L SDG WLHV S1 62 NDLQD SDGLG MD SDUGDYLPR DSLPWLV QHSDVLNHLLD U JUDILN I 3DWHLNWL JUDILNDL URGR SDUGDYLPR DSLPWLHV LU NDLQ VY\UDYLPXV NLQWDQW SDVL ODi ir paklausai. Per SDVWDU M VDQW\NLR NLWLP SUHN V NDLQD \UD YHLNLDPD PDGRV SLUN M WXULP SLQLJ  NLW SUHNL NDLQRV SLUN M VNDLLDXV WHFKQRORJLMRV LWHNOL NDLQ  JDPLQWRM VNDLLDXV SLUN M LU SDUGDY M SRL ULR ULQNRV DWHLW LU NLW NLQWDP M  7DLDX WLHVLRJLDL NDLQD \UD YHLNLDPD E WHQW SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV 3UHNL SLQLJLQ V YHUW V LU SDNODXVRV EHL SDVL ORV SULNODXVRP\E GDQDL YDGLQDPD NDLQ  DUED SDNODXVRV - SDVL ORV G VQLX SDNODXVRV - SDVL ORV NDLQ DUED ULQNRV PHFKDQL]PX

3.Elastingumo teorija
3.1. 3DNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV HODVWLQJXPDV
Elastingumo samprata ekonomikoje
$QNVWHVQLDPH VN\ULXMH DSWDU PH NDLQ LU SDNODXVRV EHL SDVL ORV U\ ULQNRMH 'LG MDQWL NDLQD V O\JRMD SDNODXVRV PD MLP LU SDVL ORV GLG MLP LU DWYLUNLDL 7DLDX NLHN NDLQRV NLWLPDV NHLLD SDNODXV LU SDVL O " $NLYDL]GX NDG NDLQRV DXJLPDV WXR SDLX ODLSVQLX WXU V QHYLHQRG WDN REXROL LU EHQ]LQR SDNODXVRV SRN\LXL 3DNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV SRN\LDPV YHUWLQWL HNRQRPLNRMH YDUWRMDPD HODVWLQJXPR V YRND (ODVtingumas SULNODXVRPDL QXR MR DSLEU LPR WLNVOR QXVWDWRPDV GYHMRSDL NDL QRULPD HODVWLQJXP SDDLNLQWL MLV DSLEU LDPDV NDLS SDNODXVRV DU SDVL ORV NLHNLR NLWLPR SURFHQWDV kainoms pakitus vienu procentu; NDL QRULPD PDWHPDWLNDL DSVNDLLXRWL MLV DSLEU LDPDV NDLS SDNODXVRV DU SDVL ORV NLHNLR SURFHQWLQLR SDGLG MLPR LU NDLQ SURFHQWLQLR SDGLG MLPR VDQW\NLV Paklausos
E=

)RUPXO VH SDNODXVRV SDVL ORV LU NDLQRV NLWLPDV SDWHLNWDV SURFHQWDLV VLHNLDQW HODVWLQJXP LUHLNWL NRHILFLHQWX NXULV OHLVW SDO\JLQWL VNLUWLQJ U L SUHNHV

' 3%

3DVL ORV

E=

6 P%

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i keistis nuo 0 LNL EHJDO\E V 7DLDX WROHVQLDP ULQNRV WHRULMRV VXSUDWLPXL SDNDQND VNLUWL SHQNLV VNLUWLQJXV HODVWLQJXPR G\GLXV ir juos pavaizduoti grafikai.

*UDILQ HODVWLQJXPR LUDLND

Absoliutus elastingumas pavaizduotas 12 SDY D %H JDOR PDDV NDLQ pasikeitimas nuo P1 iki P2 V O\JRMD GLGHO SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV SDGLG MLPR SURFHQW  6NDLWPHQLQLV HODVWLQJXPDV yra begalinis. Santykinis elastingumas parodytas 12 SDY E 7DP WLNUDV NDLQ NLWLPDV QXR P1 iki P2 OHPLD GLGHVQ SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV NLHNLR SDVLNHLWLP QXR Q1 iki O2 6NDLWPHQLQLV HODVWLQJXPDV \UD GLGHVQLV X YLHQHW  Vieneto elastingumas. 7DP WLNUDV NDLQ NLWLPDV LUHLNWDV SURFHQWDLV VXNHOLD WRN SDW SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV NLHNLR SDVLNHLWLP   SDY F NDLQDL SDNLWXV QXR 31, iki P2 paklausos LU SDVL ORV NLHNLV SDVLNHLLD QXR 41 iki Q2 Skaitmeninis elastingumas lygus vienetui. Santykinis neelastingumas. .DLQ SDVLNHLWLPDV V O\JRMD PDHVQ SDNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV SDVLNHLWLP   SDY G NDLQD SDVLNHLLD QXR 31 iki P2, R SDNODXVD LU SDVL OD QXR 41 iki Q2 6NDLWPHQLQLV HODVWLQJXPDV \UD PDHVQLV X YLHQHW  EHW GLGHVQLV X  Absoliutus neelastingumas. .DLQ NLWLPDV QHSDNHLLD SDNODXVRV EHL SDVL ORV  SDY H SDYDL]GXRWD jog kainai pakitus nuo P1 iki P2 SDNODXVD LU SDVL OD OLNR WRNLRV SDW WDNH 41. Skaitmeninis elastingumas lygus 0.  SDY SDWHLNLDPRV NUHLY V WLN YL]XDOLDL LOLXVWUXRMD D YDLUDXV ODLSVQLR HODVWLQJXP  7DLDX QRULQW SDVDN\WL DU SDNODXVD EHL SDVL OD \UD HODVWLQJD DU QH QHSDNDQND UHPWLV YLHQ NUHLYL SDVYLULPR NDPSX 7RV SDLRV krHLY V WDNXRVH HODVWLQJXPR NRHILFLHQWDV Q UD YLHQRGDV QHV M VNDLLXRMDQW QDXGRMDPL SURFHQWLQLDL G\GLDL R MLH DSVNDLLXRMDPL UHPLDQWLV VNLUWLQJD ED]H YDLULXRVH NUHLY V WDNXRVH

Paklausos elastingumas ir bendrosios pajamos 3DUGDY MDV JDOL YHUWLQWL SDUGXRGDP SUHNL SDNODXVRV HODVWLQJXP  ILNVXRGDPDV NDLS NLQWD MR Sajamos, NLQWDQW SUHNL NDLQRPV

%HQGU VLDV SDUGDY MR SDMDPDV VXGDUR SDUGXRW SUHNL NDLQRV LU NLHNLR VDQGDXJD  SDY D JUDILNH EHQGURVLRV SDUGDY MR SDMDPRV SDUGDYXV  VNDLL SURGXNW  NXUL NDLQD 31 \UD O\JLRV VWDLDNDPSLR 31AQ1O plotui.

3ULNODXVRPDL QXR SDNODXVRV HODVWLQJXPR NHLLDVL LU EHQGU M SDMDP SULNODXVRP\E QXR NDLQ NLWLPR .DL HODVWLQJXPDV PDHVQLV X YLHQHW  NDLQ NLWLPDV QXR 31 iki P2 VXPDLQD pajamas nuo P1AQ1O iki P2BQ2O U  SDY D .DL HODVWLQJXPDV O\JXV YLHQHWXL NDLQ NLWLPDV QHSDNHLLD SDMDP  NLQWDQW NDLQRPV QXR 31 iki P2, SDMDP G\GLV 32BQ2O liko toks pat kaip ir esant kainai P1 - t.y. P1AQ10. Esant paklausos santykiniam elastinguPXL GLGHVQLDP X YLHQHW  PD MDQW NDLQDL SDUGDY MR SDMDPRV GLG MD  SDY F

3DNODXVRV LU SDVL ORV HODVWLQJXPR YHLNVQLDL

.RNLH YHLNVQLDL YHLNLD SDVL ORV LU SDNODXVRV HODVWLQJXP " <UD GYL SDJULQGLQ V SULHDVW\V QXR NXUL priklauso tiek paklausos, tiHN SDVL ORV HODVWLQJXPDV 7DL - substitucija ir laikas. Substitucija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

3UHN V SDVL ORV HODVWLQJXPDV SULNODXVR LU QXR VXEVWLWXFLMRV JDPLQDQW SUHNHV .DL WXRV SDLXs iteklius JDOLPD QDXGRWL GYLHM U L SUHNL JDP\EDL YLHQRV L M NDLQ DXJLPDV V O\JRV LWHNOL SHUOLHMLP MRV JDP\E  R NLWRV SUHN V SDVL OD VXPD V -HLJX VXQNX SDQDXGRWL WXRV SDLXV LWHNOLXV NLWRV SUHN V JDP\EDL WXRPHW MRV NDLQ NLWLPDV  QHSDNHis SLUPRVLRV SUHN V JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV LU SDVL ORV 3DVL OD QHHODVWLQJD Laikas WDLS SDW GLGLQD SDVL ORV LU SDNODXVRV HODVWLQJXP  9DUWRWRMDL LU JDPLQWRMDL SDVLNHLWXV NDLQRPV JDOL SDNHLVWL VDYR HOJVHQ  NDL WDP \UD SDNDQNDPDL ODLNR /DLNDV \UD E WLQDV VXEVWLWXW SDLHNRPV QRULQW padidinti pajamas ir pan. /DLNR SRYHLN SDNODXVRV HODVWLQJXPXL JDOLPD YDL]GLDL SDURG\WL WUXPSR LU LOJR ODLNRWDUSL SDNODXVRV NUHLY PLV Kaip pavaizduota 14 SDY SLUN MDL \UD SULVLWDLN SULH NDLQRV 31, esant rinkos pusiausvyrai take E1. Jeigu NDLQD SDGLG MR LNL 32 WUXPSX ODLNRWDUSLX SLUN MDL LPD SLUNWL PDLDX SUHNL LU M SUDGLQ UHDNFLM URGR WDNDV (2, kuriame, esant naujai kainai P2 SHUNDPDV SUHNL NLHNLV 41 9DUWRWRMR HOJVHQ URGR SXVLDXVY\URV WDNR MXG MLPDV paklausos kreive D1 i tako E1 WDN (2. 3UD MXV ODLNR WDUSXL UHLNDOLQJDP YDUWRWRMXL SULVLWDLN\WL LU YDUWRWL PDHVQ SDEUDQJXVLRV SUHN V NLHN  SDNODXVD JDOL GDU VXPD WL LNL Q3, HVDQW WDL SDLDL NDLQDL 32 9DUWRWRMR QDXM SDG W URGR WDNDV (3. Tai reikia, kad VXVLGDUR QDXMD SXVLDXVY\UD QDXMRMH SDNODXVRV NUHLY MH '2 -HLJX NDLQD GDU NDUW SDGLG MD LNL 32 YDUWRWRMDL Y O

UHDJXRMD VXPDLQGDPL SDNODXV LNL 42. Pasiekiama pusiausvyra trumpu laikotarpiu take E4 %HW SUD MXV LOJHVQLDP ODLNRWDUSLXL YDUWRWRMDL SDM J V GDU VXPDLQWL YDUWRMLP LNL 45 ir take E5 SDVLHNLD SXVLDXVY\U LOJDP periodui. Per pusiausvyros takus E1 E3 ir E5 QXEU WD QDXMD SDNODXVRV NUHLY '4 yra ilgo laikotarpio paklausos NUHLY  .DLQDL SDGLG MXV QXR P1 iki P3 LOJX SHULRGX SDNODXVD VXPD MD QXR Q1 iki Q5. Ilgo laikotarpio paklausos NUHLY '4 \UD \PLDL QXRODLGHVQ X WUXPS SHULRG NUHLYHV D1, D2 ir D3. Tai reikia, kad ilgo laikotarpio SDNODXVD \UD JHURNDL HODVWLQJHVQ  .DL NXULH YHLNVQLDL YHLNLD DWVNLUDL WLN SDNODXVRV DUED WLN SDVL ORV HODVWLQJXP  3DNODXVRV HODVWLQJXPXL SRYHLN WXUL YDUWRWRMR ELXGHWR GDOLV VNLULDPD SUHNHL SLUNWL 'HJWXN  GUXVNRV GDQW HSHW OL SLUNLPR LODLGRV VXGDUR ODEDL QHGLGHO YDUWRWRMR ELXGHWR GDO  WRG O WRNL LU MDV SDQDL SUHNL SDNODXVD ODEDL QHVLNHLLD SDNLtus M NDLQRPV L SUHNL SDNODXVD \UD QHHODVWLQJD 3UDEDQJRV LU E WLQLDXVL SUHNL SDNODXVRV HODVWLQJXPDV \UD VNLUWLQJDV 9DUWRWRMDV QHJDOL DSVLHLWL EH E WLQLDXVL SUHNL PDLVWR SURGXNW  NDVGLHQLQL GUDEXL  YLHRMR WUDQVSRUWR SDVODXJ LU SDQ 7RG O WRNL SUHNL SDNODXVD yra neelastinga.

3UDEDQJRV SUHNL YDUWRMLPR DSLPW YDUWRWRMDV JDOL NHLVWL QHMDXVGDPDV GLGHOL QHSDWRJXP  7RG O SDNLOXV M NDLQRPV JDOL JHURNDL VXPDLQWL YDUWRMLP  7RNL SUHNL SDNODXVD \UD HODVWLQJD 3UHNL VDXJRMLPR JDOLP\E V LU NDWDL VWLSULDL YHLNLD SDVL ORV HODVWLQJXP  YLHL PDLVWR SURGXNW  JUHLW JHQGDQL YDLVL EHL XRJ SDVL ORV HODVWLQJXPDV \UD ODEDL PDDV QHV M SDUGDYLPR QHJDOLPD DWLG WL Y OHVQLDP ODLNXL MHLJX NDLQRV NUHQWD 7DLS SDW QHJDOLPD VXGDU\WL DWVDUJ SDVL ODL SDGLGLQWL GLG MDQW LU NDLQRPV

3ULHLQJDL QHJHQGDQL  OHQJYDL VDXJRMDP SUHNL DWVDUJRPLV SDUGDY MDV JDOL PDQLSXOLXRWL, UHDJXRGDPDV NDLQRV NLWLP , LU VSDULDL GLGLQWL DUED PDLQWL SDVL O 

Paklausos elastingumas pajamoms

3UHNL SDNODXVD NLQWD PD MDQW YDUWRWRMR SDMDPRPV 5\\V WDUS L SDUDPHWU JDOL E WL JODXGHVQLV DUED PDLDX JODXGXV NDLS LU WDUS NDLQ EHL SDNODXVRV 7DL SULNODXVR QXR SUHNL SDVNLUWLHV

.DVGLHQLR YDUWRMLPR SUHNL SDJULQGLQL PDLVWR SURGXNW  GUDEXL  QDP DS\YRNRV GDLNW  YDUtojimo DSLPWLV GLG MD WLN HVDQW QHGLGHO PV SDMDPRPV 15 SDY D WDL SDURG\WD ' NUHLY V 2$ DWNDUSD NXUL VSDULDL N\OD DXNW\Q 3R WR HVDQW QRUPDOLDP YDUWRMLPXL L SUHNL YDUWRMLPDV GLG MDQW SDMDPRPV DXJD ODEDL QH\PLDL DUED net yra pastovus.
15 pav. Paklausos elastingumas pajamoms

D .DVGLHQLQL SUHNL vartojimas kintant pajamoms

Pajamos

Pajamos b) Prabangos SUHNL vartojimas

kintant pajamoms

F 1HNRN\ELN DU PDDL SHUGLUEW SUHNL YDUWRMLPR NUHLY

Pajamos

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3.2. Elastingumo teorijos praktinis taikymas

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D QHHODVWLQJRV SDNODXVRV SUHN

E HODVWLQJRV SDNODXVRV SUHN

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4.Vartotojo elgsena
4.1.
Naudingumo teorija

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Ribinis naudingumas
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$WLG M  OHQWHO V GXRPHQLV NRRUGLQDL grafikai (20 pav.).

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Vartotojo pusiausvyra
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21 pav. Ribinio naudingumo ir paklausos
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Indiferentikumo
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26 pav. (vnt.) Indiferentikumo kreivL
HP ODSLV 'UDEXLDL

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27 pav.
9DUWRWRMR SXVLDYVY\U D

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(vnt.)

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3DMDP - YDUWRMLPR LU NDLQ - vartojimo linijos

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(vnt.)

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28 pav.

vartojim o linija

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(vnt.) 29 pav. .DLQ vartojimo linija

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30 pav.
3DMDP VXEVWLWXFLMRV HIHNWDL LU

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31 pav. Gifeno paradoksas

3UDGLQ SXVLDXVY\UD \UD WDNH (1, NXULDPH ELXGHWLQ WLHV %% \UD LQGLIHUHQWLNXPR NUHLY V ,1 OLHVWLQ  3DGLG MXV SUHN V NDLQDL VXPD MD MRV SDNODXVD LU SXVLDXVY\URV WDNDV G O VXEVWLWXFLMRV HIHNWR SHUHLQD (2 SDG W  NXULDPH SDVLVXNXV ELXGHWLQHL WLHVHL SDG W %1B1 ML \UD WRV SDLRV LQGLIHUHQWLNXPR NUHLY V I1 OLHVWLQ  Rezultatas - SDNODXVD VXPD MD QXR 41 iki Q2 7DLDX G O SDMDP HIHNWR NXULV SDVWXPLD ELXGHWLQ WLHV %1B1 %2B2 SDG W  MRV OLHWLPRVL VX indiferentikumo kreive I2 WDNH ULQND SDVLHNLD QDXM SXVLDXVY\URV WDN E3 ' O SDMDP HIHNWR SDNODXVD SDGLG MD nuo Q2 iki Q3. 7DLJL SDMDP HIHNWDV DWVYHULD VXEVWLWXFLMRV HIHNW  LU JDOXWLQLV UH]XOWDWDV - SDGLG MXV NDLQDL QXR P1 iki P2 SDNODXVD SDGLG MD QXR Q1 iki Q3.

5.KATAI
$OWHUQDW\Y V NDWDL LU SHOnas
Katai pirmiausiai asocijuojasi su ilaidomis. Tai yra pinigai, ileisti siekiant tam tikro tikslo. Verslo PRQ VH SLQLJDL LOHLGLDPL PRNHVLDPV DSPRN WL LPRN WL SDO NDQDV UHQJLPDPV SLUNWL VNRORPV PDWHULDOLQ PV JHU\E PV DOLDYRPV NXUXL GDUER XPRNHVLXL LU SDQDLHPV WLNVODPV 7RNLH NDWDL YDGLQDPL HNVSOLFLWLQLDLV DUED DLNLDLV NDWDLV 9LVRV LRV PRQ V SLQLJLQ V LODLGRV UDRPRV EXKDOWHULQHV NQ\JDV WRG O MRPV WLQND LU EXKDOWHULQL NDW SDYDGLQLPDV 7DLDX UHDO V NDWDL PDWXRWLQL QH YLHQ LODLGRPLV EHW LU YHUWLQDQW SDSUDVW QDXG SDO\JLQXV SDVLULQNW UHVXUV SDQDXGRMLPR DOWHUQDW\Y VX DWPHVWD 7DL LU \UD DOWHUQDW\Y V NDWDL 3DY\]GLXL VWXGHQWDV SDVLULQNGDPDV VWXGLMDV VNDLLXRMD QH WLN SLQLJLQHV LODLGDV NXULRV QHLYHQJLDPRV PRN\PRVL PHWX EHW LU SDSUDVWXV SLQLJXV X DWO\JLQLP  NXU MLV JDXW YLHWRM VWXGLM SDVLULQN V GDUE  JDP\ERV DOWHUQDW\YLXV NDWXV YHUVOLQLQNDV WXULQWLV VDYR NDSLWDO  PRQ V SDVWDWXV LU SDWV YDGRYDXGDPDV YHUVOXL WUDXNV QH WLN PLQ WXV EXKDOWHULQLXV NDWXV bet ir QHJDXWDV SDMDPDV NXULRV MDP WHNW  $WO\JLQLPR X GDUE  SDVDPGLXV VYHWLPRMH ILUPRMH DWOLNWL WDV SDLDV IXQNFLMDV IRUPD 5HQWRV IRUPD HP V VNO\S LU GDUER REMHNWXV W\ QXRVDY\E LQXRPRMXV NLWDP YHUVOLQLQNXL X WDP LNU PRNHVW  3DO NDQ IRUPD LQYHVWDYXV O DV EHL VDQWDXSDV DOWHUQDW\Y YHUVO 

7DLJL PRQ V VDYLQLQNDV SDO\JLQD JDOLPXV LWHNOL SDQDXGRMLPR E GXV DOWHUQDW\YDV -HLJX MLV QXWDUV WXULPXV PRQ V LWHNOLXV SDQDXGRWL NXUWDPH YHUVOH L UHVXUV V QDXGRV Q UD DLN V NDWDL QHV X MXRV Q UD XPRNDPD LU MLH QH UDRPL EXKDOWHULQHV NQ\JDV 7DLDX LU LH LWHNOLDL \UD ULERWL MXRV JDOLPD SDQDXGRWL YDLULDLV E GDLV WRG O PDWXRWLQL SDSUDVW DOWHUQDW\Y YHUWH 9HUVOLQLQNXL WDL QXPDQRPL VXYRNLDPL DUED LPSOLFLWLQLDL katai. Kartu tai reLNLD NDG DOWHUQDW\Y V NDWDL DSVNULWDL LPDQW QHSULNODXVR QXR M QDXGRWRMR YHUVOLQLQNR .DG LWHNOLDL E W SDQDXGRWL QDXGLQJLDXVLDL QHVYDUEX NXULRMH PRQ MH MLH QDXGRMDPL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o pastarieji katus vadina ekonominiais, QHDWPHVGDPL DOWHUQDW\Y YHUWLQLPR

3ULYDW V LU YLVXRPHQLQLDL NDWDL

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visuomeniniais katais. 5\NLDXVL YLVXRPHQLQL NDW SDY\]GLDL GDEDUWLQ PLV V O\JRPLs-JDPWRV XWHUWXPDV NDLS PRQ V NLQ V YHLNORV SDVHNP  1RUV WLH NDWDL SLQLJLQH IRUPD VXQNLDL LUHLNLDPL PRQ V MXRV DSPRND

Pelnas
7LNVOHVQLV NDW DLNLQLPDV NRPSOLNXRMD L SLUPR YLOJVQLR SDSUDVW SHOQR VXSUDWLP  3HOQDV SDSUDVWDL supratimas kaip sNLUWXPDV WDUS PRQ V JDXQDP O LU NDW  7DLDX MHLJX NDWDL Q UD WDSDW V LODLGRPV NDLS NDG DQNVLDX EXYR SDURG\WD SHOQR LU NDW VNLUWXPDV WDPSD V O\JLQLV , SDMDP DW P EXKDOWHULQLXV NDWXV JDXVLPH YLHQRN SHOQ  R DW P HNRQRPLQLXV NDWXV kitRN  %H WR DWLPGDPL HNRQRPLQLXV NDWXV M VXG W WUDXNLDPH SDMDPDV NXULDV YHUVOLQLQNDV JDXW X VDYR GDUE VYHWLPRMH PRQ MH LU SDO NDQDV X QXRVDY NDSLWDO  MHLJX MLV QHE W QDXGRMDPDV VDYDP YHUVOH EHW E W SDVNROLQWDV NLWLHPV R L HNRQRPLQL NDW GDOLV SLUPXRMX SHOQR DSVNDLLDYLPR E GX E W SDVNLUWD SHOQXL 7DLJL QRUV SHOQR WHUPLQDV EXLWLQH SUDVPH YLVLHPV VXSUDQWDPDV MLV WXUL NHOHW JDQD WLNVOLDL DSLEU W SUDVPL 

1RUPDO M SHOQ VXGDUR LPSOLFLWLQLDL NDWDL O\J V PDLDXVLRPLV SDMDPRPLV NXULDV YHUVOLQLQNDV WXUL JDXWL X QXRVDY LWHNOL SDQDXGRMLP 

6NLUWXPDV WDUS PRQ V EHQGU M SDMDP LU EXKDOWHULQL NDW YDGLQDPDV bendruoju pelnu.

6NLUWXPDV WDUS HNRQRPLQL NDW LU EHQGU M SDMDP JDXQDP O  DUED SHOQDV YLU QRUPDOLRMR pelno, vadinamas HNRQRPLQL arba grynuoju pelnu. 3DMDP  NDW LU SHOQR YDLULRV U \V SDURG\WRV  SDY
32 pav.
PRQ V

pajamos, katai ir pelnas

Ekonominis Normalusis pelnas pelnas Bendrasis pelnas Bendrosios pajamos Ekonominiai katai Buhalteriniai katai

-HLJX YHUVOR PRQ VH QDXGRMDPL LWHNOLDL YHUWLQDPL HNRQRPLQLDLV NDWDLV WXRPHW LH NDWDL SDURGR kokias pajamas gali duoti itekliai, jei jie SDQDXGRMDPL JHULDXVLX E GX -HL NXULRMH QRUV DNRMH PRQL SDMDPDV GLGHVQ V X HNRQRPLQLXV NDWXV MRV JDXQD HNRQRPLQ SHOQ  7DL VNDWLQV PRQL VDYLQLQNDV SHUNHOWL VDYR VDQWDXSDV W DN WLNLQWLV GLGHVQL SDMDP  3ULHLQJDL L DNRV NXULRMH QH PDQRPD JDXWL SDMDP  LWHNOLDL SHUNHOLDPL LHNDQW NDLS QDXGLQJLDX MXRV SDQDXGRWL 7LN WDGD NDL PRQ V EHQGURVLRV SODXNRV \UD O\JLRV EHQGURVLRPV LODLGRPV Q UD SDVNDW NHLVWL LWHNOL LG VW\PR 7DLJL JU\QDVLV SHOQDV WDNRMD O SHUVNLUVW\P WDUS DN PLNUoekonomikoje.

5.2.Trumpo laikotarpio katai

Trumpas, ilgas ir labai ilgas laikotarpiai
7ROLDX NDOEDQW DSLH NDWXV WLNVOLQJD PRQ V YHLNO VXVLHWL VX ODLNX 9LHQXV VSUHQGLPXV JDOLPD J\YHQGLQWL JUHLLDX NLWLHPV UHLNLD GDXJLDX ODLNR -HL GDUER ULQND LY\styta, papildomus iteklius, susijusius su GDUEX JDOLPD SDQDXGRWL JUHLWDL ,LPWLV \UD GDUEDV NXULDP UHLNLD VSHFLDODXV LOJDODLNLR SDUXRLPR 1RULQW LSO VWL JDP\ELQHV SDWDOSDV UHLNLD QHPDD ODLNR SURMHNWXL SDUXRWL LU VWDW\ERV GDUEDPV Tam tikru laikoWDUSLX YLHQ JDP\ERV YHLNVQL V QDXGRV JDOL E WL NHLLDPRV R NLW QH 7RG O YLHQL veiksniai vadinami kintamais, o kiti-ILNVXRWDLV LXR NULWHULMXPL LU UHPLDPDVL VNLUVWDQW PRQ V YHLNORV ODLNRWDUSLXV WUXPS  LOJ LU ODEDL LOJ  Trumpo laikotarpio metu bHQW YLHQR L YHLNVQL V QDXGRV \UD SDVWRYLRV 3DSUDVWXPR G OHL PDQ\NLPH kad tas veiksnys yra kapitalas. Kitas veiksnys darbas LR ODLNRWDUSLR PHWX JDOL E WL ODLVYDL NHLLDPDV -R V QDXGRV JDOL E WL SDGLGLQWRV DUED VXPDLQWRV 7UXPSXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX VSUHQGLDPD NDLS JHULDXVLDL SDQDXGRWL PRQ V GDUER REMHNWXV SDVWDWXV UHQJLPXV ,OJR ODLNRWDUSLR PHWX JDOL E WL SDNHLVWRV YLV JDP\ERV YHLNVQL V QDXGRV W\ YHLNVQ\V NXULV EXYR ILNVXRWDV WUXPSX ODLNRWDUSLX WDPSD NLQWDPX 7DLDX QHNLQWDPD OLHND SDJULQGLQ JDP\ERV WHFKQRORJLMD 7DL GDURPD SUDGHGDQW YHUVO  SOHLDQW YHLNORV VIHU QDXMRPLV NU\SWLPLV LOLHNDQW WRPV SDLRPV WHFKQRORJLQ PLV JDOLP\E PLV Labai ilgu laikotarpiu JDOL E WL NHLLDPD LU JDP\ERV WHFKQRORJLMD LXRODLNLQHL JDP\EDL E GLQJD QXRODW DWQDXMLQWL WHFKQRORJLM  PRQ V QXRODW WXUL VSU VWL PRQ V QXRODW WXUL VSU VWL NLHN SLQLJ UHLNLD WHFKQRORJLMRPV NXUWL LU MRPV SDQDXGRWL LD SDPLQ VLP WLN NHOHW LR ODLNRWDUSLR SUREOHP  9LV ODLNRWDUSL PHWX SULLPDPL VSUHQGLPDL VNLULDPL WDL SDLDL SUREOHPDL VSU VWL VLHNWL QXPDW\W PRQ V YHLNORV UH]XOWDW ULERW LWHNOL V QDXG YDULDFLMRPLV /DLNRWDUSLDL VNLULDVL WXR NRNL JDP\ERV YHLNVQL V QDXGRV JDOL E WL NHLLDPRV VSUHQGLDQW W SUREOHP  3DVWDURML SDVWDED WXU W VDXJRWL QXR NODLGLQJRV WHQGHQcijos DLNLQWL YDLULXV ODLNRWDUSLXV NDOHQGRULQLR ODLNR WUXNPH

Trumpo laikotarpio gamybos funkcija

5\\V WDUS JDP\ERV YHLNVQL V QDXG LU JDP\ERV UH]XOWDW YDGLQDPDV JDP\ERV IXQNFLMD -HLJX JDP\ERV UH]XOWDWXV SDVLHNWXV SHU WDP WLNU ODLNRWDUS  SD\P VLPH UDLGH 4 WXR ODLNRWDUSLX VXQDXGRW NDSLWDO . R GDUE / JDP\ERV IXQNFLMD WXU V PDWHPDWLQ V O\JWLHV IRUPD 4 I./

L O\JWLV SDURGR WLN WDL NDG JDP\ERV UH]XOWDW NLHNLV \UD NDNRNLD IXQNFLMD QXR VXQDXGRWR LWHNOL NLHNLR  NRQNUHLDL QXR NDSLWDOR LU GDUER V QDXG NLHNLR *DP\ERV IXQNFLMD \UD LUHLNWD IL]LQLDLV UH]XOWDW LU V QDXG YLHQHWDLV WRG O ML \UD WLN SULHODLGD HNRQRPLQHL DQDOL]HL NXUL RSHUXRMD YHUWLQLDLV SLQLJLQLDLV YLHQHWDLV 7DLDX PHV QHJDOLPH LYHQJWL WR GDUER QRU GDPL QXVWDW\WL NDW LU SDMDP IXQNFLMDV $WVLYHOJLDQW VNLUWLQJDV JDOLP\EHV NHLVWL YDLUL JDP\ERV YHLNVQL V QDXG DSLPW WUXPSDPH LU LOJDPH laikotarpyje, tikslinga atskirai gamybos funkcijas trumpu ir ilgu laikotarpiu. 7UXPSX ODLNRWDUSLX NDSLWDOR V QDXGRV ODLNRPRV pastoviosiomis. Trumpo laikotarpio gamybos funkcija DWLWLQNDP PDWHPDWLQ LUDLN  4 I/.

