tcGihftvrf;rsm;ESifh ar#mfvihfrxm;aom tEW&m,frsm;?

jrefrmEkdifiH pDyGm;a&; toGiful;ajymif;rItwGuf

toifhjyifqifjcif;?
,luD tmuDrdkwkd
(Yuki Akimoto)

OSIs Burma Project/Southeast Asia Initiative

In cooperation with the Bank Information Center

Copyright 2006 by The Open Society Institute

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means without the prior
permission of the publisher.
The Open Society Institute encourages wide distribution of this report.
Anyone wanting to reproduce the report in large quantities should contact the
Burma Project for permission.
ISBN: 1-891385-52-6
978-1-891385-52-0
Published by
Open Society Institute
400 West 59th Street
New York, New York 10019 USA
Website: www.soros.org

For more information

Burma Project/Southeast Asia Initiative
Open Society Institute
400 West 59th Street
New York, NY 10019 USA
Email: burma@sorosny.org
Website: www.soros.org/initiatives/bpsai

Cover design and text layout by Judit Kovcs | Createch Ltd.

Printed in Thailand by Orchid Press
Cover photo by Yuzo Uda

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xm;ygw,f? tmuDrkdwkdu Burma Debate, The Irrawaddy eJ@ wjcm;ae&mawGrSm
aqmif;yg;awG a&;cJh +yD;/ tEW&m,fusa&mufaeaom oHvGif/ ta&Sawmiftm&SrS
vGwfvyfpGmpD;qif;aeonhf t&SnfqkH;jrpfwGif a&umwmrsm; aqmufjcif; (The
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tif'dkeD;&Sm; tzJG@tpnf;awGudk yHhydk;cJhygw,f/ txif&Sm;qHk;rSm &m&mqefwDzm
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(OSI) u ta&S@awmiftm&S&Sd jrefrmeJ@ tif'dkeD;&Sm;wkd@omru tjcm;EdkifiHu
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the Bank Information

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Transitions: The Role of Global Institutions and Lessons for
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vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf; (The Open Society Fund - Bosnia and Herzegovina) u
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rl0g'rsm;? abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@wGif (roif,lvdkuf&wJh) oifcef;pmrsm;

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2

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ay:jyLvm um;awG) armif;aew,f? teD;ta0;u vltrsm;u 'DtysHpm;
um;udk tm;us=uw,f? a'owGif;u wjcm;EkdifiHawGa&S trsm;}uD;
apm+yD; yef;wkdifa&mufzkd@ tvm;tvmt&SdqkH; EkdifiHvkd@ ajymcJh=uygw,f?6
'kwd,urBmppf+yD;vkd@ r=umcifrSmyJ EkdifiHjcm;u wkdufkduf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_awG
jyefpcJh+yD;/ a&eH/ u|ef;opfeJ@ wjcm;pufr_vkyfief;awGrSm 1960 ckESpfawG tapm
h jyif
ykdif;rSm EkdifiHjcm; ukr`%DawGu ta&;ygwJhae&mawG ,lxm;=uygw,f?7 'gt
1956 ckESpfeJ@ 1961 ckESpf awGt=um;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH[m urBmhb%fu
axmufyHha=u; a':vmoef; 30 ausmf &cJhygw,f?
pD;yGm;a&;t& aumif;rGefcJhayrJh/ 'DEkdifiHwum &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_eJ@ axmufyHhr_
awGa=umihf trsKd;om;a&;qefwJh wefjyefr_awG ay:xGufvm+yD;/ oD;jcm;0g' usihfokH;
wJhumv ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? 1962 ckESpf OD;ae0if; tm%m&wJh tm%modrf;
,lr_t+yD;rSm tpkd;&topf[m pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' ajymif;vJcJh+yD;/ EkdifiHjcm; tultnD
rygbJ 'grSr[kwf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ rygbJ EkdifiHawmfzlvkHa&;udk &nfrSef;wJh A[kdu
csKyfudkifwJh pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef;AsL[m (jrefrmh qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf) usihfokH;cJh
ygw,f? c|if;csufenf;enf;yJxm;+yD; tpkd;&u EkdifiHjcm;wkdufkduf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_awGudk
wm;jrpfcJh+yD;/ urBmhb%fu taxmuftulawGudk vufcHwm &yfpJcJhygw,f?
tpkd;&[m yk*~vdu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aygif; waomif;ig;axmifavmufudk odrf;ykduf
vkduf+yD;/ twif;t=uyf armif;xkwfvkdufwJh tdENd,vlrsKd; 2 odef; avmufqDu
pD;yGm;a&; ykdifqkdifr_awGukdvnf; odrf;ykdufvkdufygw,f?8
'ga=umifh 1960 eJ@ 1970 ckESpfawGrSm wjcm;EkdifiHawGu wkd;yGm;aewJh urBmh
pD;yGm;a&;udk tcGihfaumif; ,lcJhwJhtcsdefrSm jyifyurBmuae tusKd;tjrwf&r,hf
tquftoG,fawGuae jrefrmEkdifiHpD;yGm;a&;u oD;jcm;&yfwnfaechJygw,f? 1960
ckESpfawG aESmif;ydkif;rSmawmh oD;jcm;pD;yGm;a&; &yfwnfr_0g'awGu ratmifjrifbl;
qkdwm xif&Sm;vm+yD;/ 1973 ckESpfrSm tpkd;&u urBmhb%f&J taxmuftyHhawG
jyefvnfvufcH cJhygw,f? 1973 ckESpfrSmyJ jrefrmEkdifiH[m ADB rSm tzJG@0ifcJh+yD;/
ESpfEdkifiH tvSL&SifawGqDu taxmuftulawG pwifawmif;qkdcJhygw,f? yk*~vdu
EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_awGudkawmh ydwfyifqJjzpf+yD;/ tpkd;&u xkwfvkyfa&;eJ@
ukefoG,fa&;udk csKyfudkifcJhygw,f? trsKd;om; 0ifaiGvnf; wnf+idrfae+yD; 1980
ckESpf tv,fykdif;rSm pwifusqif;cJhygw,f? 1987 ckESpfrSm ukvor*~u jrefrm
EkdifiHudk zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ tenf;qkH;EkdifiH tjzpf owfrSwfcJh ygw,f?9
6

vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif; 50 u +ydKifyGJrSm t}uHaumif;awG/ 0d&d,eJ@ }udK;pm;r_

wdk@a=umifh tdrfeD;csif;awGu ykdaumif;whJum;awG wwfEkdifcJhw,f? armf',f
awG ajymif;cJh+yD; vGefcJhwJh q,hfig;ESpfavmufuwnf;u yg*sJkd;awG w0D0D
ppD;vmw,f? usaemfwkd@ uawmh udk,fhenf;ukd,hf[efeJ@yJvkyf+yD; 1950
zdk@'fay:jyLvmarmf',fyJ pD;cJhw,f?10
1988 EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) tpkd;&
tm%m odrf;+yD;aemufykdif; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk w&m;0if vufv$wfvkduf
ayrJh EkdifiHawmfu pD;yGm;a&;udk wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfudkifwmawGuawmh usefcJh
ygw,f?11 1988 ckESpfrSm 25 ESpfwm umvtwGif; yxrqkH;taeeJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm
EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ Oya't& EkdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ cGihfjyKcJhayrJh/ urBmhb%feJ@
ADB wdk@u aiGacs;wm&yfoGm;+yD;/ 1988 rSm 'Drkdua&pD axmufcHolawGudk
tpkd;&u t=urf;zuf zdESdyf+yD;aemufydkif; tvSL&SifEkdifiHawGu taxmuftyHhawG
uef@owfcJhygw,f? pDrHcef@cGJr_ t&rf;nhHzsif;wm/ owif;tcsuftvuf uif;rJhwmeJ@
a&&SnfpDrHudef; uif;rJhwmwkd@a=umihf 1990 ckESpfawGrSm jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; qufvuf
usqif;cJhygw,f?
tESpf 50 vrf;ay:rSm&Sd+yD;aemuf wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;zkd@ pjzpfvm+yD;
yGef;&m yJh&mawGvnf; ay:vmwmuawmh odomygw,f? 'gayrJh um;ukd
ajymifajymif a&mifa&mif&Sdatmif aq;c%c%okwf+yD;/ a[vkd*sif a&SrD;
awG/ r*fbD;awGwyf/ 'gawGvkyfvkd@ vkyfwmukdifwmu ykdraumif;vmayrJh
vnf; auseyfyDwd jzpfaewmaygh? r=umao;cif ESpfawGu tcuftcJ
awG &Sdvmw,f? xkdifckHawG aqmihfvGef;vkd@ aemufuxkdifaewJh c&D;
onfawGuvnf; a,mifvnfvnf jzpfvmw,f? cyf=urf;=urf;okH;wm
rsm;vGef;+yD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vspfvsL_ xm;awmhvnf; a&Smhxdef;wJh[mawG
uvnf; raumif;awmhbl;? 'ghtjyif pyfpyif;&Sif;awGuvnf; okH;EkdifwJh
umvxuf q,fpkESpfawGausmf+yD; okH;xm;awmh jyKwfxGufukefa&m?
vrf;uvJ taygufawGeJ@/ ausmufwkH;awGvnf; jynhfvkd@/ 'ghtjyif "mwfqD
vnf; ukefawmhr,f? 'D=um;xJ rkdifwHuwnf; vGefcJhwJh okH;av;ESpf
uwnf;u uyfaew,f? (ukef;qif;vdrfhaeawmh um;oGm;aerSef; odw,f
vkd@ vlawGajymw,f) 'Dawmh um;oGm;aew,fqkdwm odayrJh b,fudk
OD;wnfoGm;aerSef; rod/ b,favmuf oGm;cJhrSef;rod/ +yD;awmh b,fESpfrdkif
qufoGm;&rSef;vJvnf;rod/ yef;wkdifa&mufzkd@ b,fESpfESpfavmuf 'D'%f
awG qufcH&rSef;vnf;rod?12
7

q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pDrHcef@cGJr_nhHzsif;+yD;/ wkd;wufr_t&Sdef jrifhwifzkd@ tcGihftvrf;

awG qkH;_H;cJhayrJh jrefrmEkdifiH&J pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmu }uD;rm;qJyg? rxkwf,l
&ao;wJh obm0 o,HZmwawGeJ@ pkdufysKd;EkdifwJh ajrae&mawGu trsm;}uD;yg?
'ghtjyif vkyfief;cGifoifwef;u avhvmoltenf;qkH; wa,mufu jrefrmEkdifiH
wkd;wufr_ wGef;tm;taeeJ@ pkdufysKd;a&;eJ@ obm0 o,HZmwawGudk tav;ay;
&muae vltiftm;udk tav;ay;ajymif;zkd@ vkda=umif; axmufjycJhygw,f?
jrefrmEkdifiH&J wefzkd;t&SdqkH; t&if;tjrpfu uG,f0wJh pkdufysKd;ajr,m/
opfawmawG/ owWKawG/ 'grSr[kwf [dkuf+'dKumAGefawG/ r[kwfbl;qkdwmudk
jrefrmEkdifiH od&ifaumif;r,f? wefzkd;t&SdqkH;u jynfolawGyJ? 'Dvkdajymif;
pOf;pm;&if obm0 t&if;tjrpfawG xkwf,lwmeJ@ kyf0wKtajccH
tkwfjrpfawG wnfaqmufaekHeJ@ r&bl;qkdwJh tcsuf[m odomvmr,f?
wnfaqmufaewJh kyf0wK t&if;tESD;awGudk xdxda&mufa&muf okH;Ekdifzkd@
vl@pGrf;&nf wkd;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&r,f? um;vrf;awG/ rD;&xm;vrf;
awGazmuf/ wHwm;awG/ qnfawG aqmufwmtjyif ykdta&;}uD;+yD;
wnfaqmufzkd@ ykdcufcJwJh vlr_pD;yGm;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ ynma&;
pepfawG/ usef;rma&;eJ@ vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_awG/ Oya'abmif/ xda&mufwJh
trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; pDrHcef@cGJr_eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' csrSwftaumiftxnf
azmfjcif;/ apmihf=uyf=unhf&_@jcif;/ ydkrdkwdk;wufonfh jynfol@0efxrf;tzGJ@/
b%feJ@ bma&;tzGJ@ pepfawG/ tkyfcsKyfr_eJ@pDrHcef@cGJr_/ ywf0ef;usif
xdef;odrf;r_ ykdrkdaumif;atmif vkyfzkd@/ tzGJ@tpnf;,EW&m;awG&dSzkd@ pwJh
tmqD,HEkdifiHawGeJ@ wjcm;wkd;wufqJ tm&SEkdifiHawG kef;uef }udK;pm;aewJh
tcsufawGudk jrefrmEkdifiH[m ta&;ay; &ygr,f?13
c? EkdifiHwum bma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHqufqHa&;
1952 ckESpfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH[m IMF eJ@ urBmhb%fwkd@rSm tzJG@0if jzpfvmyg
w,f? 1956 ckESpfu p+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH[m urBmhb%fuae oef;aygif; 700 ausmf
acs;cJhayrJh/ 1987 Zlvdkifvup+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHudk aiGracs;awmhygbl;? 1998 ckESpf
up+yD; urBmhb%frSm jrefrmEkdifiH[m twkd;r&aewJh taetxm; a&mufaecJh
ygw,f? ay;p&m&SdwmawG (auG;+rDawG) udk qyf+yD;rS topfacs;,lEkdifygw,f?14
urBmhb%frSm jrefrmEkdifiH qyfp&m tauG;a':vm 142 oef;avmuf&Sdygw,f?15
urBmhb%f[m jrefrmjynfrSm jzpfaewmawGudk apmihf=unhf+yD; ukvor*~
8