Trumpo laikotarpio gamybos rezultatai

%HQGUDVLV SURGXNWDV %3 DSLPD SDJDPLQW SHU WDP WLNU ODLNRWDUS SURGXNW NLHN  VXQDXGRMDQW YLVXV iteklius. Jeigu vienR L JDP\ERV YHLNVQL V QDXGRV \UD ILNVXRWRV R NLWR NLQWD WXRPHW EHQGURMR SURGXNWR SDJDPLQWR SHU WDP WLNU ODLNRWDUS  NLWLPDV SULNODXV\V QXR NLQWDPR YHLNVQLR V QDXG NLWLPR Vidutinis produktas (VP) \UD O\JXV EHQGURMR SURGXNWR GDOLDL WHQNDQLDL YLHQDm kintamojo veiksnio V QDXG YLHQHWXL LXR DWYHMX GDUER V QDXG  93 %3/ LD 93-vidutinis produktas; BP-bendrasis produktas; L- kintamojo veiksnio (darbo) V QDXGDV Ribinis produktas (RP) yra bendrojo produkto kitimo laipsnis, pakitus kintamojo veiksnio (darbo) V QDXGRPV YLHQX YLHQHWX 53 '%3'/ LD 53-ribinis produktas; DBP-bendrojo produkto pokytis; DL-kintamojo veiksnio GDUER V QDXG SRN\WLV *DP\ERV UH]XOWDW U\ VX LWHNOL V QDXG NLWLPX SHU WUXPS ODLNRWDUS JDOLPD LUHLNWL JUDILNDL Tuo WLNVOX SDWHLNLPH KLSRWHWLQLXV GXRPHQLV  OHQWHO MH , SLUPRMRMH MRV VNLOW\MH SDWHLNW VNDLL PDW\WL NDLS NLQWD GDUER V QDXGRV DQWURMH-EHQGUDVLV SURGXNWDV WUHLRMH-vidutinis, o ketvirtoje-ribinis produktas.
 OHQWHO

Gamybos
UH]XOWDW V QDXG LU GDUER NLWLPDV

esant fiksuotoms kapitalo

V QDXGRPV

L 0 1 2 3 4 5

BP 0 150 340 480 600 620

VP 150 170 160 150 124

RP 150 190 140 120 20

/HQWHO V GXRPHQLV SDYDL]GXRNLPH  LU  SDY NXULH SDURG\V JDP\ERV IXQNFLM WUXPSXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX 9LVRV JUDILNXRVH SDURG\WRV NUHLY V YDL]GXRMD JDP\ERV IXQNFLM  NLQWDQW GDUER V QDXGRPV LU HVDQW ILNVXRWRP NDSLWDOR V QDXGRPV UH]XOWDWDL NLQWD .DUWDLV \UD DNWXDOXV EHQGURMR R Nartais vidutinio arba ribinio produkto kitimas. *UDILNXRVH JDOLPD SDVWHE WL LU U\ WDUS %3 93 LU 53 NUHLYL  %HQGURMR SURGXNWR NUHLY V OLQNLPR WDNDV $ VXWDPSD VX ULELQLR SURGXNWR PDNVLPXPR WDNX NXULDPH MLV QXVWRMD DXJ V LU LPD PD WL

7DNDL $ % LU & VXVNLUVWR JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV NLWLPR SURFHV WUXPSXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX WULV VWDGLMDV 3LUPRMRMH VWDGLMRMH YLGXWLQLV NLQWDP V QDXG SURGXNWDV GLG MD $QWURMH VWDGLMRMH YLGXWLQLV SURGXNWDV SDVLHNLD PDNVLPXP LU PD MD ULELQLDP SURGXNWXL WDLS SDW PD MDQW 7UHLRMH VWDGLMRMH YLGXWLQLV SURGXNWDV WROLDX PD MD VPDUNLDL PD MDQW ULELQLDPV SURGXNWXL *UDILNXRVH SDWHLNW EHQGURMR YLGXWLQLR LU ULELQLR SURGXNWR NUHLYL IRUPRV Q UD DWVLWLNWLQ V -RV SULNODXVR nuo vadinamojo PD MDQLR ULELQLR UH]XOWDW\YXPR arba PD MDQLR ULELQLR

Takas A beQGURMR SURGXNWR NUHLY MH WDLS SDW VXWDPSD VX YLGXWLQLR SURGXNWR NUHLY V PDNVLPXPX 7DNH % YLGXWLQLR SURGXNWR G\GLV O\JXV ULELQLR SURGXNWR G\GLXL NUHLYL VXVLNLUWLPR WDNDV 7DNH & SURGXNWDV SDVLHNLD PDNVLPDO G\G  R ULELQLV SURGXNWDV HVDQW WRNLDP GDUER V QDXG G\GLXL O\JXV 

0D MDQLR UH]XOWDW\YXPR G VQLV

produkto G VQLR , SDWHLNWR SDY\]GLR PDW\WL NDG GLG MDQW NLQWDPR YHLNVQLR V QDXGRPV LU HVDQW WDP WLNUDP ILNVXRWR YHLNVQLR G\GLXL SDVLHNLDPD WRNLD ULELQLR SURGXNWR JDP\ERV DSLPWLV NDL NLHNYLHQDV SDSLOGRPDV NLQWDPRMR YHLNVQLR YLHQHWDV SDGLGLQD EHQGU M SURGXNW PDLDX QHL SULH M VXQDXGRWR NLQWDPRMR YHLNVQLR vieQHWDV *UDILNH WDL DWLWLQND WDNDV NXULDPH /  R 53  7DGD LU SUDGHGD YHLNWL PD MDQLR ULELQLR UH]XOWDW\YXPR G VQLV 7DLS \UD WRG O NDG HVDQW QHNLQWDPRPV NDSLWDOR V QDXGRPV EHW GLGLQDQW GDUER V QDXGDV turimas kapitalo potencialas panaudojamas YLV JHULDX LU WRG O DXJD UH]XOWDWDV 7DLDX GLG MDQW GDUER V QDXGRPV YLV PDLDX NDSLWDOR WHQND YLHQDP GDUEXRWRMXL LU NDSLWDODV WDPSD JDP\ERV DXJLP ULERMDQLX YHLNVQLX .LHNYLHQD M  WXU GDPD WDP WLNUX PRPHQWX WDP WLNUR G\GLR NDSLWDO  SDVDPGR WRN GDUEXRWRM VNDLL  NDG JDPLQGDPD SRWHQFLDOLDL JDOLP SURGXNWR NLHN  JDO W SDQDXGRWL WXULP NDSLWDO  PRQ PRQWXRMD SDSLOGRPXV UHQJLPXV LU VDPGR SDSLOGRPXV GDUEXRWRMXV QRU GDPD SDGLGLQWL JDP\E  -HLJX ML DSVLULERW WLN SDVWDURMR YHLNVQLR V QDXG didinimX SDSLOGRPL GDUELQLQNDL QHJDO W E WL HIHNW\YLDL SDQDXGRWL JDP\EDL SO VWL QHV QHSDNDNW E WLQ UHQJLP 

Trumpo laikotarpio bendrieji katai

Bendrieji katai DSLPD YLVXV NDWXV VXVLMXVLXV VX V QDXGRPLV SURGXNWR JDP\EDL -LH WDLS SDW NDLS LU gamybos veLNVQL V QDXGRV JDOL E WL SDGDOLQWL ILNVXRWXV LU NLQWDPXV Bendrieji katai (BK)=bendrieji fiksuoti katai (BFK)+bendrieji kintamieji katai (BKK.). Bendrieji fiksuoti katai QHSULNODXVR QXR JDP\ERV UH]XOWDW G\GLR 1HVYDUEX NLHN JDPLQDPD SURGXNW YLHQHW  WUXPSDPH ODLNRWDUS\MH GDOLV NDW  VXVLMXVL VX SDVWRYLRPLV NDSLWDOR V QDXGRPLV QHNLQWD Bendrieji kintamieji katai. 3DSUDVLDXVL VDYR IRUPD EHQGULHML NLQWDPLHML NDWDL - WDL NDWDL VXVLM VX NLQWDPRMR YHLNVQLR V QDXGRPLV JDP\ERV SURFHVH .LQWDPLHML NDWDL DSVNDLLXRMDPL SDGDXJLQXV NLQWDPRMR YHLNVQLR V QDXG NLHN L M NDLQRV .DGDQJL NLQWDPRMR YHLNVQLR V QDXG ULELQLV SURGXNWDV QXR DWLWLQNDPRV ULERV PD MD NLQWDPLHML NDWDL DXJD GLG MDQLX ODLSVQLX GLGLQDQW JDP\ERV DSLPW  Remdamiesi 5.2. leQWHO V GXRPHQLPLV JDOLPH SDYDL]GXRWL EHQGU M NDW NLWLP JDPLQDPR SURGXNWR DSLPLDL JUDILNDL  SDY

%HQGULHML ILNVXRWL NDWDL O\J V  /W QHNLQWD DXJDQW JDP\ERV DSLPLDL 7RG O MXRV YDL]GXRMDQWL OLQLMD \UD KRUL]RQWDOL WLHV 

%HQGULHML NLQWDPLHML NDWDL DXJD GLG MDQW JDP\ERV DSLPLDL R M NLWLP LUHLNLDQWL NUHLY N\OD DXNW\Q %HQGULHML NDWDL E GDPL NLQWDP LU ILNVXRW NDW VXPD GLG MD DXJDQW JDP\ERV DSLPLDL R NUHLY %. N\OD DXNW\Q NDLS LU NUHLY %.. EHW ML \UD DXNLDX %..

Vidutiniai trumpo laikotarpio katai

9LGXWLQLDL PRQ V NDWDL DSVNDLLXojami vienam produkcijos vienetui. Katai vienam produkcijos YLHQHWXL JDOL E WL DSVNDLLXRWL NLQWDPRMR YHLNVQLR V QDXGRPV SDVWRYDXV YHLNVQLR V QDXGRPV LU YLV YHLNVQL vidutiniai bendrieji katai. Vidutiniai fiksuoti katai (VFK) DSVNDLLXRMDPL GDOLMDQW EHQGUXRVLXV ILNVXRWXV NDWXV L SDJDPLQW SURGXNW VNDLLDXV 9). %).4 Vidutiniai kintamieji katai (VKK) DSVNDLLXRMDPL GDOLMDQW EHQGUXRVLXV NLQWDPXRVLXV NDWXV L SDJDPLQW SURGXNW VNDLLDXV 9.. %.. 4 Vidutiniai bendrieji katai (VBK) DSVNDLLXRMDPL GDOLMDQW EHQGUXRVLXV NDWXV L SURGXNW VNDLLDXV VBK=BK/Q, arba sudedant vidutinius fiksuotus ir vidutinius kintamuosius katus: VBK=VFK+VKK. 9LGXWLQL NDW NLWLPR KLSRWHWLQ SDY\]G JDOLPD SDYDL]GXRWL JUDILNDL  SDY 7XR WLNVOX panaudosimH  OHQWHO MH SDWHLNWXV GXRPHQLV

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Trumpo laikotarpio ribiniai katai

5LELQLDL NDWDL 5. \UD EHQGU M NDW SRN\WLV SDNLWXV JDPLQDP SURGXNW VNDLLXL YLHQX YLHQHWX -LH DSVNDLLXRMDPL SDJDO IRUPXO  5. '%.  '4 3DJDO  OHQWHO MH  VNLOW\MH SDWHLNWXV GXRPHQLV QXEU LDPH 5. NUHLY  SDY

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5\\V WDUS NDW LU SURGXNWR WUXPSXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX

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5.3. Ilgo laikotarpio katai

Gamybos funkcija ilguoju laikotarpiu
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5H]XOWDW\YXPR GLG MLPDV G O JDP\ERV PDVW

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EkonomLMD G O JDP\ERV PDVW

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Ilgo laikotarpio katai

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5\\V WDUS LOJR LU WUXPSR ODLNRWDUSLR NDW

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6. Tobula konkurencija ir ekonominis efektyvumas

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 PRQ WREXORV NRQNXUHQFLMRV ULQNoje

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YLHQRV JDP\ERV VIHURV NLW  JDOL VWDLJD QXWUDXNWL YLHQRV SUHN V JDP\E LU SUDG WL JDPLQWL NLW  -RV JDOL ODLVYDL SHUNHOWL LWHNOLXV L YLHQRV DNRV NLW  6DNRPD NDG Q UD MLPR LU L MLPR EHW NRNLRV SUHN V ULQN EDUMHU  -HLJX NXULRV QRUV SUHN V NDLQD N\OD QLHNDV QHJDOL VXWUXNG\WL PRQHL WXULPXV LWHNOLXV SDQDXGRWL LRV SUHN V JDP\EDL QXWUDXNXV NLW SUHNL WLHNLP UHDOL]DYLPXL

7REXODV LQIRUPXRWXPDV 9LVL SLUN MDL LU SDUGDY MDL WXUL LQIRUPDFLM DSLH SDNODXVRV LU NDW NUHLY V -LH LQR NRNLRPLV NDLQRPLV JDOL SLUNWL LU SDUGXRWL SURGXNWXV L LQIRUPDFLMD LU XWLNULQD WDL NDG WRV SDLRV NRN\E V SURGXNW NDLQD EXV YLHQRGD NDG LU NDV MDV SDUGXRW DU SLUNW  Tobulos konkurencijos modelis gali paskatinWL GDU\WL L SLUPR YLOJVQLR VWXOELQDQL LYDG  NDG WREXORV NRQNXUHQFLMRV WULQNRMH Q UD JDOLP\EL  QHL VWLPXO NRQNXUXRWL L LYDGD QRUV SDUDGRNVDOL \UD WHLVLQJD -HLJX SDUGDY MDV QHJDOL YHLNWL ODLVYRV ULQNRV NDLQRV LU NLW SDUGDYLPR V O\J  R WHJDOL Mas priimti kaip duotas ir joms SDNOXVWL MLV VDYR HOJVHQD QHJDOL SDYHLNWL LU VDYR OLNLPR GUDXJ NLW SDUGDY M  VX NXULDLV WXUL WLN WLHN EHQGUD MRJ YLVL \UD YLHQRGDL SDNOXVQ V ODLVYRV ULQNRV V O\JRPLV - WDUSXVDYLR LQWHUHVDL QHVXVLNHUWD QHV NLHNYLHQDs gali UHDOL]XRWL WLHN SUHNL  NLHN M SDJDPLQD 7DL UHLNLD NDG DWVNLURV PRQ V DWYLOJLX SDNODXVD \UD DEVROLXLDL HODVWLQJD -RV JDP\ERV DSLPWLV QHSDYHLNLD ULQNRV NDLQRV 3DVWDU M IRUPXRMD YLV WDP WLNURV DNRV JDPLQWRM SDVL OD LU YDUWRWRM SDNODXVD santykis nulemia, kokia kaina jos parduoda savo produktus.  SDY SDURG\WD DNRV SDNODXVRV NUHLY LU DWVNLURV PRQ V SDNODXVRV NUHLY  3DVWDURML \UD DEVROLXLDL VNLUtingus produkcijos elastinga - KRUL]RQWDOL OLQLMD ODLVYRV ULQNRV NDLQRV O\J\MH % WLQD DWNUHLSWL G PHV DSLPWLHV PDWR YLHQHWXV  SDY YDL]GXRMDPD DNRV SURGXNFLMRV DSLPWLV PDWXRMDPD LPWDLV W NVWDQL YLHQHW  R PRQ V SURGXNFLMRV DSLPWLV VXGDUR QHGLGHO DNRV SURGXNFLMRV DSLPWLHV GDO LU PDWXRMDPD GHLPWLPLV YLHQHW 

PRQ V \UD SDV\YLRV NDLQ DWYLOJLX 1 YLHQDV L SDUGDY M DU SLUN M QHJDOL paveikti laisvos ULQNRV NDLQRV QHV G O GLGHOLR M VNDLLDXV NLHNYLHQDV SDUGXRGD DUED SHUND WLN QHGLGHO ULQNRMH HVDQL SUHNL GDO  -HL YLHQDV NXULV SDUGDY MDV SDGLGLQV VDYR SURGXNW NDLQ  SLUN MDL QHSLUNV MR SURGXNW LU MLV SDWLUV QXRVWROL  R MHLJX VXPDLQV NDLQ LUJL SDWLUV QXRVWROL  WRG O Q UD VXLQWHUHVXRWDV NHLVWL ODLVYRMH ULQNRMH VXVLGDULXVL NDLQ  PRQ JDOL SDUGXRWL EHW NRN SDJDPLQW SUHNL NLHN QHPDLQGDPD M NDLQRV

PRQ V SDMDPRV JDXQDPRV UHDOL]DYXV SURGXNW ULQNRMH 7RG O MRV SULNODXVR QXR SDUGXRGDP SUHNL LU SDVODXJ DSLPWLHV LU M NDLQ  Bendrosios pajamos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produkto YLHQHWR G\GLX W\ %3 = 3 NDL 4  5HPGDPLHVL ULELQL SDMDP IRUPXOH JDXQDPH 53 '%3'4 3O 3 %HQGU M YLGXWLQL LU ULELQL SDMDP NUHLY V WREXORV NRQNXUHQFLMRV V O\JRPLV SDYDL]GXRWRV  SDY

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6.3. Pusiausvyra tobulos konkurencijos rinkoje

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ake M2 PRQ QHJDXV HNRQRPLQLR SHOQR EHW QHWXU V LU QXRVWROL  -L JDXV QRUPDO M SHOQ  QHV ULELQ V SDMDPRV O\JLRV YLGXWLQLDPV EHQGULHVLHPV NDWDPV 53 9%.). Take M3 PRQ WXU V QXRVWROL  EHW JDO V ODLNLQDL W VWL JDP\E WUXPS ODLNR WDUS  QHV NDLQD LU ULELQ V SDMDPRV SDGHQJLD YLGXWLQLXV NLQWDPXRVLXV NDWXV 53 !9.. %HW NXULDPH WDNH HVDQLDPH HPLDX YLGXWLQL NLQWDP M NDW NUHLY V HPLDXVLRMR WDNR PRQ QHJDO V W VWL JDP\ERV QHV ULELQ V SDMDPRV QHEHSDGHQJV YLGXWLQL NLQWDP M NDW  0DLQDQW JDP\E  PD MD LU PRQ V QXRVWROLDL

Tobulos konkurencijos rinkoje takai M1, M2, M3 yra trumpo laikotarpio pusiausvyros takai. Esant skirtingoms kainoms P1, P2, P3, PRQ JDPLQD WDP WLNU SURGXNW NLHN 41, Q2, Q3, kuris jai garantuoja PDNVLPDO SHOQ DUED PLQLPDO QXRVWRO  7RG O ML QHVXLQWHUHVXRWD NHLVWL JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV WRO NRO QHVLNHLLD rinkos kainos. Pusiausvyra ilguoju laikotarpiu. 7UXPSXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX PRQ JDXQD HNRQRPLQ SHOQ  NDL 5. 53 LU L NUHLYL VXVLNLUWLPR WDNDV \UD DXNLDX 9%. LU 5. NUHLYL VXVLNLUWLPR 7DLDX LOJXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX ekonominis SHOQDV QHJDOLPDV ,OJR ODLNRWDUSLR PHWX DN  NXULRMH JDXQDPDV HNRQRPLQLV SHOQDV YHULDVL NLWL JDPLQWRMDL 7DL GLGLQD SURGXNW SDVL O LU SDVL ORV NUHLY SDVLVOHQND  SDY D YDL]GXRMDPD DNRV SXVLDXVY\UD o b - PRQ V SXVLDXVY\UD WRG O KRUL]RQWDOLRMRMH D\MH DWLG WL G\GLDL VNLUWLQJDLV PDVWDLV

3DGLG MXV ULQNRV SDVL ODL SDVLVOHQND ULQNRV SXVLDXVY\URV WDNDV L (S (L. Kaina krinta nuo P1 iki P2, o kartu LU EHQGURY V ULELQ V SDMDPRV QXR 531 iki RP2 5LELQL SDMDP OLQLMDL 532 VXVLNHUWDQW VX ULELQL NDW NUHLYH 5. VXVLGDUR QDXMDV PRQ V SXVLDXVY\URV WDNDV LOJDPH ODLNRWDUS\MH W\ SXVLDXVY\URV WDNDV L (S SDG WLHV trumpame laikotarpyje pasislenka ilgame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nalogikas apraytam atvejui, nuostolingos akos pavyzdys yra, kai esant ekonominiam pelnui ilgo ODLNRWDUSLR PHWX DN VLOLHMD QDXMRV EHQGURY V VXPDLQD NDLQDV LU SDQDLNLQD HNRQRPLQ SHOQ  .Di gamyba WDPSD QXRVWROLQJD GDOLV PRQL SDVLWUDXNLD L DNRV SDVL OD PD MD NDLQD DXJD R WDNH NXULDPH 3 53 9%. SDVLHNLDPD SXVLDXVY\UD PRQ V JDXQD QRUPDO M SHOQ LU MDX Q UD VXLQWHUHVXRWRV SDOLNWL ULQNRV 1DXMRV PRQ V WDLS SDW QHVXLQWHUHVXRWRV HLWL ULQN  QHV Q UD HNRQRPLQLR SHOQR Optimali gamybos apimtis. 3XVLDXVY\UD LOJDPH ODLNRWDUS\MH QXOHPLD LU PRQ V RSWLPDO G\G  1HRSWLPDOL JDP\ERV DSLPWLV OHLGLD LVLODLN\WL PRQHL WLN WUXPSXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX HVDQW ekonominiam pelnui. Tuomet, net ir HVDQW GLGHVQLHPV NDWDPV X RSWLPDODXV G\GLR JDP\ERV NDWXV JDOLPD JDXWL SHOQ  7DLDX LOJXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX NDL HNRQRPLQLV SHOQDV GLQJVWD HVDQW QHRSWLPDOLDP JDP\ERV PDVWXL PRQ V NDWDL \UD GLGHVQL X RSWLPDOLRV JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV NDWXV LU ILUPD WXU V QXRVWROL  -L QHJDO V LVLODLN\WL 2SWLPDODXV JDP\ERV PDVWR E WLQXPDV LOJXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX SDYDL]GXRWDV  SDY PRQ V WUXPSR ODLNRWDUSLR YLGXWLQLDL EHQGULHML NDWDL 79%. WXUL VXWDSWL VX ULELQ PLV SDMDPRPLV 53 LU YLGXWLQLDLV LOJR ODLNRWDUSLR bendraisiais katais (IVBK

46 pav. tai atitinka gamybos apimtis take QE. Bet kokiu kitu atveju vidutiniai bendrieji trumpo ODLNRWDUSLR NDWDL \UD GLGHVQL X PLQLPDOLXV YLGXWLQLXV EHQGUXRVLXV LOJR ODLNRWDUSLR NDWXV PRQ SULYHUVWD VLHNWL RSWLPDOLRV JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV DUED SDOLNWL DN 

6.4. Tobula konkurencija ir efektyvumas

0HV MDX VXVLSDLQRPH VX YDUWRWRM HOJVHQD WREXORV NRQNXUHQFLMRV ULQNRMH 7DLS SDW VXVLSDLQRPH LU su JDPLQWRMR HOJVHQD 'DEDU WLNVOLQJD SDYHOJWL ULQN L YDUWRWRMR LU JDPLQWRMR SXV V NDUWX 7DL OHLV LVLDLNLQWL WREXORV NRQNXUHQFLMRV ULQNRV PRGHOLR YHLNLP LU YHUWLQWL PRGHO YLVRV YLVXRPHQ V LQWHUHV SRL ULX Vartotojo ir gamintojo elgsenos efektyvumas. Vartojimo teorija teigia, kad vartotojas maksimizuoja VDYR QDXG  NDL MR SHUNDP SURGXNW ULELQLV QDXGLQJXPDV O\JXV W SURGXNW NDLQDL 9DUWRWRMDV JDOL SDVLHNWL L V O\J SULLPGDPDV VSUHQGLP  NRN SUHNL NLHN SLUNWL 7DL SDYDL]GXRWD  SDY

Vartotojo mokama kaina X SURGXNW VXGDUR MR ribinius NDWXV LU  SDY SD\P WD linija PMM. Vartotojo JDXQDP ULELQ QDXGLQJXP SDYHLNVOH YDL]GXRMD itisine paklausos NUHLY V dalis. Siekdamas maksimaliai patenkinti savo poreikius, jis didina SHUNDP SUHNL NLHN  kol ULELQLDL NDVWDL \UD PDHVQL X ULELQ QDXGLQJXP  7DLJL YDUWRWRMR elgsenos efektyvumas rodo, kokiu mastu vartotojui pavyksta priartinti RN prie P, RSHUXRMDQW SHUNDP SUHNL kiekiu. Efektyvumas GLGLDXVLDV kai RN = P.

*DPLQWRM HOJVHQRV WHRULMD URGR NDG GLGLDXVL SHOQ JDOLPD JDXWL SDVLULQNXV WLQNDP JDP\ERV DSLPW  kuriai esant ribinis gamintojo efektyvumas yra lygus gamintojo ribiniams katams tai prekei gaminti. 48 pav. SDYDL]GXRWDV JDPLQWRMR HIHNW\YXPDV URGDQWLV JDPLQWRMR V NP SULDUWLQWL ribinius NDWXV SULH NDLQRV VXVLGDUDQLRV rinkoje.

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Patentai
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Technologinis efektyvumas
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Alokacinis neefektyvumas
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7DLDX PRQRSROLQ PRQ VXPDLQD JDP\ERV DSLPW LNL 41 LU SDGLGLQD SUHNL NDLQ LNL 31  9LVXRPHQ V QDXGD SDGLG W  MHLJX E W GLGLQDPD JDP\ERV DSLPWLV LNL WDNR 42 kuriame RK=RN. Alokacinio efektyvumo nuostolius galima imaWXRWL SDGDXJLQXV SURGXNFLMRV DSLPWLHV VXPD MLP G O monopolizacijos Q1 Q2 i RN ir RK skirtumo ioje gamybos apimties atkarpoje. 66 pav. tai parodyta trikampiu ABC, kurio plotas yra alokacinio efektyvumo nuostoliai.

.DLQ GLVNULPLQDFLMD
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Antimonopolinis reguliavimas
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Destruktyviosios konkurencijos ribojimas

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 2OLJRSROLQ ULQND
2OLJRSROLQ ULQNRV VWUXNW Ua
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Monopolizacija
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Kapitalas
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*HULDXVLDL SD VWDP QHGDUELQL SLQLJLQL SODXN IRUPD \UD SDO NDQRV 1HW 6WDOLQR YDOG\PR ODLNRWDUSLX NDL EXYR GUDXGLDPD YHUVOLQLQN\VW  R EXY YHUVOLQLQNDL WUHPLDPL DU QHW IL]LNDL QDLNLQDPL X O DV ODLNRPDV WDXSRPRVLRVH NDVRVH J\YHQWRMDPV EXYR SULVNDLLXRMDPRV SDO NDQRV 3DJDO DQNVLDX JDOLRMXVL WYDUN SD@ NDQ QRUPD SLQLJ VXPRV SDGLG MLPDV SHU PHWXV SURFHQWDLV WDXSRPRVLRVH V VNDLWRVH VXGDU -3 procentus, EXYR QXVWDWRPD YDOGLRV RUJDQ LU QHNLWR 5LQNRV HNRQRPLNRMH SDO NDQ QRUPD Q UD ILNVXRWD EHW NDLS LU SDV PXV \UD YLHQD UHLNPLQJLDXVL QHGDUELQL SDMDP IRUP  3DO NDQRPLV -$9 JDXQDPD DSLH  SURFHQW YLV LU DSLH WUHGDOLV QHGDUELQL SDMDP JDP\ERV YHLNVQL SRL ULX NDSLWDOR GDOLDL WHQNDQL  %HQGULDXVLD SUDVPH SDO NDQRV \UD SLQLJ NLHNLV VXPRN WDV X QHQXRVDY SLQLJ QDXGRMLP  7DV NXULV VNROLQDVL  /W NDL SDO NDQ QRUPD \UD  SURFHQW  WRO NRO JU LQV VNRO  WXU V NDVPHW PRN WL SR  /W -HL jis pats skolininkas, pinigai jam nebus mokami.

3DO NDQ QRUPRV O\JLV

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 3DO NDQRV LXRV NDWXV WXUL EHQW MDX NRPSHQVXRWL QHV DQWUDLS VXPD V SDVNRORV WHLN MR WDL \UD SLQLJ VDYLQLQNR QDXGD 6YDUEXV SDVNRORV WHLNLPR VDQW\NL DVSHNWDV \UD WDL NDG SDVNRORV WHLN MDV VXPDLQGDPDV VDYR JDOLP\EHV GDEDUW\MH VLHNLD MDV SDGLGLQWL DWHLW\MH 'DXJHOLV PRQL PDQR NDG OLWDV NXU JDOL LOHLVWL LDQGLHQ \UD YHUWLQJHVQLV X W  NXU JDO V LOHLVWL SR PHW  R WRNV SRL ULV GLGLQD JDOLP\EL katus.

9HLNVQLDL VNDWLQDQW\V LU ULERMDQW\V SLQLJ SDVL O  QXRODW VXVLSLQD EHW NXR DXNWHVQ SDO NDQ QRUPD tuo daugLDX DWVLUDQGD QRULQL VNROLQWL SLQLJXV $VPXR EHVLVNROLQDQWLV SLQLJXV GLGLQD VDYR JDOLP\EHV LDQGLHQ DWHLWLHV JDOLP\EL V VNDLWD .XR DXNWHVQ SDO NDQ QRUPD WXR GDXJLDX SUDUDQGDPD YDUWRMLPR JDOLP\EL DWHLW\MH NDL UHLN V JU LQWL VNRO LU LPRN WL pDO NDQDV -HL SLQLJXV VNROLQDVL ILUPD DXJDQWL SDO NDQ QRUPD MDL UHLNLD DXNWHVQLXV JDP\ERV NDWXV 1HDWVLWLNWLQDL DXJDQWL SDO NDQ QRUPD GLGLQGDPD SLQLJ SDVL O  PDLQD SDNODXV  3LQLJ SDVL ORV LU SDNODXVRV NUHLYL VXVLNLUWLPR

WDNH  SDY WDNDV $ QXVLVWRYL SXVLDXVY\ULQ SDO NDQ QRUPD UHLNLDQWL NDG SLQLJ SDVL OD LU SDNODXVD sutampa. .DL SDVNRO SDNODXVD LU SDVL OD QHDWLWLQND YLHQD NLWRV DWVLUDQGD GHILFLWDV DUED SHUWHNOLXV NXULH NHLLD VLWXDFLM SXVLDXVY\URV OLQNPH .DLS Q UD YLHQLQJRV GDUER M JRV DU SUHNL ULQNRV WDLS UHDOLDPH J\YHQLPH Q UD LU YLHQLQJRV SLQLJ ULQNRV <UD GDXJ\E SDVNRORV IRUP  SULNODXVRPDL QXR WHLNLPR V O\J  DSLPWLHV WHUPLQ  UL]LNRV NDG SDVNROD QHEXV JU LQWD L YDLURY DWVSLQGL GDXJ\E WXR SDLX ODLNRWDUSLX HVDQL SDO NDQ QRUP 

3DO NDQRV LU NDSLWDOR JU D

.DSLWDOLQLDL G MLPDL HVDPR LU SHUVSHNW\YLQLR SLQLJLQL O QDXGRMLPR SRL ULX \UD DUWLPL SLQLJ skolinimui. .DLS LU VNROLQGDPDV SLQLJXV PRJXV VWDW\GDPDV QDP DU IDEULN  VXVLODLNR QXR YDLUL SRUHLNL SDWHQNLQLPR LDQGLHQ NDG JHULDX J\YHQW U\WRM NDL JDO V J\YHQWL QDXMDPH QDPH DUED GLGLQV YDUWRMLP L JDXWR pelno). 3UDG WL YHUVO JDOLPD DUED WXULQW ODLVY SLQLJ  DUED M SDVLVNROLQXV -HL SLQLJDL JDXQDPL SDVNRORV IRUPD YHUVO WLNVOLQJD SUDG WL WLN WXR DWYHMX MHL SODQXRMDPDV SHOQDV EXV QH PDHVQLV QHL SDO NDQRV X SDVNRO  6X SDO NDQ QRUPD VXVLM V LU VSUHQGLPDV DU YHUWD SUDG WL YHUVO VDYDLV SLQLJDLV 5LQNRV HNRQRPLNRMH YLVXRPHW \UD DOWHUQDW\YD *DOLPD VNROLQWL SLQLJXV LU L SDVNRORV JDXWL SDO NDQDV 7DLS SDW JDOLPD LQYHVWXRWL SLQLJXV YHUVO  WLNLQWLV L LQYHVWXRW O JDXWL pelno. Jei planuojama kapitalo JU D SURFHQWLQLV SHOQR LU NDSLWDOLQL G MLP VDQW\NLV \UD PDHVQ X SDO NDQ QRUP  SUDG WL QXRVDY YHUVO QHWLNVOLQJD -HL SRWHQFLDOXV PRQLQLQNDV WXUL  W NVW /W R SDO NDQ QRUPD \UD  SURFHQWDL kapitaliniai G MLPDL \UD SUDVPLQJL MHL PHWLQLV SHOQDV YLU\V  W NVW /W 3DY\]GLXL JDY V  W NVW /W SHOQR PRQLQLQNDV VDYR JDXQDPDV O DV SDGLGLQD  W NVW /W SDO\JLQWL VX SDVNRORV WHLNLPX .LWD YHUWXV LDXJXV SDO NDQ QRUPDL LNL  SURFHQW  PRQLQLQNDV QHDWVLVDN V DQNVWHVQ PLV V O\JRPLV WHLVLQJR VSUHQGLPR QHWHNV W NVWDQLR OLW  GautL SLQLJ SULHDXJ  SDG MXV MXRV EDQN  \UD YLHQDV SDSUDVLDXVL QHGDUELQL SDMDP JDYLPR E G  1HDWVLWLNWLQDL QDJULQ MDQW HNRQRPLQLR SHOQR V YRN  LRV SHOQR IRUPRV DSLPWLV QXVWDWRPD L SDMDP DW PXV QH WLN PDWHULDOLQHV V QDXGDV LU GDUER XPRNHVW  EHW LU V O\JLQHV SDO NDQDV 1DJULQ GDPL HNRQRPLQ SHOQ  QXURG PH NDG HNRQRPLQHL VLVWHPDL HVDQW SXVLDXVY\URMH LV SHOQDV LQ\NVWD 7DL UHLNLD NDG SXVLDXVY\URV V O\JRPLV NDSLWDOR JU D VXWDPSD VX SDO NDQ QRUPD L O\J\E VDYR UXRWX UHLNLD NDG YLVXRPHQ Me itekliai SDVLVNLUVW RSWLPDOLDL LU MXRV SHUVNLUVW\WL QHWLNVOLQJD /\J\E V QHEXYLPDV SULHLQJDL VLJQDOL]XRMD DSLH disproporcijas ir skatina arba daugiau skolinti, arba daugiau investuoti. .DSLWDOLQL G MLP WLNVOLQJXPR SUREOHP JDOLPD QDJULQ WL QH WLN O\JLQDQW NDSLWDOR JU LU SDO NDQ QRUP  *DOLPD O\JLQWL DEVROLXLDV SLQLJ VXPDV .DGDQJL YLVL SLQLJDL SRWHQFLDOLDL JDOL GXRWL SDO NDQDV JDOLPD VDN\WL NDG HVDQW  SURFHQW SDO NDQ QRUPDL  /W SR PHW EXV O\JXV  /W LU  FW SR GYLHM - 1 Lt ir 10,25 ct.

$SWDUWD SULNODXVRP\E OHLGLD LUHLNWL SDMDPDV DWHLW\MH SLQLJ VXPD HVDPXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX DWOLNWL GLVNRQWR RSHUDFLM  'LVNRQWDYLPDV \SD QDXGLQJDV YHUWLQDQW NDSLWDOLQL G MLP  NDL LOJD VWDW\ERV WUXNP  WLNVOLQJXP  Pateiktame pavyzdyje ekonomLQLR SHOQR O\JDXV  W NVW /W DSVNDLLDYLPDV HNRQRPLNDL NRUHNWLNDV MHL VWDW\ERV WUXNP O\JL  3DQDJULQ NLPH LQYHVWLFLQLR SURMHNWR HIHNW\YXPR SDVLNHLWLP  MHL REMHNW UHLNLD VWDW\WL SHQNHULXV PHWXV NLHNYLHQDLV PHWDLV VLVDYLQDQW  W NVW /W 3LUPLHML  W NVW /W QHGXRV SLQLJLQLR SULHDXJLR penkerius metus, antrieji - NHWYHULXV PHWXV LU WW -HL SLQLJDL JXO W EDQNH MLH SDMDP GXRW YLV ODLNRWDUS  WRG O QHJDXWDV SLQLJLQLV SULHDXJLV VXGDUR SDSLOGRPXV NDWXV ' O SLUP M PHW LQYHVWLFLM DOG\PR QHWenkama 6,76 W NVW /W R L YLVR QHWHQNDPD EHYHLN  W NVW /W YHUWLQXV L QHWHNW  SURMHNWR YHUW LDXJD LNL  W NVW /W R IRQG JU D VXPD MD QXR  LNL  SURFHQWR J\YHQGLQDQW SURMHNW SHU SHQNHULXV PHWXV MLV DSVLPRND EHW MHL statybos trXNP E W GHLPW PHW NDLS GDQDL E QD SURMHNWDV E W QXRVWROLQJDV

10.3. Pelnas
3HOQ  NDLS LU SDO NDQDV JDOLPD QDJULQ WL NDLS YLHQ L QHGDUELQL SDMDP IRUP  SDY\]GLXL GHLPW SURFHQW -$9 SDMDP VXGDUR DNFLQL EHQGURYL SHOQDV -LV PDGDXJ O\JXV SDO NDQ DSLPLDL ,QGLYLGXDOL EHL NRPDQGLWLQL PRQL SHOQDV VXGDUR DSLH SHQNLV SURFHQWXV YLV SDMDP  6YDUEX SDEU WL NDG SHOQR V YRND SDVWDU M PRQL DWYLOJLX Q UD YLVDL NRUHNWLND QHV GDXJHOLV VPXONL QH HP V NLR PRQL  QHNDOEDQW DSLH fermeriQLXV NLXV VDYLQLQN WLHVLRJLDL GDO\YDXMD JDP\ERV EHL YDOG\PR SURFHVXRVH 6DYLQLQNXL GLUEDQWMR PRQ V SHOQDV HNRQRPLQLX SRL ULX VXVLGHGD L WLHVLRJLQLR SHOQR LU VDYLQLQNR GDUER XPRNHVLR GRP V YLHQRV -$9 DWOLNWRV NDVPHWLQ V DSNODXVRV VLHNLDQW VXLQRWL J\YHQWRM SHOQLQJXP  GXRPHQ\V U OHQWHO  SRL U YHUVOR

$LNX UHDOX NDG GDO SHOQR NRUSRUDFLMRV QXVOHSLD EHW DNLYDL]GX LU WDL NDG QH WLN P VXRVH EHW LU 9DNDUXRVH SLQLJDL VYHWLPRMH NLHQ MH DWURGR VS GLQJLDX QHL VDYRMRMH

11. Rinka ir valstybinis reguliavimas

 5LQNRV ULERWXPR SULHDVW\V
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 (NRQRPLND LQIRUPDFLMRV ULERWXPR SRL ULX QHLVLVNLULD L NLW PRJDXV YHLNORV LU SDLQLPR IRUP  .ODLG GDUR YDLUXRWRMDL (avarijos), teisininkDL QHVXODLN\WL QXVLNDOW OLDL PHWHRURORJDL EHL QXRLUGLDL NULWLNXRMDQLRV HNRQRPLVWXV QDP HLPLQLQN V SULVYLO S\UDJDL .ODXVLP  NRG O YLVLHPV LQDQW NDG NO\VWL PRJLND GDQDV HNRQRPLQLXRVH mechanizmuose matome ,,perpetuum mobile", palikime psicKRORJDPV LU SDQDJULQ NLPH NDLS ULQNRV ULERWXPDV PRGLILNXRMD HNRQRPLQ J\YHQLP 

NLQ V SROLWLNRV SRL ULX ULQNRV ULERWXPR SULHDVWLV JDOLPH VXVNLUVW\WL GYL JUXSHV 3LUP M JUXS VXGDU\W WLH ULQNRV UHJXOLDYLPR WU NXPDL NXULH YHLNLDPL ULQN SDSLOGLXV valstybinio reguliavimo elementais. 9LHQDV L GLGLDXVL PDUNVL]PR WHRULQL ODLP MLP \UD SUHNLQ V JDP\ERV YLGLQL SULHWDUDYLP DQDOL]  . 0DUNVDV QDJULQ GDPDV SUHN V VDY\EHV LVN\U YHUW LU YDUWRMDP M YHUW  SDURG  NDG JDPLQWRMDV \UD suinteresuotas SURGXNWR PDLQRP MD YHUWH R YDUWRWRMDV - YDUWRMDP MD YHUWH 3ULHWDUDYLPDV WDUS YDUWRWRMR LU JDPLQWRMR GLG MD DWVLUDQGDQW \SDWLQJDL SUHNHL DWOLHNDQLDL YLVXRWLQLR HNYLYDOHQWR YDLGPHQ  EDQNDPV DNFLQHL nuosavybei. 3DOLNGDPL PDUNVLVWLQ ULQNRV ULERWXPR WHRULMRV DQDOL] VWXGHQW VDYDUDQNLNDP GDUEXL SD\P VLPH NDG ML VXIRUPXODYR UHLNPLQJXV NODXVLPXV NXULXRV WXUL JDXWL DWVDN\PXV V PRQLQJL ULQNRV DOLQLQNDL LH NODXVLPDL EXYR YLHQDV L VYDUELDXVL WHRULQL SDJULQG LXRODLNLQ PV HNRQRPLNRV PRN\NORPV QDJULQ MDQLRPV X ULQNRV HNRQRPLNRV U P LHLQDQLXV HNRQRPLNRV SURFHVXV SY] LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]P  3UHNLQ V JDP\ERV SULHWDUDYLP DQDOL] \UD QHDEHMRWLQD PDUNVL]PR V NP  WDL M VSUHQGLPR E G VXSDSUDVWLQLPDV \SD DNLYDL]GLDL SDVLUHLN V NXULDQW VRFLDOLVWLQ YLVXRPHQ  - YLHQD L NODLG  'DXJHO PHW WDU\ELQ MH OLWHUDW URMH EXYR SURSDJXRMDPD QXRPRQ  NDG YDOVW\E HNRQRPLQLV FHQWUDV QDFLRQDOL]DYXVL JDP\ERV SULHPRQHV JDOL LVSU VWL YLVDV HNRQRPLQHV SUREOHPDV NLQ SUDNWLND LR SRL ULR QHSDWYLUWLQR ir SDVNXWLQLXRMX ODLNRWDUSLX EHYHLN QHOLNR SDVDXO\MH DOL  NXUL YDGRY\E QHSULWDUW ULQNRV UHJXOLDYLPR HIHNW\YXPR LG MDL WDL NHOLRV SULHDVW\V NRG O RUJDQL]XRWD SROLWLQ EHQGUXRPHQ  WXULQWL DXNLDXVL YDOGL  GDXJHO HNRQRPLNRV NODXVLP VSUHQGLD Elogiau nei rinka: 7LHVD NDG ULQNRMH JDPLQWRMDV QHJDOL WLHVLRJLDL VXLQRWL YDUWRWRM SRUHLNL  EHW L SRUHLNL QHLQR LU YDOVW\ELQLR DSDUDWR YDOGLQLQNDL 3DVWDULHML GDQDL WXUL QHW PDLDX LQIRUPDFLMRV QHL VDYDUDQNLNL JDPLQWRMDL nes centralizuotai nustDW\WRV SDMDPRV PHQNDL LUHLNLD YDUWRWRM SRUHLNLXV 7LHVD NDG ULQNRV HNRQRPLND GDQDL VXVLGXULD VX VXNXUWRV SURGXNFLMRV UHDOL]DYLPR SUREOHPRPLV SHUSURGXNFLMRV NUL] - U\NLDXVLDV L SUREOHP UHLNLPRVL SDY\]G\V EHW SODQXRMDPD HNRQRPLND GDQLDXVLDL J\YHQD GHILFLWR V O\JRPLV 'DXJXPD LXRODLNLQL HNRQRPLVW GHILFLW ODLNR GLGHVQH EORJ\EH QHL SUHNL VDQW\NLQ SHUWHNOL 

7LHVD NDG VDPGRPRMR GDUEXRWRMR YHLNORV VWLPXODL SULYDLRMH PRQ MH \UD PDHVQL QHL VDYDUDQNLNR VDYLQLQNR EHW GDXJHOLX DWYHM MLH E QD GLGHVQL QHL GLUEDQL YDOVW\ELQ MH PRQ MH 7DLJL ULQNRV HNRQRPLNDL E GLQJL YLGLQLDL SULHWDUDYLPDL VXNHOLDQW\V MRV GDO\YLDPV QHPDDL SUREOHP  EHW GDXJHO LXRODLNLQL HNRQRPLQL NODXVLP VSUHQGLDQW RUJDQL]XRWDL SROLWLQHL EHQGUXRPHQHL WXULQLDL Vavo DXNLDXVL YDOGL  SUREOHP QHW SDJDXV MD $QWUDMDL V O\JLQDL PDHVQHL JUXSHL SULVNLULDPL NODXVLPDL NXULH QH ULQNRV PHWRGDLV VSUHQGLDPL HIHNW\YLDX QHL ULQNRV 6XIRUPXOXRVLPH LQIRUPDFLMRV DVLPHWULMRV YLVXRPHQLQL SUHNL  J\YHQLPR O\JLR diferenciacijos, monopolijos ir kai kurias kitas problemas.

Informacijos asimetrija
Tobulos tarpusavio konkurencijos mechanizmas veikia efektyviai, kai tiek gamintojas, tiek vartotojas JHUDL LQIRUPXRWDV DSLH SUHNL VDY\EHV -HL JDPLQWRMR LQIRUPXRWXPDV GDXJ GLGHVQLV negu vartotojo

LQIRUPXRWXPDV DUED DWYLUNLDL LQIRUPDFLMD \UD DVLPHWULND 3DQDJULQ NLPH L SUREOHP RUJDQL]XRWRV SROLWLQ V EHQGUXRPHQ V WXULQLRV VDYR DXNLDXVL YDOGL  GDO\YDYLPR HNRQRPLNRMH DVSHNWX 'DXJHOLXL SDSUDVW YDUWRMLPR SUHNL QXURG\WD WREXORV NRQNXUHQFLMRV V O\JD SDWHQNLQDPD SY] YDUWRWRMDV JHUDL LQR NRNLXV EDWXV MLV QRU W DY WL R WDL NDG MDP QHVXYRNLDPD GDOLV DYDOLQLQN SDVODSL  PHQNDL YHLNLD SRUHLNL WHQNLQLPR O\J  9DUWRWRMR LQLRV NDXSLDPRV NDLS GDXJ\E V EDQG\P LU NODLG UH]ultatas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inf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sveikatai, bet yra labai sunkiai atitaisomL 9LVRVH LVLY\VLXVLRVH DO\VH HJ]LVWXRMD SULYDORPDV PRN\PDVLV PRN\NORMH MLV ULERMD HLPRV SDVLULQNLPR WHLV  9DOVW\E V GDO\YDYLPR YDLN DXNO MLPH SDDLNLQLPDV \UD WRNV -HL PRN\PDVLV E W QHSULYDORPDV GDOLV W Y E W OLQN  NDG YDLNDL GLUEW QDPXRVH PDQ\GDPL NDG MHL IRUPDOL LQL QHUHLN MR DQNVWHVQL NDUW DWVWRYDPV D MRNLR PRNVOR QHEDLJLDX R J\YHQX JHUDL M QHSULUHLNV LU DWHLW\MH $LNX WRNLD SURJQR] JDOL LU SDVLWYLUWLQWL EHW NXU NDV ODELDX WLN WLQD NDG QHWXULQWLV LVLODYLQLPR MDXQXROLV suDXJ V QHVXJHE V JDXWL GDUER R VXYRNXV W Y SDGDU\W NODLG  M DWLWDLV\WL JDOL E WL SHU Y OX 'DXJHOLX DWYHM YDOVW\E GUDXGLPXV EHL UHLNDODYLPXV JODXGLDL VLHMD VX \SDWLQJD SUHNH DWOLHNDQLD YLVXRWLQLR HNYLYDOHQWR YDLGPHQ  NXULRV HOHPHQWDL NRUHJXRMD ULQNRV GDO\YL HOJVHQ  3Y] VLHNLDQW DNW\YLDL WUDXNWL J\YHQWRMXV YLHWLPR VLVWHP  YHGDPDV QHPRNDPDV PRNVODV R 6NDQGLQDYLMRV DOL Y\ULDXV\E V VLHNGDPRV SDVNDWLQWL J\YHQWRMXV YDUWRWL GDXJLDX YDLVL  PRND VXEVLGLMDV YDLVL SDUGDY MDPV  SDY SDURG\Was VXEVLGLM SRYHLNLV YDLVL QDXGRMLPXL -HL WREXORV NRQNXUHQFLMRV V O\JRPLV NDLQD 3R QRULQWLHML VLJ\WL YDLVLXV SLUNV M NLHN 40 WDL VXEVLGLM G ND VXPDLQXV NDLQ LNL 31 Q1 YDLVL  1HVXQNX DSVNDLLXRWL NDG QRULQW XWLNULQWL WRNLR YDLVL NLHNLR WLHNLP  YDOVW\EHL WHNV X NLHNYLHQ YDLVL NLHNLR YLHQHW SULPRN WL PRQ PV Y\NGDQWLHPV UHDOL]DYLPR SURFHV  VXP  O\JL 30 - P1.

%DLJLDQW DSWDUWL LQIRUPDFLMRV DVLPHWULM  WLNVOLQJD SD\P WL NDG YDOVW\E Q UD YLHQLQWHOLV LRV problemos sprendimo subjektDV 9DUWRWRM DVRFLDFLMRV ULQNGDPRV LU VNHOEGDPRV PHGLDJ DSLH NRN\ELNXV LU DOLQJXV SURGXNWXV ODEGDURV IRQGDL UHPLDQW\V SDGDULXVLXV NODLG LQGLYLGXV SY] OLJRQLXV NXULH DQNVLDX QHDSVLGUDXG  R LXR PRPHQWX QHWXUL NXR XVLPRN WL X RSHUDFLM  LU GDXJHOLV NLW M J SDGHGD YDOVW\EHL R NDUWDLV YHLNLD QHW HIHNW\YLDX QHL YDOGLRV DSDUDWDV

9LVXRPHQLQ V SUHN V
5LQNRV UHJXOLDYLPDV YHLNLD HIHNW\YLDL MHL WDV NXULV VLJ\MD SUHN  \UD YLHQLQWHOLV ULQNRV VXEMHNWDV EHVLQDXGRMDQWLV VLJ\WX SURGXNWX 3DY\]GLXL QXVLSLUNWX O\JLQWXYX JDOL QDXGRWLV WLN QDXMDVLV VDYLQLQNDV R likusiems gyventojams konkretus lygintuvas jokios naudos teikti negali. Susidariusi situacija lemia tai, kad

O\JLQWXYR SLUN MDV M VLJ\MD DWVLYHOJGDPDV WLN O\JLQWXYR WHLNLDPDV WHLJLDPDV \SDW\EHV VDX W \ SHUNDQLDMDP LU VX SLUNLPX VXVLMXVLXV JDOLP\EL NDWXV $SWDUWD ORJLND SDDLNLQD GDXJHOLR EHW QH YLV SUHNL VLJLMLPR DSOLQN\EHV -HL LQGLYLGDV SULH VDYR QDPR YHLV VRG  PHGL LJU\QLQWX RUX NY SXRV QDXGRVLV VRGR SDVODXJRPLV YLsi DSOLQNLQL WHULWRULM J\YHQWRMDL 9LHQR VDYLQLQNR SRUHLNLDPV WHQNLQWL QDXGRMDPRV J U\E V NXULRPLV JDOL QDXGRWLV LU NLWL NLR VXEMHNWDL \UD vadinamos YLVXRPHQLQ PV J U\E PLV SUHN PLV *DOLP\E QDXGRWLV YLVXRPHQLQL SUHNL QDXGLQJXPX M QHQXVLSLUNXV VXNXULD ]XLNLDYLPR SUREOHP  NXUL VXSUDVWLQWD VNDPE W PDGDXJ WDLS NRG O D WXULX SLUNWL WDQN  MHL JDOLX SDVLQDXGRWL NDLP\QR VLJ\WR WDQNR WHLNLDPX VDXJXPX" .DGDQJL NDLP\QDV QH EORJLDX QHL D VXYRNLD ]XLNLDYLPR JDOLP\E  MLV WDQNR LUJL QHSLUNV G O NR JDOLDXVLDL UHLNPLQJDV YLVXRPHQHL VDXJXPR SRUHLNLV SUHNL PDLQ VIHURV SDJULQGX QHEXV SDWHQNLQWDV $UWLPD YLVXRPHQLQL SUHNL NODXVLPXL \UD LRULQ V QDXGRV DORV SUREOHPD 3DY\]GLXL YDLQ GDPDV QXRVDYX DXWRPRELOLX PRJXV MDXLD SDVLWHQNLQLP  QRUV NDUWX WHULD PLHVWR RU  -LV JDOL VXPDLQWL WDU  QDXGRGDPDV NRN\ELNHVQ EHQ]LQ  EHW NRG O MLV WXUL SDSLOGRPDL PRN WL X NLW PRQL PDORQXP " 3DQDL DSUD\WXV SRUHLNL WHQNLQLPX WXUL U SLQWLV YDOVW\E  $SLH WDL EXV NDOEDPD VSHFLDOLDPH VN\ULXMH.

Gyvenimo lygio diferenciacija

'DUEDV HP LU NDSLWDODV \UD YLHQLQWHOLDL SDMDP DOWLQLDL ULQNRV HNRQRPLNRMH $WVLPLQXV GDU QHVHQLDL SRSXOLDU SRVDN  SLUP M SDVWUDLSRV VDNLQ E W JDOLPD SHUIUD]XRWL WDLS .DV QHWXUL HP V LU NDSLWDOR EHL QHGLUED tas nev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

Monopolija
Monopolijos susidarymas yra vienas i svarELDXVL ULQNRV PHFKDQL]PR ULERWXPR SDY\]GL  5LQNRV PHFKDQL]PDV VDYDLPH JLPGR PRQRSROLM  NXUL VDYR UXRWX PDLQD YLVXRPHQLQ V JDP\ERV HIHNW\YXP  .DGDQJL DSLH DQWLPRQRSROLQ UHJXOLDYLP MDX EXYR UD\WD VSHFLDOLXRVH VN\ULXRVH GDEDU WUXPSDL SDQDJULQ VLPH tik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

 9DOVW\E V GDO\YDYLPR HNRQRPLNRMH NU\SW\V

9\ULDXV\E V LODLGRV

9DOVW\E  VLHNGDPD LVSU VWL HNRQRPLQHV SUREOHPDV LD ULQNRV PHFKDQL]PR ULERWXPDV \SD DNLYDL]GXV VDYR Y\ULDXV\E V IRUPD WLHVLRJLDL DUED QHWLHVLRJLDL GDO\YDXMD VXNXUW J U\EL PDLQXRVH 1DJULQ GDPL Y\ULDXV\E V LODLGDV DSWDUVLPH MRV SLUNLP EHL WUDQVIHULQL SHUYHGDP M  LPRN NODXVLPXV

9\ULDXV\E V SLUNLPDL
9LHQD L VYDUELDXVL LXRODLNLQ V YDOVW\E V IXQNFLM \UD SLOLHL VDXJXPR XWLNULQLPDV .DLS EXYR DSWDUWD QDJULQ MDQW YLVXRPHQLQHV SUHNHV ULQND LRV IXQNFLMRV WREXODL DWOLNWL QHJDOL WRG O QHDWVLWLNWLQDL LOHLGLDPLHML SLQLJDL NDULXRPHQHL EHL WHLV VDXJRV RUJDQDPV LODLN\WL YLVDLV ODLNDLV U S MR LU GDEDU WXUL U S WL Y\ULDXV\E PV ;,; D J\Q\ERV LODLGRV EHL VX DQNVWHVQLDLV NDUDLV VXVLMXVL LODLG SDGHQJLPDV SY] YDOVW\E V

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 JDPWRV DSVDXJRV kom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mechanizmus.

1DJULQ MDQW J\Q\ERV NDULQHV LODLGDV Y\ULDXV\E V SLUNLP DVSHNWX JDOLPD LVNLUWL GYL SLUNLP JUXSHV Apie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 LNL  NDL NXULRVH $UWLP M 5\W DO\VH EHQGURMR QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR %13 URGR RUJDQL]XRWRV SROLWLQ V EHQGUXRPHQ V WXULQLRV VDYR DXNLDXVL YDOGL  SRYHLNLR JDP\ERV LWHNOL SDVLVNLUVW\PXL PDVW  $QWUD SDJDO G\G \UD SLUNLP JUXS  VXVLMXVL VX VRFLDOLQLDLV SDWDUQDYLPDLV -DX PLQ MRPH NDG, VSU VGDPD LQIRUPDFLMRV DVLPHWULMRV EHL VRFLDOLQL JDUDQWLM SUREOHPDV YDOVW\E VXGDUR V O\JDV VDYR SLOLHLDPV JDXWL QHPRNDP ED]LQ LVLODYLQLP  3DQDLRV SULHDVW\V OHPLD LU WDL NDG SUDNWLNDL YLVRV Y\ULDXV\E V ILQDQVLNDL UHPLD DXNW M PRNVO WDL UHLNLD NDG VWXGHQWDV DSPRND WLN GDO LODLG  R SDY\]GLXL 3UDQF ]LMRMH WDLS SDW P V DO\MH LU DXNWDVLV PRNVODV SUDNWLNDL QHPRNDPDV 1HPRNDQW X PRNVO WLHVLRJLQLDP YDUWRWRMXL UHLNLD WDP WLNU VXP VXPRN WL Y\ULDXV\EHL NXUL HNRQRPLQH SUDVPH WDPSD YLHWLPR SDVODXJ SLUN MD 3LUNLPR SURFHVDV OHLGLD Y\ULDXV\EHL QXVWDW\WL WHLNLDP gyYHQWRMDPV YLHWLPR SDWDUQDYLP G\G  QHW HVDQW SULYDWLQHL YLHWLPR VWDLJ QXRVDY\EHL *UDILQLV YLHWLPR SDVODXJ G\GLR UHJXOLDYLPR YDL]GDV \UD DQDORJLNDV SDYDL]GXRWDP  SDY VLJ\WL X SLQLJXV SDWDUQDYLPDL Y OLDX WDP WLNU NULWHULM DPLDXV VWRMDP M HJ]DPLQ UH]XOWDW LU SDQ SDJULQGX SHUGXRGDPRV WLHVLRJLQLDP M naudojimui.

VNRORV DSWDUQDYLPDV LU JU LQLPDV UHWDL VXGDU\GDYR PDLDX QHL  LODLG  ;; D DQWURMRMH SXV MH J\Q\ERV LODLGRV VNDLLXRMDQW DEVROLXLDLV G\GLDLV ODEDL LDXJR EHW GDU VSDULDX GLG MR LODLGRV VRFLDOLQ PV SURJUDPRPV ' O L SURFHV V YHLNRV J\Q\EDL GDEDUWLQLX PHWX QDXGRMDPD - ELXGHWR O 

7UDQVIHULQ V LPRNRV
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11. 4. Valstybinis reguliavimas

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Y\ULDXV\E SDGHGD RUJDQL]XRWL JHOHLQNHOL WUDQVSRUW  QXVWDWR WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQL VDXJDXV eksploatavimo standartus;

 1DFLRQDOLQLV SURGXNWDV LU MR VNDLLDYLPDV

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.DL VXVXPXRMDPD YLVD L SUHNL LU SDVODXJ SLQLJLQ LUDLND JDXW URGLNO JDOLPD O\JLQWL VX NLW DOL URGLNOLDLV ,U QRUV YDOLXWD MRVH VNLUWLQJD NLHNYLHQRV DOLHV EHQGUD SUHNL SDVODXJ VXPD QDXGRMDQW YDOLXW NXUVXV WXUL E WL SHUVNDLLXRWD NDG SDO\JLQWXPH YLHQRV NLWRV DOLHV HNRQRPLNRV DSLPWLV 3DY\]GLXL -DSRQLMRV HNRQRmikos apimtis, DSVNDLLXRWD MHQRPLV -$9 GROHULXV SHUVNDLLXRWLQD WDP NDG JDO WXPH M SDO\JLQWL VX Amerikos ekonomika.

12.1. Nacionalinis turtas. Bendrasis nacionalinis produktas

Gamybos apimties matavimo problema. PRQL NLQ YHLNOD \UD QHQXWU NVWDPD 3URGXNW LU SDVODXJ JDP\E O\GL M YDUWRMLPDV NXULV \UD QDXM JDP\ERV SURFHV SULHDVWLV V O\JD .DGD LVLY\VLXVLRMH ULQNRV HNRQRPLNRMH LN\OD E WLQXPDV M UHJXOLXRWL SDJDO YLVXRPHQ V LQWHUHVXV SLUPLDXVLD VXVLGXULDPD VX JDP\ERV apimties matavimo problema.

5LQNRV NLR V O\JRPLV EHYHLN YLVD YDLUL SURGXNFLMD WXUL YLHQ EHQGU YDUGLNO - SUHNL LU SDVODXJ NDLQDV .DLQRPLV PHV YDUWRWRMDL DLNLDL SDVDNRPH NDG SDY\]GLXL UDQNOXRVW YHUWLQDPH WLHN SDW NLHN JYD]GLNR LHG YLGXULHP X DEX PRNDPH SR SHQNLV OLWXV DPSDQR EXWHOLV  /W PXPV \UD NHWXULV NDUWXV YHUWLQJHVQLV X GLHQLQ NLQR VHDQV  /W 9DGLQDVL QRULQW DSVNDLLXRWL YLVRV SDJDPLQWRV SURGXNFLMRV QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR QDFLRQDOLQLR YLVXRPHQLQLR SURGXNWR DSLPW  UHLNLD VXG WL YLV JDPLQL LU VXWHLNW SDVODXJ NDLQDV Ikart kyla klausimas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 JDP\ED YHUWLQDPD SDJDO MRV PHWLQLR SURGXNWR G\G  3D\P VLPH NDG ULQNRV NLR WHRULMRMH QHLN\OD YDGLQDPRML JDP\ELQLR GDUER SUREOHPD /DLNRPDVL aksiomos, kad jeL U\NDXV GDUER SDVLGDOLMLPR V O\JRPLV NXULV QRUV NLR VXEMHNWDL LQGLYLGDV ILUPD YDOVW\E  LPD QDXGRWL LWHNOLXV WDL YLHQLQWHO WRNLRV YHLNORV SUDVP \UD SDWHQNLQWL YLVXRPHQLQ W\ QH VDYR SDWLHV R NLWR YLVXRPHQ V VXEMHNWR SRUHLN  5LQNRV V O\JRPLV YLVD WDL LUHLNLDPD NLQ V YHLNORV UH]XOWDW ULQNRV YHUWH VX WDP WLNURPLV LLPWLPLV .RQNUHWXV ULERW LWHNOL QDXGRMLPR UH]XOWDWDV - daiktas ar kokia paslauga - iuo atveju QHWXUL UHLNP V -HL GDUEDV HP LU NDSLWDODV WXR DU NLWX E GX DYDO\Q V JDP\ED DGYRNDW DSPRN MLPDV DHURGURP UHQJLPDV QDXGRMDPL - YDGLQDVL YLVXRPHQ MH \UD DWLWLQNDPR YHLNORV UH]XOWDWR SRUHLNLV 7R UH]XOWDWR ULQNRV YHUW DUED MRV NLWRNV SLQLJLQLV HNYLYDOHQWDV \UD QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR VXG WLQ GDOLV . 0DUNVR HNRQRPLQ MH GRNWULQRMH NDLS LQRPH YLVXRPHQ V LWHNOL QDXGRMLPDV WDP WLNUDL GDOLDL SDVODXJ WHLNWL ODLNRPDV QHJDP\ELQH W \ YLVXRPHQLQLR QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR LU MR YHUW V QHVXNXULDQLD YHLNOD

Bendrasis nacionalinis produktas. Pagrindinis nacionalinio produkto rodiklis yra bendrasis QDFLRQDOLQLV SURGXNWDV %13 %HQGUDVLV QDFLRQDOLQLV SURGXNWDV \UD YLV EDLJWLQL SUHNL LU SDVODXJ  SDJDPLQW SHU WDP WLNU ODLNRWDUS SDSUDVWDL SHU PHWXV SLQLJLQL YHUL VXPD 7DLJL %13 DSLPD WROL JUDX QH YLVDV SUHNHV LU SDVODXJDV NXULDV SDUGDY WDLV PHWDLV ULQNRMH M gamintojai. 3LUPD NXUL QRUV PHW %13 HLQD E WHQW WDLV PHWDLV SDJDPLQWD SURGXNFLMD 7DL UHLNLD NDG HOLPLQXRMDPRV YLVRV WXUWR SHUSDUGDYLPR DXWRPRELOL  QDP LU  RSHUDFLMRV L SUHNL YHUW MDX DWVLVSLQG MR QDFLRQDOLQLDPH SURGXNWH M SDJDPLQLPR LU SLUPRMR UHDOL]DYLPR PHWDLV
-HL SUHN WDLV SDLDLV PHWDLV SDJDPLQWD EHW OLHND QHSDUGXRWD MRV YHUW SDWHNV %13 WXR DWYHMX MHL G O WR SDGLG V JDP\ELQL DWVDUJ EHL QHUHDOL]XRWRV gatavos produkcijos apimtis -L DWVDUJ SULHDXJLV HLQD %13 $QWUD %13 VXGDUR YLHQ EDLJWLQL SUHNL LU SDVODXJ YHUW 

%DLJWLQ SUHN LU SDVODXJD - WDL WD NXUL SDVLHNLD VDYR JDOXWLQ YDUWRWRM  W \ NXUL QHE UD YDUWRMDPD NDLS V QDXGRV NLWDL SUHNHL DU SDVODXJDL SDJDPLQWL 7DLJi savo esme baigtinis produktas arba paslauga - tai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anglis, kuri bus sunaudota kaimo mokyklai ildyti, yra tarpinis SURGXNWDV %13 MRV YHUW SDNOLXV QH WLHVLRJLDL R SHU WR NDLPR J\YHQWRMDPV WHLNLDP YLHWLPR SDVODXJ YHUW  5HOLDW\YL LLPWLV GDURPD LQYHVWLFLQ PV SUHN PV - JDP\ELQL IRQG SULHDXJLXL LRV SUHN V GDUER SULHPRQ V WDLS SDW ODLNRPRV EDLJWLQ PLV SUHN PLV LU HLQD %13 VXG W SDJULQGLQL JDP\ELQL IRQG SULHDXJLR G\GLX 3ULG WLQ YHUW - WDL VNLUWXPDV WDUS ILUPRV SDJDPLQWRV SURGXNFLMRV ULQNRV NDLQRV LU MRV JDP\EDL SLUNW SUHNL LU SDVODXJ NDLQ  3DQDJULQ NLPH SDY\]G  SDWHLNW  OHQWHO MH -RMH SDWHLNWRV NHWXULRV WDUSXVDY\MH VXVLMXVLRV PRQ V ILUPRV SOLHQR SDGDQJ  SODVWPDVL LU DXWRPRELOL JDPLQWRMDL 3OLHQR JDPLQWRMDL SDW\V VDX NDVD JHOHLHV U G LU M SHUGLUED SOLHQ  WRG O M YHLNORV SULG WLQ YHUW \UD W NVWDQWLV OLW  .DUWRWLQL SUHNL LU SDVODXJ VNDLLDYLPR LYHQJLDPD MHL DSVNDLLXRGDPL EHQGU M QDFLRQDOLQL SURGXNW  VXPXRMDPH NLHNYLHQRMH JDP\ERV VWDGLMRMH VXNXUW SULG WLQ YHUW 

Analogika situacija gaminant padangas ir plastmases. VieninWHO SHUNDQWL LU QDXGRMDQWL JDP\ERV SURFHVH YDLULXV WDUSLQLXV SURGXNWXV SOLHQ  SDGDQJDV SODVWPDVHV \UD DXWRPRELOL JDP\ERV PRQ  -RMH VXNXUWD SULG WLQ YHUW DSVNDLLXRMDPD PLQXVXRMDQW L DXWRPRELOL JDP\ERV PRQ V UHDOL]XRWRV SURGXNFLMRV NDLQRV (700 OLW MRV SLUNW LU VXQDXGRW JDP\ERV SURFHVH WDUSLQL SURGXNW NDLQ  OLW  7DLJL DOLHV EHQGURMR QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DSLPWLV \UD O\JL NLHNYLHQRV JDP\ERV VWDGLMRV SULG WLQ V YHUW V VXPDL -  OLW DUED EDLJWLQL SUHNL NDLQ VXPDL LUJL - 7000 lLW  $QDORJLNDL QDXGRMDQW SULG WLQ V YHUW V VXPDYLPR E G  JDOLPD DSVNDLLXRWL LU YDOVW\E V EHQGU M QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW  %HQGUDMDP QDFLRQDOLQLDP SURGXNWXL DSVNDLLXRWL QDXGRMDPL LU NLWL GX E GDL - pagal ilaidas LU SDJDO SDMDPDV EHW DSLH WDL SDQHN VLPH Y OLDX 7UHLD NDL NXULRV EDLJWLQ V SUHN V LU SDVODXJRV GDQLDX \UD NXULDPRV LU WHLNLDPRV YDUWRWRMXL EH M pirkimo - SDUGDYLPR SDY\]GLXL YDOVW\E V ELXGHWR O RPLV WHLNLDPDV QHPRNDPDV YLHWLPDV NLWL QHPRNDPL SDWDUQDYLPDL SLOLHLDPV VNDLWDQW LU SROLFLMRV JDLVULQLQN  JLQNOXRW M SDM J SDVODXJDV 'DEDU WRNLRV U LHV SDVODXJRV GDXJHO\MH DOL VXGDUR \PL QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR GDO  - DSLPWLV WDLJL LQG OLV %13 DSVNDLLXRMDPDV SDJDO W SDVODXJ NDWXV (NRQRPLVWDL SULSD VWD NDG WDL LHLWLV, bet ne ideali.