vufatmufcH tzGJ@tpnf;awG pwJh wjcm;zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufr_ tzJG@tpnf;awG

eJ@vnf; jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; qufoG,faeygw,f?
urBmhb%feJ@ tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%f ADB 0efxrf;awGeJ@twl jrefrmEkdifiHrSm
EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ IMF [m ESpfpOf Article IV consultation (yk'rf 4
t}uHay;aqG;aEG;yGJ) rvkyfrae vkyfygw,f? 'DaqG;aEG;yGJvkyfzkd@ IMF &J pD;yGm;a&;
ynm&SifawGu pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' trsKd;rsKd;udk ppfaq;zkd@ tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH wckpDudk oGm;yg
w,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm r=umao;cifuvkyfwJh t}uHay; aqG;aEG;wifjycsufawGudk
rxkwfjyef&ao;ygbl;?16
jrefrmEkdifiHu 1973 ckESpfrSm ADB tzJG@0if jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 'Dae@txd
ADB u jrefrmEkdifiHudk pDrHudef; 28 cktwGuf pkpkaygif; a':vm 530.9 oef;eJ@ 32
}udrf aiGacs;cJhygw,f? 1986-87 ckESpf uwnf;u jrefrmEkdifiHtwGufqkd+yD; wdwd
usus acs;aiG 'grSr[kwf enf;ynm taxmuftyHhawG ray;cJhygbl;? ADB ukd
jrefrmEkdifiHu qyfzkd@ usefwJhtauG;u a':vm 28 oef;avmuf &Sdw,fvkd@ cef@rSef;
&ygw,f?17 'gayrJh jrefrmEkdifiH[m r[mrJacgifa'ocGJtwGif; (GMS) pD;yGm;a&;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ pDrHudef; tzJG@0if jzpfygw,f? (tydkif; 2-* udk=unhfyg)18 ADB
u GMS pDrHudef;udk jyif;jyif; xefxef axmufcHum yHhydk;+yD;/ GMS tzJG@0ifjzpfwJh
jrefrmEkdifiH[m ADB u enf;ynm axmufyhHa=u;ay;wJh GMS pDrHudef;wcsKd@rSm
yg0ifygw,f?19
*? jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;yg0ifr_
1? a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;yg0if&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;
r=umao;cifu ESpfawGrSm jrefrmEkdifiHu wkwf/ tdENd,eJ@ xkdif;EkdifiHvdk
tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGeJ@ pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ t&rf;}udK;pm;cJhygw,f?
txl;ojzihf jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ wkwfEkdifiHt=um; pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_u
1988 ckESpfrSm ESpfEkdifiHtpkd;& e,fpyful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; oabmwlnDcsuf
vufrSwfxkd;+yD;uwnf;u t&SdefjrihfcJhygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ tdrfeD;csif; ,leef
jynfe,fwkd@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_[m 2002 ckESpf wkwf-jrefrm ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fr_&J 47 &mckdifE_ef; &Sd+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiH[m ,leef&J t}uD;qkH; ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fol jzpfygw,f?20 ESpfEkdifiH ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; wkd;jrihfzkd@ wkwfEkdifiHu
jrefrmEkdifiH aqmufvkyfa&; pDrHudef;awGtwGuf aiGa=u;ay;cJhygw,f?21 jrefrmEkdifiH
9

tay: wkwfEkdifiH&J v$rf;rkd;r_udk wefjyefzkd@ 1990 ckESpfawG tapmykdif;rSm tdENd,u

jrefrmEdkifiHudk txD;usefxm;wJh rl0g'uae jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;tquftoG,f
jrihfrm;apwJh tjyKoabmeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; rl0g'udk ajymif;vkduf
ygw,f?22
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ jrefrmEkdifiHu GMS r[mrJacgifa'ocGJ pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufr_ pDrHudef;vkd/ a'opDrHudef;awGrSm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;ygw,f?23 pD;yGm;a&;
yl;aygif;aqmuf&Gufr_udk axmufcHolawGu 'Dvdkaqmif&Gufr_uae jrefrmEkdifiH
tygt0if tzGJ@0ifawGu pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wuf+yD; uG,f0vmr,fvdk@ qkdygw,f? Oyrm
GMS OD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufcsufwckjzpfwJh ta&S-taemuf wEdkifiHeJ@wEdkifiH
pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ qufoG,fa&;vrf;ajrmif pDrHudef; (EWEC) u
AD,uferfEkdifiH 'eef+rdK@uae/ jrefrmEkdifiH armfv+rKdiftxd ta&Sawmiftm&S
ukef;ajrrSm vrf;azmufzkd@ &nf&G,fygw,f? GMS pDrHudef;udk t"duulnD
axmufyHholjzpfwJh ADB u EWEC +yD;wJhtcg tJ'Dvrf;a=umif;u a'oawGrSm
ukef=urf;&Ekdifr_ ykdaumif;wm/ qif;&Jr_avsmhcswm/ e,fpyfukeful;r_ ykdrsm;wm/
pD;yGm;a&;e,fajrudk ydkIxda&mufpGm tokH;csEdkif+yD;/ pkdufysKd;a&;/ pufr_a'oeJ@
c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ukd ykdxdxda&mufa&muf okH;wm pwJh tusKd;
aus;Zl;awG trsm;}uD;vm&r,fvdk@ qkdygw,f?24
b,fpD;yGm;a&;twGufrqkd ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_ yrm%rsm;wm/ EkdifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;r_ ykdrsm;wmeJ@ tvkyftukdifeJ@ 0ifaiGwkd;yGm;wm pwJh tusKd;aus;Zl;awG
pD;yGm;a&; aqmif&Gufr_u&zkd@ tvm;tvm&Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh tck&zkd@ }udK;pm;aewJh
a'oqkdif&m pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_u jrefrmEkdifiHudk a&&SnfuG,f0atmif
vkyfay;Edkifyghrvm;/ ykdwm&Snf cH+yD; tjyKoabmaqmifwJh tajymif;tvJ&zkd@u
aumif;wJhtkyfcsKyfr_ usihfxkH;awGeJ@ jynfwGif;jynfyeJ@ oufqkdifwJh/ jynfhpkHwJh
vlr_a&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' tpDtpOfawGvnf; &Sdzkd@vkdw,fvkd@ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;
ynm&Sifwa,mufu axmufjyygw,f?25
2? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_u&rnfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;?
tpDtpOf vkdtyfcsu26
f

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pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_uae wnfwhHaewJh a&wkdtusKd;tjrwf

awGeJ@ ajymif;vJaewJh a&&SnftusKd;tjrwf ESpfrsKd; &Ekdifygw,f? yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
r_tprSm wdk;csJ@ vmwJh ukefoG,fr_eJ@ &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ &&SdvmrJh wnfwHhaewJh a&wkd
10

tusKd;tjrwfawGuae ukefoG,fr_ yrm%wkd;jrihfwmeJ@ EkdifiHjcm;0ifaiGawG wkd;jrihf

wmvkd pD;yGm;a&;udk w}udrfwcgyJ jrihfwifay;ygw,f? 'Djrihfwifr_awGtwGuf EkdifiH&J
pD;yGm;a&;rSm tajccHtaqmuftOD ajymif;vJp&m rvkdygbl;?
wzufrSmawmh a&&SnftusdK;jrwfawGjzpfwJh wckeJ@wck tjyeftvSef
tusdK;jyKwJh pufr_vkyfief;awG 'grSr[kwf v_yf&Sm;r_ ponfwdk@udk zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf
vmzdk@ ydk+yD;cufcJygw,f? 'DtusKd;tjrwfawGu ay:xGufvmavh&Sdwmu pD;yGm;a&;
taqmuftOD tajymif;tvJawG/ t&if;tjrpfawGudk ajymif;vJcsrSwfay;wmeJ@
tompD;awG&wJh ae&mopfawGrSm t&if;tjrpfawG a&$ajymif;csxm;ay;wm pwJh
tusdK;aus;Zl;a=umifh jzpfygw,f? 'Da&&Snf tusKd;tjrwfawG&zkd@ EkdifiHwEkdifiH[m
tajccHtkwfjrpfeJ@ vltiftm; wkd;wufr_wkd@vkd ta&;ygwJhae&mawGrSm tpkd;&rl0g'
awG csrSwfzkd@vkdygw,f?
avmavmq,f jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'DdvkdjynfhpkHwJh vlr_a&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' tpD
tpOf r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHu pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_uae a&wkd
tusKd;tjrwf awGyJ&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_a=umihf ay:aygufvmwJh
ukefoG,fr_ ukefypPnf;tay: tckcsdeftxd txl;tm;xm;aeygw,f? (Oyrm opfeJ@ pkdufysKd;ukef awGvkd) ukefypPnf;awG[m a&&Snfukefaps;E_ef; usqif;Edkif+yD;/
aps;uGuf tajymif;tvJ vG,fwma=umif@ jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_twGuf
'DvdkukefypPnf;tay: tm;xm;r_ u wnf+rJwJhtajccHr[kwfygbl;?27 aemufqHk;
vuf&Sdyl;aygif;r_ enf;pOfuay:vmwJh a&wdk tusdkK;tjrwfawGawmif jzef@a0r_u
t&rf;rr#rwjzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHolawGeJ@/ ppfwyfeJ@ &if;ESD;olawGyJ tusKd;
cHpm; aeygw,f?
ukefoG,fr_u a&&SnftusKd;cHpm;zkd@/ tusKd;tjrwfawG jzef@a0r_ ykdaumif;
zkd@eJ@ ykdus,fjyef@wJh wkd;wufr_ykHpH zefwD;zkd@ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jynhfpkHus,fjyef@+yD; r[m
AsL[muswJh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ykHpH tpDtpOfvkdygw,f? ukefoG,fr_/ aiGvJvS,f
E_ef;eJ@ EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jrKyf ESHr_wifru tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfwJh ynma&;/ vl@pGrf;&nf
zGH@+zdK;a&;eJ@ pufr_zGH@+zdK;a&; pwJh jynfwGif;udpP trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;
&ygr,f? jrefrmEkdifiH&J a'oqkdif&m ukefoG,fbufawGrSm ajymif;vJjzpfay:aewJh
wkd;wufr_eJ@ ukefoG,fr_ykHpHeJ@tnD tompD;&wJh taetxm;awG jzpfay:apzkd@
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf r[mAsL[muswJh ukefoG,fr_rl0g'&J tpdwftydkif;w&yftaeeJ@
'DjynfwGif;udpP&yfawG yg0if&ygr,f?
'DvkdjynfhpkHwJh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'tpDtpOfwck csrSwftaumiftxnf
azmfzkd@ jrefrmtpkd;&[m a&&Snftajrmftjrif/ tcsuftvufawGeJ@ okH;oyfr_
11

pGrf;&nfawGeJ@twl vkyfief;pOfudk apmihf=uyf=unhf_ ppfaq;vkdpdwfeJ@ pGrf;&nfawG

&Sdzkd@vkdygw,f? rl0g'csrSwfr_[m EkdifiHa&; 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_eJ@ a&wkdEkdifiHa&;
owfrSwfcsufawGeJ@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf oD;jcm;&yfwnf&ygr,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm
wu,hfvlr_pD;yGm; wkd;wufr_enf;pOf &Sdzkd@twGuf aumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfr_w&yf&J
t"duuswJh tcsufawGjzpfwJh 'DtcsufawGudk r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfygw,f?