.HWYLUWD %13 VNDLLDYLPDV DSLPD LQRPD WLN RILFLDOLDL SDWYLUWLQWD WYDUND DWOLHNDPDV ULQNRV RSHUDFLMDV 1HOHJDO V VDQG ULDL H OLQ V HNRQRPLNRV SURFHVDL %13 G\G\MH QHDWVLVSLQGL QRUV NDUWDLV MLH JDOL VXGDU\WL \PL GDO  3HQNWD %13 QH HLQD ILQDQVLQ V WUDQVDNFLMRV - YHUW\ELQL SRSLHUL SLUNLPDV LU SDUGDYLPDV NHLLDQWLV DNFLM LU REOLJDFLM VDYLQLQNXL MRNLR SDSLOGRPR YLVXRPHQLQLR SRUHLNL SDWHQNLQLPR Q UD WDLJL Q UD LU JDP\ELQLR LWHNOL QDXGRMLPR

12.2. Nominalusis produktas

ir

realusis

bendrasis

nacionalinis

6XPXRGDPL YLV EDLJWLQL SUHNL LU SDVODXJ NDLQDV LPDWXRMDPH DOLHV PHWLQ V SURGXNFLMRV G\G  %HWJL NDLQRV NHLLDVL 7RG O VXVNDLLDY  NDG DOLHV %13 SDO\JLQWL VX SUD MXVLDLV PHWDLV LDXJR   QHJDOLPH E WL WLNUL NDG WLNUDL SDJDPLQW SUHNL LU VXWHLNW SDVODXJ NLHNLV SDGLG MR GHLPWDGDOLX 9LVLNDL JDOLPDV GDO\NDV NDG \PL GDOLV %13 YHUW V SULHDXJLR JDXWD G O NDLQ O\JLR SDGLG MLPR 9DGLQDVL QRU GDPL O\JLQWL SDVNLU PHW %13 URGLNOLXV WXULPH HOLPLQXRWL SUHNL NDLQ NLWLPR WDN  Tuo tikslu nustatomas ED]LQLV NDLQ O\JLV - SDVLULQNW NXUL QRUV PHW SUHNL NDLQ O\JLV 9LV NLW PHW %13 PDWXRGDPL ED]LQL PHW NDLQRPLV JDXQDPH WLNVOLXV GXRPHQLV DSLH UHDO M %13 G\G  (LQDP M PHW kainos vadinamos IDNWLQ PLV NDLQRmis. %D]LQL PHW NDLQRV QDXGRMDPRV LU NLW PHW %13 DSVNDLLXRWL YDGLQDPRV VXJUHWLQDPRVLRPLV NDLQRPLV $SVNDLLXRMDQW EDLJWLQL SUHNL LU SDVODXJ DSLPW IDNWLQ PLV kainomis, nustatomas nominalusis (arba piniginis) BNP, DSVNDLLXRMDQW VXJUHWLQDPRVLRPLV kainomis - realusis BNP. 5HDODXV EHQGURMR QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR SDGLG MLPDV SHU WDP WLNU ODLNRWDUS YDGLQDPDV ekonominiu augimu. %13 SDGLG MLPDV  -1996 metais ireikiamas formule: %13 SDGLG MLPDV  P
Realusis bendrasis nacionalinis produktas 1996 m. Realusis bendrasis nacionalinis produktas 1991 m. x 100

$SVNDLLXRNLPH QRPLQDO M LU UHDO M EHQGU M QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW  QDJULQ GDPL V O\JLQ SDY\]G  NDL JDPLQDPL WLN GX $ LU % SURGXNWDL U  OHQWHO 

%13 NLWLPR WHPSDL SULNODXVR QXR JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV LU NDLQ VY\UDYLPR

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LV LQGHNVDV LUHLNLD %13 VXGDUDQL SUHNL LU SDVODXJ NDLQ NLWLP  3DSUDVWDL MLV QHGDXJ VNLULDVL QXR YDUWRMLPR NDLQ LQGHNVR 9DUWRMLPR SUHNL NDLQ LQGHNVDV 93, URGR NDLS SDNLWR YDUWRWRM SHUNDP SUHNL LU SDVODXJ YLGXWLQ V NDLQRV 3DVWDUDVLV LQGHNVDV SDURGR SUHNL LU SDVODXJ  NXULDV SLUNR WLSLND PLHVWLHL HLPD

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DUED MHL NDLQ LQGHNVDV DSVNDLLXRWDV ED]LQLX O\JLX WDLNDQW NDLQDV W PHW  VX NXULDLV O\JLQDPDV HVDP PHW BNP,

.DLS MDX PLQ MRPH %13 DSVNDLLDYLPDV VXGHGDQW YLV PRQL LU NLQL RUJDQL]DFLM HWLQ SURGXNFLM LHLJ  LU L JDXWRV VXPRV DWLPDQW WDUSLQ SURGXNW IDNWLNDL UHLNLD NDG NLHNYLHQRV PRQ V LQG OLV %13 O\JXV YHUWHL NXUL WRML PRQ SULG MR SULH VLJ\W PHGLDJ LU SDWDUQDYLP PDUNVLVWLQ MH HNRQRPLkos teorijoje i SURGXNFLMRV YHUW V GDOLV DWLWLNW PRQ V \Q M SDMDP LU DPRUWL]DFLMRV VXP  %13 VNDLLDYLPDV SDJDO SULG WLQ V YHUW V G\G YDGLQDPDV VNDLLDYLPX SDJDO SURGXNFLM HLJ  %13 DSVNDLLXRWL QDXGRMDPL LU GX NLWL E GDL - pagal ilaidas ir pagal pajamas.

 %13 VNDLLDYLPDV LODLGRPLV LU SDMDPRPLV

%13 VNDLLDYLPDV LODLGRPLV

9LVD DOLHV HNRQRPLND VXVLGHGD L GDXJHOLR PLOLMRQ DWVNLU HNRQRPLQL YLHQHW 1DFLRQDOLQ MH V VNDLW\ERMH YLVL HNRQRPLQLDL YLHQHWDL DWOLHNDQW\V NLQHV RSHUDFLMD (transakcijaV VNLUVWRPL NHWXULV VHNWRULXV QDP N DSLPD J\YHQWRMXV HLPDV NDLS YDUWRWRMXV WDLS SDW QHNRPHUFLQH organizacijas - SURIV MXQJDV ODEGDURV RUJDQL]DFLMDV P J M VSRUWR GUDXJLMDV SULYDLD QHNRPHUFLQHV YLV JUDQGL PRN\NODV OLJRQLQHV PRQHV  HLQD PRQ V ILUPRV RUJDQL]DFLMRV LU VWDLJRV WXULQLRV MXULGLQLR DVPHQV WHLV LU YHLNLDQLRV NRPHUFLQLDLV SDJULQGDLV W \ UHDOL]XRMDQLRV VDYR SUHNHV LU SDVODXJD ULQNRMH NDLQRPLV SDGHQJLDQLRPLV NDLS PLQLPXPDV JDP\ERV NDWXV Y\ULDXV\E LD HLQD YLVL YDOVW\E V YDOG\PR DSDUDWR HOHPHQWDL - administracija, teismai policija, JLQNOXRWRVLRV SDM JRV WDLS SDW PRNVOR NXOW URV YLHWLPR VYHLNDWRV DSVDXJR
VWDLJRV MHL MRV LODLNRPRV YDOVW\E V O RPLV XVLHQLR DOLHV VXEMHNWXV 9LV M LQGLYLGXDO V VSUHQGLPDL V O\JRMD EHQGU VLDV LODLGDV YLVXRPHQ V SDMDPDV EHQGU( SDJDPLQW SUHNL EHL SDVODXJ DSLPW DOLHV YLGXMH 9DGLQDVL QDFLRQDOLQ MH V VNDLW\ERMH EHL NXULRV SUHN V DU SDVODXJRV YDUWRMLPR SRE GLV LUHLNLDPDV SHUMRV QDXGRWRMXV (NRQRPLQ VLVWHPD VXVLGHGDQWL L DWVNLU DOLHV YLGDXV HNRQRPLQL YLHQHW QDP NLR PRQL EHL YDOVW\E V YDOG\PR DSDUDWR HOHPHQW  YDGLQDPD XGDUD HNRQRPLQH VLVWHPD (NRQRPLQ VLVWHPD VXVLMXVL LU SDODLNDQWL U\LXV VX NLWRPLV YDOVW\E PLV YDGLQDPD atvira ekonomine sistema. $NLYDL]GX NDG WDUS DWVNLU HNRQRPLQ V VLVWHPRV YLHQHW \UD GDXJ\E U\L  WDUS M VXGDURPL YDLU V VDQG ULDL NLHNYLHQR YHLNORV UH]XOWDWDL YHLNLD YLVRV HNRQRPLQ V VLVWHPRV E NO LU Y\VW\PRVL WHPSXV 7DUNLPH NDG HNRQRPLQ VLVWHPD \UD XGDUD LU YLHQ SULYDWL 7XRPHW M VXGDU\V WLN GX VHNWRULDL - QDP NLV LU PRQ V ILUPRV 1DP NLDL \UD LU PRQL VDYLQLQNDL -LH L YLHQRV SXV V WHLNLD JDP\ERV YHLNVQL paslaugas, i kitos - JDXQD SDMDPDV LU GDO M LQYHVWXRMD ILUP YHLNO 

LXR E GX %13 DSVNDLLXRMDPDV VXGHGDQW YLVDV LODLGDV SLUNWL EDLJWRPV SUHN PV LU SDVODXJRPV %DLJWLQ V SURGXNFLMRV YLVXPLQHV LODLGDV VXGDUR NHWXULRV LODLG JUXS V privatus vartojimas; investicijos; Y\ULDXV\E V SLUNLPDL grynasis eksportas.

 SDY SDURG\WL WU\V E GDL NXULDLV JDOLPD QXVWDW\WL HNRQRPLQ V VLVWHPRV YHLNORV UH]XOWDWXV VXPXRMDQW SDJDPLQW SUHNL LU SDVODXJ NDLQDV VXGHGDQW LODLG G\G SUHN PV LU SDVODXJRPV VLJ\WL DSVNDLLXRMDQW JDP\ERV YHLNVQL  URGDQL SDVODXJ YHUW  O\J  Vartojimas (privatus vartojimas), (C). 9DUWRMLPDV \UD HNRQRPLQ V YHLNORV JDOXWLQLV WLNVODV PRQ V GLUED LU JDPLQD GDLNWXV WDP NDG JDO W MDLV QDXGRWLV $VPHQLQLR YDUWRMLPR

7DUS QDP NL LU PRQL QXRODW VXGDURPL WDP WLNUL VDQG ULDL U  OHQWHO  NXULXRV DSLE GLQD SUHNL LU SDVODXJ EHL SLQLJ VUDXW FLUNXOLDFLMD U  SDY 9LGLQLV VFKHPRV NRQW UDV URGR GDLNWLQL LWHNOL MXG MLP WDUS L GYLHM NLR VHNWRUL  R LRULQLV - SLQLJ VUDXW MXG MLP 

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12.4. Kiti nacionalinio produkto rodikliai

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Grynasis nacionalinis produktas (GNP)

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1DFLRQDOLQ V SDMDPRV

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$VPHQLQ V SDMDPRV
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Disponuojamosios pajamos
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13. Nacionalinio produkto dinamika

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13.1. VisumLQ SDNODXVD

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aies. Vadinasi, santaupos yra neigiamos.

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3DQDJULQ NLPH OHQWHO LVDPLDX I ,WHNOL NDLQRV ,WHNOL NDLQRV \UD UHLNPLQJDV QHNDLQLQLV YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV YHLNVQ\V (VDQW VNLUWLQJRPV V O\JRPV LWHNOL NDLQ SDN OLPDV SDGLGLQD YLHQR SURGXNWR LODLGDV LU NDUWX PDLQD YLVXPLQ SDVL O  ,WHNOL NDLQ VXPDLQLPDV YHLNLD SULHLQJDL Vidaus itekliai. (VDQW EHW NRNLDP NDLQ O\JLXL YLVRV ILUPRV JDPLQV LU SDWHLNV GLGHVQ UHDODXV QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR NLHN ULQN QHJX DQNVLDX ,U DWYLUNLDL VL ORP LWHNOL VXPDLQLPDV SDGLGLQV M NDLQDV LU VXPDLQV YLVXPLQ SDVL O  3DQDJULQ VLPH NHOHW SDY\]GL  NXULH SDG V SDDLNLQWL NDLS HP V GDUER M JRV NDSLWDOR LU YHUVOLQLQN JDOLP\EL LWHNOLDL YHLNLD YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY  HP  HP V LWHNOLDL JDOL SDGLG WL SDY\]GLXL G O QDXGLQJ LNDVHQ DWUDGLPR GU NLQLPR YHrtingus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kLWRPV V O\JRPV O\JLRPV GDUER XPRNHVLR SDVLNHLWLPDV GDUR WDN YLHQR SURGXNWR LODLGRPV LU YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY V SDG LDL 3DY\]GLXL SDVNXWLQLDLV GYLHP GHLPWPHLDLV -$9 ODEDL GDXJ GDUER YLHW X P PRWHU\V WXR VXPDLQGDPRV GDUER XPRNHVW LU SDGLGLQGDPRV YLVXPLQ SDVL O  'DUELQLQN HPLJUDFLMD L XVLHQLR SHU YLV -$9 LVWRULM WDLS SDW SDGLGLQR GDUER LWHNOLXV ,U DWYLUNLDL dideli praradimai per II- M SDVDXOLQ NDU \PLDL VXPDLQR GDUER LWHNOLXV SRNDULR PHWDLV LU NDUWX padidino ilaidas vienam produktui. Kapitalas. 9LVXPLQ SDVL OD JDOL SDGLG WL NDL YLVXRPHQ GLGLQD NDSLWDOR DWVDUJDV 7DLS E W  SDY\]GLXL WDGD MHLJX YLVXRPHQ QXVSU VW WDXS\WL GLGL M GDO VDYR SDMDP LU VDQWDXSDV SDYHUVW LQYHVWLFLMRPLV 7RNLX E GX HVDQW GLGHVQLDP NDSLWDOXL PRQ V LODLGRV SURGXNFLMRV YLHQHWXL VXPD MD R YLVXPLQ SDVL OD SDGLG MD MHL ILUPD NHLLD EORJXV UHQJLQLXV QDXMDLV ,U DWYLUNLDL YLVXPLQ SDVL OD VXPD V MHLJX SDEORJ V DOLHV NDSLWDOR NRN\E  3DY\]GLXL SDLDPH 'LGLRVLRV GHSUHVLMRV NDUtyje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ivadas: LPSRUWXRMDP LWHNOL NDLQ VXPDLQLPDV SDGLGLQD YLVXPLQ SDVL O  L LWHNOL NDLQ SDGLGLQLPDV VXPDLQD YLVXPLQ SDVL O  Viepatavimas rinkoje. 9LHSDWDYLPR ULQNRMH DUED ULQNRV PRQRSROLMRV QXVLOSLPDV DUED VXVWLSU MLPDV WDLS SDW JDOL WXU WL WDNRV LWHNOL NDLQRPV LU YLVXPLQHL SDVL ODL 9LHSDWDYLPDV ULQNRMH - WDL JDOLP\E nustatyti auktesnes kainas negu tos, kurios buvo konkurencijoje.

.DLS YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY SULNODXVR QXR QDXPR SDGLG MLPR" 3ULH WDL UHLNLD LVLDLNinti, kaip NHLLDVL LODLGRV YLHQDP SURGXNWXL SDVLNHLWXV QDXPXL 7DUNLPH NDG UHDOL QDFLRQDOLQ V JDP\ERV DSLPWLV KLSRWHWLQ MH HNRQRPLNRMH O\JL  YLHQHW  LWHNOLDL E WLQL WRNLR NLHNLR SURGXNWXL SDJDPLQWL VXGDUR  YLHQHWXV R LWHNOL  UHLNDOLQJ YLHQDm produktui pagaminti, kaina lygi 2 Lt. Kokia bus vieno SURGXNWR YHUW " 3URGXNWR YHUW JDOLPD DSVNDLLXRWL SDJDO IRUPXO  9LHQR SURGXNWR YHUW ,ODLGRV LWHNOLDPV  3URGXNW NLHNLV LXR DWYHMX SURGXNWR YHUW  O\JL  /W JDXWD GDOLQDQW LODLGDV LWHNOLDPs, lygias 10 Lt:  YQW 3DGLG MXV GDUER QDXPXL  NDUWXV SURGXNFLMRV NLHNLV SDGLG V LNL  YQW 7DL LODLGRV YLHQDP SURGXNWXL VXPD V QXR  /W LNL  FHQW LWHNOL YHUW  /W  YQW SURGXNW  ,YDGD VXPD MXV GHLQ  LU vieno produkto ilaidoms, naumo padid MLPDV SDVWXPLD YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY DWYLUNLDL QDXPR VXPD MLPDV SDGLGLQV LODLGDV YLHQDP SURGXNWXL LU SDVWXPV YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY NDLU  ///. 7HLV V QRUP SDVLNHLWLPDL 7HLV V QRUP SDVLNHLWLPDL JDOL SDNHLVWL LODLGDV YLHQDP produktui ir SDVWXPWL YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY  <UD GYL WRNL SDVLNHLWLP NDWHJRULMRV PRNHVLDL EHL VXEVLGLMRV LU UHJXOLDYLPR SDVLNHLWLPDL 0RNHVLDL LU VXEVLGLMRV PRQL PRNHVL SDGLG MLPDV WRNL NDLS DS\YDUWRV PRNHVLDL VRFLDOLQLR draudimo mokesLDL NDLS LU XGDUELR SDGLG MLPDV JDOL SDGLGLQWL LODLGDV YLHQDP SURGXNWXL LU VXPDLQWL YLVXPLQ SDVL O  3DY\]GLXL SDGLG MXV VRFLDOLQLR GUDXGLPR PRNHVLDPV SDGLG V JDP\ERV LODLGRV LU VXPD V YLVXPLQ SDVL OD 6XEVLGLMRV YHUVOXL DUED PRNHVL VXPD MLPDV WDLS SDW VXPDLQD JDP\ERV LODLGDV LU SDGLGLQD YLVXPLQ SDVL O  Valstybinis reguliavimas. 'DXJHOLX DWYHM PRQ PV EUDQJLDL NDLQXRMD YDOVW\ELQLV UHJXOLDYLPDV -LV SDGLGLQD JDP\ERV LODLGDV YLHQDP SURGXNWXL LU SDVWXPLD YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY NDLU 

II. Naumo pasikeitimai. Naumas - WDL YLGXWLQ V JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV URGLNOLV DUED UHDODXV QDFLRQDOLQLR produkto) vieno produkto ilaidoms. 1DXPR SDGLG MLPDV UHLNLD NDG HVDQW WDP WLNUDL LWHNOL DU LODLG DSLPLDL JDOLPD JDXWL GLGHVQ UHDODXV QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DSLPW 

13.3. Pusiausvyros nacionalinis produktas

7DP NDG LVLDLNLQWXPH YLVXPLQ HNRQRPLQ SXVLDXVY\U  SDO\JLQVLPH GX HNRQRPLVW NODVLNLQ LU NHLQVLVWLQ  SRL ULXV

.ODVLNLQ XLPWXPR WHRULMD 'X SDJULQGLQLDL NODVLNLQ V WHRULMRV WHLJLQLDL \UD LH SituaFLMD NXULDL HVDQW LODLG QHSDNDNV NDG JDOLPD EXW QXSLUNWL YLV SURGXNFLM  SDJDPLQW YLVLNR XLPWXPR V O\JRPLV YDUJX DU PDQRPD 1HW MHLJX EHQGU M LODLG O\JLV E W QHSDNDQNDPDV WXRPHW WDNRV WXU W NDLQD XGDUELV G O NR EHQGU M LODLG VXPD MLPDV QHV O\JRV JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV XLPWXPR LU UHDOL SDMDP VXPD MLPR .ODVLNLQ WHRULMD QDXGRMR GDU LU WUHL  QH WRN WLNVO WHLJLQ - 6 MDXV G VQ  6 MXV SDVL O SDSUDVW PLQW  NDG SDVL OD VXIRUPXRMD VDX SDNODXV  .DL PRQ V SDUGXRGD SUHN DU paslaug  WDL GDUR WDP NDG JDO W QXVLSLUNWL NXUL QRUV NLW SUHN DU SDVODXJ  7DLDX 6 MDXV G VQLR QHSDNDQND WHLJLQLXL NDG HNRQRPLND SDWL SDVLHNV YLVLN XLPWXP  6 MXV SDSUDVLDXVLDL GDU SULHODLG  MRJ PRQ V LOHLV YLVDV VDYR SDMDPDV 6DYR WHRULMRMH MLV QHSDWHLN MRNLR PHFKDQL]PR NXULV SDDLNLQW  NDLS DWVWDW\WL YLVLN XLPWXP  7XR WDUSX GDXJXPD NODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVW SDWHLN GX PHFKDQL]PXV EHQGU M NDLQ ODQNVWXP LU SDO NDQ QRUPRV ODQNVWXP  %HQGUDVLV NDLQ ODQNVWXPDV Esant dideliam nedarbuL NDLQRV NULV DWVWDW\GDPRV YLVLN XLPWXP  3DO NDQ QRUPRV ODQNVWXPDV Jeigu santaupos virija pageidautinas investicijas, kai ekonomikoje Y\UDXMD YLVLNDV XLPWXPDV WDL SDO NDQ QRUPD NULV VXO\JLQGDPD VDQWDXSDV LU LQYHVWLFLMDV SVU NUHLY URGR NLHN EXV VXWDXS\WD HVDQW YDLULRPV SDO NDQ QRUPRPV YLVLNR XLPWXPR V O\JRPV .UHLY , URGR NLHN YHUVOLQLQNDL SDVLVNROLQV SLQLJ VDYR LQYHVWLFLQL SURMHNW ILQDQVDYLPXL HVDQW YDLULRPV SDO NDQ QRUPRPV .ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVWDL WHLJ  NDG MHL VDQWDXSRV YLULMD LQYHVWLFLQ SDNODXV  WDL SDO NDQ QRUPD NULV NRO VXVLO\JLQV VDQWDXSRV LU LQYHVWLFLMRV QHSDVLHNLDQW GLGHOLR QHGDUER

.HLQVR XLPWXPR WHRULMD YLVLNDL VNLULDVL QXR NODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVW WHRULMRV .HLQVR XLPWXPR WHRULMD .HLQVR DQDOL] VNLUWD VLWXDFLMDL NDL \UD GLGHOLV QHGDUEDV (NRQRPLND \UD YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY V KRUL]RQWDOLRMH GDO\MH NHLLDQWLV LODLGRPV NHLLDVL JDP\ERV DSLPWLV EHW QHVLNHLLD kainos. .HLQVDV WHLJ  1HHJ]LVWXRMD WRNV PHFKDQL]PDV NXULV JDUDQWXRW YLVLN XLPWXP  (NRQRPLND JDOL E WL VXEDODQVXRWD W\ JDOL SDVLHNWL YLVXPLQ V JDP\ERV SXVLDXVY\U  HVDQW JDQD GLGHOLDP nedarbo lygiui ir egzistuojant infliacijai. Visikas XLPWXPDV JUHLLDXVLDL DWVLWLNWLQLV R QH VDYDLPLQLV 1HGDUER SULHDVWLV - QHSDNDQNDPD YLVXPLQ SDNODXVD

7DLS SDW NODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVWDL SDGDU LYDG  MRJ SURGXNFLMRV NXUL JDOL JDPLQWRMDL SDUGXRWL gamybos lygis pULNODXVR QH WLN QXR EHQGU LODLG  EHW LU QXR NDLQ O\JLR WDL SURGXNFLMDL 7DLJL MHL YDUWRWRMDL ODLNLQDL VXWDXS GDXJLDX SLQLJ QHL JDPLQWRMDL NHWLQD MXRV LQYHVWXRWL WDL VXPDLQD EHQGU VLDV LODLGDV EHW QHVXNHOLD LOJDODLNLR JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV SDMDP LU XLPWXPR O\JLR VXPD MLPR VX V O\JD NDG WRV SURGXNFLMRV NDLQRV NULWR SURSRUFLQJDL LODLG PD MLPXL .ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVW QXRPRQH WDLS LU WXUL E WL .RQNXUHQFLMD WDUS SDUGDY M XWLNULQD NDLQ HODVWLQJXP 

7DLS SDW .HLQVDV SDQHLJ NODVLNLQ WHRULM DSLH /DLVVH] IDLUH SROLWLN  W\ HNRQRPLQ SROLWLN EH YDOVW\E V VLNLLPR -LV SDGDU LYDG  NDG MHL NHWLQDPH LYHQJWL LWHNOL QXRVWROL  E WLQD DNW\YL YDOVW\E V SROLWLND Pusiausvyra paprastoje ekonomikoje NDL Q UD Y\ULDXV\E V NLLPRVL  SDY SDURG\WD NDLS SXVLDXVY\URV QDFLRQDOLQLV SURGXNWDV QXVWDWRPDV SDSUDVWRMH HNRQRPLNRMH NDL Q UD Y\ULDXV\E V Niimosi). 3DJHLGDXWLQRV LQYHVWLFLMRV VXGHGDPRV VX DVPHQLQLR YDUWRMLPR LODLGRPLV LU WDLS JDXQDPRV YLVXPLQ V LODLGRV 9, 7HUPLQDV YLVXPLQ V LODLGRV QDXGRMDPDV NDL QRULPD SDURG\WL NDLS LODLGRV SULNODXVR QXR QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR 9LVXPLQL LODLG NUHLY URGR NDLS UHLNDODXMDPDV SUHNL EHL SDVODXJ YLVXPLQLV NLHNLV SULNODXVR QXR QDFLRQDOLQL SDMDP DU QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR  SDY KRUL]RQWDOL DLV LU  WLHV URGR QH JU\Q VLDV SDMDPDV *3 R QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW 13

2000

1500

Planuotos investicijos (I*) arba paklausa investicijRPV \UD WRNLRV LQYHVWLFLMRV NXUL SDJHLGDXMD YHUVOLQLQNDL -DV YDL]GXRMD /1 DWNDUSRV WDUSLQ GDOLV -HL L SUDGL JDP\ERV DSLPWLV VXPD MD ODELDX QHL SXVLDXVY\URV G\GLV WDL EXV VNDWLQDPDV JDP\ERV SO WLPDV -HL WDNH - SDJDPLQDPD  POUG /W YHUW V SURGXNFLMRV WDL LXR DWYHMX YLVXPLQL LODLG OLQLMD \UD DXNLDX X  QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR WLHV  3LUN MDL OLQN SLUNWL GDXJLDX SUHNL  QHL M GDEDU JDPLQDPD $WVDUJ LHLNYRMDPD GDXJLDX QHJX M UHLN W  7DL QHSDJHLGDXWLQDV DWVDUJ VXPD MLPDV 3UHNLDXWojai nori atnaujinti savo DWVDUJDV LU GLGLQD XVDN\PXV JDPLQWRMDPV R SDVWDULHML SOHLD JDP\E  3ULDUW MDPD SULH SXVLDXVY\URV WDNR (  SDY SDURG\WD NDLS JDOLPD QXVWDW\WL SXVLDXVY\URV QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW YLHWRM VXPRV &,  SDQDXGRMXV DOWHUQDW\YL VXP 6,  NXU 6 \UD VDQWDXSRV Pusiausvyra pasiekiama, kai gamybos apimtis prilygsta 2000 mlrd. Lt, o santaupos sutampa su SDJHLGDXWLQRPLV LQYHVWLFLMRPLV -HL 13 GLGHVQLV SY]  POUG /W WDL SXVLDXVY\URV QHEXV 1HV SLQLJ QXWHN MLPDL L FLUNXOLDFLQLR LODLG VUDXWR VDQWDXS SDYLGDOX \UD GLGHVQL X LQMHNFLMDV LQYHVWLFLM SDYLGDOX 13 VXPD MD LNL SXVLDXVY\URV G\GLR W\ LNL  POUG /W.

Pusiausvyra pasiekiama tDGD NDL YLVXPLQ V LODLGRV O\JLRV QDFLRQDOLQLDP SURGXNWXL WDNDV (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a WRO NRO HNRQRPLND SDVLHNLD SXVLDXVY\U WDNH ( NXULDPH 13 9, LV WDNDV WDLS SDW UHLNLD NDG QHEHOLHND QHSDUGXRW SUHNL  Kai nacionalinio produkto kiekis susibalansuoja, svarbu iskirti faktikas ir pageidautinas investicijas. Faktikos Investicijos (I) - WDL NLHNLV NXULV WUDXNLDPDV RILFLDOL QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DSVNDLW  LRV LQYHVWLFLMRV DSLPD YLVDV JDP\NO  UDQJRV QDP VWDW\ERV LQYHVWLFLMDV -RV SD\P WRV /1 DWNDUSRV YLUXWLQ MH dalyje.