12

3? taxmuftul &Ekdifonhfae&mrsm;?
taxmuftul tokH;jyKykHeJ@ urBmhb%f. aqmif&GufykH
u? taxmuftul b,fu&ovJ
EkdifiHwumu aiGa=u; 'grSr[kwf enf;ynm taxmuftuludk wjcm;EkdifiH
awG 'grSr[kwf a'owGif; 'grSr[kwf EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;awGu wkdufkduf&Ekdif
ygw,f? 'ghtjyif (Oyrm - tpdk;&r[kwfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ wGJvkyfaewJh ukv
or*~ tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ vSL'gef;&SifawGtrsm;ygwJh &efykHaiGuwqifh vkyfief;vkyfudkif
aewJh tvSL&SifEkdifiHawGeJ@ EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; b%fawG pwJh) qufqHa&;
trsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufvmEkdifygw,f? atmufyg t&if;tjrpfawGwcsKd@ 'grSr[kwf
tm;vkH;xHu taxmuftul trsKd;rsKd;udk vufcHEkdifiHwEkdifiH &Ekdifygw,f?
1? ESpfEkdifiH ,EW&m;rsm;

zHG@+zdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;okd@ taxmuftulay;aeonhf tzJG@tpnf;rsm;

zHG@+zdK;qJ EkdifiHtrsm;pkrSm qif;&JwJhEkdifiHawGtwGuf vlom;csif; pmemr_

taxmuftyhHawGeJ@ zHG@+zdK;r_ taxmuftyHhawGay;wJh tpDtpOfawG &Sdygw,f?
'DtpDtpOfawGudk tpkd;&0ef}uD;Xme 'grSr[kwf tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;u pDrHcef@cGJ+yD;/
jynfolvlxk taumufcGefawGeJ@ axmufyHhxm;avh&Sdygw,f? ESpfEkdifiH=um;
taxmuftulu t+rJvkdvkd aiG&wm r[kwfygbl;? (aiGa=u;tpm; u|rf;usifr_
ay;wmvdk) 'Dvdk taxmuftyhhHawGu enf;ynm ykHpHeJ@ vmEkdifygw,f? 'gtjyif
ESpfEkdifiH taxmuftyHhawGu tpkd;&qD t+rJwkdufkdufoGm;wm r[kwfbJ tJ'D
EkdifiHrSm vkyfukdifaewJh NGO awGudk axmufyhHcsif axmufyHh ygr,f? aemufqkH;
ESpfEkdifiHaxmufyhHa&; tzJG@tpnf;awGu owfrSwfxm;wJh pDrHudef;awG taumif
txnfazmfzkd@ tvSL&SifEkdifiHu ukr`%DawGudk uefxkdufawG ay;avh&Sdygw,f?
Oyrm ? ? tar&duef EkdifiHwumzGGH@+zdK;a&;tzJG@/ EkdifiHa&;wumzG@H+zdK;a&;Xme
(+AdwdefEkdifiH)
jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? 1998 ckESpfrSm zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGudk vlom;csif;
pmemr_eJ@ zGH@+zdK;r_ taxmuftyHhay;wJh *syefEkdifiH zGH@+zdK;a&; taxmuftyHh pDrHudef;&J
tpdwftykdif; w&yftaeeJ@ &efukef EkdifiHwumavqdyf wkd;csJ@a&; pDrHudef;twGuf
13

*syefEkdifiHu a':vm 23 oef;avmuf acs;cJhygw,f? aqmufwmudkawmh *syefEkdifiH

u taxGaxG uefxkdufwmuyJ vkyfcJhygw,f?

ykd@ukeftauG; tzJG@tpnf;rsm; (Export Credit Agencies - ECA)

pufr_txGef;um;qkH; EkdifiHawGrSm ykd@ukeftauG;tzGJ@tpnf; (ECA)

tenf;qkH; wck&Sdygw,f? ECA awG[m zGH@+zdK;qJ EkdifiHjcm;EdkifiHawGeJ@ ay:xGuf
vmaewJh aps;uGufawGudk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvkdwJh ukr`%DawGudk acs;aiGawG tmrcH
csufeJ@ tmrcHa=u;awG ay;avh&SdwJh jynfol@tzGJ@tpnf;awG jzpfygw,f? ECA
awG&J t"duwm0efu aps;uGuftopfawGeJ@ rwnf+idrfwJh aps;uGufawGrSm &if;ESD;
jrKyfESHwJhtcg usa&mufEkdifwJh tEW&m,fawGudk avsmhenf;ap+yD;/ rdcifEkdifiH&J wifykd@r_
ueJ@ EkdifiHjcm;rSm vkyfudkifvkdwJh ukr`%DawGudk axmufyHhzkd@ jzpfygw,f? Oyrm EkdifiH u u ECA wcku u rSm tajcpdkufxm;wJh ukr`%DtwGuf EkdifiH c
u a&eHwkd;wufr_ pDrHudef;rSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHzkd@tmrcH ay;csifay;ygr,f?
ECA awGudk taxmuftyHhay;zkd@ pDrHxm;wm r[kwfayrJh zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiH
awGrSm olwkd@[m }uD;rm;wJh oufa&mufr_awG &SdcJhygw,f? wjcm; aiGa=u;tzJG@
tpnf;awGxuf pm&if ECA awG tpktaygif;u zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGu yk*~vduu
pDrHudef;awGudk aiGa=u; ykdaxmufyHhxm;ygw,f? 'DpDrHudef; trsm;tjym;[m a&eH/
obm0"mwfaiG@eJ@ owWKwl;azmfa&;vkd obm0o,HZmw xkwf,lwJh pufr_vkyf
ief;awGrSm jzpfygw,f?28 'gayrJh ECA trsm;pku olwkd@axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;awG
a=umifh ay:aygufvmwJh vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usif xdckdufr_awGudk umuG,fzkd@ 'grS
r[kwf enf;atmifvkyfzkd@ ,EW&m;awG r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifh ECA axmufyHhwJh
pDrHudef;awGa=umihf ywf0ef;usifysufpD;r_eJ@ toufarG; 0rf;a=umif;ysufpD;r_ 'grS
r[kwf vl@tcGihftvrf; csKd;azmufr_awGvkd vlr_a&;qdk;usKd;awG ay:vmygw,f?
Oyrm ? ? ydk@ukef-oGif;ukefb%fawG/ jynfyyk*~vdu &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ ukr`%D
(tar&duefrSm OPIC)
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm Oyrm ? ? &wem"mwfaiG@ykdufvkdif;uae "mwfaiG@ykdufvdkif;
ya&m*sufrSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHwJh *syefukr`%DawGudk EkdifiHwum ukr`%Drsm;twGuf
*syefEkdifiH wumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;b%f (JBIC) u (Oyrm? odrf;,lwm 'grS
r[kwf EkdifiHa&; rwnf+idrfwmvkd) EkdifiHa&;tEW&m,f tmrcHawG ay;xm;ygw,f?

14

2? a'owGif; tzJG@tpnf;rsm;
a'owGif; tzJG@tpnf;awGu tzJG@0ifEkdifiHawGudk taxmuftyHhay;ygw,f?
Oyrm/ 2004 ckESpfrSm Oa&myor*~rSm tzJG@0ifEkdifiHopf 10 EdkifiH yg0ifvmwJhtcg
tzGJ@0ifopfawGu ykdcsrf;omwJh Oa&myor*~ tzJG@0ifawGuay;wJh taxmuftyHh
awGudk vufcHEkdifcJhygw,f? tvm;wlyJ ouU&mZf 2000 rSm tmqD,Hu tmqD,H
tzJG@0ifa[mif;awGeJ@ (uarBm'D;,m;/ vmtkd/ jrefrmeJ@ AD,uferfwkd@vkd) tzJG@0ifopf
awGt=um; zGH@+zdK;r_ uGm[csuf enf;apzdk &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ tmqD,Hyl;aygif;r_
aqmif&Gufcsuf (IAI) udk pwifcJhygw,f?29 vuf&Sd (2002-2008) IAI vkyfief;
tpDtpOfu tajccHtkwfjrpf wnfaqmufa&;/ vl@pGrf;&nfzHG@+zdK;r_/ owif;eJ@ quf
oG,fa&;enf;ynmeJ@ a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;r_wkd@udk tav;xm;ygw,f?
jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? jrefrmEkdifiH[m r[mrJacgifa'otwGif; pD;yGm;a&;
yl;aygif;r_ pDrHudef; GMS uvkyfwJh aqG;aEG;yGJawGeJ@ pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufr_ vkyfief;
cGifoifwef;awG rSm yg0ifygw,f? (GMS ywfouf+yD; tao;pdwfudk tykdif; 2 rSm
=unhfyg?)
3? ukvor*~ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
ukvor*~ (UN) tpDtpOfxJu txl;tzGJ@tpnf;wcsKd@u taxmuftyHh
ay;ygw,f? 'DtaxmuftyHhu tzJG@tpnf;u owfrSwfxm;csuftay: rlwnfyg
w,f?
Oyrm ? ? ukvor*~ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ tpDtpOf (UNDP)/ urBmh
usef;rma&;tzGJ@ (WHO)?
UNDP &J ajymqkdcsuft& UNDP [m vlawG&Jb0 ykdrkdaumif;rGefa&;
twGuf todynm A[kokw/ tawG@t}uKHeJ@ t&if;tjrpfawG &zkd@ EkdifiHawGudk
ulnDygw,f? UNDP u axmifpkESpf zGH@+zdK;a&;yef;wdkifrsm; (MDG) (Z,m;uGufudk
=unhfyg) &zkd@ jynfwGif;jynfy }udK;yrf;csufawGudk ndE_dif;aqmif&Gufygw,f? 'D&nf
rSef;csufawGu 'Drkdua&pDustkyfcsKyfr_/ qif;&Jr_avsmhcsapa&;/ tEW&m,fumuG,f
r_eJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;/ pGrf;tifeJ@ywf0ef;usif/ HIV/AIDS tcuftcJawG
twGuf tajz&Smzkd@eJ@ 'DtajzawG zvS,fzkd@ tav;xm;ygw,f?
jrefrmEdkifiHrS Oya' ? ? vlr_tzJG@tpnf; tokdif;t0kdif;ukd tajccH+yD;
zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ aqmif&GufcsufawG csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awG
15

ukd +rdK@e,f 24 ck rSm zGJ@pnf;zkd@ UNDP vlom;zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufr_ aqmif&Gufcsufu

a'ocHvlr_ tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ wkdufkdufvkyfukdifygw,f? 30
axmifpkESpf zGH@+zdK;a&;yef;wdkifrsm; (MDG)
ouU&mZf 2000 pufwifbmvrSm usif;ycJhwJh ouU&mZf 2000 xdyfoD; aqG;aEG;
yGJrSm urBmhacgif;aqmifawGu axmifpkESpf zGH@+zdK;a&;yef;wdkifrsm; (MDG) udk qif;&Jr_
avsmhcsa&;eJ@ vl@b0wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOftjzpf oabmwlcJhygw,f? qif;&Jr_
avsmhcsa&;/ vlwkdif; tajccHynm&&Sda&;/ vdifuGJjym;r_wef;wla&;eJ@ trsKd;orD;awG
pGrf;&nfjznhfqnf;a&;/ uav;i,faoqkH;r_ avsmhenf;apa&;/ ywf0ef;usif wm&Snf
cHa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; twGuf EkdifiHwum yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; &nfrSef;csuf
csrSwfzkd@qkd+yD; &nfrSef;csuf 8 ck&Sdygw,f? 'D&nfrSef;csufawG&zkd@ UN &J zGH@+zdK;r_
uGef,uftaeeJ@ UNDP u urBmeJ@ EkdifiHawG&J }udK;yrf;csufawGudk ndE_dif;aqmif
&Gufygw,f?31 urBmhae&mtrsm;pkrSm qif;&Jr_ avsmhcszkd@ vdktyfwm&J w0uf
avmufyJ qif;&Jr_avsmhenf;aewmu qkd;ygw,f? qm[m& atmufykdif;
tmz&du/ awmiftm&S/ vufwiftar&duefwkd@u 0ifaiGenf;wJh vlOD;a&u 1990
uwnf; ESpfpOf 10 oef; wkd;cJhygw,f? vGefcJhwJh tESpf20 rSm EkdifiH'gZifaygif;
rsm;pGm[m ysrf;r#vlaer_ tqihftwef; vkH;0usqif;cJhygw,f? wjcm;&nfrSef;csuf
awGvJ wkd;wufr_&Sdovkd/ rwkd;wufwmawGvJ &Sdygw,f? t&rf;ykd+yD; r}udK;pm;&if
32
MDG enf;enf;yJ 2015 rSm atmifjrifr,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f?
4? EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;a&;b%frsm;
EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;r_b%fawG (MDB)33 [m tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHawGudk acs;aiGawG
axmufyHha=u;awGeJ@ enf;ynmqkdif&m taxmuftulawGay;zkd@ EkdifiHwumu
wnfaxmifxm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGjzpfygw,f? zGH@+zdK;r_taxmuftuleJ@ qif;&Jr_
avsmhcsa&;wkd@twGuf MDB awGudk txl;zGJ@pnf;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? (tydkif; 4
udk =unhfyg) olwkd@ay;wJh taxmuftyHhawGa=umihfomruyJ ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;u
EkdifiHwumudk ay;wJh taxmuftyhHawGudk ndE_dif;ay;wJhtwGufvnf; MDB u
ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'ga=umihf EkdifiHwum&J taxmuftyhHeJ@ taxGaxGzG@H+zdK;r_
vkyfief;pOftay: =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_ }uD;ygw,f?
16

Oyrm ? ? urBmhb%f/ tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%f

zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_b%f

ADB/

tifwm-tar&duef

jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? 1974 ckESpfrSm opfxkwf,lr_eJ@ opfawmawGqD

ta&mufoGm;zkd@/ vrf;awGazmufzkd@/ opfo,fzkd@ ukefwifum;awGeJ@ avSawG/ tpkd;&

opfawmXmeu um;awGeJ@ opfawmXmerSm tem*wfzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ pDrHudef;awG
avhvmzkd@ jrefrmEkdifiHudk urBmhb%fu a':vm 24 oef; acs;cGihfay;vkdufygw,f?34
5? tv_&Siftrsm;tjym;yg axmufyHha=u;rsm; (MDTF)

zGH@+zdK;wkdk;wufr_ taxmuftyHhtaeeJ@ ajym&&if MDTF qkdwmu

tvSL&Sif trsm;tjym; vSL'gef;aiGawGudk owfrSwfxm;wJh zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHwEkdifiH&J
tusKd;twGuf z,fxm;wm jzpfygw,f? MDTF awG[m EkdifiHwEkdifiHudk tvSL&Sif
trsm;tjym;u taxmuftyHhawG ay;wJhtcg okH;avh&SdwJh tpDtpOfw&yfjzpf+yD;/
ydyuQt+yD; jyefvnf wnfaqmufa&; tygt0if ta&;w}uD; &efykHaiGvkdtyf
aewJh EkdifiHawGudk taxmuftul ay;zkd@ zGJ@pnf;xm;avh&Sdygw,f? omreftm;jzifh
MDTF awGrSm pDrHtkyfcsKyf oleJ@ t"du tvSL&SifawGtcsKd@yg0ifwJh !$ef=um;a&;
aumfrwDw&yf &Sdygw,f? urBmhb%f 'grSr[kwf UNDP u tkyfcsKyfol tcef;
urSm aeavh&Sdygw,f?35
MDTF wckrSm tvSL&SifawGqDu tv_aiGawGtm;vkH;ukd &efykHaiGpm&if;
wck xJrSmyJ pkxnhfvkdufygw,f? 'Dvkdvkyfjcif;tm;jzihf vufcH&,lr,hf tpkd;&u
pDrHudef;awG trsKd;rsKd; pDrHcef@cGJzdk@ rvkdawmhwJhtwGuf tpkd;&twGuf 0efxkwf0efykd;
avsmhoGm;w,f? a,bk,stm;jzihf tvSL&Sifwa,mufu MDTF udkay;wJhaiGudk
oD;oef@pDrHudef; vkyfaqmifcsufawG 'grSr[kwf oD;oef@ukefusp&dwf tydkif;awG
qkd+yD; owfrSwfEkdifpGrf; odyfr&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifh MDTF wck zGJ@pnf;+yD;&ifawmifrS
tvSL&SifawGu (MDTF ukd vSLwJhaiGawGtjyif) &nf&G,fcsufwckcktwGuf ESpfEkdifiH
taxmuftyHhawGudk wkdufkduf ay;csifay;ygr,f?
Oyrm ? ? tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; &efykHaiG (ARTF/
tykdif; 4 - C udk =unhfyg) ta&SwDarm twGuf tyfESH&efykHaiG (TFET)?