Faktikos investicijos I - WDL LQYHVWLFLMRV VNLUWRV QDXMRPV JDP\NORPV UHQJLPDPV LU QDPDPV VLJ\WL SHr WDP WLNU ODLN  WDLS SDW DWVDUJRPV SDGLGLQWL LD WUDXNLDPRV YLVRV VXNDXSWRV DWVDUJRV QHSULNODXVRPDL QXR WR DU tos atsargos pageidautinos, ar ne. Pageidautinos investicijos I*, dar vadinamos planuotomis investicijomis arba investicine paklausa, yra iQYHVWLFLMRV VNLUWRV QDXMRPV JDP\NORPV UHQJLPDPV LU QDPDPV VLJ\WL SHU WDP WLNU ODLN  WDLS SDW SDSLOGRPRV DWVDUJRV NXULDV JDPLQWRMDL SDJHLGDYR WXU WL LRPV LQYHVWLFLMRPV QHSULNODXVR QHSDJHLGDXWLQ DWVDUJ NDXSLPDV

1HSDJHLGDXWLQ DWVDUJ NDXSLPDV - tDL VNLUWXPDV WDUS IDNWLN , LU SDJHLGDXWLQ ,  LQYHVWLFLM  1HSDJHLGDXWLQDV DWVDUJ VXPD MLPDV O\JXV SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM ,  LU IDNWLN LQYHVWLFLM , VNLUWXPXL 7DLS DWVLWLQND NDL QHSDJHLGDXWLQ DWVDUJ NDXSLPDV \UD QHLJLDPDV ,ODLG DS\WDND SLQLJ QXRW NLV LU LQMHNFLMD 1RULQW SDDLNLQWL NRG O SXVLDXVY\UD SDVLHNLDPD WDGD NDL VDQWDXSRV O\JLRV LQYHVWLFLM SDNODXVDL UHLNLD SDQDJULQ WL  SDY NXULDPH SDURG\WD SDSUDVWD HNRQRPLND NXU Q UD SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM LU YDUWRWRMDL SHUND YLVDs pagamintas prekes. *DPLQWRMDL L SUDGL SDUGXRGD SUHNL X WDP WLNU VXP  7XRV SLQLJXV MLH VXPRND J\YHQWRMDPV GDUER XPRNHVLR UHQWRV DU NLW SDMDP SDYLGDOX %H WR J\YHQWRMDL JDXWDV SDMDPDV LOHLGLD SODWDXV YDUWRMLPR SUHN PV SLUNWL YLUXWLQLV ODQNDV 'DU NDUW JDPLQWRMDL

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liacinio LODLG VUDXWR SDGLG MXV SROLQNLXL WDXS\WL VXPD MD 13 FLUNXOLDFLQ LODLG VUDXW  GLG MDQW SDJHLGDXWLQRPV LQYHVWLFLMRPV ,QYHVWLFLMRV UHLNLD LQMHNFLMDV GLG MD 13 Pusiausvyra pasiekiama, kai santaupos susilygina su pageidautinomis investicijomis. iuo atveju kuo GDXJLDX GHGDPD LQYHVWLFLM  WXR GLGHVQLV EXV SDMDP VUDXWDV  SDY 'LGHVQLV VUDXWDV VNDWLQD GLGHVQ SLQLJ QXWHN MLP VDQWDXSDV 'LG MDQW SDMDPRPV GLG MD LU WDXS\PDV 6UDXWDL VWDELOL]XRMDVL NDL VXVLO\JLQD ,,injekcijos" LU SLQLJ QXWHN MLPDL

SDUGXRGD SUHNL LU SDVODXJ X W VXP  LU YLVDV SURFHVDV Y O SDVLNDUWRMD R QDFLRQDOLQLV SURGXNWDV OLHND VWDELOXV

.DV V O\JRMD VDQWDXS LU LQYHVWLFLM SXVLDXVY\U " ' .HLQVDV PDQ  NDG WDXS\PR LU LQYHVWDYLPR VSUHQGLP DWVDN\PDV QHJDUDQWXRMD SDJHLGDXWLQRV LQYHVWLFLMRV EXV WRNLR SDW G\GLR NDLS LU VDQWDXSRV HVDQW YLVLNR XLPWXPR HNRQRPLNDL -HL LH G\GLDL QHVXWDSV YLVLNR XLPWXPR JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV WDNH )  L WDL QDFLRQDOLQLV SURGXNWDV PD V LU DWVLUDV QHGDUEDV 9DGLQDVL QDFLRQDOLQ V SDMDPRV VPDUNLDL VXPD WL NDG VDQWDXSRV VXVLO\JLQW VX SDJHLGDXWLQRPLV LQYHVWLFLMRPLV

Apibendrinant galLPD SDVDN\WL NDG SXVLDXVY\UD SDVLHNLDPD NHOLDLV E GDLV 3XVLDXVY\UD SDVLHNLDPD NDG QDFLRQDOLQ V JDP\ERV DSLPWLV VXWDPSD VX YLVXPLQ PLV LODLGRPLV 7DL gamybos apimties (ieigos) - LODLG WUDNWXRW  WDLNRPD SXVLDXVY\UDL QXVWDW\WL LU LUHLNLDPD WDNX ( (103 pav.). Pusiausvyra pasiekiama, kai faktikos investicijos (I) susilygina su pageidautinomis investicijomis ,  W\ NDL DWVDUJRV \UD SDJHLGDXWR O\JLR 1 UD QHSDJHLGDXWLQ DWVDUJ SRN\LR NDLS SDURG\WD DWNDUSRV /1 YLUXWLQH GDOLPL HVDQLD WDUS 13 WLHV V LU YLVXU LODLG WLHV V  SDY Pusiausvyra pasiekiama, kai santaupos ir pageidautinos investicijos susilygina tai (104 pav.). Tai SLQLJ QXWHN MLP - LQMHNFLM WUDNWXRW  LRV WU\V WUDNWXRW V - tai skirtingi to paties teiginio aikinimai. 1HGDUER SULHDVW\V JDOL E WL DSLE GLQDPRV GYLHP DOWHUQDW\YLDLV E GDLV 1HGDUER SXVLDXVY\UD EXV tuomet, kai: 9LVXPLQ V LODLGRV \UD SHU PDRV LU M QHSDNDQND QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR NLHNLXL QXSLUNWL HVDQW YLVLNDP XLPWXPXL 3DY\]GLXL YLVLNR XLPWXPR WDNH ) YLVXPLQL L WLHV \UD HPLDX  OLQLMRV YDL]GXRMDQLRV 13  SDY 3DJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM LQMHNFLMRV \UD PDHVQ V QHJX SLQLJ QXWHN MLPDV VDQWDXSDV NDL QDFLRQDOLQLV SURGXNWDV \UD SDVLHN V YLVLNR XLPWXPR NLHN  3DY\]GLXL YLL XLPWXPR WDNH ) SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM WLHV \UD HPLDX WDXS\PR WLHV V  S

13.4. Pusiausvyros nacionalinio produkto kitimas

Multiplikatorius - WDL VDQW\NLV WDUS 13 SDGLG MLPR LU SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM SDGLG MLPR -LV JDOL E WL ireiktas formule:

Multiplikatorius = 3XVLDXVY\URV 13 SRN\WLV3DJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM SRN\WLV ' 13, 0XOWLSOLNDWRULXL DLNLQWL JDOLPD SDQDXGRWL VDQWDXS - LQYHVWLFLM GLDJUDP  7DL JDOLPD SDPDW\WL  SDY

Multiplikatorius = 1/1-RPV. Kadangi santaupos yra lygios SDMDP LU YDUWRMLPR LODLG VNLUWXPXL tuomet: Ribinis polinkis taupyti = 1-RPV. 7RG O SDSUDVWRMH HNRQRPLNRMH PXOWLSOLNDWRUL JDOLPD LUHLNWL GDU LU WDLS

$XJDQW SDJHLGDXWLQRPV LQYHVWLFLMRPV GLG MD QDFLRQDOLQLV SURGXNWDV LU SDMDPRV R WDL VNDWLQD PRQHV GDXJLDX YDUWRWL 3DSUDVWRMH HNRQRPLQ MH VLVWHPRMH UHDOXV QDFLRQDOLQLV SURGXNWDV SDGLG MD WLHN NDUW  NLHN SDGLG MD LQYHVWLFLM PXOWLSOLNDWRULXV 3DVWDUDVLV QXVWDWRPDL WDLS

Multiplikatorius = 1/RPT. Keinsistinis multiplikatoriaus modelis buvo sugalvotas, siekiant paaikinti, kaip gali keisti gamybos DSLPWLV LU XLPWXPDV NHLLDQWLV LODLGRPV 7DPH PRGHO\MH LODLG SDGLG MLPDV SDURGR UHDODXV QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR SDGLG MLP  7DL UHLNLD NDG HNRQRPLQ VLWXDFLMD DWLWLQNL SRVOLQN YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY V horizontalia dalimL NXULRMH NDLQRV QHVLNHLLD Santaupos ir Investicijos. .DLS LU ' .HLQVDV NODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVWDL SULSDLQR NDG SDJHLGDXWLQRV LQYHVWLFLMRV LU VDQWDXSRV WXU W E WL O\JLRV MHL HNRQRPLND SDVLHNWL SXVLDXVY\U  7DLDX NLWDLS QHL ' .HLQVDV  SDY MLH PDQ  NDG UHDOXV 13 QHPD MD MHLJX SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM \UD PDLDX QHJX VDQWDXS  .ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVWDL WHLJ  NDG NDLQ PHFKDQL]PDV VXUHJXOLXRV SDJHLGDXWLQD LQYHVWLFLMDV LU VDQWDXSDV HVDQW YLVLNDP XLPWXPXL LDPH PHFKDQL]PH SDJULQGLQH NDLQD UHLN W ODLN\WL SDO NDQ QRUP  -L LUHLNLD DWO\JLQLP  NXU JDXQD WDXS\WRMDL 7DLS SDW SDO NDQ QRUPD UHLNLD NDLQ  NXUL YHUVOLQLQNDL PRND X SDVLVNROLQWXV SLQLJXV SDQDXGRMDPXV VWDW\E DU NLW LQYHVWLFLM SURMHNW ILQDQVDYLPXL

SVU kreLY URGR NLHN EXV VXWDXS\WD HVDQW YDLULRPV SDO NDQ QRUPRPV LU YLVLNDP XLPWXPXL .UHLY , URGR NLHN YHUVOLQLQNDL SDVLVNROLQV SLQLJ VDYR LQYHVWLFLQL SURMHNW ILQDQVDYLPXL .ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVWDL WHLJ  NDG MHL VDQWDXSRV YLULMD LQYHVWLFLQ SDNODXV  WDL SDO NDQ QRUPD NULV NRO VXVLO\JLQV santaupos ir investicijos, nepasiekiant dideli nedarbo.

3XVLDXVY\UD WDNH %  SDY UHLNLD GLGHO QHGDUER O\J  -HLJX LQYHVWLFLQ SDNODXVD QHSULO\JVWD YLVLNR XLPWXPR VDQWDXSRPV QHW WDGD NDL SDO NDQ QRUPD \UD PLQLPDOL DWNDUSD $% WXRPHW JDP\ERV DSLPWLV XLPWXPDV LU SDMDPRV VXPD V R VDQWDXS NUHLY SDVLVOLQNV SDG W 62. ' .HLQVDV WHLJ  NDG NODVLNLQLDPH SRL U\MH VDQWDXSDV LU LQYHVWLFLMDV \UD NODLGD -LV VDN  NDG YLVLNR XLPWXPR VDQWDXS NUHLY 6VU JDOL NLUVWL LQYHVWLFLQ V SDNODXVRV NUHLY ,  NDL SDO NDQ QRUPD \UD HPLDX QXOLR %HW QH PDQRPD NDG SDO NDQ QRUPD E W QHLJLDPD QHV QLHNDV WXRPHW QHQRU V VNROLQWL SLQLJ  7DLJL ' .HLQVDV SUL MR LYDGRV NDG SDO NDQ QRUPD Q UD QXOLQ  -L \UD WDP WLNUDPH WHLJLDPDPH O\J\MH Lmin (109 pav.). ie: .ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVWDL WHLJ  NDG VDQWDXS SDGLG MLPDV PDLQDQW SDO NDQ QRUPDV VXNHOLD LQYHVWLFLM DXJLP LU WRG O VWLPXOLXRMD HNRQRPLNRV DXJLP  6DQWDXSRV WHLNLD QDXG YLVXRPHQHL LU JHULDX PXV DSU SLQD DWHLLDL ' .HLQVDV WHLJ SULHLQJDL 3DJDO M  VDQWDXSRV JDOL E WL DQWLVRFLDOLQLV UHLNLQ\V -R JDOL VXPDLQWL QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW LU XLPWXP  %H WR ' .HLQVDV WHLJ  NDF LQYHVWLFLQ V SDNODXVRV pokytis sukelia VDQWDXS SRN\W  SDY Taupumo paradoksas. 6DN\NLP NDG PRQ V VXWDXSR YLV GDXJLDX L JDXW SDMDP  WDGD VDQWDXS WLHV kyla i S1 SDG WLHV 62 SDG W  3LQLJ QXWHN MLPDV VDQWDXSDV YLULMD LQMHNFLMDV Pagrindiniai teoULQLDL VNLUWXPDL WDUS ' .HLQVR LU NODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVW \UD

.ODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLVWDL WHLJ  NDG VDQWDXSRV WDLS SDSUDVWDL QHQXWHND L HNRQRPLQ V VLVWHPRV R ILQDQVLQ MH ULQNRMH MRV \UD VXMXQJWRV VX investicijomis, kaip parodyta 106 pav.

(AE|). 7RG O 13 VXPD MD LNL % QDXMRV SXVLausvyros take E2 kuriame santaupos ir pageidautinos investicijos susilygina. LXR DWYHMX NDL SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM NUHLY \UD KRUL]RQWDOL SDGLG MXV SROLQNLXL WDXS\WL SXVLDXVY\URV WDXS\PDV QHGLG MD 0D MD WLN JDP\ERV DSLPWLV 'DURPH SULHODLG  NDG SDJHLGDXWLQRV LQYHVWLFLMRV \UD SDVWRYLRV LXR DWYHMX SDJHLGDXWLQ LQYHVWLFLM WLHV GLG MD NDLS SDURG\WD  SDY

LXR DWYHMX SDGLG MXV SROLQNLXL WDXS\WL VDQWDXS WLHV SDVLVOHQND L S1 62 7DL VXNHOLD ODEDL \P nacionalinio produkto pusiausvyros aSLPWLHV VXPD MLP QXR WDNR $ LNL WDNR % %H WR SDNLOXV VDQWDXS WLHVHL VDQWDXS LU LQYHVWLFLM SXVLDXVY\URV DSLPWLV VXPD MD LU SDVLVOHQND QXR $(1 iki BE2 Atsiranda taupymo paradoksas. 7DXSXPR SDUDGRNVDV DWVLUDQGD WDGD NDL SROLQNLR WDXS\WL SDGLG MLPDV SRVOLQNLV L SDG WLHV S1 62) VXNHOLD IDNWLN VDQWDXS VXPD MLP QXR $(1 iki BE2). 3ROLQNLR WDXS\WL SDGLG MLPDV VXNHOLD GLGHVQLXV SLQLJ QXWHN MLPXV L LODLG VUDXWR WRG O JDP\ERV DSLPWLV VXPD MD ,QYHVWLFLM NLHNLV WDLS SDW PD MD 3XVLDXVY\UD DWVWDWRPD WLN WXRPHW NDL 13 VXPD MD WLHN NDG PRQ V SDVLWHQNLQD VXWDXS\WX NLHNLX NXULV Q UD GLGHVQLV X VXPD MXV LQYHVWLFLM NLHN WDNH (2 0D MDQW 13 LQYHVWLFLM NLHNLV PD MD R 13 WXUL VXPD WL WLHN NDG DWVWDW\W VDQWDXS LU LQYHVWLFLM SXVLDXVY\U  WRG O VDQWDXSRV PD MD LU VOHQND DWNDUSD QXR (1 iki E2. 7DLDX WDXSXPR SDUDGRNVDV QHYHLNLD HNRQRPLNRMH NXULRMH \UD LQIOLDFLQ SHUWHNOLQ SDNODXVD (VDQW VNLUWLQJDP NDLQ O\JLXL SDMDP LU LODLG JUDILNDV WDLS SDW LU SXVLDXVY\U DWLWLQNDQWLV %13 Eus skirtingi. $U JDOLPL LQIOLDFLMD LU QHGDUEDV HVDQW SDVL ORV LU SDNODXVRV SXVLDXVY\UDL" 3DPDW\VLPH NDG NDL SXVLDXVY\UD \UD GLGHVQ X YLVLN XLPWXP  HNRQRPLN LWLQND LQIOLDFLMD .DL Y\NVWD DWYLUNWLQLV SURFHVDV SUDGHGD NOHVW WL QHGDUEDV LU HNRQRPLQis nuosmukis. 7DUNLP HVDQW  POUG /W %13 EXV SDVLHNWDV YLVLNDV XLPWXPDV  SDY SHU WDN LYHVWDV VWDWPXR SRWHQFLDOXV %13 3XVLDXVY\UD SDVLHNLDPD WDNH ( $WVWXPDV WDUS JDP\ERV SXVLDXVY\URV LU YLVLNR XLPWXPR O\JLR YDGLQDPDV QXRVPXN V O\JRMDQLX DWRWU NLX 6NDLWLQ LR DWRWU NLR UHLNP LUHLNLD DWNDUSD (%

5HPGDPLHVL  SDY LVLDLNLQVLPH NDLS VXUDVWL WDN  NXU SDVLHNLDPDV YLVLNDV XLPWXPDV .DL LODLG WLHV NHUWD  WLHV WDNH ( WDL %13  POUG /W 7DLDX WDL YLULMD JDP\ERV O\J  NDL YLVXV QRULQLXV JDOLPD GDUELQWL 7DGD NDLQRV DXJV WLHN NDG &, WLHV NULV LU HLV SHU WDN ) $WVWXPDV %( SDURG\V NLHN UHDOXV %13 \UD GLGHVQLV X SRWHQFLDO M  LV VNLUWXPDV YDGLQDPDV LQIOLDFLM V O\JRMDQLX DWRWU NLX

9DGLQDVL YLVLNDV XLPWXPDV JDOL E WL SDVLHNWDV GLGLQDQW YLVXPLQHV LODLGDV 7DL VXPDLQW LU YLVDL SDQDLNLQW QXRVPXN V O\JRMDQW DWRWU N  9DGLQDVL WLHV &, WXUL NLUVWL  WLHV WDNH )

1XRVPXN V O\JRMDQWLV DWRWU NLV - %13 DSLPWLV NXULRMH DWLWLQNDQWLV SXVLDXVY\U %13 \UD PDHVQLV X SRWHQFLDO M 

,QIOLDFLM V O\JRMDQWLV DWRWU NLV - %13 DSLPWLV NXULRMH DWLWLQNDQWLV SXVLDXVY\U %13 \UD GLGHVQLV QHL YLVLNR XLPWXPR %13 O\JLV LV WU NXPDV SDVLUHLNLD DXNWHVQ PLV NDLQRPLV LU NLWDLV SDNODXV PDLQDQLDLV YHLNVQLDis. Be to, kai UHDOXVLV %13 \UD GLGHVQLV X SRWHQFLDO M  ODEDL SDGLG MD GDUER M JRV SDNODXVD  SHUQHO\J DXNWDV NDLQ O\JLV LU GDUER XPRNHVLR GLG MLPDV V O\JRMD LQIOLDFLM 

14. Cikliniai svyravimai

14.1. Ekonomikos svyravimai
9HUVOR FLNOR V YRND
,OJDODLN WHQGHQFLMD DSLE GLQD SHU GLGHO ODLNR WDUS LU\N MXVL WHQGHQFLM  Jei BNP ir kiti YLVXRPHQLQ V JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV URGLNOLDL WXUL WHQGHQFLM DXJWL GLG WL WDL SY] QHGDUE DSLE GLQDntys duomenys QHGXRGD SDJULQGR NDOE WL DSLH DSLEU W WHQGHQFLM - kilti arba kristi. Sezoniniai svyravimai. 'DXJHOLXL HNRQRPLNRV SURFHV E GLQJDV VH]RQLNXPDV SY] HP V N\MH GDUE DSLPWLV YDVDU \UD GLGHVQ QHL LHP  WDV SDWV YHM\ERMH DLNXV VH]RQLNXPDV E GLQJDV WXUL]PXL Tai daro WDN NLWLHPV HNRQRPLQLDPV URGLNOLDPV XLPWXPXL SUHNL DS\YDUWDL -HL QDJULQ MDPL WUXPS ODLNRWDUSL HNRQRPLQLDL SURFHVDL VH]RQLNXP DWVLYHOJWL E WLQD Paprastai tokiais atvejais rodiklis yra koreguojamas DWVLYHOJLDQW VH]RQLNXP  VH]RQR \SDW\EL VXNHOWDV QXNU\SLPDV HOLPLQXRMDPDV SDVLQDXGRMDQW SUD MXVL SHULRG VH]RQLQL VY\UDYLP VFKHPD  Cikliniai svyravimai. -HL NXULDP QRUV SURFHVXL QHE GLQJL VH]RQLQLDL VY\UDYLPDL DUED MXRV eliminuojame/jis anaiptol nesirutulios tolygiai, remdamasis savo ilgalaike tendencija. 'DXJXPRV SURFHV SDUDPHWUDL QXRODW NLQWD WDLDX EHQGUD WHQGHQFLMD OLHND 7LH SRN\LDL Q UD DWVLWLNWLQLDL QHUHJXOLDU V MLH VXVLNORVWR VLVWHPLQJ  UHJXOLDU  SDVLNDUWRMDQLRV NRQILJ UDFLMRV MXG MLP  Ekonominio pakilimo metai pertraukiami EHQGURV NLQ V SDG WLHV VDQW\NLQLX LU DEVROLXLX SDEORJ MLPX G VQLQJDL SDNHLLD QDXMDV NLR DNW\YXPR pakilimas. Tokie svyravimai vadinami cikliniais. Nuolatiniai nacionalinio produkto gamybos ir vartojimo pakilimaL LU DWRVO JLDL MR LOJDODLN V WHQGHQFLMRV U PXRVH SDDOLQXV VH]RQLNXPR DSUDLNDV YDGLQDPL verslo ciklais. 9HUVOR FLNOR V YRND DSLE GLQD EHQGU YLV SDJULQGLQL HNRQRPLNRV LQGLNDWRUL GLQDPLN  .LHNYLHQDV HNRQRPLQLV SURFHVDV LU MR LQGLNDWRULDL WXUL VDY FLNOLQ V UDLGRV \SDW\EL  &LNODV FLNOXL QHO\JX <UD NHOL SDYLGDO FLNODL VNLULDPL SDJDO WUXNP  3DJULQGLQ FLNOR U LV - verslo FLNODV PDUNVLVWLQ MH HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMRMH YDGLQDPDV SUDPRQLQLX FLNOX -R WUXNP - PHW  $SWLNWDV LU GDXJ trumpesnis - PDGDXJ  P QHVL - FLNODV YDGLQDPDV JDP\ELQL DWVDUJ FLNOX <UD QXVWDW\WL LU - PHW FLNODL VXVLM VX VWDW\ERV GDUE DSLPWLHV SHULRGLNX VY\UDYLPX 1XVWDW\WDV FLNODV VLHWLQDV VX SHULRGLQLDLV YLVXRWLQLDLV ULQNLPDLV YDOVW\E MH SROLWLQLV YHUVOR FLNODV 5XV HNRQRPLVWDV 1 .RQGUDWMHYDV QXVWDW - PHW FLNOLNXP NLQ MH YHLNORMH SDYDGLQ V WDL LOJRVLRPLV EDQJRPLV  NLQ V YHLNORV DSVNULWDL LU NRQNUHL MRV SDVLUHLNLP SHULRGLQLV VY\UDYLPDV - ciklikumas QHDEHMRWLQDV 7DLDX W VY\UDYLP SULHDVW\V WROL JUDX GDU Q UD LWLUWRV
WUXPSDLV ODLNRWDUSLDLV %13 NLQWD DEL SXVHV 1DFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DSLPWLV QXRODW NHLLDVL ,OJ ODLNRWDUSL SRL ULX WDV NLWLPDV UHLNLDVL NDLS QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DXJLPDV R NLWLP U LV

- ir SDGLG

MD LU VXPD MD *DOLPD VNLUWL WULV WRNL

Ciklo stadijos ID] V

3HULRGLNDV HNRQRPLQL SURFHV

VY\UDYLPDV DSLE GLQDPDV DWVNLU

FLNOR VWDGLM

FKDUDNWHULVWLNRPLV  SDY SDURG\WRV NHWXULRV YHUVOR LV LU YLU Q  1DFLRQDOLQLV HNRQRPLNRV W\ULPR EHL XLPWXPR O\JLX .DUWDLV YLU Q GDU

FLNOR ID] V (NRQRPLNRMH SDNLOLP ELXUDV QXVWDWR NDGD Y\NVWD LRV

NHLLD QXRVPXNLV 7DUSLQLDL WD ID] V 3DNLOLPDV QHE WLQDL

kai - WDL YHUVOR DNW\YXPR O

EDLJWLV DXNWX

WXUL

NOHVW MLPR

nepasiekiama, o jau vyksta naujas nuosmukis.

KrL] O LV GHSUHVLMD 7DL HPLDXVLD SRWHQFLDODXV QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DWYLOJLX HLOLQLR FLNOR VWDGLMD -RV PHWX LDXJD QHGDUEDV  SDNODXVD JHURNDL DWVLOLHND QXR JDP\ELQL SDM JXP  9HUVOR SDMDPRV LU SHOQDV VPXN  GDOLV ILUP SDWLULD QXRVWROL  3DVNDWRV LQYHVWLFLMRPV VLOSQRV -HL WRNV FLNOR  GXELPDV \UD JLOXV LU XWUXQND LOJ ODLN  MLV YDGLQDPDV GHSUHVLMD 3DY\]GLXL 3DVDXOLQ GHSUHVLMD EXYR - P -DL E GLQJD

 $XNWDV QHGDUER O\JLV 'DXJHO\MH DOL - .DQDGRMH 3UDQF ]LMRMH 9RNLHWLMRMH ,Walijoje ir kitose- 1933 P QHGDUER O\JLV VXGDU SURFEHQGURGDUELQJ J\YHQWRM VNDLLDXV 3ODWDXV YDUWRMLPR UHLNPHQ NDLQ NULWLPDV 1XR  P LNL  P NYLHL  FXNUDXV NRQVHUY  DUEDWRV NDLQRV VXPD MR  SURF PHGYLOQ V LU LONR - daugiau nei 60 SURF NDXLXNR -  SURF 0DDL LVLY\VLXVLRPV DOLPV NXUL HNRQRPLND SULNODXV QXR SODWDXV YDUWRMLPR SUHNL  SLUPLDXVLD HP V NLR SURGXNW  HNVSRUWR WDL EXYR WLNUD QHODLP  3UDPRQLQ V JDP\ERV PD MLPDV 9LHQ WLN SHU  P SUDPRQ V JDP\ED VXPD MR 'LGLRMRMH Britanijoje, Italijoje ir Japonijoje apie 8 proc., Australijoje, Kanadoje, Vokietijoje - beveik 15 proc., JAV - DSLH  SURF 6XPD MR WLHN SODWDXV YDUWRMLPR WLHN SUDPRQLQL SUHNL SDNODXVD 7DLDX SUDPRQLQL SUHNL NDLQRV QHNULWR WDLS VWDLJLDL NDLS SODWDXV YDUWRMLPR UHLNPHQ NDLQRV 3LUPLDXVLD VXPD MR M JDP\ED *DOLPD QXURG\WL GYL SDJULQGLQHV SULHDVWLV GDXJHOLV JDPLQWRM YHLNLD QHWREXORV NRQNXUHQFLMRV ULQNRVHM SDUGXRGDP SURGXNW NDLQRV \UD kontroliuojamos; PD MDQW SDNODXVDL JDPLQWRMDL PDLQD JDP\ERV DSLPWLV EHW QH NDLQDV 7DUSWDXWLQ V SUHN\ERV OXJLPDV 3DJ\Y MLPDV SDNLOLPDV 7DL VWDGLMD HLQDQWL SR NUL] V DU GHSUHVLMRV NDGD JDP\ED SUDGHGD DXJWL $WQDXMLQDPL IL]LNDL LU PRUDOLDL QXVLG Y M UHQJLPDL N\OD XLPWXPR SDMDP LU YDUWRMLPR URGLNOLDL 3DJHU MD JDP\ERV UHDOL]DYLPR LU SHOQR SHUVSHNW\YRV SDJDXV MD LQYHVWDYLPR PRW\Y  WUDXNLDPL JDP\E OLJ WRO QHSDQDXGRWL JDP\ELQLDL SDM JXPDL EHL QHXLPWD GDUER M JD 9LU Q EXPDV 1DFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DSLPWLV \UD GLGLDXVLD ML SDsiekia potencialaus nacionalinio SURGXNWR O\J  $WVLUDQGD WDPSD GDUER ULQNRMH \SD LPD VWLJWL NYDOLILNXRWRV GDUER M JRV *DOL NLOWL GHILFLWR SR\PL LU PHGLDJ EHL DOLDY ULQNRMH 7ROHVQLV JDP\ERV DXJLPDV GDURVL QHEHJDOLPDV EH GLGHVQL LQYHVWLFLM  invHVWLFLQ V LODLGRV DXJD JHURNDL SDGLGLQGDPRV ODLVY SLQLJ SDNODXV  .DGDQJL LQYHVWDYLPDV UHLNDODXMD WDP WLNUR ODLNR SDGLG MXVL SDNODXVD SLUPLDXVLDL VXNHOLD SURGXNFLMRV NDLQ DXJLP  6WLQJD YLV GDXJLDX ULQNRV SUHNL  NDLQ NLOLPDV V O\JRMD JDP\ERV NDW DXJLP  %HW NRNLD NLQ YHLNOD G O NDLQ NLOLPR \UD SHOQLQJD QXRVWROLDL ir bankrotai labai reti. Nuosmukis (recesija). 3R WR NDL HNRQRPLND SHU MR DXNLDXVL SDNLOLPR WDN  Y\NVWD JDP\ERV PD MLPDV -LV SUDVLGHGD SUHNL LU SDVODXJ UHDOL]DYLPR PD MLPX O W MD JDP\ERV Y\VW\PRVL WHPSDL Y OLDX JDP\ED YLVDL QXVWRMD GLG WLML QHW JDOL PD WL DEVROLXLD LUDLND 6XPD MXV SDNODXVDL QHEHDXJD JDP\ED VXPD MD LU XLPWXPDV HLP SDMDPRV WDLS SDW LPD PD WL LU WDL GDU ODELDX PDLQD YLVXPLQHV LODLGDV .UHQWD ir UHQWDELOXPDV Q\NVWD QDXM LQYHVWLFLM PRW\YDL 0DHVQ V WDPSD LU SDVNDWRV DWQDXMLQWL UHQJLPXV 3D\P WLQD NDG MRNV FLNODV QHVLNDUWRMD NLHNYLHQDV VNLULDVL LU VDYR EHQGU MD WUXNPH LU DWVNLU VWDGLM ilgumu, ir kritimo ar pakilimo ,,gilumu" bei ,,aukWXPX  LU WXR NDLS SHUHLQDPD L YLHQRV VWDGLMRV NLW  3RNDULR PHWX QDFLRQDOLQLXRVH ULQNRV NLXRVH FLNOLQL VY\UDYLP DPSOLWXG V VXPD MR

Nuosmukio ekonominiai katai

.DL HNRQRPLND VPXQND QHJU WDPDL SUDUDQGDPD JDP\ERV SRWHQFLDOL DSLPWLV 7R ODLNR NXU EHGDUELDL SUDOHLGR G\NLQ GDPL MDX QHEHJDOLPD VXJU LQWL %H WR EHGDUELDL NHQLD PDWHULDOLDL LU PRUDOLDL 1HGDUEDV - tai ne WLN QHSDJDPLQWD SURGXNFLMD EHW LU PRQL GHPRUDOL]DFLMD +DUYLV %HPHULV L 'RQVRQR +RSNLQR XQLYHUVLWHWR QXVWDW  NDG QHGDUEDV LU NLWRV HNRQRPLNRV SUREOHPRV EORJDL YHLNLD PRQL VYHLNDW LU SVLFKLN  WUXPSLQD M J\YHQLP  3UDQHLPH -$9 .RQJUHVXL MLV WHLJ  NDG QHGDUEDV LU GDU WU\V IDNWRULDL VLHMDVL VX PLUWLQJXPX 7DL PDHVQLV GDO\YDYLPDV GDUER ULQNRMH WUXPSHVQ GDUER VDYDLW LU SDGLG M V EDQNURW VNDLLXV (NRQRPLQ QHO\J\E YHGD EORJHVQ GYDVLQ E VHQ  PDHVQ JHURY  PRJXG\VL  QXVLNDOWLP  SVLFKLQL OLJ JDXV MLP  3UDQHLPH SDWHLNLDPL QDXML GXRPHQ\V DSLH U\ WDUS EORJRV HNRQRPLNRV E NO V LU DONRKROL]PR U N\PR QDUNRWLN YDUWRMLPR VN\U\E VNDLLDXV LU YLHQL PRQL VNDLLDXV DXJLPR -$9 GXRPHQLPLV QXR  LNL  P QHGDUEDV FLYLOL GDUER LWHNOL ULQNRMH SDGLG MR QXR  LNL   3DY\]GLXL  P PLUWLHV DWYHM G O LUGLHV LU NUDXMDJ\VOL OLJ SDGDXJ MR   PLUWLHV DWYHM G O NHSHQ FLUR] V -   VDYLXG\EL -   *\G\P SVLFKRQHXURORJLQ VH OLJRQLQ VH -   QXVLNDOW OL VX PLPDL -   VPXUWLQLDL XSXROLPDL -   7DLJL LH VNDLLDL URGR NDLS QHGDUEDV VXNHOLD PLUWLQJXP G O SULHDVL  VLHMDP VX GYDVLQH WDPSD EHL SDGLGLQD QXVLNDOWLP VNDLL  L VWDWLVWLN QHJDOLPD ODLN\WL URG\PX EHW JUHLLDX WDL SHUVS MLPDV EORJD HNRQRPLNRV E NO JDOL SDNHQNWL VYHLNDWDL %HQGURV JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV VXPD MLPDV YDGLQDPDV %13 DWRWU NLX 6NLUWXPDV WDUS %13 DSLPL EXvo ODEDL GLGHOLV 'LGLRVLRV GHSUHVLMRV PHWX WDLS SDW - 1981-1982 ir 1981 - 1985 metais. Pastaraisiais metais BNP DWRWU NLV VXGDU   9HUWLQDQW  P NDLQRPLV QXRVWROLV G O %13 DWRWU NLR VXGDU  PLOLMDUG GROHUL  DUED NLHNYLHQDP -$9 SLOLHLXL SR  GROHUL  LD WXULPH SHUVS WL NDG \UD LU NLWL VNDLLDYLPR PHWRGDL R M rezultatai gali skirtis.) %13 DWRWU NLV - WDL NLHNLV NXULR IDNWLQLV %13 \UD PDHVQLV X SRWHQFLDO M %13

 SDY PDWRPH NDG %13 JDOL E WL LU GLGHVQLV X SRWHQFLDO M %13 7DLS buvo 1968-1969, 1972-1973 LU  PHWDLV 7DL JDOL VXNHOWL VXPDLW  7DLDX HNRQRPLND NDUWDLV JDOL ODEDL VXDNW\Y WL QRUV LU QHLOJDP 7RNLH SDNLOLPDL WXUL QHLJLDP SRYHLN  NDGDQJL SDJUHLW MD LQIOLDFLMD

 &LNOLQL VY\UDYLP SULHDVW\V

Visa ekonomiQL SURFHV W\ULPR SDWLUWLV GDU QHSDWHLN JDOXWLQLR DWVDN\PR NODXVLP  NDV NRQNUHLDL VXNHOLD NLQ V YHLNORV PDVWR LU LQWHQV\YXPR VY\UDYLPXV *HULDXVLX DWYHMX NRQNUHW V FLNODL VXVLODXNLD NRQNUHL VDYR NLOP V SDDLNLQLP  .ODVLNLQ V HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMRV W\ SDL U  GRPLQDYXVL LNL 'LGLRVLRV NUL] V -1933 metais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okteli auktyn vartotojika paklausa, ekonomika QHWUXQND SHUHQJWL YLVLNR XLPWXPR ULE LU LPD NLOWL NDLQRV VLE J MDQWL LQIOLDFLMD QHWUXNXV VXVWDEGR UHDODXV QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DXJLP  R Y OLDX VXNHOLD LU MR PD MLP  7DLJL HNRQRPLNRV QHVWDELOXPR SUDGLQ SULHDVWLV - SLQLJ NLR QHVWDELOXPDV 7ULV LG VW\WDV SR]LFLMDV VNLULD PHWRGRORJLQLDL SULQFLSDL EHL GDXJHOLV NRQNUHL DUJXPHQW LU LYDG  .DUWX YLVRV MRV WXUL LU EHQGU VDY\E  NXUL GRPLQXRMD L GLHQ HNRQRPLNRV NRQFHSFLMRMH - SDJULQGLQH NLQL sY\UDYLP SULHDVWLPL ODLNRPDV YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV NLWLPDV 7LN DWVNLUDLV NRQNUHLDLV DWYHMDLV QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR GHYLDFLM SULHDVWLV JDOL E WL YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV SRN\LDL

9LVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV SRN\LDL

9DUWRMLPR & SRN\LDL 7DL NDLS LQRWH GLGLDXVLDV YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV HOHPHQWDV VXGDUDQWLV DSLH GX WUHGDOLXV MR DSLPWLHV $WVLULERGDPL QXR W QHJDP\ELQLR YDUWRMLPR PDVW SRN\L  NXULH N\OD G O SDMDP NLWLPR nustatysim kaUWNDUW PLV VLN QLMDQLXV WRNLXV YDUWRMLPR SRN\LR YHLNVQLXV 9DUWRWRMLNRV SDNODXVRV SDNLWLPDL 6NLUWLQJDL QXR LQGLYLG  YDUWRWRM SLUN M  SRUHLNL VWUXNW UD \UD JDQD VWDELOL LU NHLLDVL WLN O WX HYROLXFLQLX E GX %HW NDUWNDUW PLV N\OD JUHLWL LU PDVLQLDL YDUWRWRM VNRQLR SHURULHQWDYLPDL 3DY\]GLXL 23(. DOLPV NHOLV NDUWXV SDN OXV QDIWRV NDLQDV VWDLJD NULWR DXWRPRELOL SDNODXVD LWDLS VXWDXS\WL SLQLJDL QHLYHQJLDPDL OLHND QHSDQDXGRMDPL VXPDLQGDPL YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV DSLPW  R WDL VDYR UXRWX YHikia kaip gamybos destabilizavimo veiksnys.

9LVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV QHVWDELOXPR YHLNVQLXV SDQDJULQ NLPH SDJDO MRV HOHPHQWXV

 3DO NDQ QRUPRV LU LQIOLDFLMRV LDXJLPR JU VP  3DO NDQ QRUPRV LDXJLPDV JDOL E WL DNVWLQDV VPDUNLDP LOJR QDXGRMLPR SUHNL SLUNLPR VXPD MLPXL NDGDQJL WRNLRV SUHN V SDSUDVWDL SHUNDPRV kreditan. Kita vertus, pDO NDQ QRUPD WLHVLRJLDL VXVLMXVL VX LQIOLDFLMD LU NLQWD WLHVLRJ SURSRUFLQJDL MRV WHPSDPV 7RG O YDUWRWRM LODLGDV OHPLD QH QRPLQDOLRML EHW UHDOLRML SDO NDQ QRUPD .DLS DWVNLUDV YDUWRMLPR LODLG YHLNVQ\V LQIOLDFLMD YHLNLD GYHMRSDL GDXJ GLGHVQ V E VLPos infliacijos ODXNLPDV VXNHOLD GLGHO LODLGDYLP  VLHNLP VLJ\WL NXR GDXJLDX SUHNL  NRO M NDLQRV QHSDRNR WXR WDUSX EHVLNDLWDOLRMDQWLV LQIOLDFLMRV O\JLV NDLS YLHQDV L GLG MDQLR HNRQRPLNRV QHVWDELOXPR SR\PL  JDOL YHLNWL NDLS SDVNDWD PDLDX LOHLVti, daugiau taupyti. $SPRNHVWLQLPR LU SLQLJLQL LPRN MLP WUDQVIHU  SRN\LDL 1DW UDOX NDG NHLLDQWLV PRNHVL O\JLXL NHLVLV LU YDUWRMLPR LODLGRV -HL LQGLYLGXDOXV SDMDP PRNHVWLV VXPDLQDPDV SDGLG MD GLVSRQXRMDPRV SDMDPRV SDGLG V LU YDUWRMLPDV -HL Y\ULDXV\E SDGLGLQD ELXGHWR O VUDXW SLQLJLQLDLV SHUYHGLPDLV LQGLYLGXDOLHPV SLOLHLDPV YDUWRMLPR LODLGRV SDGLG MD 7DG VXSUDQWDPD NDG LR SRE GLR VYHUWDL PRNHVLDL LU WUDQVIHULQLDL SHUYHGLPDL - LPRN MLPDL Y\ULDXV\EL SLUPLDXVLD QDXGRMDPL NDLp DQWLFLNOLQ V SULHPRQ V 9\ULDXV\E V LODLG SUHN PV LU SDVODXJRPV SLUNWL SRN\LDL 9\ULDXV\E V LODLGRV SDSUDVWDL \UD FLNOLQLR vystymosi veiksnys tik potencialiai - LVN\UXV \SDWLQJXV DWYHMXV SDY\]GLXL NDU  NDGD Y\ULDXV\E V XVDN\PDL JLQNO LU NLWRPV PRQ PV VPDUNLDL LDXJD LU NXULDP ODLNXL  VXND JDP\E LNL SRWHQFLDODXV QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR ULERV 1RUPDOLRPLV V O\JRPLV LV YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV HOHPHQWDV V PRQLQJDL SDODLNRPDV GDXJLDX PDLDX YLHQRGR O\JLR LU NHLLDPDV NXULD QRUV NU\SWLPL QHGLGHOLX PDstu ir laipsnikai. (NVSRUWR DSLPWLHV SRN\LDL Jei alis aktyviai dalyvauja tarptautiniame darbo pasidalijime, eksportas, NDLS LU LPSRUWDV VXGDUR \PL MRV QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR GDO  3UHNL LU SDVODXJ SDUGDYLPDV XVLHQLXL GDXJ SULNODXVR QXR LRULQL SULHDVL  EHQGURV HNRQRPLQ V NRQMXQNW URV SDVDXO\MH DWVNLU SUHNL ULQNRV VLWXDFLMRV WDUSWDXWLQL YDOLXWLQL LU ILQDQVLQL VDQW\NL SDG WLHV WDLS SDW LU QXR YLGDXV YHLNVQL  HNVSRUWXRMDP SUHNL NRQNXUHQFLQLR SDM JXPR YLGLQL NDW VDQW\NLR VX WDUSWDXWLQLDLV RGLX DWYLURMH HNRQRPLNRMH HNVSRUWDV \UD svarbus ciklikumo veiksnys.

,QYHVWLFLM VY\UDYLPDV
,QYHVWLFLMRV \UD LWLQ QHVXYDOGRPDV LU GLGHOH DPSOLWXGH EHVLNHLLDQWLV UHLNLQ\V ,OJR ODLNRWDUSLR DWYHMX galima nustatyti, kad investicijos susijusios VX EHQGUXRMX QDFLRQDOLQLX SURGXNWX LU NHLLDVL DWLWLQNDPDL MR NLWLPXL 7DL OHLGLD GDU\WL LYDG  NDG LQYHVWLFLMRV LU M VY\UDYLPDV ODELDXVLDL OHPLD QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR N ULPR FLNOXV LU M NRQNUHLXV SDUDPHWUXV 7RG O LQYHVWLFLM YHLNVQ UHLNLD SDQDJULQ ti atskirai. ,QYHVWLFLMRV LU M NLWLPR SULHDVW\V ,QYHVWLFLQL LODLG JUXS VXGDUR WU\V SDJULQGLQLDL HOHPHQWDL JDP\ELQL DWVDUJ  VNDLWDQW JDWDYRV SURGXNFLMRV DWVDUJDV IRUPDYLPDV SDJULQGLQLR JDP\ELQLR NDSLWDOR IRUPDYLPDV LU J\YHQDP M QDP VWDW\ED

IQYHVWLFLMRV JDP\ELQHV DWVDUJDV .LHNLR DWYLOJLX JDP\ELQL DWVDUJ SDSLOG\PDV YLVDGD VXGDUR QHGLGHO GDO LQYHVWLFLQL LODLG  7DLDX GLGLXOLV LRV U LHV O MXGUXPDV M NLQWDPXPDV GDUR LQYHVWLFLM DSLPLDL QHPD SRYHLN  1XVWDW\WD NDG DWVDUJ GLQamika susijusi su produkcijos realizavimu. Augant SURGXNFLMRV SDUGDYLPXL ILUPRV VLHNLD WXU WL GLGHVQHV SDUXRWRV SURGXNFLMRV DWVDUJDV LU DWYLUNLDL LWDLS SURGXNFLMRV UHDOL]DFLMRV VY\UDYLPDL LD SDW VXNHOLD LQYHVWLFLM VY\UDYLPXV ,QYHVWLFLMRV JDP\ELQHV DWVDUJDV VXVLMXVLRV LU VX SDO NDQ QRUPD .XR ML DXNWHVQ  WXR EUDQJLDX DWVLHLQD DWVDUJ GLGLQLPDV QHV MLV VXULD SDSLOGRPDV SLQLJLQHV O DV 7RG O NXR DXNWHVQ SDO NDQ QRUPD WXR VWLSULDX YHLNLD SDVNDWD QHSO VWL DWVDUJ PRQ VH %HVLNHLLDQWL SDO NDQ QRUPD YHLNLD NDLS LQYHVWLFLM DWVDUJDV didinimo veiksnys. ,QYHVWLFLMRV J\YHQDP M QDP VWDW\E  ,Y\VW\WRVH DO\VH HLP LODLGRV J\YHQDP M QDP VWDW\EDL VXGDUR \PL GDO %13 - 3-  R YLVRVH LQYHVWLFLMRVH LVN\UXV Y\ULDXV\E V GDURPDV - nuo  LNL  SURFHQW M apimties. 1DXM J\YHQDP M QDP VWDW\ED SUDNWLNDL YLVD \UD ILQDQVXRMDPD L EDQN SDVNRO  JDXW SDVWDLXV QDP LU XVWDLXV VNO\S LSRWHNLQLV NUHGLWDV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 SHOQR .XR GLGHVQLV QHSDVNLUVW\WDV SHOQDV WXR GLGHVQ V ILUPRV LQYHVWLFLMRV .LWDV YHLNVQ\V - paO NDQ QRUPD 'LGLRML GDOLV LQYHVWLFLM JDP\E GDURPD L VNROLQW O  7UHLDV JDP\ELQL LQYHVWLFLM YHLNVQ\V \UD QDFLRQDOLQL SDMDP SDNLWLPDL NXULH V O\JRMD YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV SRN\LXV

Akseleratoriaus principas
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veikia.

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Prieinimasis numatomai Infliacijai

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Pinigai yra ma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brangiojo metalo, sunaudoto monetai, vertei. Ilgainiui moQHWRV WDSR WLN VLPEROLQLDLV SLQLJDLV QHV M QDW UDOL YHUW SDVLGDU GDXJ PDHVQ X M QRPLQDO  0RQHW LUDGLPDV ODEDL SDOHQJYLQR DWVLVNDLW\P LU VDYDLPH VXSUDQWDPD VNDWLQR SUHN\E  -RV WDSR YLVXRWLQDL SULSDLQWX SLQLJX NXULXR JDOLPD EXYR DWVLVNDLW\WL X SUHNHV LU SDVODXJDV 3R WUXSXW JU\Q M PHWDO PRQHWDV PDLDQW SLJHVQL PHWDO  YDGLQDPRVLRV OLJDW URV QHLYHQJLDPDL LU MR DWVLUDVWL GDU SLJHVQ DWVLVNDLW\PR SULHPRQ  DWOLHNDQWL SLQLJ IXQNFLMDV 7RNLH EXYR SRSLHULQLDL SLQLJDL Popieriniai pinigai sDYR HVPH \UD WLN SLQLJ HQNODL 0DLQ LU PRN MLPR SULHPRQ V JDOL MLHPV VXWHLNLD YDOVW\E  WLHN VDYR ILQDQVLQLX SRWHQFLDOX YDOVW\E V LGR SDMDPRPLV WLHN VDYR LULGLQLX DXWRULWHWX .LWDLS WDULDQW SRSLHULQLDL SLQLJDL WXUL SHUNDP M JDOL WRG O NDG \UD YLVXRWLQDL SULSD VWDPL WXU M 

3LQLJ IXQNFLMRV

Pinigai atlieka tokias pagrindines tarpusavyje susijusias funkcijas, jie yra: 0DLQ FLUNXOLDFLMRV SULHPRQ  -HL QHE W SLQLJ  WDL NDLS LU VHQDLV ODLNDLV UHLN W WLHVLRJLDL NHLVWLV SUHN PLV QRULQW SDWHnkinti visus savo poreikius. Tokie tiesioginiai mainai dar vadinami QDW ULQLDLV PDLQDLV .DGDQJL WRNLH PDLQDL \UD QHSDWRJ V WDL SLQLJ VLVWHPD Y\VWRVL VDYDLPH QHW MHL Q UD YDOGLRV NLLPRVL (VDQW SLQLJDPV SDWV PDLQ DNWDV VN\OD GYL GDOLV SLUNLP LU SDUGDYLP  %H SLQLJ YLVXRPHQ QHE W JDO MXVL SDVLHNWL WRNLRV VRFLDOLQ V LU HNRQRPLQ V SDDQJRV NRNLD \UD dabar. $SVNDLWRV YLHQHWDV 3LQLJDLV LUHLNLDPRV NDLQRV NXULDV SDVLWHON JDOLPH RULHQWXRWLV SUHNL LU SDVODXJ ULQNRMH 9HUW V PDWDV 3LQLJDL NDLS SUHN  L IXQNFLM DWOLNR WLHVLRJLDL NDLS UHDOXV NRQNUHLRV SUHN V YHUWLQLV HNYLYDOHQWDV LXRODLNLQLDL SLQLJDL WDL GDUR LGHDOLDL 0HV LQRPH NDG NLHNYLHQRV SUHN V YHUW LUHLNLDPD SLQLJDLV NRQNUHLX SLQLJLQLR YLHQHWR NLHNLX  SLQLJDLV LUHLNW YHUW YDGLQDPH kaina. .DXSLPR SULHPRQ  .DGDQJL SLQLJDL JDOL E WL SDQDXGRWL SUHN PV EHL SDVODXJRPV SLUNWL EHW NDGD NDL WLN DWVLUDQGD SRUHLNLV WRG O SLQLJDL \UD SDWRJXV WXUWR ODLN\PR E GDV LQRPD SLQLJDL Q UD WREXOD NDXSLPR SULHPRQ  QHV M SHUNDPRML JDOLD JDOL NLVWL ,QIOLDFLMD UHLNLD NDG SLQLJ SHUNDPRML JDOLD PD MD W\ X OLW QXSHUNDPD YLV PDLDX SUHNL LU SDVODXJ  -HL LU QHE W LQIOLDFLMRV WDL SLQLJXV YLVYLHQ E W SDWRJLDX NDXSWL QH JU\QDLV R LQYHVWDYXV MXRV YHUW\ELQLXV SRSLHULXV DU NLWus aktyvus, NXULH JDOL GXRWL SURFHQWXV (VDPRPV LODLGRPV GDQLDXVLDL ODLNRPDV QHGLGHOLV SLQLJ NLHNLV

LXRODLNLQLDL SLQLJDL LU M NLHNLV

$QNVLDX NDL SLQLJDL EXYR DXNVDV NRQNUHWXV YLVXRPHQHL UHLNDOLQJDV SLQLJ NLHNLV QXVLVWDW\GDYR SDWV savaime: aukso PRQHW DWVDUJRV WDL VXPD GDYR N\ODQW JDP\EDL LU SOHLDQWLV SUHNL FLUNXOLDFLMDL WDL SDGLG GDYR JDP\EDL VPXQNDQW 7DLDX WDL QHWXU MR MRNLR WLHVLRJLQLR SRYHLNLR QHL SDLDL JDP\EDL QHL DXNVR SHUNDPDMDL JDOLDL 7DLDX GDEDU \UD NLWDLS QHV DXNV SDNHLW SLQLJDL WLNVOLDX M HQNODL SRSLHULQLDL SLQLJDL .DUW LOHLVWL SLQLJDL MDX JDOL E WL LLPWL L DS\YDUWRV WLN MXRV SDNHLWXV NLWDLV SLQLJDLV W\MLH YLV YLHQ OLNV WRG O

SLQLJ NLHNLV \UD VYDUEXV HNRQRPLQLV YHLNVQ\V 1XR M NLHNLR SULNODXVR LU NDLQ lygis, ir nacionalinio produkto DSLPWLV 7DLDX NRQWUROLXRWL SLQLJ NLHN Q UD WDLS SDSUDVWD QHV SLQLJ IXQNFLMDV DWOLHND QH YLHQ WUDGLFLQLDL EDQNQRWDL 'DXJLDXVLD DWVLVNDLW\P SDVDXO\MH Y\NVWD HNLDLV HNLDL DWVLUDQGD NDL DWLGDURPD LQGLYLGXDOL einamoji V VNDLWD EDQNH -L DWLGDURPD QHXV SLQLJLQ LQG O GHSR]LW 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 QHSULUHLNV QHV SDUGDY MDV LNHLV M V LUD\W HN M V HLQDPRMRMH V VNDLWRMH HVDQLXV SLQLJXV 9LVDV LDV RSHUDFLMDV EDQNDV DWOLHNa nemokamai, WDLDX QHJDXVLPH LU SDO NDQ  *DOLPH GDU\WL LYDG  NDG SLQLJ SDVL ORV NLHNLV \UD JU\Q M SLQLJ LU SLQLJ HNLQLXRVH GHSR]LWXRVH VXPD 7DL \UD SLQLJ VLDXU MD SUDVPH NLHNLV NXULV \PLPDV 0  .DLS PDWRPH L VDYRN HLQD YLVD WDL NDV ti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paversti JU\QDLVLDLV SLQLJDLV .DGD SDO NDQ QRUPD LDXJR HVDQW QHGLGHOHL LQIOLDFLMDL LDXJR LU VXVWLSU MR NOLHQW LQWHUHVDV ODLN\WL SLQLJXV WDXSRPRVLRVH V VNDLWRVH R QH DVPHQLQ VH HLQDPRVLRVH V VNDLWRVH EDQNDL UDGR QDXM LHLW - MLH SDVL O HNLDLV QDXGRMDPDV WDXSRP VLDV V VNDLWDV LXR DWYHMX NOLHQWDV JDOL LUDLQ WL HNLXV VDYR LQG OLDPV YLV WLHN JDXGDPDV WDP WLNU GDO SDO NDQ  1XR L LQG OLQL V VNDLW VNLULDVL WHUPLQXRWL LQG OLDL GHSR]LWDL -LH \UD SDQD V WDXSRPXRVLXV WLN LXR DWYHMX QXVWDWRPDV NRQNUHWXV L PLPR WHUPLQDV 6DYDLPH VXSUDQWDPD NDG X WRNLXV LQG OLXV PRNDPRV NXU NDV DXNWHVQ V SDO NDQRV 7RG O SLQLJDL WHUPLQXRWXRVH GHSR]LWXRVH \UD SRWHQFLDO V SLQLJDL -MLH Q UD QDXGRMDPL PDLQDPV DWOLNWL 7DLJL SODWHVQ SLQLJ V YRN 0 JDOima XUD\WL NDLS IRUPXO  0 0OQHHNLQLDL WDXSRPLHML LQG OLDLDVPHQLQLDL WHUPLQXRWL LQG OLDL GDQLDXVLDL WLH NXULH PDHVQL X  /W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kai gali irayti WLN GX DU WULV HNLXV SHU P QHV  DUED QHJDOL LUDLQ WL HNL PDHVQHL QHL  /W VXPDL 3ULH 0 SULG M GDU QHDVPHQLQLXV WHUPLQXRWXV GHSR]LWXV GLGHVQLXV NDLS  /W NXULXRV SDSUDVWDL WXUL YHUVOLQLQNDL EHL XVLHQLR YDOLXW  DVPHQ ODLNRP EDQNR V VNDLWRVH JDXVLPH SLQLJ SDVL O 0 NXUL LU \UD LVDPLDXVLDV SLQLJ SDVL ORV NLHNLR WDXWRV N\MH DSVNDLLDYLPR YDULDQWDV

3LQLJ SDVL OD

Be to, popieriniai JU\QLHML SLQLJDL LU QDDL HNLDLV QHWXUL WLNURVLRV YHUW V 3LQLJ UHDOL YHUW - WDL SUHNL LU SLQLJ YHUW  NXULXRV JDOLPD QXSLUNWL X SLQLJLQ YLHQHW  7ROLDX DNLYDL]GX NDG SUHNL LU SLQLJ NLHNLV VLJ\WDV X OLWXV DWJDO NHLLDPDV SURSRUFLQJDL NDLQ Oygiui; kitaip sakant, HJ]LVWXRMD DWYLUNLDL SURSRUFLQJD SULNODXVRP\E WDUS EHQGUR NDLQ O\JLR LU OLWR YHUW V .XRPHW DXJD NDLQRV LU SUDJ\YHQLPR O\JLV WXRPHW PD MD OLWR SHUNDPRML JDOLD LU DWYLUNLDL .XR GLGHVQ V NDLQRV WXR PDHVQ OLWR YHUW  QHV UHLNLD GDXJLDX OLW HVDPDP SUHNL LU SDVODXJ NLHNLXL SDUGXRWL ,U DWYLUNLDL NDLQ VXPD MLPDs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

9LV SLUPD UHLNLD SULSDLQWL NDG SDJULQGLQLDL SLQLJ SDVL ORV NRPSRQHQWDL \UD SRSLHULQLDL SLQLJDL ir QDDL HNLDLV VXGDUDQW\V VNRODV DUED SDDGXV VXVLPRN WL 3RSLHULQLDL SLQLJDL - WDL HVDQW\V DS\YDUWRMH 9DOVW\ELQL EDQN VNROLQLPRVL VLSDUHLJRMLPDL QDDL HNLDLV- NRPHUFLQL EDQN LU WDXSRP M VWDLJ VNROLQLPRVL VLSDUHLJRMLPDL

.RNL JL WDN GDUR LQIOLDFLMD EHL NLWL OLWR YHUW V VXPD MLPDL OLWR NDLS SLQLJR YHUW V SULSDLQLPXL" 1DP NLDL LU PRQ V SDVLUXRXVLRV SULLPWL JU\QXRVLXV SLQLJXV NDLS DS\YDUWRV SULHPRQ LNL WR ODLNR NRO MLH LQR NDG JDOL LOHLVWL SLQLJXV EH \PHVQL QXRVWROL  %HW VWDLJLX LQIOLDFLMRV DXJLPR DWYHMX UHLNDODL klostosi kitaip. Infliacija JDOL QXYHUWLQWL SLQLJXV M JDYLPR LU LOHLGLPR ODLNRWDUSLX 3LQLJDL WDPSD NDUWL 

6WDLJXV SLQLJLQLR YLHQHWR QXYHUW MLPDV JDOL SULYHVWL SULH WR NDG MLV QXVWRV Y\NG\WL DS\YDUWRV SULHPRQ V IXQNFLMDV PRQ V LU QDP NLDL JDOL DWVLVDN\WL SULLPWL SRSLHULQLXV SLQLJXV QHV QHQRU V QXNHQW WL QXR QXYHUW MLPR NXULV JDOL Y\NWL GLVSRQDYLPR MDLV PHWX 1HWHNXV SULLPWLQRV DS\YDUWRV SULHPRQ V HNRQRPLND JU WD SULH QHHIHNW\YL QDW ULQL PDLQ  $QDORJLNDL PRQ V SDVLUXR QDXGRWLV SLQLJDLV NDLS VDQWDXS SULHPRQH LNL WR ODLNR NRO Q UD DNLYDL]GDXV VDQWDXS QXYHUW MLPR - infliacijos rezultato. Ir ekonomika tuomet gali efektyviai naudotis piniginiu YLHQHWX 6WDLJXV YHUW V VXPD MLPDV DWLPD L SLUN MR LU SDUGDY MR JDOLP\EHV QXVWDW\WL WYLUWDV SUekybos taisykles. .XRPHW SLQLJLQLR YLHQHWR YHUW NULQWD SDUGDY MDL QHLQR NLHN SUD\WL R SLUN MDL QHLQR NLHN PRN WL X YDLULDV prekes ir paslaugas.

3LQLJ SDNODXVD

1HUHLNLD E WL ODEDL LSUXVXVLDP NDG VXYRNWXPH MRJ NLHNYLHQX PRPHQWX WDXWRV NLXL UHLNia tam tikro, NLHN\ELNDL DSLEU WR SLQLJ NLHNLR LU SHU GLGHOLV DU SHU PDDV M NLHNLV Q UD SDJHLGDXWLQDV UHLNLQ\V NDL SHU daug - SLQLJ SHUNDPRML JDOLD PDD NDL SHU PDDL - JDOL E WL M WU NXPDV 9LVL NRQNUHLX PRPHQWX ekonomikoje esantys pinigai vaGLQDPL SLQLJ SDVL OD - IRUPXRMDQW VYDUELDXVLD \UD NLHNYLHQRV DOLHV FHQWULQLV EDQNDV 1RULQW UHJXOLXRWL SLQLJ NLHN  UHLNLD LQRWL YHLNVQLXV QXR NXUL SULNODXVR WLHN SLQLJ SDVL OD WLHN M paklausa. Aptarus su pinigais susijusius dalykus aiku, kad gU\QDLVLDLV JHULDXVLD ODLN\WL QHLOJDL DU QHGDXJ SLQLJ  QHV LOJDLQLXL M SHUNDPRML JDOLD JDOL VXPD WL G O SDVLNHLWXVLR SUHNL LU SDVODXJ NDLQ LQGHNVR 'DXJ JHULDX LU SHOQLQJLDX SLQLJXV LQYHVWXRWL SHOQLQJXV GDO\NXV WRNLXV NDLS QHNLOQRMDPDVLV WXUWDV NXULR SLQLJLQ YHUW NDVPHW DXJD DUED NRNLXV QRUV YHUW\ELQLXV SRSLHULXV NXULH GXRGD GLYLGHQGXV DU SDO NDQDV DUED WLHVLRJ SDG WL SLQLJXV EDQN LU WDLS SDW JDXWL SDO NDQDV 7DLJL VDYDLPH N\OD NODXVLPDV NLHN SLQLJ UHLNLD WXU WL" 3LQLJ SDNODXVD -tai toNV WXUWR NLHNLV NXU YLVL DOLHV NLR VXEMHNWDL QRUL WXU WL SLQLJLQH IRUPD LR VLHNLR DOWHUQDW\YLHML NDWDL \UD SDO NDQ SULHDXJLV NXULV E W JDXWDV LQYHVWDYXV W SLQLJ VXP SDO NDQDV GXRGDQLXV DNW\YXV , WR JDOLPD GDU\WL LYDG  MRJ SLQLJDLV EXV ODLNRPD WRNLD WXUWR GDOLV NXUL WHLNV SDVODXJDV WXULQLDV WRNL SDW DUED GLGHVQ X DOWHUQDW\YLQLXV NDWXV YHUW   LRV SDVODXJRV \UD WULM U L  Pirkimo-SDUGDYLPR DNW ILQDQVDYLPDV %HW NXULV NLR VXEMHNWDV VLHNLD WXU WL WDP WLNU SLQLJ NLHN  nuolaW UHLNDOLQJ SLUNWL SUHN PV LU SDVODXJRPV 1HQXRVWDEX NDG SLQLJ NLHNLV UHLNDOLQJDV LHPV VDQG ULDPV DSLEU LDPDV EHQGUX SLQLJLQLX O\JLX DUED QRPLQDOLX %13 W\ NXR GLGHVQ ULQNRMH HVDQL SUHNL LU SDVODXJ EHQGURML SLQLJLQ YHUW  WXR GDXJLDX SULUHLNV SLQLJ SLUNLPR-SDUGDYLPR VDQG ULDPV Y\NG\WL 7DLJL SLQLJ SDNODXVD WRNLHPV VDQG ULDPV Y\NG\WL \UD SURSRUFLQJD QRPLQDOLDP %13 $LNX NDG SLQLJ QHUHLN W  MHL SLUNLPR LU SDUGDYLPR DNWDL VXWDSW  7DLDX WDL \UD ODEDL VXQNLDL J\YHQGLQDPD QHV SDMDPRV LU ilaidos nesutampa laiko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vidalu. Aiku, tai priklausys nuo to, kokius procentus QXR G W REOLJDFLMDV SLQLJ PHV JDXVLPH 7DLJL WXULQW  /W JU\QDLVLDLV LU HVDQW REOLJDFLM VL ORPDP SHOQXL   PXPV SLQLJ ODLN\PDV JU\QDLVLDLV NDWXRMD  /W 1HQXRVWDEX NDG SLQLJ SDNODXVD L DNW\Y SXV V \UD DWYLUNLDL SURSRUFLQJD REOLJDFLM VL ORPDP SURFHQWXL .DL VL ORPDV SURFHQWDV DUED DOWHUQDW\YLQLDL SLQLJ ODLN\PR JU\QDLVLDLV NDWDL \UD PDL WDL PRQ V QRU V GDXJLDX

3LQLJ ULQND
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Atviros rinkos operacijos

Tai - Y\ULDXV\E V YHUW\ELQL SRSLHUL REOLJDFLM LU LGR YHNVHOL  SLUNLPDV LU SDUGDYLPas rinkoje. Jo HVP WD NDG WRNLDLV YHLNVPDLV WLHVLRJLDL NHLLDPDV UH]HUY NLHNLV NRPHUFLQLXRVH EDQNXRVH WDLJL - NHLLDPD NDUWRWLQLX G\GLX SLQLJ SDVL OD $WYLURV ULQNRV RSHUDFLM WXULQ\V WRNV 7DUNLPH FHQWULQLV EDQNDV SDGDUR LYDG  NDG SLQLJ SDVL Oa per PDD ML LPD WUXNG\WL GLGLQWL JDP\E  -LV QXVSUHQGLD SDGLGLQWL SLQLJ SDVL O  7XR WLNVOX FHQWULQLV EDQNDV LPD SLUNWL ULQNRMH Y\ULDXV\E V YHUW\ELQLXV SRSLHULXV EHQGUDL  POQ OLW VXPDL 7LHN LDXJD EDQN UH]HUYDL SUDVLG V NDUWRWLQLV GHSR]LWLQL V VNDLW VXP DXJLPDV -HL UH]HUYR YLHQDV OLWDV SDGLGLQD SLQLJ SDVL O  /W WDL UHLNLD NDG SLQLJ SDVL OD SDGLG V  POQ /W .DL L RSHUDFLMD DWOLHNDPD WDUS FHQWULQLR EDQNR LU NRPHUFLQL EDQN  JU\Q M SLQLJ LD LYLV nenaudojama: centrinis bankas tLHVLRJ UDR VDYR NQ\JRVH ILNVXRGDPDV NDG REOLJDFLMDV SDUGDY V NRPHUFLQLV EDQNDV GDEDU SDGLGLQR VDYR UH]HUY  SULYDORPDL ODLNRP FHQWULQLDPH EDQNH LU WRG O JDOL DWLWLQNDPDL NHOHULRSDL LSO VWL SDVNROLQHV RSHUDFLMDV To paties efekto - SLQLJ SDVL ORV SDGLG MLPR - VXVLODXNV HNRQRPLND LU WXR DWYHMX NDL DOLHV Y\ULDXV\E VDYR GLGHVQ PV LODLGRPV ILQDQVXRWL SDJHLGDXV SDSLOGRP ILQDQVLQL LWHNOL  -L JDOL SDUGXRWL VDYR YHUW\ELQLXV popierius (paprastai trumpalaikius - QXR  P QHVL LNL PHW  FHQWULQLDP EDQNXL NXULV SLUNV MXRV WXR E GX NDG DWLWLQNDPDL VXPDL DWLGDU\V Y\ULDXV\EHL GHSR]LWLQ V VNDLW  $QDORJLNDL YHLNLDPD NDL VLHNLDPD VXPDLQWL SLQLJ SDNODXV  LXR DWYHMX FHQWULQLV EDQNDV SDUGXRGD Y\ULDXV\E V YHUW\ELQLXV SRSLHULXV DWYLURMH ULQNRMH

Diskonto norma
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16.3. 0RQHWDULQ SROLWLND

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politika - UHJXOLXRMDQW SLQLJ SDVL O  Savo pagrindLQLDLV EUXRDLV PRQHWDULQ V SROLWLNRV WXULQ\V PXPV MDX LQRPDV MHL HNRQRPLND YHLNLD QH YLVLNDL SDQDXGRGDPD GDUER LWHNOLXV \UD QHGDUEDV LU YDGLQDVL UHFHVLQLV WDUSVQLV GLGLQDQW SLQLJ SDVL O pasiekiamas gamybos apimties iaugimas. iuo tikslu centriQLV EDQNDV LU Y\ULDXV\E LPDVL YDGLQDPRVLRV OHQJY W\ OHQJYDL SULHLQDP  SLQLJ WDNWLNRV VNDWLQGDPD SDO NDQ QRUPRV NULWLP LU LQYHVWLFLQ V YHLNORV SDJ\Y MLP  7DL YDGLQDPD HNVSDQVLQH PRQHWDULQH SROLWLND $UW MDQW SULH YLVLNR XLPWXPR SLQLJ SDVL Oos GLGLQLPDV VNDWLQD QH WLN QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DXJLP  EHW LU NDLQ O\JLR NLOLP  7DGD LPD JU VWL NLR NDLWLPDV VX VSDULD LQIOLDFLMD LU SHUHLQDPD SULH VXQNLDL SULHLQDP  SLQLJ SROLWLNRV SULHPRQL - vadinamosios YDUDQLRVLRV UHVWULNFLQ V PRQHWDULQ V SROLWLNRV NUHGLWR V O\JRV VXWDPSD VXQNHVQ V GDOLV LQYHVWLFLM DWNUHQWD LU JDP\ERV LQIOLDFLQLV WDUSVQLV SDOHQJYD OLNYLGXRMDPDV HNRQRPLND LPD YHLNWL VDYR SRWHQFLQL JDOLP\EL ULERVH 0RQHWDULQ SROLWLND WXUL VNDWLQWL GDU GLGHVQ XLPWXP  NDUWX QHVXNHOGDPD VSDUWDXV NDLQ O\JLR augimo. 0RQHWDULQ SROLWLND UHPLDVL SLQLJ SDVL ORV LU SDNODXVRV SXVLDXVY\URV VXVLGDU\PR PHFKDQL]PX L SXVLDXVY\UD VXVLNORVWR WRNLDPH WDNH NXULV UHLNLD DWLWLQNDP SDO NDQ QRUP  PDWRPH  SDY SLQLJ SDVL ORV SDGLGLQLPDV NUHLY 06 SHUHLQD L 060 061 VXNHOLD SDO NDQ QRUPRV VXPD MLP QXR U0 iki r1), o SLQLJ SDNODXVRV LDXJLPDV QXR 0'0 iki MD1 YHLNLD SULHLQJDL SDO NDQ QRUPD SDN\OD QXR U0 iki r2).

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3DO NDQ QRUPRV WUDNWDYLPDV

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17. Nedarbas ir infliacija. Stabilizavimo politika.

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17.2. Infliacija
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.LWD LQIOLDFLMRV O NHVL VORSLQLPR V O\JD - WDL Y\ULDXV\E  NXUL nuosekliai laikosi antiinfliacinio kurso ir kuria pasitiki GDXJXPD PRQL  Pasitikima ne gera, bet stipria Y\ULDXV\EH SDVLU\XVL SDDERWL LQIOLDFLM LU JDOLQLD WDL padaryti praktikai.