17

6? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;
bmoma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGtygt0if vlr_tzJG@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;u aiGa=u;
'grS r[kwf wjcm;ykHpH wenf;enf;eJ@ owfrSwfcsuftay: rlwnf+yD; tultnD
ay;csifay;ygr,f? 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGu olwkd@tpkd;&awGqDu (okd@) MDB awGqDu
(vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnD 'grSr[kwf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ taxmuftyHh tpDtpOf
tpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf) &efykHaiGeJ@ wjcm;taxmuftyHhawG &csif&ygr,f?

Oyrm ? ? Oxfam, Catholic Relief Services

jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? usef;rma&;/ uav;oli,f}uD;xGm;zGH@+zdK;r_/

pD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufr_/ u,fq,fa&;eJ@ HIV/AIDS wkd@eJ@ ywfouf+yD; jrefrmjynfrSm

World Vision u vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufygw,f? vlr_todkif;t0kdif;awGtwGuf aq;eJ@
wjcm;ukor_awG ay;+yD;/ usef;rma&;ukor_/ usef;rma&;qkdif&m ynma&;/ a&m*g
umuG,fa&;wkd@eJ@ ywfouf+yD; t&yfxJu apwem0efxrf;awGudk oifwef;ay;
ygw,f?
c? taxmuftyHhawGudk tokH;jyKykH36
&efykHaiGay;olawGukd bmtwGuf axmufyHhwmvJqkdwm wdwdusus
ajymavh&Sdygw,f? wcsKd@taxmuftyHhawGudk vufqkyfvufukdifjyvdk@&wJh pDrHudef;
awGtwGuf okH;EkdifayrJh wcsKd@udkawmh EkdifiHpD;yGm;a&;eJ@ wjcm;rl0g'awG 'grSr[kwf
EkdifiHawmf tzJG@tpnf;awG ajymif;vJzkd@twGuf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ okH;csifokH;ygr,f?
1? vufqkyfvufukdifjyEkdifaom pDrHudef;rsm;
tjrif&qkH; ykHpH&SdwJh taxmuftyHhawGu aqmufvkyfa&; (Oyrm vrf;awG/ qnfawG) a&/ rD; ykdaumif;atmifvkyfwm (Oyrm - a&) 'grSr[kwf
pGrf;aqmif&nf wnfaqmufwm (Oyrm - usef;rma&; 0efxrf;awGudk oifay;wm)
pwJh pDrHudef;awGeJ@ qufpyfaeygw,f? 'DtaxmuftyhH&J&v'fu wdus+yD;
vufqkyfvufukdifjyEkdkifvkd@ 'DtaxmuftyHhta=umif; wifjy&wmvG,f+yD;/ tvSL
&SifEkdifiHawGu olwkd@udk aiGay;olawG (taumufcGefay;olawG) qDu axmufyHhr_
&zkd@ vG,fulygw,f?37 'gayrJh vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usifxdckdufr_awG umuG,fzkd@
'grSr[kwf avsmhenf;apzkd@ aqmif&GufcsufawG rvkHavmufbJ aqmufvkyfa&;
18

pDrHudef;awGudk taumiftxnfazmfygu 'Dxdckdufr_awG jzpfcsifjzpfygr,f? vufcH

EkdifiHrSm vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usif umuG,fzkd@ tzJG@tpnf;awG tm;enf;wJhtcg
a'ocH vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awGu (Oyrm - urBmhb%fvkd) &efykHaiGay;olawGudk pDrH
udef;ykHpHa&;qGJpOfeJ@ pDrHudef;wnfaqmufpOf vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usifumuG,fa&;
rl0g'awGcsrSwf+yD; }uD;=uyfzkd@ tm;xm;ae&ygr,f? (tykdif; 4-u =unhfyg)
Oyrm ? ? cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHykdufvkdif;aqmufzkd@ urBmhb%fu cs'fudk
aiGacs;cJh ygw,f? (tykdif; 4-c udk=unfhyg)
jrefrmEkdifiHrS Oyrm ? ? u&ifeDjynfe,frSm bDvl;acsmif;a&tm;v#yfppfpufkH
trSwf 2 aqmufzkd@ *syefu zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; taxmuftyHh ay;cJhygw,f?
*syefukr`%Du aqmufvkyfygw,f?
2? wjcm;taxmuftyHh

tzJG@tpnf;ykdif;/ uykdif;eJ@ rl0g'tajymif;tvJrsm;

axmufyHhenf; aemufwrsKd;u vufcHEkdifiHrSm rl0g'eJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;awG

ajymif;vJzkd@ aiGa=u;axmufyhHwmyJ jzpfygw,f? (Oyrm - ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
rl0g'/ bma&; pnf;urf; ajymif;vJcsufwkd@vkd) us,fjyef@wJh pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'
ajymif;vJ&if taxmuftyHh ay;csifay;ygr,f? (Oyrm - opfawm/ pkdufysKd;a&;
wkd@vkd) uwckckrSm wkd;wufzkd@ 'grSr[kwf ajymif;vJzkd@vJ aiGacs;csifacs;ygr,f?
taqmuftOD tajymif;tvJ acs;aiGawG vkd@ac:wJh 'Dacs;aiGawGudk uw&yf
u wifykd@ukef0ifaiG wkd;jrihfapzkd@eJ@ txl;ojzihf obm0 t&if;tjrpfurSmvdk
0ifaiG&,lr_ wkd;wufzkd@ a,bk,stm;jzifh owfrSwfxm; avh&Sdygw,f?
Oyrm ? ? uarBm'D,m;EkdifiHrSm cGihfjyKcsufeJ@ opfckwfwJhpepfudk ajymif;vJzkd@
opfawmcGihfjyKcsuf pDrHcef@cGJr_eJ@ xdef;csKyfxm;wJh tprf;pDrHudef;twGuf urBmh
b%fu axmufyHhcJhygw,f? (tydkif; 5-* udk=unhfyg)

EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if;twGuf taxmuftyHh

EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if;qdkwmu umvw&yftwGif; EkdifiHwEkdifiH wjcm;

EkdifiHawG eJ@ aiGa=u;qkdif&m tay;t,l aqmif&Gufr_rSwfwrf; jzpfygw,f?
EkdifiH&Jydk@ukef/ oGif;ukefypPnf;? aqmif&Gufr_/ aiGt&if;tESD;eJ@ aiGa=u;vGJ
ajymif;r_awGtay: rlwnf+yD; owfrSwfygw,f? 0ifvmwJhaiGxuf xGufoGm;wJh
aiGu ykdrsm;wJhtcg EkdifiH&J EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if;rSm tE_wfvuQ%m jyygw,f?
19

'DEkdifiHu EkdifiHwumudk aiGay;acsEkdifzkd@ tvSL&SifawGu taxmuftul ay;csifyg

w,f? Oyrm/ IMF tzJG@0ifEkdifiH wEkdifiHu EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if;rSm t}uD;
tus,f vkdaiGjyae&if IMF udk aiGa=u; tultnD awmif;Ekdifygw,f?
txl;ojzihf urBmhb%feJ@ IMF vkd zGH@+zdK;r_ tultnDay;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;
awGu wifykd@ukef OD;pm;ay;aps;uGuf wnfaqmufr_udk tm;ay;zkd@eJ@ yk*~vdu
vkyfief; vkyfaqmifr_eJ@ ukefoG,fr_ vGwfvyfcGihfay;wmwdk@u wqihf yk*~vduu
&if;ESD;jryfESHr_udk tm;ay;zkd@ &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ (tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m/ uykdif;qkdif&meJ@
rl0g'jyKjyifajymif;vJr_a&m/ EkdifiHjcm; aiG &-oHk;pm&if; taxmuftyHhyg) taxmuf
tul ESpfrsKd;pvkH;ay;ygw,f? (pmrsufESm - * Washington Consensus udk=unhfyg)
*? urBmhb%ftay: taxGaxGokH;oyfcsuf
awGt=um;rSm urBmhb%fu rsm;aomtm;jzihf ppfyGJt+yD;rSm toGiful;
ajymif;r_ jzpfay:cJhwJh EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;&J pD;yGm;a&;awG jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
a&; rSm t"dutcef;u yg0ifygw,f?38 urBmhb%fu oufqkdif&m bma&;
tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ tvSL&Siftpkd;&awG twGuf ndE_dif;oltjzpf aqmif&Gufavh
&Sdygw,f?39 if;&J aqmif&Guf csufawGeJ@ qkH;jzwfcsufvkyfief;pOfawGu IMF eJ@
ADB vkd wjcm; EkdkifiHwum bma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ wlygw,f?
IFI

1? urBmhb%f. aqmif&Gufcsuf40
urBmhb%fudk jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_twGuf tjynf
jynfqkdif&mb%f (IBRD)/ EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_toif; (IDA)/ EkdifiHwum
bma&; aumfykda&;&Sif; (IFC)/ EkdifiHwum &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ tmrcHtzJG@ (MIGA)/
EkdifiHwum &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;r_ ajz&Sif;a&;Xme (ICSID) pwJh tzGJ@
tpnf;ig;cke@J zGJ@pnf; xm;ygw,f? if;wkd@txJrSm IBRD eJ@ IDA wkd@u urBmh
b%f vkd@yJ emrnfcH xm;ygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;rSm Oa&myEkdifiHawG
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK; wdk;wufr_rSm ulnDzkd@ &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ IBRD udk
1944 rSm IMF eJ@twlwl zGJ@pnf;cJh ygw,f?41 1960 rSm IDA udk zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;
txl;tcGifhta&;ay; (twdk;enf;) acs;aiGawGeJ@ axmufyHha=u;awGudk 0ifaiG
enf;wJh EkdifiHawGudk ay;cJhygw,f? IBRD eJ@ IDA wkd@rSm tzGJ@0if 184 EkdifiHeJ@ 165
EkdifiHpD toD;oD;&Sdygw,f? IBRD u urBmhbma&; aps;uGufawGuae aiGawG&
20

ygw,f? IDA udk av;ESpfwcg aiGay;wJh tvSL&SifEkdifiH 40 u axmufyHhxm;

ygw,f? 42
a,bk,stm;jzihf urBmhb%fu acs;aiGESpfrsKd;ay;ygw,f? wrsKd;u (Oyrm vrf;awG/ qnfawG/ pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufr_ pwhJ) vufqkyfvufudkifjyEkdifwJh pDrH
udef;awG twGuf &if;ESD;jrKyfESH aiGacs;wm jzpfygw,f? aemufwrsKd;u taqmuf
tOD ajymif;vJjcif; acs;aiGvkd@ac:wJh trsdK;om; pD;yGm;a&; 'grSr[kwf uykdif;
qkdif&m rl0g' ajymif;vJr_wcsKd@eJ@ qufpyfaewJh acs;aiGawGjzpfygw,f? (Oyrm - 'DaiG
acs;wJhtcg aiGacs; olu bma&;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;tajymif;tvJudk owfrSwf
xm;wJh rl0g'ajymif;vJr_ awGvkyfzkd@ owfrSwfcsuf&Sdygw,f?) acs;aiGawGtjyif
urBmhb%fu tao;pm; axmufyHhaiG 'grSr[kwf pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufr_ aqmif
&GufcsufykHpHrsdK;eJ@ enf;ynmqkdif&m taxmuftulawG ay;ygw,f? aemufqkH;
taeeJ@ urBmhb%fu pD;yGm;a&;zHG@+zdK;r_ okawoevkyf&mrSm t"dutcef;u
yg0ifoljzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHawGudk pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufatmif b,fvkdvkyf&rvJvkd@
!$ef=um;&mrSm =oZmoufa&mufr_ &Sdygw,f?43 okawoeawGu tajzawGudk
zHG@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGuvkyfzkd@ rl0g'vrf;!efawGrSm awG@Ekdifyg w,f?
2? urBmhb%f qkH;jzwfcsufcsykH
wESpfw}udrfqHkwJh ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;awGudk wufa&mufwJh pDrH
tkyfcsKyfolrsm; bkwftzJG@u urBm@b%fudk pDrHtkyfcsKyfygw,f? tzJG@0ifEdkifiHwckpDudk
EdkifiH&J bma&;0ef}uD; jzpfavh&SdwJh pDrHtkyfcsKyfolwa,mufpDu ukd,fpm;jyK
wufa&mufygw,f? 'Dpma&;aecsdefup+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHu pDrHtkyfcsKyfolu bm
a&;eJ@ taumufcGef0ef}uD; OD;vSxGef; jzpfygw,f? xkH;pHt& urBmhb%f&J OuUXu
tar&duefEkdifiHu a&G;aumuf xm;wJh tar&duefEkdifiHom; jzpfygw,f?
urBmhb%f&J ae@pOfpDrHaqmif&GufcsufawGudk !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwf
tzGJ@u aqmif&Gufygw,f? 'DbkwftzJG&@J XmecsKyfu 0g&Sifwef'DpDrSm&Sd+yD;/ aqmif
&GufcsufawGudk =uyfrwfzkd@ wywfudkESpf}udrf awG@avh&Sdygw,f? Oyrm - !ef=um;
a&;rSL;rsm;bkwftzJG@u acs;aiGay; zkd@/ ray;zkd@ qkH;jzwfygw,f? 'Dvkdvkyf&mrSm
!$ef=um;a&;r_;awGu olwkd@udk,fpm;jyKwJh EkdifiHawGu rJay;ykdifcGihf tm%mudk okH;yg
w,f? tzJG@0ifwa,mufpDu urBmhb%fu t&if;aiGtpk&S,f,mawG udkifxm;+yD;/
tJ'DEkdifiHukdifxm;whJ tpk&S,f,m yrm%tvkduf tJ'DEkdifiHrSm rJay;ydkifcGifh tm%m
&Sdygw,f? tar&duefEkdifiHrSm pkpkaygif;tm%m&J 17 &mckdifE_ef;&Sd+yD; rJay;cGifh
21

tm%mtrsm;qkH; &Sdaeygw,f? wkd;wufqJ EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;rSmawmh pkpkaygif;

rJay;cGifhtm%m&J 1 &mckdifE_ef;atmufyJ &Sdygw,f? Oyrm - jrefrmEdkifiH&J rJay;cGifh
tm%mu 0.17 &mckdifE_ef; jzpfygw,f?
urBmhb%fu vkyfief;awGaqmif&Guf&mrSm vkdufem&r,hf rl0g' tcsKd@
&Sdygw,f? 'Drl0g'tcsKd@[m pDrHudef;a'orSm ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&;tay: 'grSr[kwf
a'ocHjynfol awGtay: qkd;usKd;awGudk umuG,fzkd@/ 'grSr[kwf avsmhenf;apzkd@
jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdkrl0g' awGudk tEW&m,fumuG,fa&; rl0g'rsm; vkd@ ac:ygw,f?
urBmhb%fu 'Drl0g'awGudk vdkufemjcif; &Sd/ r&Sd ppfaq;zkd@ ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@
44
(Inspection Panel) vkd@ac:wJh oD;jcm; ,EW&m;wck &Sdygw,f? urBmhb%fu rl0g'
csKd;azmufygw,fvkd@ pGyfpGJcsufrsm; ay:vmcJh&if 'DcsKd;azmufr_a=umihf xdckdufoGm;wJh
'grSr[kwf xdckdufr_jzpfEkdifwJh jynfolawGu ppfaq;a&; tzGJ@udk pkHprf;ppfaq;zkd@
awmif;qkdEkdifygw,f? ppfaq;a&;tzJG@u pkHprf;ppfaq;+yD;wJhtcg urBmhb%f&J
!$ef=um;a&;rSL; bkwftzJG@u ppfaq;a&;tzJG@&J awG@&SdcsufawGudk pOf;pm;+yD;
bmvkyf&rvJqkdwm qkH;jzwfygw,f?

22

avhvmcsuf
tmz*efepPwef ?
? vSL'gef;oltrsm;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGtzGJ@u rnfr#
(aumif;aumif;) vkyfaqmifoenf;
tmz*efepPwefEkdifiH[m 1952 ckESpfrSm urBmhb%feJ@ 1966 ckESpfrSm ADB
wkd@&J tzJG@0ifjzpfvm+yD;/ tzJG@tpnf; ESpf&yfvkH;qDu 1979 ckESpftxd axmufyhH
a=u; &cJhygw,f?
1979 ckESpfrSm qdkAD,ufk&Sm;u tmz*efepPwefEkdifiHudk
0ifa&mufusL;ausmf+yD; odrf;ydkufcJh ygw,f? 'DaemufrSm tmz*efepPwef[m 1992
ckESpftxd urBmhb%feJ@ ADB wkd@udk acs;aiGquf+yD; qyfcJh+yD;/ urBmhb%fu tdrfeD;
csif; ygupPwefEkdifiHuae tmz*efepPwef&J zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_udk apmihf=unhfaeayrJh
tmz*efepPwefu ESpfaygif; 20 avmuf 'DtzJG@ tpnf;awGeJ@ vkyfukdifjcif; r&Sdawmh
ygbl;?45 1988 ckESpfrSm qkdAD,ufwyfawG qkwfcJhayrJh t=urf;zufr_awG/ rwnf+idrf
r_awG qufjzpfcJhygw,f? 1994 ckESpfrSm wmvDbefu EkdifiHudk csKyfukdifcJh+yD; 1996
ckESpfrSm tmz*efepPwefrSm t,fvfckdif;'g;tzJG@ zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? urBmh ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;pifwm (World Trade Center) eJ@ yifw*Gefukd t,fvfckdif;'g;u
2001 ckESpfrSm wkdufckduf+yD;wJhtcgrS tar&duefEkdifiHu wkH@jyefcJh+yD; tmz*efepPudk
0ifa&muf cJhygw,f? 2001 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv vv,frSm umbl;vf+rdK@awmfuae
wmvDbefawG xGufcGmcJhygw,f? tckcsdefrSm tESpf 20 eD;yg;=umwJh ppfyGJrSm
vlaygif; 2 oef;ausmf aoqkH;+yD;/ tajccHtaqmuftODeJ@ ykdifqkdifr_awGvJ t}uD;
tus,f ysufpD;+yD; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tzJG@tpnf;awGvnf; +ydKuGJcJhygw,f?
2001 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvukefcgeD;rSm *smr%DEkdifiH bGef;+rdK@rSm wmvDbef
ta&;tcif; aemufydkif; tmz*efepPwef[m EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ ndE_dif;yGJawG pwif
cJh+yD;/ 2002 ESpf Zefe0g&DvrSm ,m,Dtpkd;&cef@zkd@ 'DZifbmv tapmykdif;rSm oabm
wlnDcJhygw,f? 2001 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvrSm ygupPwefEkdifiH tpPvrfrmbwf+rdK@rSm
urBmhb%f&J tpDtpOfeJ@ usif;ywJh nDvmcHuae jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;
taxmuftyHhtwGuf tpDtpOf pcJhygw,f? (ADB/ UNDP eJ@ tpPvrf zGH@+zdK;
wkd;wufr_ b%fwkd@&J yg0ifr_eJ@) urBmhb%fu OD;aqmifcJhwJh vkdtyfcsuf tuJ
jzwfr_ udk 2001 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmeJ@ 2002 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvawGrSm vkyfcJh+yD;/ *syef
EkdifiH wkdusKd+rdK@ 2002 ckESpf tpnf;ta0;rSm jynhfpkHwJh vkdtyfcsuf tuJjzwfr_ udk
tvSL&SifawGudk wifjycJhygw,f?46

23

tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tyfESH&efykHaiG

wkdusKd+rdK@u tvSL&Siftpnf;ta0;rSm tmz*efepPweftwGuf MDTF 'grS
r[kwf tvSL&Siftrsm; xnfh0ifwJh &efykHaiGudk twnfjyKay;vkdufygw,f? 2002
ckESpf/ rwfvrSm urBmhb%fu tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&; tyfESH&efykH
aiG (ARTF) udk cGihfjyK csuf ay;vkdufygw,f? ARTF ukd tvSL&Sif 24 EkdifiHu
&efykHaiGawG ay;cJh+yD;/ 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmvrSm xnhf0ifaiG pkpkaygif; a':vmoef;
900 ausmf &Sdygw,f?47
vkyfkd;vkyfpOftaeeJ@ urBmhb%fu ARTF &J pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_tcef;rSm
wm0ef,l xm;ygw,f?48 ARTF &J pDrHcef@cGJa&; aumfrwDrSm urBmhb%f/ ADB/
UNDP eJ@ tpPvrf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_b%fwkd@ ygygw,f? tmz*eftpkd;&uawmh
'DaumfrwDrSm rygygbl;? tmz*eftpkd;&u ppfaq;+yD;cGihfjyKvdkufwJh &efykHaiG tqkdjyK
csufawGudk ppfaq;zkd@ 'DaumfrwDu wvwcg qkH=uygw,f? (wESpfudk tenf;qkH;
a':vm 5 oef; vSLxm;wJh tvSL&SifawGeJ@ wjcm;tvSL&SifawGu ukd,fpm;vS,f
awGtwGuf ESpfae&m tygt0if) tvSL&Sif aumfrwDu ARTF &J taxGaxG
aqmif&GufcsufawGudk ppfaq;zkd@ okH;vw}udrf awG@ygw,f?
ARTF &efykHaiGudk tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf
axmufyHhzkd@ ukefusp&dwf trsKd;rsKd;twGuf okH;ygw,f?49 ARTF rSm jywif;
ayguf ESpfck &Sdygw,f? wckudk xyfwvJvJ ukefusp&dwfeJ@ t&if;ukefus
p&dwfrsm;qkdif&m jywif;ayguf vkd@ ac:+yD; tpkd;&taqmuftOD ud&d,mypPnf;
vnfywfr_eJ@ xdef;odrf;r_tjyif jynfol@0efxrf; ESpfodef;av;aomif;&J vpmawG
axmufyHhygw,f? 'kwd,u &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ jywif;ayguf vkd@ac:+yD;/ t"du
uawGjzpfwJh tvkyftukdifzefwD;r_/ tao;pm;acs;aiG (microfinance)/ }udK;rJh
a=u;eef; qufoG,fa&;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;/ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_eJ@ jyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&; pDrHudef;awGeJ@ 1979 ckESpf rwkdifrDu tauG;awG jyefqyfwmwkd@
twGuf axmufyHhyg w,f?50 ARTF u ay;wm&J 1 &mckdifE_ef;u 1.5 &mckdifE_ef;udk
urBmhb%fu pDrHcef@cGJr_ a=u;taeeJ@ ,lygw,f?51
ARTF eJ@ jy\emrsm;
ARTF axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;awGudk a&G;cs,f&mrSm tpkd;&&J ydkifqdkifr_eJ@
acgif;qmifr_udk oD0&Dt& ARTF u axmufcHygw,fvdk@ urBmhb%fu tav;
teuf ajymygw,f? ARTF u tmz*efepPwef tpkd;&taeeJ@ EkdifiHawmfbm

aiGawGxJu OD;pm; ay;&r,hf t&mawGvkd@ajymwJh pDrHudef;awGudk axmufyhHr,fvkd@

24

ajymygw,f?52 vufawG@rSmawmh (txufrSm azmfjycJhwJhtwkdif;) tmz*eftpkd;&u

tzJG@0ifr[kwfwJh pDrHcef@cGJa&; aumfrwD&J cGifhjyKcsuft&ifr&bJ pDrHudef;awGtwGuf
ARTF &J axmufyHha=u; r&Ekdif ygbl;vdk@ tmz*efepPwef zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;qkdif&m
okawoDwOD;u axmufjyygw,f? 2005 ckESpf aESmif;+yD;up+yD; ARTF &J
axmufyhHa=u;eJ@ b,fvkdpDrHudef;awG taumif txnfazmfr,fqkdwmeJ@
ywfouf+yD; EkdifiHawmfaqGaEG;yGJwckrS rvkyfcJhygbl;? 'ghtjyif ARTF &J axmufyhH
a=u;twGuf tqkdjyKcsufawG wifjywJhtcg urBmhb%fu csrSwf xm;wJh ykHpHeJ@
vrf;!$efcsufawGtwkdif; tpkd;&awGu t,ltq rSwfcsufrsm; (Concept
53
Notes) a&;&ygw,f?
ARTF u axmufyHhxm;wJh pDrHudef;awGtay: tmz*efepPweftpkd;&u
ykdifqkdifr_ r&Sdbl;qkdwmudk tjcm;ae&mawGrSm awG@Ekdifygw,f? Oyrm - t"du
0ef}uD;XmeawGeJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m ajymif;vJr_awG/ vltif
tm;zGH@+zdK;r_awG/ OD;pm;ay; &r,hf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ pDrHudef;awGcsrSwf+yD;/ pDrHcef@cGJ&mrSm
jynfya&muf tmz*efepPwef ynm&SifawG jyefvmzkd@ ARTF u axmufyHh
a=u;ay;ygw,f?54 tpkd;&uawmh 'DpDrHudef;udk csKyfudkifjcif; r&Sdygbl;? jynfya&muf
aeolawGudk &SmazGa&G;cs,fzkd@ a&$@ajymif;aexkdifolawGeJ@ tpkd;&awGeJ@twl vkyfukdif
wJh EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJh a&$@ajymif;aexkdifr_qkdif&m EkdifiHwum tzJG@tpnf;
55
(IOM) udk cef@xm;ygw,f?
'ghtjyif urBmhb%fu ARTF udk t+rJxdxda&mufa&muf pDrHcef@cGJcJhwm
r[kwfygbl;? ARTF axmufyhHa=u;u trsm;qkH; tpdwftykdif; (70 &mckdifE_ef;
avmuf) udk vpmeJ@ vpmr[kwfwJh ukefusaiGawG tygt0if tpkd;&&J xyfw
vJvJ ukefusp&dwfawG twGuf okH;ygw,f? 'gayrJh 2003 ckESpfrSm ARTF u vpm
r[kwfwJh ukefusp&dwf 80 &mckdifE_ef;ausmfudk axmufyHhzkd@ 'grSr[kwf jyefay;zkd@
t}uHK;r0ifbl; vkd@ ,lqvkdufyg w,f?56 'gu t"dutm;jzihf pm&Gufpmwrf;awG
rjynfhpkHvkd@jzpf+yD;57/ 'Dvkdjzpf&wmuvnf; vufcHjzwfykdif;awGeJ@ wjcm;pm&Gufpm
wrf;awGudk tvkHtavmuf wifjywmawG vkyfief;pOfawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD;
aumif;aumif;rGefrGef oifrxm;vdk@ jzpfygw,f?58
aemufqkH;rSm pDrHudef;jyifqifwmeJ@ ARTF axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;awGudk
ppfaq; wmwkd@udk w+yKdifeufvkyfwma=umifh pDrHudef;wckeJ@ ywfouf+yD; 'grSr[kwf
vlr_a&;eJ@ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m xdckdufr_udk avhvmzkd@twGuf a'ocH vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf;awGeJ@ wkdifyifzkd@ tcsdefr&Sdygbl;?59 ARTF vrf;!$efcsufawGu pDrHudef;
awGu urBmhb%f&J ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&;tEW&m,f umuG,fzkd@ rl0g'awGeJ@
25