7UXPSDODLNLDLV DQWLLQIOLDFLQ V SROLWLNRV PHWRGDLV GDXJLDXVLD VLHNLDPD ODLNLQDL VXPDLQWL LQIOLDFLMRV VXNHOW WDPS  ie metodai tik WDGD JDOL GXRWL UH]XOWDW  NDL SDGHGD GLGLQWL SDVL O EH DWLWLQNDPR SDNODXVRV LDXJLPR DUED VXPDLQWL HVDP SDNODXV  QHVXPDLQXV HVDPRV SDVL ORV *DOLPD SDNODXVWL NRNL NDLQ YLVXRPHQ PRND X LQIOLDFLMRV O\JLR VXPDLQLP " .XR labiau igaubta Filipso NUHLY  WXR WD NDLQD PDHVQ  7DP NDG E W JDOLPD VXPDLQWL LQIOLDFLM   QHGDUEDV WXUL YLU\WL QDW UDO O\J SHU PHWXV   3DJDO 2XNHQR G VQ WDL UHLNLD NDG realus BNP bus maHVQLV X SRWHQFLDO   ,QIOLDFLMRV NRQWURO VXVLMXVL VX E WLQ\EH SDVWRYLDL E WL SDVLUXRXVLHPV VSU VWL HNRQRPLQ GLOHP  LQIOLDFLMRV DXJLPDV DU QHGDUER DXJLPDV ,QIOLDFLMRV NRQWURO NDVPHW UHLNDODXMD YLV GDXJLDX DWOHLGLP L GDUER WRG O QHGDUER O\JLV kyla.

17.3. Stabilizavimo politika

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

(NRQRPLNRV WHRULMD LDQGLHQ WXUL GX SRL ULXV VWDELOL]DYLPR SUREOHPDV .HLQVL]PR DWVWRYDL WHLJLD MRJ NLR VDYLUHJXOLDFLMRV JDOLP\E V \UD QHGLGHO V NDGDQJL YLVXPLQ SDNODXVD OLQNXVL QHPDXV VY\UDYLPXV WRG O UHLNLD VSHFLDOL SULHPRQL NLR IXQNFLRQDYLPR VWDELOXPXL LODLN\WL 0RQHWDUL]PR DOLQLQN QXRPRQH ULQNRV HNRQRPLND WXUL VWLSULXV JLPWXV VDYLUHJXOLDFLMRV PHFKDQL]PXV WRG O QHUHJXOLDU V Y\ULDXV\E V NLLPRVL N YHLNVPDL LU \UD SDJULQGLQ HNRQRPLNRV UDLGRV QHVWDELOXPR SULHDVWLV

0RQHWDULVW SRL ULX privataus sektoriaus LODLG IXQNFLMD \UD SDNDQNDPDL SDVWRYL WRG O ekonomikos stabilumas \UD SULJLPWLQLV  LPDQHQWLNDV - W\ULPDL URGR NDG YHUslo ciklai pirmiausia sietini su SLQLJ NLR UDLGD 3HU MLPDL L YLHQRV FLNOR ID] V NLW daugiausia VXNHOLDPL PRQHWDULQL YHLNVQL  YHUVOR DNW\YXPDV VWLSULDL NRUHOLXRMD VX SLQLJ kiekiu SDVL OD *DP\ERV UDLGRV VXO W MLPDV DU VPXNLPDV EHYHLN YLVDGD gali E WL SDDLNLQWDV SLQLJ SDVL ORV VXPD MLPX R WRV UDLGRV QXNU\SLPDL QXR EHVLNORVWDQLRV WHQGHQFLMRV EU LDPR NXUVR DQDORJLNDLV SLQLJ SDVL ORV SRN\LDLV 0RQHWDULVW LYDGD WRNLD SLQLJ SDVL ORV VY\UDYLPDL \UD nacionalinio SURGXNWR JDP\ERV VY\UDYLP SULHDVWLV 7RG O VWDELOL]DYLPR politika turi E WL RULHQWXRWD ilaikyti VWDELOL SLQLJ SDVL O  SLQLJ .HLQVLQLQN QXRPRQH YHUVOR FLNOXV VXNHOLD LQYHVWLFLM QHSDVWRYXPDV R LV WDLS SDW VLHWLQDV anaiptol ne su SDVL ORV ULWPX R VX NLWRPLV PRQHWDULQ V kilm V SULHDVWLPLV .HLQVLQLQNDL QHQHLJLD PRQHWDULQL

6NLUWLQJDV FLNOLNXPR SULHDVL WUDNWDYLPDV V O\JRMD LU VNLUWLQJ NRQNUHL NLQ V UDLGRV SUREOHP LQWHUSUHWDYLP  ,PNLPH SDY\]GLXL LQIOLDFLM  0RQHWDULVWDL VLWLNLQ  NDG NDLQ lygio kitimas visur ir visada turi PRQHWDULQHV SULHDVWLV LQIOLDFLM sukelia SLQLJ SDVL ORV SHUWHNOLXV LU EH WR SHUWHNOLDXV LQIOLDFLMD QH PDQRPD .HLQVLQLQNDL NDLS MDX LQRPH WXUL NLWRNL QXRPRQ  -LH SULSD VWD NDG LOJDL WUXQNDQWL LQIOLDFLMD QH PDQRPD EH YLV DXJDQLRV SLQLJ SDVL ORV EHW jie PDWR NLW ODLNLQR LU VWDLJDXV NDLQ O\JLR RNWHO MLPR SULHDVW YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV NUHLY V SHUVLN OLP G O SULYDWDXV DUED YDOVW\ELQLR VHNWRULDXV LODLG funkcijos SDGLG MLPR W\ G O YDUWRMLPR LQYHVWLFLM  HNVSRUWR DU Y\ULDXV\E V LODLG iaugimo). Lygiai taip pat, NHLVLQLQN QXRPRQH LQIOLDFLM JDOL VXNHOWL LU SDVL ORV XROLV LQRPD L SULHDVL sukelta infliacija negali ilgai trukti, jei ji paskui save QHSDWUDXNV LU SDGLG MDQLRV SLQLJ SDVL ORV DSLH N LU NDOED PRQHWDULVWDL EHW LU EH LWR M L OHQJYDL QHVXVWoja. iuo atveju bankui LN\OD GUDPDWLND GLOHPD SDGLGLQWL SLQLJ SDVL O LU LWDLS LYHQJLDQW JDP\ERV VPXNLPR XWLNULQWL QDXM LQIOLDFLMRV UDXQG DU QHNHLVWL SLQLJ SDVL ORV SULYHULDQW LQIOLDFLM XVSULQJWL QHGDUER SDGLG MLPR V VNDLWD 0RQHWDULVW SRL ULX tiek XLPWXPDV tiek NDLQ O\JLR VWDELOXPDV turi E WL XWLNULQDPDV kuriant ir LVDXJDQW VWDELOL DSOLQN ODLVYDP ULQNRV NLXL YHLNWL 7DL SDGDU\WL ODEDL VXQNX QHV YLHQR DJUHJXRWR G\GLR VWDELOXPDV QHUHWDL J\YHQGLQDPDV WLN NDLWDOLRMDQW NLW agrHJXRW G\G  7DUNLPH NDG YDOVW\E  VLHNGDPD QHWULNG\WL ULQNRV NLR IXQNFLRQDYLPR VWHQJLDVL QXRODW WXU WL VXEDODQVXRW ELXGHW  NDGDQJL nacionalinio produkto JDP\ED Q UD VWDELOL \UD ciklika)  NHLVLV LU ELXGHWR SDMDPRV JDXQDPRV PRNHVL NHOLX ValstyE QHJDOL NDVPHW keisti PRNHVL QRUP  QHV WDL GH]RUJDQL]XRW N  9DGLQDVL ELXGHWR subalansavimo labui jai teks kaitalioti ELXGHWR LODLG DSLPW  %HW tai LUJL EORJDL Y\ULDXV\E V LODLG VY\UDYLPDV \UD GHVWDELOL]XRMDQWLV QHWLNUXPR NLQ QHDQWLV YHLNsnys. Laisvas rinkos NLV turi E WL WLNUDV NDG VWDELO V bus tiek DSPRNHVWLQLPDV WLHN Y\ULDXV\E V SUHNL LU SDVODXJ paklausa. Ieitis randama JDO W E WL UDQGDPD WXR E GX NDG ilaikant VWDELO apmokestinimo PDVW LU Y\ULDXV\E V LODLG G\G DU GDO  pats ELXGHWDV EDODQVXRMDPDV viso ciklo mastu, o ne kasmet. /DLN\GDPDVLV PRQHWDULVWLQ V stabilizavimo politikos SULQFLS  centrinis EDQNDV WXU W QXVWDW\WL SDVWRYL SLQLJ SDVL ORV DXJLPR QRUP  DWLWLQNDQL JDOLP YLGXWLQ PHWLQ SDMDP DXJLP GDUDQW prieODLG  NDG SDMDP JDY MDL QHNHLLD VDYR SDMDP QDXGRMLPR VWUXNW URV

YHLNVQL YHUVOR DNW\YXPR GLQDPLNRV EHW SDJULQGLQH SULHDVWLPL VXNHOLDQLD YHUVOR VY\UDYLPXV ODLNR YLVXPLQ V paklausos svyravimus, kuriuos NLOGLQD QH L SLQLJ SDVL ORV R L SROLQNLR LOHLVWL SDMDPDV NLWLPR SULYDLDPH sektoriuje. LRV JUXS V HNRQRPLVW PDQ\PX HNRQRPLND L WLHV SDWL JDOL SDNDQNDPDL JUHLWDL OLNYLGXRWL LQIOLDFLQ WDUSVQ NDLQ O\JLR NLOLPR E GX EHW ML QHJDOL WR SDWLHV SDGDU\WL VX UHFHVLQLX WDUSVQLX ' O WR LU E WLQRV VWDELOL]DYLPR poliWLNRV SULHPRQ V

7DLS HOJGDPDVLV FHQWULQLV EDQNDV DWVLVDNR JDOLP\E V GDU\WL YLHQNDUWLQHV LQYHVWLFLMDV SLQLJ ULQN  R WDL NDLS tik gali E WL UHLNDOLQJD SDY\]GLXL NDL \UD SDODXWD LOJDODLN infliacija, kainos nustoja kilti, bet yra didelis nedarbas; YLHQNDUWLQLV SLQLJ SDVL ORV SDGLGLQLPDV NDLS WLN SDG W SDGLGLQWL XLPWXP  W\ OLNYLGXRWL UHFHVLQ WDUSVQ  /DEDL SDGLG MXV Y\ULDXV\E V NLLP VL HNRQRPLNRV SURFHVXV PRQHWDULVW QXRPRQH E WLQD VPDUNLai VXPDLQWL %HW NRNV NLLPDVLV WULNGR ODLVYRV ULQNRV RUJDQL]DYLP  PDLQD MR HIHNW\YXP LU MR SO WURV SRWHQFLM  .HLQVLQLQN SDL URV NLWRNLRV 0HV MDX LQRPH NDG MLH NLWDLS QHJX PRQHWDULVWDL \UD iorinio poveikio SULHPRQL DOLQLQNDL LU VWDELOL]DYLPR WLNVODLV VL OR QDXGRWL YLV ULQNLQ ILVNDOLQ V LU PRQHWDULQ V SROLWLNRV SULHPRQL  -LH \UD YLHQNDUWLQL  L UHLNDOR GDURP Y\ULDXV\E V DNFLM NLR UDLGDL VWDELOL]XRWL alininkai. - RSRQHQWDL monetaristai, tvirtina, NDG Y\ULDXV\E WXUL DSVLULERWL WYLUWRPLV WDLV\NO PLV NXULDV QXVWDW\GDPD ML VXNXUV VWDELO NOLPDW ODLVYLHPV ULQNRV VXEMHNW VSUHQGLPDPV 9\ULDXV\E V ILVNDOLQ V LU PRQHWDULQ V SROLWLNRV SULHPRQ V PRNHVL QRUPRV NHLWLPDV Y\ULDXV\E V REOLJDFLM PDVLQLV VXSLUNLPDV DU SDUGDYLPDV M PDQ\PX QRUV VNLULDPRV NLXL VWDELOL]XRWL IDNWLNDL M GHVWDELOL]XRMD QHV NXULD QHWLNUXPR NOLPDW LU L HVP V WUXNGR LOJDODLNLDPV ILUP VSUHQGLPDPV Keinsininkai SULHWDUDXMD WDP WHLJGDPL NDG Y\ULDXV\E V LQWHUYHQFLMD ULQNRV NLR J\YHQLP GDURPD WDGD LU WLN Wada, kai WDPH N\MH MDX Y\NR GLGHOL VXWULNLP SDNLOR QHGDUEDV DU VLE J MR LQIOLDFLMD G O QHODXNW YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV SRN\L  QHGDUER LU SDMDP VY\UDYLPDL JDOL VXNHOWL WLHN SDW U SHVL LU QHWLNUXPR ILUP LOJDODLNLDPV VSUHQGLPDPV NLHN WDL SDGDUR apmokestinimo ar Y\ULDXV\E V LODLG NHLWLPDV WRG O PRQHWDULVW DUJXPHQWDL Q UD YLVD WLHVD .LWDV GDO\NDV N YLVDGD SD\PL PRQHWDULVWDL NDG LQYHVWLFLQ V SULHPRQ V VWDELOL]DYLPR WLNVODLV VXYHLNLD WLN SR NXULR ODLNR 9DGLQDVL ILVNDOLQL DU PRQHWDULQL DNFLM UHLNDOLQJXPDV WXUL E WL QXPDW\WDV JDQD DQNVWL R WDL DSVXQNLQD LQWHUYHQFLQ YHLNO 

18. Ekonomikos augimas

 (NRQRPLNRV DXJLPR HVP
(NRQRPLNRV DXJLPDV LVWRULQLX SRL ULX J\YXRMD tik tris LPWXV PHW  $XJLPR WHPSDL SDJUHLW MR NDL gamyboje buYR SUDG WRV QDXGRWL PDLQRV LU PHLVWUDL EHL DPDWLQLQNDL SUDUDGR VDYR GDUER VWDWXV  LXRODLNLQLDL DXJLPR WHPSDL WDLS SDW VXVLM VX NRQNUHLDLV WHFKQRORJLQLDLV pakitimais.

Ekonomikos augimas - WDL SDVWRYXV NLR JDP\ELQLR SDM JXPR NLOLPDV SDVLUHLNLDQWLV QDcionalinio SURGXNWR SDMDP  DSLPWLHV GLG MLPX SURFHV DSLE GLQD GX pagrindiniai rodikliai: realiojo bendrojo nacionalinio produkto (BNP) arba grynojo nacionalinio produkto (GNP) augimo tempai, kurie nusako, kaip GLG MD HNRQRPLNRMH VXNXULDP SUHNL Lr WHLNLDP SDVODXJ DSLPWLV %13 DUED *13 WHQNDQLR YLHQDP DOLHV J\YHQWRMXL DXJLPR WHPSDL NXULH DSLE GLQD kaip kyla tautos gyveninio lygis. (NRQRPLNRV DXJLPDV JDOL Y\NWL GYLHP E GDLV alyje gali E WL DXNWDV QHGDUER O\JLV GDXJ QHQDXGRMDPRV HP V ir didelis kiekis nenaudojamo NDSLWDOR -HLJX LXRV LWHNOLXV SDOHLGL GDUE  WDL %13 SDGLG V %HW WDL trumpalaikis augimas. Jei viskas nesikeis, tai vos tik itekliai baigsis, tolesnio augimo nebus. 7DLDX QHWJL WDGD NDL visi itekliai inaudoti, ekonomikos augimas yra galimas. Darbo ir kapitalo GLGLQLPDV EHL M SDQDXGRMLPR HIHNW\YXPR GLGLQLPDV padidins EHQGU JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV DXJLP  7DL vadinama ilgalaikiu augimu. (NRQRPLNRV WHRULMD VNLULD HNRQRPLNRV DXJLP QXR QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR SDGLGLQLPR VLDXUinant ar OLNYLGXRMDQW UHFHVLQ WDUSVQ  'DQDV WDXWRV NLV NXULXR QRUV NRQNUHLX PHWX \UD QHSDVLHN V JDOLPR QDFLRQDOLQLR produkto gamybos lygio -- G O QHSDNDQNDPRV SDNODXVRV LU MRV V O\JRWR QHGDUER DUED G O VWUXNW ULQLR QHGDUER 3DGLGLQXV VXPD MXVL YLVXPLQ SDNODXV NUHLY 9'0 SHUVLNHOLD 9'1 WDUNLPH PRQHWDULQ V SROLWLNRV SULHPRQ PLV recesinis tarpsnis Q0 Q1 EXV OLNYLGXRWDV YLVXPLQ V SDNODXVRV NUHLY NLUV YLVXPLQ V SDVL ORV NUHLY 96 WDPH take, NXULDPH SDVWDURML DWLWLQND JDOLP QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR O\J W \ WDNH NXULDPH NUHLY 96 NHUWD YHUWLNDOL M OLQLM  \PLQL JDOLPR nacionalinio SURGXNWR DSLPW  *UDILNDV URGR NDG OLNYLGXRMDQW VWUXNW ULQ QHGDUE  SDGLG V JDOLPR nacionalinio produkto apimtis - M \PLQWL vertikali linija persikelia i tako Q0 WDN 41. .LHNYLHQX PRPHQWX JDOLPD QDFLRQDOLQLR SURGXNWR DSLPWLV \UD DLNLDL DSLEU WD 7HRULNDL M JDOLPa DSLE GLQWL JDP\ERV JDOLP\EL NUHLYH -L gali persikelti auktyn tik SDGLG MXV gamybos YHLNVQL produktyvumui. Recesinio tarpsnio PDLQLPDV sukelia YLHQNDUWLQ ULERMDP JDOLPR nacionalinio produkto apimtimi. nacionalinio produkto gamybos SDGLG MLP 

,OJDODLN  QXRODWLQ HNRQRPLNRV DXJLP sukelia kitokios SULHDVW\V - gamybos YHLNVQL SDJULQGLQ V M U \V - darbas, kapitalas LU HP  apimties LU M SURGXNW\YXPR DXJLPDV Matuojant ilgais laiko tarpais, visi esminiai NLR SRN\LDL SULVNLUWLQL E WHQW LHPV veiksniams. - G ND netgi saikingas ekonomikos augimas tarkime, 3% per metus -- per trejus metus

padidina nacionalines pajamas deimtadaliX R SHU  PHWXV MRV SDGYLJXE MD Kitaip tariant, ekonomikos augimas yra LOJDODLNLR NLR Y\VW\PRVL VDY\E  DWLWLQNDPDL HNRQRPLNRV DXJLPR teorija tiria ilgalaikius procesus ir atsiriboja nuo WUXPSDODLNL JDP\ERV DSLPWLHV VY\UDYLP 

Ekonomikos augimas daugiDXVLD \UD VXVLM V VX LQYHVWLFLMRPLV %H WR LQYHVWLFLMRPLV LXR atveju laikytina ne bet NRNLD LQYHVWLFLQ YHLNOD NXUL QDFLRQDOLQ V V VNDLW\ERV VNLOW\VH kvalifikuojama kaip investicijos, o tik tokia, kuri i WLNU M GLGLQD WDXWRV JDP\ELQHV JDOLP\EHV

IlgalDLNL ODLNRWDUSL SRL ULX NLW DVSHNW JDXQD LU SDMDP WDXS\PDV QHYDUWRMLPDV LQRPH NDG WDXS\PR GDOLHV SDGLG MLPDV QDP NLR HLP  SDMDPRVH SHUNHOLD YDUWRMLPR IXQNFLM HP\Q WDLJL PDLQD YLVXPLQ SDNODXV LU SXVLDXVY\URV QDFLRQDOLQ SURGXNW  7DL EXYR YDGLQDPDVLV WDXS\PR SDUDGRNVDV  3HU LOJ ODLNRWDUS YDL]GDV NHLLDVL HLP VDQWDXSRV VXNXULD O IRQGXV LQYHVWLFLMRPV ILQDQVXRWL .XR GDXJLDX WDXSRPD W\ NXR VDQW\NLQDL PDHVQLV HLP HLQDPDVLV YDUWRMLPDV WXR GLGHVQ V LQYHVWLFLMRV JDOLPRV YDOVW\E MH .XR GLGHVQ V LQYHVWLFLMRV WXR GLGHVQL gamybos augimo etapai. Vadinasi, ilgu laikotarpiu taupymo SDUDGRNVDV QHEHYHLNLD GDXJLDX WDXSDQWL YLVXRPHQ Y\VWRVL VSDULDX

18.2. Augimo veiksniai

9LHQDV L DXJLPR YHLNVQL \UD JDP\ELQ IXQNFLMD *DP\ELQ IXQNFLMD QXVDNR PDNVLPDO SURGXNFLMRV NLHN  NXULV gali E WL JDXQDPDV SDQDXGRMDQW QXVWDW\W G\GL iteklius, t.y. JDP\ERV YHLNVQLXV NDSLWDO  GDUE  HP LU DOLDYDV Bendras produkcijos kiekis, kuris gali E WL SDJDPLQWDV HNRQRPLNRMH SDQDXGRMDQW LXRV JDmybos veiksnius, priklauso nuo PRNVOLQL LU WHFKQLQL JDPLQWRMR LQL 

*DP\ELQ IXQNFLMD SDURGR SRWHQFLDO SURGXNFLMRV NLHN  WDL \UD SURGXNFLMRV kiekis, gaunamas esant visikam XLPWXPXL *DP\ELQ IXQNFLMD QDXGRMDPD ilgalaikio ekonomikos augimo analizei, kadangi ilgu laikotarpiu atsispindi potencialus produkcijos kiekio DXJLPDV 5HPGDPLHVL JDP\ELQ V IXQNFLMRV DSLEU LPX GDURPH LYDG  NDG \UD GX ekonomikos augimo DOWLQLDL QDXGRMDP LWHNOL didinimas - NDSLWDOR GDUER HP V DOLDY LU WHFKQLQL LQL tobulinimas - QDXM LU SDDQJHVQL JDP\ERV PHWRG DWVLUDGLPDV procese. Kapitalas - WDL UHQJLPDL SDVWDWDL LU SDJDPLQWRV SURGXNFLMRV DWVDUJRV NXULRV QDXGRMDPRV WROHVQLDPH JDP\ERV

'DUER LWHNOL DXJLPDV didina LOHLGLDPRV SURGXNFLMRV NLHN  PRJLNDVLV NDpitalas -WDL PRQL LQLRV LU NYDOLILNDFLMD 'DUER QDDV SURGXNFLMRV JDP\E SULNODXVR QH tik QXR MR NLHNLR EHW LU QXR NRN\E V 0DOWXVR VS VWDL ;,; DPLDXV HNRQRPLVWDL EXYR ODEDL VXVLU SLQ G O HP V ULERWR NLHNLR .DGDQJL HP V NLHNLR SDGLGLQWL QHJDOLPD WRG O jie QDJULQ MR HP NDLS HNRQRPLQ DXJLP ULERMDQW YHLNVQ  - PDQ\PX G O J\YHQWRM VNDLLDXV DXJLPR YLHQDP LU WDP SDLDP HP V SORWXL PRQL NLHNLV YLV GLG V R PDLVWR SURGXNW JDP\ED QHJDOL WDLS JUHLWDL GLG WL *\YHQLPR O\JLV PD V LU SDJDOLDX VXVWDEG\V J\YHQWRM VNDLLDXV DXJLP  7LQNDPD DSGLUELPXL HP \UD VYDUEXV HP V NLR HNRQRPLNRV YHLNVQ\V

3DJULQGLQLV LRV LG MRV DXWRULXV EXYR 7 0DOWXVDV -LV WYLUWLQR NDG PRQL VNDLLXV GLG MD SDJDO JHRPHWULQ SURJUHVLM  R HP V NLR JDP\ERV DSLPWLV DXJD SDJDO DULWPHWLQ SURJUHVLM  7DLJL 0DOWXVR WHLJLPX PDLVWR SURGXNW kiekis YLHQDP J\YHQWRMXL PD V SDJDO J\YHQWRM VNDLLDXV NLOLP  *DO JDOH DWHLV EDGDV LU PRQL VNDLLXV VXPD V 7DLDX 0DOWXVDV QH YHUWLQR HP V NLR JDP\ERV SURGXNW\YXPR DXJLPR 0RNVOR LU WHFKQLNRV SDDQJD HP V N\MH JHULQD PRQL VNDLLDXV DXJLPR SHUVSHNW\Y  DOLDYRV QDIWD JHOHLV anglis) WDLS SDW \UD JDP\ERV YHLNVQ\V (IHNW\Y V UHQJLPDL LU JDP\ERV PHWRGDL OHLGLD JDXWL W SDW SURGXNFLMRV NLHN SDQDXGRMDQW PDLDX DOLDY .

Neatstatomieji itekliai. Kai kurias DOLDY U LV SDY\]GLXL PHGLHQ  JDOLPD DWVWDW\WL 7DLDX EHQGURV SDVDXOLQ V DOLDYRV NDLS QDIWD DQJOLV YDULV QHJDOL E WL SDGLGLQWRV LU DWVWDW\WRV L DOLDY QDXGRMLPDV PDLQD M NLHN  NXULV potencialiai gali E WL SDQDXGRWDV DWHLW\MH 7DL VXN O EDLP  NDG YLVRV pasaulio DO\V VXQDXGRV QXURG\WXV LWHNOLXV LU M LQ\NLPDV VXVWDEG\V HNRQRPLNRV DXJLP  7DLN\GDPL HNVSRQHQWLQLR DXJLPR V O\JDV SDPDW\VLPH NDG QHDEHMRWLQDL DWHLV laikas, kai ie itekliai iseks. Romos klubo praneimai teigia, kad DUWLPLDXVL 50-100 PHW ODLNRWDUSLX PRQLMD VXVLGXUV su PDWHULDOLQL LWHNOL WU NXPX 7DLDX LU LXR DWYHMX nepamirkime, kad ekonomikos funkcionavimas yra daug VXG WLQJHVQLV QHL SDO\JLQWL SULPLW\YL HNVSRQHQWLQLR G VQLR prielaida. 3DQDJULQ NLPH kaip ULQNRV HNRQRPLND UHDJXRMD DWVLUDGXV kokio nors vertingo itekliaus WU NXP  9LV SLUPD VXPD MXV SDVL ODL L NDUWR SDGLG MD NDLQRV .DLQ sistema iuo atveju atlieka NHOHW IXQNFLM  Greitai GLG MDQLRV kainos VXPDLQD tr NVW DP DOLDY SDNODXV  - bendras panaudojimas gerokai VXPD V NDUWX GLG MDQW ribiniam naudingumui. 3DY\]GLXL

234

iaugus naftos kainai, SUHN PV SDNXRWL JDPLQWRMDL SUDG V QDXGRWL SRSLHUL DQNVLDX QDXGRMR SODVWPDV  JDPLQDP L QDIWRV .DLQ DXJLPDV \UD HIHNW\YLDXVLDV E GDV OHLGLDQWLV LVSU VWL L SUREOHP  $XJDQLRV NDLQRV YHULD JDPLQWRMXV LHNRWL QDXM WU NVWDP DOLDY JDYLPR E G  Esant tam tikroms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io kito veiksnio. O NDV E W SURGXNFLMRV JDP\EDL MHLJX YLVL JDP\ERV YHLNVQLDL E W GLGLQDPL NDUWX" 7DL SULNODXVR QXR HNRQRPLMRV G O PDVWR (NRQRPLMD G O PDVWR DWVLUDQGD WXR DWYHMX MHLJX LOHLGLDPRV SURGXNFLMRV NLHNLV SDGLG MD GX NDUWXV dvigubai padidinXV JDP\ERV YHLNVQL V QDXGDV JDP\ERMH -HL SDGLGLQXV V QDXGDV du kartus, produkcijos kiekis WDLS SDW SDGLG MD GX NDUWXV NDOEDPD DSLH SDVWRY QDXP G O PDVWR -HLJX SDGLGLQXV V QDXGDV GX NDUWXV SURGXNFLMRV NLHNLV SDGLG MD PDLDX QHL GX NDUWXV kalbama apLH QHLJLDP HNRQRPLM G O PDVWR DUED QDXPR NULWLPDV G O PDVWR /HPLDPD LQYHVWLFLM  NDLS SDJULQGLQLR DXJLPR YHLNVQLR UHLNP HNRQRPLNRV WHRULMRMH SULSD VWDPD EH LO\J  WDLDX MRV LQWHUSUHWDYLPDV LOJDLQLXL NHLW VL LXRODLNLQL HNRQRPLVW SDL URV VNLULDVL QXR W WHLJLQL  NXULXRV VXIRUPXODYR NODVLNLQ V NU\SWLHV HNRQRPLNRV DXJLPR W\ULQ WRMDL .DLS YLVDGD E QD VX WLNU MD SDDQJD NODVLNLQLDL WHLJLQLDL QHEXYR SDQHLJWL R OLNR NDLS EHQGUHVQL DEVWUDNWHVQL QHNRQNUHWL]XRWL DSLE GLQLPDL

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Vadinasi, nuolat darant papildomas investicijas, ribinis NDSLWDOR HIHNW\YXPDV W \ JDXQDP PHWLQ V SURGXNFLMRV DUED SDMDP SULHDXJLR LU W PHW LQYHVWLFLM sumos santykis) PD MD 7DL EHQGUR PD MDQL SDMDP G VQLR NRQNUHWL iraika. Ribinio kapitalo efektyvumo PD MLPDs reikia, kad kapitalo ir produkcijos VDQW\NLV GLG MD - produkcijos vienetui pagaminti reikia kaskart vis daugiau kapitalo. 3UDPRQ V DWVLUDGLPDV LU VSDUWL SO WUD VXNXULD YLVDL QDXM LQYHVWDYLPR JDOLP\EL  'DURVL PDQRPD papildomo kapitalo investicijomis gDXWL QH WLN QHPD MDQW  EHW QHWJL GLGHVQ JDP\ERV LU SDMDP SULHDXJ  SDO\JLQWL VX DQNVWHVQ PLV LQYHVWLFLMRPLV 9LVD WDL YDL]GXRMDPD  SDY .DL DWVLUDQGD QDXM SDSLOGRP SURGXNW\YL LQYHVWLFLM JDOLP\EL  ULELQLR NDSLWDOR NUHLY SDVLNHOLD GHLQ Q - i RKEQ 5.(1 SR WR 5.(2.

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Gamybinis kaupimas. Gamybinio (produktyvaus) kapitalo kaupimas buvo ir lieka svarbiausiu JDP\ERV LU QDFLRQDOLQL SDMDP GLGLQLPR YHLNVQLX .XR GDXJLDX PDLQ LU UHQJLQL QDXGRMD YLVXRPHQ  NXR GLGHVQLV M NLHNLV WHQNDQWLV YLHQDP GDUEXRWRMXL - tuo didesnis nacionalinis produktas. -HL NLV ilaiko QHLQIOLDFLQ YLVLN XLPWXP LU kapitalo - ieigos santykis nekinta, nacionalinio produkto augimo tempai tiesiogiai priklauso nuo gamybinio kapitalo dalies nacionaliniame produkte. .DSLWDOR NRN\E  'DO nacionalinio SURGXNWR SDYHULDQW JDP\ELQLX kapitalu, YLV GLGHVQ UHLNP WXUL QH tik jo kiekis LQYHVWLFLM apimtis), EHW LU MR HOHPHQW WHFKQLQ V-HNRQRPLQ V VDY\E V NDSLWDOR NRN\E  *DOLPD VLYDL]GXRWL HNRQRPLNRV DXJLP DSVNULWDL EH NDXSLPR W \ EH JU\Q M LQYHVWLFLM  taip bus, jei VXVLG Y M UHQJLPDL EXV DWVWDWRPL YLHQ L DPRUWL]DFLMRV IRQGR O  YLHWRM VHQ M SDVWDWDQW QDXMXV tiek paW NDLQXRMDQLXV EHW produktyvesnius. iuo DWYHMX VDYR YDLGPHQ atlieka PRNVOR LU WHFKQLNRV SDDQJD - vystantis mokslui, gamybos SULHPRQ V LU WHFKQRORJLMD WREXO MD G O WR WDV SDWV EHW IL]LNDL DWQDXMLQDPDV NDSLWDODV teikia JDOLP\EL JDXWL GDXJLDX nacionalinio SURGXNWR VNDLLXRMDQW NDSLWDOR YLHQHWXL 1HPHQN YDLGPHQ YDLGLQD LU organizaciniai gamybos SURFHV veiksniai - gamybos ir darbo organizavimas, rinkodaros ir vadybos sistemos.

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Bendras mirimo koeficientas - PLUXVL VNDLLXV SHU PHWXV W NVWDQLXL J\YHQWRM 

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1DW UDODXV J\YHQWRM SULHDXJLR NRHILFLHQWDV O\JXV JLPLPR NRHILFLHQWDV PLQXV PLULPR koeficientas.

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Instituciniai veiksniai. 9\ULDXV\E V WHLVLQLDL DNWDL VNLUWL WLHVLRJLDL VLNLWL LU UHJXOLXRWL NLR SURFHVXV DUED WLN QHWLHVLRJLDL MXRV YHLNLDQW\V WDLS SDW GDUR SRYHLN HNRQRPLNRV DXJLPR VSDUWDL 6DYR LQWHQFLMRPLV WRNLH YHLNVPDL GDQLDXVLDL orientXRMDPL HNRQRPLNRV SO WU VSDUWLQWL R VDYR IDNWLQ PLV SDVHNP PLV tie YHLNVPDL GDXJHOLR HNRQRPLVW QXRPRQH PDLDX vienareikmiki. 5HLNLD GDXJ LQYHVWLFLM  QRULQW SDJUHLWLQWL HNRQRPLNRV DXJLP  7DL LQRPD QHUHLNLD kad pasirinkta LQYHVWLFLM VNDWLQLPR SROLWLND Q UD WHLVLQJD DUED NDG ML QHSDGHGD JUHLWLQWL HNRQRPLNRV DXJLPR 7DL JUHLLDX UHLNLD kad LQYHVWLFLM JDOLP\EL QHUHLNLD SHUYHUWLQWL ,QYHVWLFLM GLGLQLPDL WLNUDL SDJUHLWLQV HNRQRPLNRV DXJLP  EHW GLGHOL VWHEXNO WLN WLV QHUHLNLD

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 (NRQRPLNRV DXJLPR SDVHNP V

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Apie 35% EEB ELXGHWR LWHNOL skiriama ekonomikai reguliuoti ir socialiniams NODXVLPDPV VSU VWL 6YDUELDXVL UHLNP ((% WXUL LRV UHJLRQLQ V YDOLXWRV-kredito ir ILQDQVLQ V RUJDQL]DFLMRV (XURSRV investicinis bankas (EIB), NXUWDV  P (XURSRV LY\VW\PR IRQGDV (EI) NXUWDV  P (XURSRV HP V NLR RULHQWDFLMRV LU JDUDQWDYLPR IRQGDV ( 2*)-1962 m.; Europos regioninio ivystymo fondas (E RFF ) - 1975 m.; Europos valiutos bendradarbiavimo fondas (EVBF) 1973 m.; Europos valiutos fondas (EVF) 1981 m.