ukdufnD&r,fvkd@ qkdxm;ygw,f? pDrHudef; jyifqifaewkef; xdckdufr_ avhvmcsuf

awGudk apmapmvkyfEkdifrS 'gawGudk vkdufemEkdifrSm jzpf+yD;/ pDrHudef;ykHpHudk ajymif;vJzkd@
cufwJh ppfaq;wJhtcsdefa&mufrS vkyfvkd@r&ygbl;?60 'gayrJh ARTF vrf;!$efcsuf
awGu pDrHudef;taumiftxnfazmfr_ aemufqkH;tqihfrSm ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&;
jy\emawGudk ukdifwG,fEkdifw,fvdk@vnf; ajymxm;ygw,f? 'gawmifrS 'Djy\em
awGudk jyefvnfqef;ppfzkd@eJ@ xdckdufr_awGudk avsmhenf;atmifvkyfzdk@ ,EW&m;awG
r&Sdygbl;?61
jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfr_ ? ? MDTF eJ@ ay;qyf&efusefonhf auG;+rDrsm;&Sif;jcif;
'DavhvmcsufrSm awG@&Sd&wJhtwkdif; MDTF awGudk txl;ojzihf
ydyuQt+yD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf axmufyhHa=u; ta&;w}uD;vkdaewJh
EkdifiHawGrSm okH;ygw,f? IFI awGu jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ jyefwGJvkyfzkd@ qkH;jzwfwJhtcg
MDTF wckzGJ@pnf;zkd@ tvm;tvm &Sdygw,f? tmz*efEkdifiH tajctaeu jrefrm
EkdifiHeJ@wlwm aemufwck &Sdyg w,f? 1979 ckESpf rwkdifu tmz*efepPu urBmh
b%fu a':vmoef; 230 eJ@ ADB u a':vm 95 oef; &cJhygw,f? aemufawmh
'DtzGJ@tpnf;ESpfckvkH;eJ@ ESpf 20 =um tquftoG,f jzwfcJhygw,f? 1979 ESpf
rwkdifrDu tauG;awGudk tmz*efepPwefu jyefqyfvkd@ r+yD;ao;wma=umihf 2001
-2002 tmz*efepPwefrSm urBmhb%feJ@ ADB wkd@ jyefvnfvkyfudkifzkd@ qkH;jzwfwJh
tcg tmz*efepPwefu tqdkyg tzGJ@tpnf; ESpfckpvkH;rSm (qyfzkd@ &ufvGefaewJh)
tauG;awG &Sdae+yD;?62 aemufxyfjyefpracs;cif 'DtauG;awG &Sif;zdk@ vkdygw,f?
urBmhb%frSm tmz*efepPwefu qyfzkd@ tauG;a':vm 26.7 oef;avmuf
&Sdaeygw,f?63 ARTF u &efykHaiG&,f/ *syef/ t*Fvef/ qGD'if/ aemfa0;eJ@ tDwvD
EkdifiHwkd@u xnhf0ifaiGawGeJ@ 2003 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvrSm tauG;&Sif;oGm;ygw,f?64
tJ'Daemufykdif; tmz*efepPwefu urBmhb%frSm jyef+yD; aiGacs;vmEkdifygw,f?
2004 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv up+yD;/ urBmhb%fu oabmwlnDcsufeJ@ tmz*ef
epPwefu acs;aiGa':vm 436 oef; xkwf,lcJhygw,f? 2002 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvrSm
tmz*efepPwefu ADB udk ay;zkd@&SdaewJh a':vm 18 oef;avmufudk +Adwdo#
tpdk;&xHrS axmufyhHa=u;eJ@ qyfvkdufygw,f?65 qyf+yD;wmeJ@ csufcsif; tmz*ef
epPwefudk acs;zkd@ ADB acs;aiGa':vm oef; 150 cGihfjyKvkdufygw,f?66 urBmhb%feJ@
ADB wkd@&J tauG;awG &Sif;oGm;+yD;awmifrS tmz*efepPwefu 'DtzGJ@tpnf; 2 ck
pvHk; udk ay;p&ma':vm 68 oef; &Sdaeao;+yD;/ 'gtwGufvJ ARTF u axmufyHh
a=u; ay;ygw,f?67
26

tmz*efepPwefeJ@ tvm;wlyJ/ jrefrmEkdifiHuvnf; urBmhb%fa&m/ ADB

rSmyg tauG;awG qyfp&m&Sdaeygw,f? 1956 u 1987 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHu
urBmhb%fu a':vmoef; 762 oef; acs;cJh+yD;/ a':vm 142 oef; qyfp&m
&Sdygw,f?68 1973 u 1987 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiH[m ADB u a':vmoef;
530 avmufacs;cJh+yD;/ qyfp&ma':vm 28 oef;avmuf &Sdaew,fvkd@ cef@rSef;&yg
w,f?69 tmz*efepPwefvkdyJ urBmhb%feJ@ ADB wkd@u jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ jyefvnf
vkyfukdifzkd@ qkH;jzwfwJhtcg 'DftauG;awG t&if&Sif;&ygr,f?
tmz*efepPwef //

? tjzpftysuf orkdif;
IFI awGu

jyefvnfyl;wGJaqmif&Gufr_
1979 ckESpftxd tmz*efepPwefu
urBmhb%fu a':vmoef; 230 eJ@ ADB
qDu a':vm 95 oef; acs;cJhygw,f?
1992 ckESpftxd tmz*efepPwefu
1979 - 1988 ? ? ppfeJ@ wGef;vSefr_?
jyefqyfcJh ygw,f? urBmhb%fu
qkdAD,ufwyfawG 1988 rSm
tpPvrfrmbwf uae 1980 ckESpfawGeJ@
xGufcGmjcif;?
1990 ckESpfawGrSm (wkd;wufr_awGudk
apmihf=unhfwJh) apmihf=uyf=unhf_a&;
1988 - 1994 ? ? tzGJ@awG=um;
wdkufyGJjzpf+yD; ppftkyfpkacgif;aqmifawG vkyfcJhygw,f?
ay:vmjcif;?
EkdifiHa&;
1979 ? ? tmz*efepPwef qkdAD,uf
odrf;ykdufr_ pwifjcif;?

1994 ? ? wmvDbefawG tm%m&+yD;

EkdifiHae&m trsm;pkrSm csKyfukdifjcif;?
1996 ? ? t,fvfckdif;'g;
tmz*efepPwefwGif tajccsjcif;?
2001 ckESpf/ pufwifbm 11 &uf ?
? e,l;a,mufeJ@ 0g&Sifwef'DpD wkd@udk
wkdufckdufjcif;?

2001 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvukef ? ?

tpPvrfrmbwfrSm tmz*efepPwef
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;nDvmcH usif;y
ygw,f? 'grwkdifcif MDTF wckzGJ@pnf;zkd@
urBmhb%frSm aqG;aEG;ygw,f?
27

atmufwkdbm 6 &uf ? ?
tar&duef wyfawG
tmz*efepPwefrSm wkdufcdkufjcif;?
Ekd0ifbmvv,f ? ? wmvDbef
umbl;vfu xGufcGmjcif;?
Ekd0ifbmvukef ? ? =um;umv
EkdifiHa&; tpDtpOfawG bGef;+rdK@rSm
pwifndE_dif; aqG;aEG;jcif;?
'DZifbm 5 &uf ? ? EkdifiHa&;
ul;ajymif;r_ bGef; oabmwlnDcsuf

2002 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv ? ? tmz*ef

epPwef ,m,D tm%mykdif (AIA)
tzJG@udk OuUX umZkdif;eJ@ zJG@cJhygw,f?
UNDP ta&;ay: tyfESH&efykHaiGawGeJ@
AIA &J ta&;ay: vkdtyfcsufawG
jznhfqnf;cJhygw,f?

2001 'DZifbm - 2002 Zefe0g&D ? ?

WB-ADB-UNDP vkdtyfcsuf pDppfa&;
yl;wJG aqmif&Guf/ UNDP ta&;ay:tyfESH
&efykHaiGtzJG@ wnfaxmifjcif;?
2002 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D aESmif;ykdif; ? ?
wkdusKd+rdK@ tvSL&Sifrsm; tpnf;ta0;rSm
(WB, ADB eJ@ UNDP wkd@ jyifqifxm;
wJh) vdktyfcsuf ppffaq;r_udk jyefvnf
ppfaq;+yD; tmz*efepPwef jyefvnf
wnfaqmufa&; &efykHaiG (ARTF)
zGJ@pnf;zkd@ twnfjyKygw,f?
{+yDv? ? ARTF rSm tvSLaiGxnhf0if+yD;
pvkyfzkd@ umbl;vf+rdK@ ESpfEkdifiHtvSL&Sifrsm;
tygt0if tvSL&Sifrsm; tpnf;ta0;
vkyfyg w,f/ arvrSm ARTF pwif
aqmif&Gufygw,f?
2002 'DZifbm-2003 azazmf0g&D ? ?
urBmhb%f IMF eJ@ ADB wkd@ tauG;
28

&Sif;ygw,f?

2004 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv ? ? zGJ@pnf;ykH

tajccHOya' twnfjyKygw,f?

2003 ckESpf rwfv ? ? urBmhb%fu

ul;ajymif;umv axmufyhHa&;
r[mAsL[m (TSS) twnf jyKygw,f?

2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbm ? ?

umZkdif;udk orRw tjzpf
a&G;aumufygw,f?
2005 ckESpf pufwifbm ? ?
taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ
usif;yygw,f?
2005 ckESpf 'DZifbm ? ?
a&G;aumufxm;wJh tpkd;&
zGJ@pnf;ygw,f?

2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&D ? ? tmz*ef

epPwefu tvSL&SifawGudk ,m,D
EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOf
wifjywJh EkdifiHwum nDvmcHudk vef'ef
+rdK@rSm usif;yygw,f? EkdifiHwum
tokdif;t0kdif;ukkd axmufyHha&; tpDtpOf
ay;&mrSm bGef; oabmwlnDcsuf
ae&mqufcHwJh tmz*efepPwef oabm
wlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;ygw,f?

29

4? urBmhb%f. EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;a&;r[mAsL[mrsm;

urBmhb%feJ@ wjcm; IFI awGu EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;a&;rSm =oZmv$rf;rkd;ykHukd
'Dtykdif; rSm aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f? urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@&J csOf;uyfenf;awGukd
ppfaq;xm;+yD; EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;a&;rSm pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u ta&;t}uD;qkH;tjzpf
tav;xm; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? urBmhb%fu EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm jyefvnfvkyfaqmif
wJh taxGaxG vkyfief;pOfukd azmfjyxm;+yD;/ ppf+yD;umv wkdif;&if;om;trsKd;rsKd;&SdwJh
EkdifiHjzpfwJh abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD *kdAD;em;wkd@ tpGef;a&muf z,f'&,frl0g' ykHpHt&
vnfywfaeykHukd ppfaq;xm;ygw,f? urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u jyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufa&;wkd@ukd 1995 ckESpfuwnf;u }udK;pm;
aqmif&GufaecJhygw,f?
u? jrefrmEkdifiH&J pD;yGm;a&; um;jyifenf;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; urBmhb%f.
t}uHay;csuf
apmapmu okH;cJhwJh um;Oyrmukd qufajym&&if/ 'Dvkdjzpfr,fvkd@ ar#mfvifh
Ekdifygw,f? jyeffvnfyl;wJG aqmif&Gufcsdefa&mufwJhtcg urBmhb%fu jrefrmEkdifiHukd
ajy;+yD; vrf;awG jyifzkd@eJ@ um;opfawG0,fzkd@ tultnD urf;vSrf;ygr,f? jrefrmEkdifiH
vkdtyfwm awGtm;vkH; ay;zkd@ urf;vSrf;ygr,f? 'gayrJh tcrJh r[kwfygbl;? urBmh
b%fu jrefrmEkdifiHukd olwkd@a&G;wJh aps;}uD;wJh um;tpdwftykdif;awGeJ@ olwkd@a&G;wJh
"mwfqD0,fckdif;+yD;/ um;jyifwJhtcg tultnDay;zkd@ aps;}uD;wJhEkdifiHjcm;u t}uHay;
olawGukd ykdufqHay;&ygr,f? jrefrmEkdifiHukd vrf;jyifzkd@eJ@ um;topf0,fzkd@ ukd,fhtpD
tpOfawG ukd,fcsrSwfzkd@ajymayrJh bmtultnDrSr&cif urBmhb%fu 'DtpDtpOf
ukd t&iftwnfjyK&ygr,f?
urBmhb%f ('grSr[kwf IMF) eJ@ wGJvkyfwJh EkdifiHawGu owdxm;zkd@
vkda=umif; yl;wJGoabmwlnDcsufrSm t"dy`g,f&SdwJh tawG;tac: zvS,fr_awG
vkyfcGifhjyKzkd@/ +yD;awmh 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGu aemufqkH;rSm/ EkdifiHawGrSm vkyfwJht&m
awGrSm EkdifiH&J t}uHay;csufawGvnf; xnfhoGif;atmifvkyf&r,fvkd@ urBmhb%f&J
pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sifa[mif; wa,mufu owday;ygw,f?70

30

1? urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@. zGH@+zdK;r_ ykHpH

urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u qif;&Jr_avsmhcsapa&;rSm wckwnf;aom ta&;
t}uD;qkH;t&mu pD;yGm;a&;zGH+zdK;wkd;wufr_jzpfw,fvkd@,lqwJh zGH@+zdK;r_ykHpHukd vufcH
xm;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ jzpfapzkd@ urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u 0g&Sifwef
oabmwlnDcsuf (Washington Consensus) vkd@ &nf!$ef;avh&SdwJh tajymif;tvJ
awG vkyfzkd@vkdw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? urBmhb%f&J pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifcsKyfa[mif;jzpf+yD;/
pD;yGm;a&;ynmqkdif&m EkdbJvf qk&Sifvnf;jzpfwJh *sKd;ZufpwD;*vpfZf (Joseph
Stiglitz) &J azmfjycsuft& 0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsufu wkd;wufqJEkdifiHawG
twGuf oifhawmfwJh rl0g'awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; IMF/ urBmhb%feJ@ tar&duef
bma&;Xmewkd@t=um; oabmwlnDcsuf jzpfygw,f?71
0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsuf qkdwJhpum;u 1989 ckESpfup+yD; vufwif
tar&duEkdifiHawGukd (urBmhb%f/ IMF/ tar&duefbma&;Xme/ tar&duef
bmaiG t&efpkaqmif;a&;tzGJ@wkd@ tygt0if) 0g&Sifweftajcpkduf tzGJ@tpnf;
awGuay;wJh tedrfhqkH;tqifh rl0g't}uHay;csufukd &nf!$ef;zkd@ 1990 ckESpfrSm
ay:aygufvmygw,f?72 'Dt}uHay;csufrSm bma&;pnf;urf;/ ukefoG,fr_
vGwfvyfcGifhay;jcif;/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; av#mhaygha&;eJ@ yk*~vdu ykdifqkdifcGifhay;jcif;
pwJh rl0g'awG ygygw,f?
IFI awGu aiGacs;wJh EkdifiHawGtay: zGH@+zdK;a&;enf;AsL[mawGukd owfrSwfykH/
tm;ay;ykHwkd@&J tv,fA[kdrSm pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_eJ@ 0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsufukd
taumiftxnfazmfr_wkd@ukd tav;xm;r_wkd@ &Sdaeygw,f? qkdvkdwmu vufcHEkdifiH
u 0g&SifwefoabmwlnDcsuft& tajymif;tvJawG vkyfwJhtay:rSm rlwnf+yD;
urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u bma&;axmufyHhr_awG ay;ygw,f?
'Drl0g' uef@owfcsufawGtay: tajctwif aqG;aEG;=uayrJh aocsmwmu
'Djymef;csufawGukd zGH@+zdK;r_ tqifhtrsKd;trsKd;eJ@ uGJjym;wJhtajctaeawGrSm +cHKikH+yD;
tokH;cs&if EkdifiHawGrSm qkd;&Gm;wJh oufa&mufr_awG &SdcJhw,fqkdwmygyJ?
pwD;*vpfZf&J ajymqkdcsuft& vufwiftar&duEkdifiHu jy\emawGukd ajz&Sif;
&mrSm t"duuswJh tawG; tac:awGukd aemifrSm urBmw0Srf;vkH;u EkdifiH
awGrSmvnf; okH;Ekdifw,fvkd@ ,lqcJh ygw,f? 0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsuf
jzpfoGm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'awGeJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufqJ EkdifiHawGrSm oGm;okH;wJh pD;yGm;a&;
rl0g'awG[m wkd;wufr_ tapmykdif;tqifhrSm &SdaewJh 'grSr[kwf tajymif;tvJ
31

umv tapmykdif;rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHawGtwGuf roifhawmfygbl;?73 'ga=umifh ukefoG,f

a&; vGwfvyfcGifhay;&mrSm/ Oyrm tar&duefeJ@ *syef tygt0if - pufr_EkdifiHtrsm;pku rdrdwkd@&J pD;yGm;a&;
awGukd tajrmftjrif &Sd&SdeJ@ EkdifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGeJ@ ,SOf+ydKifEkdif+yD; tm;aumif;
vmwJhtxd wcsKd@pufr_vkyfief;awGukd a&G;+yD; tumtuG,f ay;xm;yg
w,f? prf;=unfhzl;wJh EkdifiHawGrSm tm;vkH;ukd+cHKikH+yD; tumtuG,f ay;xm;
wmu atmifjrifavh r&Sdovkd ukefoG,fa&;ukd tvsiftjref vGwfvyfcGifh
ay;wmuvnf; atmifjrifavh r&Sdbl;qkdwm awG@&ygw,f? wkd;wufqJ
EkdifiHwEkdifiHukd rdrdEkdifiHu vkyfief;wcsKd@u xkwfwJhukefawGeJ@ ,SOf+ydKifr,fh
oGif;ukefawGoGif;zkd@ twif;t"rRzGifhckdif;&if wjcm; EkdifiHawGu ykdtm;
aumif;wJh tvm;wlvkyfief;awG&J ,SOf+ydKifr_'%f t&rf;cH&Ekdifzkd@ tEW&m,f
&SdwJh vkyfief;awGrSm vlr_a&;a&m pD;yGm;a&;t&yg tEW&m,f&SdwJh qkd;usKd;
awG jzpfEkdifygw,f? tvkyftukdifawGvnf; pepfwus ysufpD;oGm;cJh
ygw,f?74
urBmhb%fjyifyeJ@ IMF wkd@ jyifyrSm 0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsufukd +cHKikH+yD;
tokH;cswm xda&mufr_&Sd r&Sd r=umc%a0zef=uygw,f? pwD;*vpfZfajymovkd
0g&Sifwef oabmwlnDcsufu csrSwfvkdufwJh rl0g'awG&J oufa&mufr_u
rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlenf;pk tusKd;twGuf vltrsm; tepfemcH&wm/ csrf;omwJh
vlawGtwGuf qif;&Jom;awG epfem cH&wmygyJ?75 atmifjrifwJhEkdifiHawG[m
EkdifiHwkd;wufr_twGuf zGH@+zdK;zkd@ jynfhpkHwJh csOf;uyfenf;eJ@ aqmif&GufcJh+yD; EkdifiH
pD;yGm;a&; wnf+idrfr_eJ@ bma&;rSm pnf;urf;&Sdr_awGvkd pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'awG zGH@+zdK;zkd@
omru wef;wlnDr#r_/ jynfyykd@ukefwkd;csJ@+yD; tvkyftukdifawG zefwD;r_/ ,SOf+ydKifr_eJ@
pD;yGm;a&;zefwD;r_ pwmawGrSmvnf; zGH@+zdK;zkd@vkda=umif; pwD;*vpfZfu avhvmrd
ygw,f?76 'Drkdua&pDus aqmif&GufykHeJ@ Oya'pkd;rkd;r_wkd@&J ta&;ygykHwkd@ukdvnf;
pwD;*vpfZfu axmufjycJhygw,f? 77

32

2? urBmhb%fqkdwmu b%fwckyg?
urBmhb%f&J &nfrSef;csufxJrSm zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGrSm qif;&Jr_ wkdufzsufa&;
eJ@ vlaer_tqifhtwef; wkd;wufa&; vkd@ ajymqkdxm;ayrJh 'DcsufawGt=um;rSm
t"du tcsufuawmh urBmhb%f[m b%fwckqkdwmygyJ? b%fwckjzpfwm
a=umifh ol&yfwnfEkdifa&;twGuf ykdufqHacs;&rSm jzpfygw,f? acs;aiGu&wJh twkd;
awGay: rlwnf+yD; urBmhb%f&J tpGrf;eJ@yrm% }uD;xGm;wmyg? qkdvkdwmu
vufcHEkdifiHwEkdifiHu vkdcsifwm 'grSr[kwf vkdtyfwm r[kwfayrJh (Oyrm }uD;rm;wJh tajccH taqmuftOD pDrHudef;awGvkd) pDrHcef@cGJa&; ukefusp&dwf
enf;wJhacs;aiG rsm;rsm;pm;pm;ay;&if urBmhb%frSm tusKd;&Sdygw,f? 'ghtjyif
urBmhb%f aiGacs;vkyfxkH;awGu EkdifiHawGukd aiGacs;zkd@ zdtm;ay;xm;ygw,f?
'Dvkdvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh =um=um&yfwnfvkd@r&wJh tqifhtxd tauG;awG wufoGm;
=uygw,f? 'Dvkdtajctae&SdwJh tauG;awGu jynfolawG&Jb0tay: }uD;rm;wJh
oufa&mufr_awG &SdEkdifygw,f? r=umao;cifu wkd;wufqJEkdifiH 30 ausmf&J
&okH;aiG oHk;pGJr_ukd avhvmcsuft& 'DEkdifiHawG&J okH;ykHESpfykHu tajccHvlr_a&;
0efaqmifr_awGxuf tauG; jyefqyfzkd@twGuf okH;quae ig;qykdokH;w,fqkdwm
awG@&ygw,f? tauG;jyefqyfwmu EkdifiHbm&J okH;ykHwykHeJ@ xuf0uf=um;
ukefygw,f?78
c? urBmhb%fu b,fvkd jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&GufovJ?
1? aqmif&Gufr_ w&m;0ifkyfodrf;onfhumv
EkdifiHwEkdifiHukd bma&; 'grSr[kwf enf;ynm taxmuftulawG ray;
aewJh umvtwGif;rSmawmif urBmhb%fu tJ'DEkdifiHukd (omreftm;jzifh tdrfeD;
csif; EkdifiHwEkdifiH uae) apmifh=uyf_wJhtpD&ifcHpm awGa&;wm 'grSr[kwf tpkd;&
t&m&SdawGukd kH;oabm r[kwfbJ omreftm;jzifh awG@qkHwm pojzifh v_yf&Sm;
aeygvdrfhr,f? Oyrm - abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm urBmhb%f0efxrf; awGu
+idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfrxkd;cif wESpf 1994 aESmif;ykdif;rSm tpkd;&
t&m&SdawGeJ@ pwifpnf;a0;cJhygw,f?79

33

apmifh=uyf=unfh&_onfhtpD&ifcHpm

urBmhb%fu EkdifiHwEkdifiH&J zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ukd apmifh=unfhzkd@ apmifh=uyf

=unfh_wJh tpD&ifcHpm xm;avh&Sdygw,f? Oyrm - tmz*efepPwefrSm 1980 ckESpf
awGeJ@ 1990 ckESpf awGrSm w&m;0ifaqmif&Gufaejcif; r&Sdwkef;u urBmhb%fu
tpPvrfrmbwfuae apmifh=uyf=unfh_aeygw,f?80 'Dapmifh=uyf=unfh&_a&; tpD
tpOfeJ@ qufpyf+yD; urBmhb%fu avhvmcsufawG/ nDvmcHawGeJ@ vkyfief;cGifoif
wef;awG vkyfEkdifygw,f?
LICUS aqmif&Gufcsuf

81

=uyfwnf;r_ '%fydaewJh/ 0ifaiGenf;wJh EkdifiHawGqkdif&m aqmif&Gufcsuf

(LICUS Initiative) qkdwmu EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm tauG;wifae+yD; urBmhb%fu tJ'D
rSm v_yf&Sm;rae &ifawmifrS/ 'grSr[kwf tJ'DEkdifiHrSm ydyuQawG jzpfyGm;ae&if/
'grSr[kwf wckcka=umifh xkH;pH t& aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_&,lzkd@ 'kuQrsm;vGef;w,fvkd@
,lq&wJhEkdifiHrSm urBmhb%fukd vkyfukdifapEkdifwJh rl0g'tpDtpOf jzpfygw,f?
LICUS aqmif&GufcsufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; pkd;&drfp&maumif;wJhtcsufu 'DvkdEkdifiH
awGrSm aqmif&Gufr_ukd kyfodrf;vkdufwJhtcg qufqif;&Jae+yD;/ EkdifiHyg +ydKuGJap
Ekdifygw,f? LICUS aqmif&Gufcsuft& jyefvnf0ifa&muf aqmif&Gufzkd@ ar#mfvifh
csufeJ@ urBmhb%fu tzGJ@awGvGwf+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH tygt0if EkdifiH rsm;eJ@ywfouf+yD;
tcsuftvufawG jyefod&atmif okH;oyfr_awG vkyfcJhygw,f?82 LICUS aqmif
&Gufcsufa=umifh urBmhb%fu ypfrSwfEkdifiHeJ@ jyefvnf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEkdif+yD;/
UNDP ESpfEkdifiHtzGJ@tpnf;awG 'grSr[kwf NGO awGeJ@ t+ydKiftqkdif &SdaeEkdif
ygw,f?
2? jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ vkyfukdifjcif; ?