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6WRMLPR 7DUSWDXWLQ YDOLXWRV IRQG VXWDUW\MH QXURGRPD NDG DO\V QDU V gali skolintis nepaiVDQW M Y\NGRPRV HNRQRPLQ V LU VRFLDOLQ V SROLWLNRV 7DLDX LOJDLQLXL )RQGR YDGRY\E QXVSUHQG  NDG NUHGLWDV WXU W E WL VXWHLNWDV WXR DWYHMX MHL SDJULQGLDPD SHUVSHNW\YD NDG DOLV QDU JDO V VXUHJXOLXRWL VDYR PRN MLP EDODQV  ,NL 1989 m. Fondo kapitalas buvo 90 POUG -$9 GROHUL  -LV VXVLGDU SDGLG MXV DOL QDUL VNDLLXL ir kelis kartus SDGLG MXV NLHNYLHQRV QDU V NYRWDL 'YL UHLNPLQJRV QXRVWDW QDXMRY V (viena GHLPWPHLR SUDGLRMH R kita SDEDLJRMH VXGDU JDOLP\E SDSLOGRPDL GLG WL TVF kvotoms, ir taip SUDG MR GLG WL 79) UHLNDOLQJRV O RV LU WDUSWDXWLQLDL UH]HUYDL .DG VXPD W JDOLPDV YDOLXW WU NXPDV )RQGH 1963 m. Fondo statute buvo padaryta pataisa UD\WDV %HQGUDVLV VNROLQLPRVL VXVLWDULPDV (General Arrangement to Borrow), nurodantis, kokiu atveju )RQGDV JDOL VNROLQWLV YDOLXW L DOL QDUL 

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21.2. Tarptautiniai kreditiniai santykiai

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Tarptautinis kreditas sudaro palankias V O\JDV XVLHQLR SULYDWLHPV LQYHVWLWRULDPV QHV jiems paprastai suteikiamos tam tikros OHQJYDWRV SDGHGD NXUWL LQIUDVWUXNW U  E WLQ PRQ PV IXQNFLRQXRWL VWLSULQD QDFLRQDOLQL PRQL  EDQN  VXVLMXVL VX WDUSWDXWLQLX kreditu, pozicijas. .UHGLWDV XWLNULQD WDUSWDXWLQL DWVLVNDLW\PR LU YDOLXWLQL RSHUDFLM  NXULRV V O\JRMD tarptautinius DOLHV U\LXV WRO\GXP  .UHGLWDV GLGLQD WDUSWDXWLQ V SUHN\ERV LU NLWRV WDUSWDXWLQ V HNRQRPLQ V DOLHV YHLNORV HIHNW\YXP  Neigiama tarptautiniR NUHGLWR SXV SDVLUHLNLD WXR NDG JLO MD GLVSURSRUFLMRV HNRQRPLNRMH 7DL DWVSLQGL SUHNL SHUSURGXNFLMD VNROLQDPRMR NDSLWDOR SHUVNLUVW\PDV WDUS DOL  VWDLJXV SUHNL NLHNLR SDGLG MLPDV SDNLOLPR ODLNRWDUSLX LU VXPD MLPDV HNRQRPLNRV QXRVPXNLR PHUX

KreditLQ SROLWLND VWLSULQD DOL NUHGLWRUL SR]LFLMDV SDVDXOLQ MH ULQNRMH 3LUPLDXVLD SHOQDV L DOL VNROLQLQNL DWLWHQND DOLPV VNROLQWRMRPV 7DLS SDW DO\V NUHGLWRU V NXULD VDX SDODQNLDV politines ir ekonomines V O\JDV EHVLVNROLQDQLRVH DO\VH 6LHNGDPL VXVWLSULQWL VDYR SR]LFLMDV EDQNDL YDOVW\E V WDUSWDXWLQ V LU UHJLRQLQ V YDOLXWLQ V-NUHGLWLQ V LU ILQDQVLQ V RUJDQL]DFLMRV NDUWDLV Y\NGR NUHGLWLQ V GLVNULPLQDFLMRV SROLWLN  .UHGLWLQ GLVNULPLQDFija - tai QHYLHQRG NUHGLW JDYLPR SDQDXGRMLPR LU SDGHQJLPR V O\J VXGDU\PDV WDLNDQW DOLPV HNRQRPLQ LU SROLWLQ VSDXGLP  'LVNULPLQDFLMRV PHWRGDL -DSULERMLPDL SDO NDQ SURFHQWR SDGLGLQLPDV laiko sutrumpinimas, NUHGLWR G\GLR VXPDLQLPDV *ULHLDXVLD HNRQRPLQ VDQNFLMD - NUHGLWLQ EORNDGD NDL DWVLVDNRPD VXWHLNWL NUHGLW YLHQDL ar kitai aliai. 7DL GDQDL VXVLM VX HNRQRPLQH EORNDGD 7DL GDURPD RILFLDOLDL R GDQDL LU QHRILFLDOLDL DWVLVDNDQW VXWHLNWL NUHGLW G O YDLUL PRW\Y  Tarptautinis kreditas JDOL E WL QDXGRMDPDV NDLS EHQGUDGDUELDYLPR WDUS DOL SULHPRQ LU NDLS SULHPRQ NRQNXUHQFLQ MH NRYRMH Tarptautinis NUHGLWDV \UD YLHQDV L NDU ILQDQVDYLPR DOWLQL 

Tarptautinio kredito formos

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3DJDO DOWLQLXV VNLULDPDV YLGLQLV XVLHQLR LU PLUXV NUHGLWDYLPDV EHL XVLHQLR SUHN\ERV finansavimas.

MXG MLPR QXR HNVSRUWXRWRMR LPSRUWXRWRMXL stadijas

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 SULYDW V VNLULDPL ILUP  EDQN  NDUWDLV WDUSLQLQN EURNHUL  vyriausybiniai; PLU V NXULXRVH GDO\YDXMD SULYDLRV PRQ V LU YDOVW\E  WDUSWDXWLQL LU UHJLRQLQL YDOLXWRV-NUHGLWR LU ILQDQVLQL RUJDQL]DFLM NUHGLWDL Firminis kreditas - WDL SDVNROD VXWHLNLDPD ILUPRV SDSUDVWDL YLHQRV HNVSRUWXRMDQLRV DOLHV NLtos alies LPSRUWXRMDQLDL ILUPDL NDG E W QXNHOWDV PRN MLPR WHUPLQDV )LUPLQL NUHGLW WUXNP JDOL E WL QXR  LNL  PHW  SULNODXVRPDL QXR SDVDXOLQ V ULQNRV NRQMXQNW URV LU SUHNL U LHV LV NUHGLWDV DSLIRUPLQDPDV YHNVHOLX DUED DWYLUD V VNDLWD 9HNVHOLQis kreditas \UD WRNV NDL HNVSRUWXRWRMDV VXGDU V SUHN V SDUGDYLPR VXWDUW  SDWHLNLD SHUYHGLPR YHNVHO

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-DX QXR VHQR \UD LQRPRV OL]LQJLQ V LU IDNWRULQJLQ V RSHUDFLMRV 3DY\]GLXL OL]LQJLQ V RSHUDFLMRV MDX buvo vykdomos Babilone 2000 m. pr. Kr. Ilgainiui MRV JLMR QDXM EUXR  LVLSO W M SDQDXGRMLPR VULW\V 1XR 50- M PHW LRV RSHUDFLMRV SUDG WRV WDLN\WL LU WDUSWDXWLQ MH apyvartoje. LL]LQJLQ V NRPSDQLMRV QXRPRMD ILUPRPV UHQJLPXV ODLYXV O NWXYXV LU NW -15 PHW LU LOJHVQLDP ODLNRWDUSLXL EH QXRVDY\E V WHLVL  'DQDL OL]LQJLQLDL susitarimai sudaromi kartu su frachto sutartimi. Tai garantuoja laivo DU O NWXYR XLPWXP ilgam laikui.

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VXPD MR  W NVWDQLR t.y. SDVNXWLQL M PHW laikotarpiu Y O SUDG MR GLG WL prieaugis sudaro 16,1 W NVWDQLR R NDLPH J\YHQWRM VNDLLXV LU WROLDX PD MR SHU PHWXV VXPD MR GDU  W NVWDQLR PRQL LU beveik s usil ygi n o VX  PHW r odi kliai s. To u n i k al a u s UHLNLQLR SULHDVWLV labai LDXJ V QHGDUEDV LU SDEORJ MXVLRV J\YHQLPR V O\JRV 3UDGHGDQW -siais metais, Lietuvoje mirta daugiau PRQL  QHJX gimsta: 1994M PHW saldo 3654, 1995-M 4126 ir 1996-M 3727 PRQ V 1 D W U D O X V J\YHQWRM prieaugis min usi nis. 0D MD VXVLWXRNXVL M  GLG MD LVLWXRNXVL M  3HU W ODLNRWDUS VXVLWXRNXVL M VXPD MR QXR   i k i 20 433 poU  LVLW X R NX VL M iaugo nuo 11 061 i k i 11 3 1 1 SRU  *\YHQWRM V N DL L Lietuvos miestuose PDLQD LU PLJUDFLMD kurios saldo nuo 1991-M PHWX \UD QHLJLDPDV nors iki tol kiekvienais PHWDLV M DWY\NGDYR PDGDXJ SR 12-15 W NVWDQL 

Nuo 1991 -M kasmet mus palieka po 6-10 W NVWDQL PRQL  Reikia manyti, kad artimiausiais metais ie procesai DWVLQDXMLQV /LHWXYRV PLHVW J\YHQWRMX VNDLLXV Y O SUDG V GLG WL LU M PLJUDFLMRV VDOGR EXV WHLJLDPDV LDLV PHWDLV MLV GDU QHLJLDPDV  PRQL  *\YHQWRM VNDLLXV QHVXPD MR R WROLDX DXJR WLN $O\WXMH LU 0DULMDPSRO MH LU NDLS tik G O WR NDG GDXJXPD PRQL DWODLN QHJDQGDV LU GLUED SDO\JLQWL QRUPDOLDL 1959-1996-VLDLV PHWDLV L GY\OLNRV 5HVSXEOLNRV SDYDOGXPR PLHVW labiausiai iaugo $O\WXV MR J\YHQWRM VNDLLXV SDGLG MR GDXJLDX NDLS HLV NDUWXV 'UXVNLQLQN - beveik keturis kartus, Palangos -  NDUWR 3DQHY LR - daugiau kaip tris kartus, Birtono - beveik tris NDUWXV 0DULMDPSRO V - daugiau kaip du su puse, LDXOL - beveik du su puse karto, Vilniaus - taip pat beveik du su puse karto ir 1991-iais buvo visikai SULDUW M V SULH  W NVWDQL J\YHQWRM ULERV 'HYLQWRMRMH YLHWRMH .ODLS GD MRV J\YHQWRM SDGDXJ MR GX NDUWXV 7ROLDX VHND .DXQDV - beveik du kartus, dar 1980-M SUDGLRMH SHUHQJ  W NVWDQL  1HULnga -l ,7 karto. Visaginas - PLHVWDV DWVLUDG V SDO\JLQWL QHVHQLDL EHW SDJDO J\YHQWRM VNDLL - po 0DULMDPSRO V DWXQWRMH YLHWRMH

3HU PLQ W ODLNRWDUS  R WDL EHYHLN  PHW  YLV 5HVSXEOLNRV SDYDOGXPR PLHVW J\YHQWRM SDGDXJ MR  procento, o visRV /LHWXYRV PLHVW LU PLHVW WLSR J\YHQYLHL  SURFHQWR 7DL UHLNLD NDG DOLHV UDMRQ FHQWUDL LU PLHVWR WLSR J\YHQYLHW V DXJR iek tiek O LDX negu GLGLHML PLHVWDL $WVLUDGR QDXM  9LVDJLQDV -  (OHNWU QDL - 16,0, Naujoji $NPHQ - 14,2 W NVWDQLR J\YHQWRM  WDLS SDW ODEDL LDXJR QHPDDL PLHVWR WLSR J\YHQYLHL UDMRQXRVH NXULRV J\YHQWRM VNDLLXPL OHQNLD UDMRQ FHQWUXV WDL NDG LU 7UDN UDMRQH (OHNWU QDL - 16,0, Lentvaris -  *ULJLN V -  W NVWDQLR J\YHQWRM  7UDNDL - ketvirtoje vietoje, tik  W NVWDQLR SR WR VHND 9LHYLV - 5,6 ir 5 GLN V -  W NVWDQLR J\YHQWRM  ,DQDOL]DYXV SDWHLNWXV GXRPHQLV JDOLPH GDU DNLYDL]GLDX VLWLNLQWL NDG HNRORJLQ SDG WLV /LHWXYRMH G O XUEDQL]DFLMRV WLNUDL VXG WLQJD LU DSOLQNRVDXJRV VULW\MH P V ODXkia kruoptus, WHPSWDV LU DWNDNOXV GDUEDV 7DLS SDW UHLNLD VXSUDVWL JDOE W VYDUELDXVL GDO\N  /LHWXYRMH JDPWRV DSVDXJ UHLNLD Y\VW\WL QHVWDEGDQW XUEDQL]DFLMRV SURFHVR QHPDLQDQW JDP\ERV EHW M SOHLDQW SHUWYDUNDQW UHVWUXNW UL]XRMDQW LU SULWDLNDQW SULH QDXM HNRQRPLQL V O\J  7LN WRNLX E GX JDO VLPH VXNDXSWL SDNDQNDPDL O JDPWRVDXJDL LU VXGDU\WL V O\JDV LQYHVWLFLMRPV atsipirkti.

23.5. Ekonominiai eismo reguliavimo metodai

PRQLMD MDX JDQD VHQLDL VLWLNLQR NDG GLGLDXVLDV DSOLQNRV WHU MDV \SD PLHstuose, -DXWRPRELOLDL GRPX \UD WDL NDG P V LPWPHLR SUDGLRMH EXYR UDJLQDPD NXR VNXELDX SDNHLVWL miestuose arklius automobiliais, jau YLHQ G O WR NDG atseit, arkliai ODEDL WHULD PLHVWXV R DXWRPRELOLDL SDVL\PL YDUXPX 0 V dvideimtasis DPLXV maVLQ V automobilizacijos DPLXV 1985-siais metais pasaulyje vien tik OHQJY M DXWRPRELOL buvo vir 350 PLOLMRQ  Pagal JAV 0DVDLXVHWVR technologijos instituto, taip pat ir daugelio NLW pasaulio PRNVOR GDUEXRWRM SDVNDLLDYLPXV ODXNLDPD NDG YLV SDVDXOLR HP\Q NHOLDLV -VLDLV PHWDLV YDLQ V jau vir SXV V milijardo OHQJY M DXWRPRELOL  $WURGR NDG LH VNDLLDL WLNUDL ODEDL DUWLPL realybei.

3ULH DXWRPRELOL kaip WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQ V PRQLMD SULSUDWR ODEDL OHQJYDL LU greitai, tai L WLNU M SXLNL susiVLHNLPR SULHPRQ VX WRNLRPLV VDY\E PLV kaip JUHLWLV NRPIRUWDV JDOLP\E aplankyti ir gerai SDLQWL SDVDXO  Bet tai kartu ir DXWRPRELOL NHOL  M VWRY MLPR DLNWHOL  DXWRPRELOL SULHL URV PRQL  GHJDOLQL VWDW\ED NDP L HP V NLR atimami dideli HP V kie kia i, PDLQDPL m iku ir N L W R N L H O G L Q L plotai, prie viso to dar ke liamas triukmas ir labai teriama aplinka. Specialistai teigia, kad vienas lengvasis automobilis per savo tarnavimo ODLN LPHWD DSOLQN WHUDO GDXJLDX QHJX SDWV VYHULD $XWRPREilis, kuriuo mes taip mielai NDVGLHQ YDLQ MDPH IDNWLNDL \UD WDUVL FKHPLMRV PRQ DQW UDW  PRQ  NXULRV NHQNVPLQJXV produktus, visikai WR QHQRU GDPD LU NHQNGDPD VDYR sveikatai, pasaulio YLVXRPHQ  R \SD PLHVW J\YHQWRMDL SULYHUVWL QXRODW vartoti. TaL N JL reikia daryti ir kiek LD HIHNW\Y V JDOL E WL ekonominiai aplinkos taros reguliavimo metodai?

9LHQD L ODEDL HIHNW\YL SULHPRQL -NXUR WDXS\PR JDOLP\E  3DVLQDXGRMDQW LD SULHPRQH NDUWX VSUHQGLDPRV GYL problemos: racionaliau naudojami nereprodukuojami gamtos itekliai LU VXQDXGRMDQW PDHVQ GHJDO NLHN  DSOLQNRQ LPHWDPD PDLDX WHUDO  .DGDQJL PDGDXJ iki 1973-M PHW SDVDXO\MH R \SD -$9 - PDVLQLR DXWRPRELOL]DYLPR W Y\Q MH GHJDO WDXS\PR problemos tarsi ir nebuvo, nuo 1950-M PHW $PHULNRMH EXYR VWHQJLDPDVL JDPLQWL YLV GLGHVQL JDEDULW DXWRPRELOL PRGHOLXV NXULH WXU GDYR YLV JDOLQJHVQLXV YDULNOLXV DLNX GDXJLDX WHUGDYR DSOLQN LU U\GDYR YLV

7DG QDIWRV NDLQ SDNLOLPDV SULYHUW V YDOVW\EHV YHVWL DXWRPRELOL NXUR VXQDXGRMLPR QRUPDV L HVP V SDNHLW SDVDXOLQ V DXWRPRELOL JDP\ERV VWUXNW U  -siais metais JAV PDDOLWUDLQLDL DXWRPRELOLDL VXGDU  SURFHQWXV YLV WDLV PHWDLV SDUGXRW DXWRPRELOL  1981-siais-jau 65,0 procentus. Pana V SURFHVDL Y\NR LU NLWRVH DXWRPRELOLXV JDPLQDQLRVH DO\VH 9DNDU (XURSRM H DU -DSRQLMRMH -VLDLV PHWDLV YLGXWLQLR OLWUDR ODELDXVLDL SDNODXV WXULQWLV DXWRPRELOLV YLGXWLQLNDL QDXGRGDYR DSLH  OLWU NXUR G\]HOLQLX YDULNOLX - GDU PDLDX o iandieninis tenkinasi 7-8 litrais benzino arba 5,5- OLWUDLV G\]HOLQLR NXUR ' O WR SDVDXOLR DXWRPRELOL SUDPRQ MH Y\NR DWNDNOL NRQNXUHQFLQ NRYD VLHNLDQW VXNXUWL WXULQW SDNODXV  ODEDL SDWRJ  NRPIRUWDELO  EHW NDUWX HNRQRPLN DXWRPRELO  $QNVLDX NDLS PLQ Mome, JAV YLGXWLQLNDL OHQJYDP DXWRPRELOLXL YLHQR JDORQR EHQ]LQR XWHNGDYR WLN  P\OLRV NHOLR R MDX PDGDXJ SULH GHLPW PHW SUDG WL JDPLQWL DXWRPRELOLDL NXULHPV LR NXUR NLHNLR SDNDQND YHLNWL SHQNLV NDUWXV LOJHVQ QXRWRO  R LXR PHWX pradedami gamLQWL GDU HNRQRPLNHVQL DXWRPRELOLDL NXULH VX SUDVWLQLX NDUELXUDWRULQLX YDULNOLX VXQDXGRGDPL JDORQ kuro, gali QXYDLXRWL LNL  P\OL  R VX G\]HOLQLX YDULNOLX - LNL  P\OL  3HUYHG JDORQXV LU P\OLDV PXPV SUDVW YLHQHW VLVWHP  PDWRPH NDG WRNLH DXWRPRELOLDL LPWXL NLORPHWU NHOLR VXQDXGRMD PDGDXJ  OLWUR EHQ]LQR DUED 2,7 litro dyzelinio kuro. Dabartiniai serijiniai PDDOLWUDLQLDL (XURSRV DOL  -DSRQLMRV 3LHW .RU MRV DXWRPRELOLDL WDLS pat ekonomiki, QHDWVLOLHND QXR VHULMLQL DPHULNLHWLN  0DGDXJ tiek pat kuro, kiek ir JAV, sunaudoja naujai pradedami JDPLQWL LRV NODV V DXWRPRELOLDL LU NLWRVH pasaulio DO\VH R VXG WLQJ HOHNWURQLQL NXUR SXUNLPR VLVWHP SDQDXGRMLPDV YLHWRMH NDUELXUDWRUL GDU SDGLGLQD M HNRQRPLNXP ir, svarbiausia, pagerina ekologinius rodiklius. Taigi galime DNLYDL]GLDL VLWLNLQWL kiek iuo metu Lietuvoje eksploatuojami automobiliai atsilieka nuo pasaulinio lygio. Jeigu vidutinikai PDDOLWUDLQLV DXWRPRELOLV VXQDXGRMD apie 10 OLWU EHQ]LQR LPWXL NLORPHWU NHOLR MR eimininkas yra patenkintas, nes kiti dar labiau rajus... O tai GDXJLDX QHJX 9DNDU (XURSRMH JAV ar Japonijoje buvo sunaudojama prie NHWYLUW DPLDXV %HW NDLS VDNRPD E GD QH YLHQ ta. Dauguma DXWRPRELOL seni, technikai netvarkingi. Nustatyta, kad ir gerai sureguliuoto automobilio variklis, VXGHJLQ V YLHQ WRQ benzino, DWPRVIHU LPHWD apie  NLORJUDP WHUDO  , M DSLH  NLORJUDP VXGDUR DQJOLDU JW  i kitu NRPSRQHQW - VPDON V DUED anglies viendeginis, azoto oksidai ir nesudegusio benzino OLNXLDL angliavandeniliai, taip pat YDLU V vino junginiai, sunkieji metalai ir kitos nuodingos PHGLDJRV O technikai netvarkingas variklis imeta 2-3 kartus daugiau WHUDO  VLYDL]GXRNLPH kiek P V DSOLQN teria vien automobiliai, NXUL VNDLLXs 5HVSXEOLNRMH GLG MD labai VSDULDL Vien tik 1989-1994-M PHW laikotarpiu OHQJY M DXWRPRELOL SDGLG MR  W NVWDQLR NURYLQLQL - 11,2, DXWREXV - 3,2 W NVWDQLR ir tik PRWRFLNO  YLV QXRVWDEDL VXPD MR  W NVWDQLR /LHWXYRV PRNVOLQLQN W\ULPDi rodo, kad pas mus vis GDU GLG MD VLHURV RNVLG  PHWDQR LU ODNL M RUJDQLQL MXQJLQL SURFHQWLQ GDOLV EHQGUDMDPH WHUDO EDODQVH <SD LVLVNLULD DQJOLHV PRQRNVLGR GLG MLPDV WHUDO bendrosios VDQGDURV GLQDPLNRMH 'LG MD LU D]RWR RNVLG  3DWV svarbiausiaV PLQ W WHUDO altinis - PRELOLRV WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQ V 0RELO V WDURV altiniai vien WLN  PHWDLV DWPRVIHU LPHW  YLV WHUDO  LV IDNWDV SDWYLUWLQD &2 GLG MLP EHQGUDMDPH WHUDO VSHNWUH

LQDQW NDG DXWRPRELOLDPV VXQDXGRMDPD GDXJLDX NDLS WUHGDOLV SDVDXO\MH LJDXQDPRV naftos, suprantama, kur JDO MR QXYHVWL PRQLM WRNLRV DXWRPRELOL]PR Y\VW\PR WHQGHQFLMRV -XRODE NDG WXR SDLX PHWX SUDVLG MR LU ODEDL VSDUWDXV nDIWRV NDLQ DXJLPR EXPDV 9LVD WDL V O\JRMR NDG -VLDLV PHWDLV -$9 LOHLVWDV DXWRPRELOLQLR NXUR WDXS\PR VWDW\PDV 1HVQDXG LU 9DNDU (XURSRV -DSRQLMRV LU NLW SDVDXOLR DOL VWDW\P OHLG MDL LU Y\ULDXV\E V

GDXJLDX NXUR 3DY\]GLXL -siais metais lengvajam automobiliui vieno galono kuro vidutinikai XWHNGDYR  mylios kelio.

1995-VLDLV YLHQDP W NVWDQLXL /LHWXYRV J\YHQWRM WXU MRPH SHU  SULYDL OHQJY M DXWRPRELOL  LDLV PHWDLV MDX YLU  LQDQW NDG (XURSRMH WDP SDLDP J\YHQWRM VNDLLXL M EXYR /LXNVHPEXUJH LU 9RNLHWLMRMH - PDGDXJ SR  3UDQF ]LMRMH LU YHGLMRMe - po 420, Belgijoje ir Suomijoje - SR  JDOLPH VLYDL]GXRWL NDV /LHWXYRV JDPWRV laukia SR NRNL 10- PHW  - VNDLLXV QHLYHQJLDPDL SDGYLJXE V ,U DWVLYHOJLDQW P V YDUJDQ HNRQRPLQH SDG W  MLH

1995-M PHW SUDGLRMH WXU MRPH OHQJY M -  W NVWDQLR NURYLQLQL DXWRPRELOL - DXWREXV - 17,1 ir PRWRFLNO -  W NVWDQLR -siais meWDLV OHQJY M DXWRPRELOL Lietuvoje jau EXYR  W NVWDQLR 7LN SHU QHSLOQ GYLHM PHW ODLNRWDUS M VNDLLXV LDXJR  W NVWDQL DUED  SURFHQWR 7DLDX PD MD NURYLQLQL DXWRPRELOL LU DXWREXV SDUNDV -  PHW YLGXU\MH WXU MRPH DWLWLQNDPDL  LU  W NVWDQLR , YLVR LXR PHWX WXULPH SHU PLOLMRQ PRWRULQL WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQL DUED EHYHLN GX LPWXV WULVGHLPW NDUW GDXJLDX negu 1939-VLDLV %HW WDL NDLS PLQ MRPH GRPLRML GDXJ N SDVDNDQWL VWDWLVWLND *U NLPH prie gamtos apsaugos.

3R SHQNLDVGHLPWLHV PHW - 1989-siais jau EXYR  W NVWDQLR OHQJY M   -NURYLQLQL DXWRPRELOL  13,8 - DXWREXV LU  W NVWDQLR PRWRFLNO - i viso 766850 PRWRULQL WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQL DUED OHQJY M DXWRPRELOL  NDUWXV NURYLQLQL - 123, DXWREXV -  LU PRWRFLNO - 108 kartus daugiau.

3ULH $QWU M SDVDXOLQ NDU - 1939-siais metais, Lietuvoje jau EXYR SHU GX W NVWDQLXV OHQJY M DXWRPRELOL  DSLH DWXRQLV LPWXV VXQNYHLPL  WULV LPWXV DXWREXV LU GDXJLDX kaip 1700 PRWRFLNO - L YLVR  PRWRULQ V WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQ V

GRPXPR G OHL YHUWD SULVLPLQWL NDLS Y\NR /LHWXYRV Dutomobilizacija. Pirmieji automobiliai /LHWXYRMH SDVLURG GYLGHLPWRMR DPLDXV SUDGLRMH -VLDLV PHWDLV 9LOQLXMH YDLQ MR keli OHQJYLHML DXWRPRELOLDL LU SUDG MR NXUVXRWL DXWREXVDV QXR GDEDUWLQ V *HGLPLQR DLNW V 9HUNLXV Prie SDW 3LUP M SDVDXOLQ kDU 9LOQLXMH LU .DXQH EXYR XUHJLVWUXRWD tik po keliolika DXWRPRELOL 

EXV QH SLUPRV MDXQ\VW V LU QHSDNDQNDPDL WHFKQLNDL WYDUNLQJL 7DLJL NDLS PLQ MRPH GDUER YLVLHPV /LHWXYRV PRQ PV XWHNV ir ioje srityje. Kad tik UDVWXP P O  ,VLY\VLXVL pasaulio DOL patirtis rodo, kad suk ur ti L X R O D L N L Q W X U L Q W SDN ODX V HNRQRPLN DXWRPRELO PDQRPD tik efektyviai naudojant mokslo ODLP MLPXV taip pat ir kompiuterius. Jiems padedant ne t i k taupiau naudojamas kuras, bet ir i k i m i n i m u m o VX PDLQDPDV Q X R G L Q J aplinkon LPHWDP WHUDO ki eki s. Tiesa, tokios DX WR P RE LO L ekologizavimo sistemos didina M NDLQ  WDLDX LD WDLNRPL ekonominiai PHWRGDL L PRQWXRWD automobiliuose HNRORJLQ UDQJD QRUV LU VXGDUR iki 15- SURFHQW M kainos, parduodama OHQJYDWLQ PLV V O\JRPLV QHWDLNRPL DNFL]R LU PDLQDPL kiti PRNHVLDL teikiamos YDOVW\ELQ V VXEVLGLMRV ir kitos lengvatos.

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paklusti YLVXRPHQ V reikalavimams reikalavimu galima tik tuo atveju, kai DXWRPRELOL NHQNVPLQJXP PDLQDQL DXWRPRELOL WDU IRUPD QHGXRV QRULPR

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24.8. Triukmo ir vibracijos problemos

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9LVR SDVDXOLR YLVXRPHQ SODLDL DSLH 5RPRV NOXE VXLQRMR NDL SDVLURG MR LQLFLDW\YD parengti pirmieji SURMHNWDL QDJULQ MDQW\V globalines problemas. Bene GLGLDXVL VXVLGRP MLP VXN O dar 1972-siais metais ileistas projektas Augimo ribos", kurio autorius D. Nidouzas, 1989-siais ODQN VLV LU P V alyje, QDJULQ MD penkias svarbiausias globalines problemas: VSDULRV industrializacijos, J\YHQWRM VNDLLDXV GLG MLPR PDLVWR SURGXNW WU NXPR JDPWLQL LWHNOL LVHNLPR LU JDPWRV DSOLQNRV XWHULPR 3DVLWHON JDOLQJ VNDLLDYLPR WHFKQLN  SULWDLN

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1. Albrecht W.P. Microeconomic principles. Englewood Cliffs, 1979. 2. Boumol W.J., Blinder A.S. Economics. Principles and policy. N.Y., 1985. 3. Ekonomika. U-tet M.Kopemica. Red. Nauk. P. Jaworowski, Torun, 1993. 4. Ekonomikos teorija. I. MikURHNRQRPLND ,, 0DNURHNRQRPLND $WV 5HG - LLQVNDV 9LOQLXV VU leidykla, 1990, 1991. 5. Economics and industrial democracy. London, 1993.  *HOEUDLWDV ' . 0HQLNRYDV 6 .DSLWDOL]PDV VRFLDOL]PDV VDPE YLV 9   -DNXWLV $ (NRQRPLQL WHLJLQL PRGHOLDYLPDV 9 7HFKQLND  8. Jurgutis V. Bankai. K., 1940.  -XUJXWLV 9 )LQDQV PRNVOR SDJULQGDL .  10. Jurgutis V. Pinigai. K., 1938.  .LWDQRYLLXV % 3ODQHWD LU FLYLOL]DFLMD SDYRMXMH 9   /LHWXYRV XVLHQLR SUHN\ED . 1983  0DOLDXVNDV 9 5DFLRQDOXV JDPWRV LWHNOL QDXGRMLPDV 9  14. Manafield E. Principles of microeconomics. N.Y., 1976. 15. Rinkos ekonomika ir valstybinis reguliavimas. Red. K.Glaveckas. V: Balticon, 1990. 16. Samuelson P. Economics: an introductory analysis. 2 n. D. N. Y, 1961. 17. Samuelson P. Economics. N. Y, 1970. 18. Vengrys E. Ekonomikos samprata. V, 1988. 19. Weis L.W. Economics and Society. N. Y, 1986. 20. Wonnacot P., VVbnnacot R. Economics. N. Y, 1986. 21. Wonnacot P., Wonnacot R. Economics. N. Y, 1990.  :RQQDFRW 5 :RQQDFRW 5 0LNURHNRQRPLND 9'8 OHLGLQ\V YHUW = /\GHND .   :RQQDFRW 5 :RQQDFRW 5 0DNURHNRQRPLND 9'8 OHLGLQ\V YHUW =/\GHND .  24. Ame Jonas Isachsenas, Carlas Hamiltonas. Ekonomikos pagrindai. 9 $OW OLWHUD  25. Gerald Klein. Dictozary of banking. London, 1992. 26. Oxford dictozary of Business English. Ozford university Press, 1994. 27. The Oxford dictozary for the Business world. Oxford university Press, 1993. 28. Ekonomika rozvvoju miast. Lodz, 1983. 29. Ekonomika pracy. Red. Nauk S.Borkowska, Warszawa, 1988.  /LOHYLLXV 9LQFHQWDV $PHULNRV OLHWXYL HNRQRPLQ YHLNOD - LNDJD LNDJRV lituanistikos institutas. 1980.  0DOLDXVNDV 9 5DFLRQDOXV JDPWRV LWHNOL QDXGRMLPDV 9, 1985. 32. Wirtschaft spolitische Strategien: Probleme okonomischer Stabilitat und Entvvicklung in Industrielandern und der Europaischen Gemeinschaft. Regensburg O Trans-fer-Verb., 1990                                            42    -               -2., 1976