? auG;+rD &Sif;jcif;

EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm jyefvnfaqmif&Gufzkd@ qkH;jzwf+yD;wmeJ@ urBmhb%fu 'DEkdifiH

wifaewJh tauG;awGukd&Sif;zkd@ pDpOfygw,f? tauG;awG r&Sif;rcsif; 'DEkdifiHukd urBmh
b%fu aemufxyf aiGracs;Ekdifwma=umifh auG;+rD&Sif;wmu urBmhb%ftwGuf
a&m EkdifiHtwGufyg ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tmz*efepPwefrSm vkyfovkd
ESpfEkdifiH axmufyHha=u;awGukd ndEd_if;+yD; auG;+rD&Sif;atmif urBmhb%fu tm;wuf
oa&m tultnDay;ygw,f?83
34

urBmhb%fu ESpfEkdifiHay;aiGawGukd pDpOfkHru auG;+rD&Sif;atmifvkyf&mrSm

txl; bma&; tpDtpOfvnf; csrSwfEkdifygw,f? Oyrm - abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD
*kdAD;em;u auG;+rD&Sif;a&; tpDtpOfrSm urBmhb%fu (a':vm 621 oef;/ 80
&mckdifE_ef; ay;qyfzkd@ usefwJh)84 vuf&SdtauG;ukd acs;aiGtopfokH;&yftjzpf jyefpDpOf
vkdufygw,f?
urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@ yl;aygif;+yD; tauG;xlwJh/ qif;&JwJh EkdifiHaqmif
&Gufcsuf (HIPC) ukd taumifxnfazmfcJhygw,f? 'gu tauG;xlwJhEkdifiHawGrSm
pD;yGm;a&; ajymif;vJr_wcsKd@eJ@ qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa&; rl0g'awGvkyf&if tauG;av#mh
ay;zkd@ tpDtpOfjzpfyg w,f?85 HIPC aqmif&Gufcsufu atmufazmfjyyg qif;&Jr_
avsmhcsa&; r[mAsL[m pmwrf;awGeJ@ twlaqmif&Gufygw,f?
3? ykHrSefqufqHa&; ? ? PRSP eJ@ CAS
qif;&Jr_avsmhcsapa&; r[mAsL[mpmwrf; PRSP 87
urBmhb%fu azmfjywJtwkdif; qif;&Jr_avsmhcsapa&; r[mAsL[mpmwrf;
(PRSP) u urBmhb%f&J jynfhpkHwJh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ rl0g'tpDtpOftwGuf t"du
urBmhb%fu jyefvnfaqmif&Gufjcif;?86
aqmif&Gufr_ w&m;0ifkyfodrf;jcif;
apmifh=unfha&;tpD&ifcHpm
'%fcHae&wJh 0ifaiGenf;EkdifiHawG (LICUS) aqmif&Gufcsuf
jyefvnfaqmif&Gufa&;okd@
auG;+rD&Sif;jcif; (auG;+rD&Sif;a&; aqG;aEG;zkd@ EkdifiHjyefvnfaqmif&Gufa&;
rSwfpkawG a&;csifa&;Ekdifygw,f?)
,m,D taxmuftulr[mAsL[mcsrSwf (tr_wkdif;eJ@ roufqkdifyg)
ykHrSefqufqHa&;
EkdifiHu qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa&; r[mAsL[mpmwrf; (PRSP) a&;qGJr_
(tr_wdkif;eJ@ roufqkdifyg)
urBmhb%fu EkdifiHaxmufyHha&;r[mAsL[m (CAS) csrSwfjcif; (PRSP
tay: rlwnfonf)
tykdif;jzpfygw,f? 'Drl0g'tpDtpOfu ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;uae EkdifiHukday;wJh taxmuf
35

tulawGukd ndE_dif;zkd@ }udK;yrf;csufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ zGH@+zdK;a&;r[mAsL[mukd EkdifiHu

ykdifqkdifr_&Sdatmif axmufyHhzkd@ &nf&G,fygw,f? PRSP rSm EkdifiHuqif;&Jr_ avsmhcs
a&;}udK;yrf;&mrSm OD;pm;ay;&r,fh t&m awGvkd owfrSwfxm;wmawGyg+yD;/ tvSL
&SifawG zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ taxmuftul ay;&mrSm vrf;!$efcsufawG ay;xm;yg
w,f? PRSP u tauG;xlwJh qif;&JwJhEkdifiHawG (HIPC) twGuf owfrSwfcsuf
wckjzpf+yD; (HIPC) aqmif&Gufcsuft& tauG;u vGwfajrmufzkd@ tajccHw&yf
jzpfygw,f?
EkdifiH&JygvDref/ EkdifiHom;awG/ t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ wjcm; vkyf
azmfukdifzufawGeJ@ wkdifyif+yD; (bma&;0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ wjcm;oufqkdif&mXmeawG
pwJh) tpkd;&u PRSP wck jyifqifzkd@jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh r=umao;cifu ppfaq;
csufawGt& PRSP awGukd bma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu t&m&SdawGu urBmhb%feJ@
IMF 0efxrf;awGeJ@ teD;uyf yl;wGJ a&;qGJxm;avh&Sd+yD;/ EkdifiHwGif;rSm t"dy`g,f&Sd&Sd
aqG;aEG;yGJawG rvkyfwm awG@&ygw,f?88 urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u oD;jcm;
ppfaq;wJhtcg 'DvkdaqG;aEG;yGJawG vkyfcJh&ifvnf; 'D vkyfief;pOfu &&SdcsufawGukd
aemufqkH; enf;AsL[mawGrSm awG@&r,fvkd@ rqkdvkdygbl;?89
aemufqkH;taeeJ@ urBmhb%feJ@ IMF &J rl0g'&nfrSef;csufawGu urBmh
b%feJ@ IMF wkd@&J rl0g' &nfrSef;csufawGeJ@ ukdufnDjcif; &Sd/ r&Sd qkH;jzwfzkd@ ppfaq;
ygw,f?90 yl;wGJ+yD; PRSP udk urBmhb%feJ@ IMF bkwftzGJ@okd@ twnfjyK&ef
wifoGif;ygw,f? PRSP ukd 'Dvkd twnfrjyK &if 'DEkdifiHu urBmhb%feJ@ IMF
qDu taxmuftyHh r&ygbl;? wjcm;wzufu =unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; 'DEkdifiH&J
ygvDrefu PRSP ukd twnfjyK &rnfvkd@ urBmhb%frSm owfrSwfcsufr&Sdygbl;?
2003 ckESpf Zlvkdifvtxd xkwfvkdufwJh PRSP 29 ckteuf/ tr_ 13 ck rSmyJ
EkdifiHawG&J ygvDrefawGukd aemufqkH;rl=urf; ykd@ygw,f?91

EkdifiHaxmufyHha&;r[mAsL[m (CAS) 92

udktwnfjyK+yD;wmeJ@ urBmhb%fu tJ'DEkdifiHtwGuf EkdifiH

axmufyHha&; r[mAsL[m (CAS) wck jyifqifygw,f? CAS [m urBmhb%feJ@
ykrH eS f qufqHa&; &SdaewJh aiGacs;wJh EkdifiHwkdif;twGuf urBmhb%fu a&;qGJ+yD;
okH;wJh t"dutpDtpOfjzpf+yD;93/ vmr,fh okH;av;ESpfumvtwGif; urBmhb%fu
tJ'DEkdifiHukday;r,fh taxmuftulawG tusOf;csKyfa&;xm;ygw,f? CAS u
EkdifiH&J EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; OD;pm;ay;&r,fht&mawGukd tajccH&rSmjzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHrSm
PRSP &SdcJh&if 'geJ@twlwl vkyfukdifygw,f?
36
PRSP

toGiful;ajymif;aewhJ EkdifiHawGtwGuf urBmhb%fu w&m;0if toGif

ul;ajymif;a&; taxmuftyHh r[mAsL[m (TSS) vkd@ ac:wJh ,m,Dr[mAsL[m
rSwfpk (ISN) a&;ygr,f? 'gu urBmhb%fu ykd+yD;jynfhpkHwJh yg0ifr_rvmcif a&wkd
uae rwkdr&Snfumv tpDtpOf jzpfygw,f? Oyrm - tmz*efepPwefrSm
a&G;aumufxm;wJh tpkd;&&SdwmeJ@ PRSP wck csrSwfr,fqkdwJh ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@
,m,Dtpkd;&&Sdaewkef; TSS wck&Sdygw,f?94 2005 ckESpfrSm urBmhb%fu jynfhpkHwJh
CAS twGuf tqifoifhrjzpfao;bl;vkd@ ,lq&wJhEkdifiH 8 EkdifiHtwGuf ISN awG
jyifqifcJhygw,f?95

37

avhvmcsuf
abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;/ a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf (Dayton Accords) eJ@
z&efuif pwkdif; pD;yGm;a&;96
awGu umvwcktwGif; yl;wGJaqmif&Gufjcif; r&SdbJ aemufrSjyefvnf
aqmif&GufwJhEkdifiHawGrSm IFI awGu pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; vrf;a=umif;wif
ru oufqkdif&m EkdifiHa&;ajz&Sif;csufqkdif&m owfrSwfcsufawGukdvnf; csrSwfyg
w,f? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm okH;ESpfppfyGJumvt+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm
vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhwJh EkdifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufjzpfwJh a'wifoabmwlnD
csufu97 pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfwnf aqmufr_eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ vrf;a=umif;tay:
txl;}uD;rm;wJh oufa&mufr_ &SdcJhygw,f?
urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@&J toGiful;ajymif;r_
vkyfief;pOf tapmykdif;rSm yg0if+yD;/ a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfrxkd;cif 1994
ckESpfaESmif;ykdif;rSm abmhpeD;,m; aqmif&Gufr_tzGJ@ (Bosnia Working Group) ukd
zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f?98 if;&Ju|rf;usifr_u a'wif+rdK@rSm abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;
qkdif&m aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm ta&;ygw,f vkd@qkd+yD; a'wif+rdK@u EkdifiHa&;ajz&Sif;csuf
!dEd_if;yGJawGrSm urBmhb%fu yg0ifcJhygw,f?99 a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwf
xkd;+yD; r=umrD urBmhb%fu OD;aqmif+yD; abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;ukd vkdtyf
csufppfaq;zkd@ oGm;+yD;100 tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; 'DESpfEkdifiH&J pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfwnf
aqmufzkd@eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;ukd aps;uGufpepfajymif;zkd@ }udK;yrf;csufawG !dEd_if;aqmif
&GufcJhygw,f?
IFI

1995 ckESpf rwkdifrD umv

,cif,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHrSm qm;bf/ ckdtuf/ qvkdAif;/ abmhpeD;,if;eJ@
t,fvfab;eD;,if;wkd@ tygt0if vlrsdK;pkawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? ,l*kdqvm;AD;
,m;[m bmoma&;vnf;uGJjym;+yD; (ckdtufeJ@ qvkdAif; trsm;pkjzpfwJh)
umokdvpf/ (qm;bf vlrsKd;trsm;pkjzpfwJh) ta&Sykdif;atmokda'ghcfpfeJ@ (abmpae;
&pfcfpfvkd@ac:wJh abmhpeD;,m; rlqvifawGygwJh) rlqvifawG &Sdygw,f?
ckdat;&Sm;/ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ qm;bD;,m; tygt0if jynfe,fajcmufck&SdayrJh/ 1992
ckESpf ppfyGJawGrpcif vlrdsK;pkawGu jynfe,fwcku aemufwckukd tvG,fwul
38

oGm;Ekdif+yD; (Oyrm - qm;bfawG trsm;tjym; qm;bD;,m; jyifyrSmae=uygw,f)

vlrsKd;pkrsm;t=um; tdrfaxmifjyKwmvnf; trsm;tjym; awG@&ygw,f?101
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;rSm orRwwD;wkd;vufatmuf 'kuQcH+yD;
aemuf 1990 'Drkdua&pDus a&G;aumufyGJawGuae wdkif;&if;om; rsKd;cspfygwDawG
tEkdif&cJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pktrsKd;rsKd;u vGwfvyfa&;
a=unm+yD; ukd,fykdife,fajrawG wnfaxmifcJhwma=umifh EkdifiHu wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pktvkduf +ydKuGJcJhygw,f? 1992 ckESpfrSm cdktufawG/ abmhpeD;tufeJ@ qm;bf
awGt=um; wkdufyGJpcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf okH;ESpftwGif; aoqkH;r_ 2 odef;cGJ/
jynfwGif;rSm t}uD;tus,f tkd;tdrfuif;rJhr_awG/ tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGudk ajymif;a&G@r_
awGeJ@ tajccHtaqmuftODeJ@ &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_awG ysufpD; qkH;_H;r_awG jzpfcJhygw,f?102

39

abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; ? ? tjzpftysuforkdif;

EkdifiHa&;
IFI awG jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_
1949 uae ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;EkdifiH +ydKuGJwJh 1991
txd ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;[m urBmhb%fu ykHrSef
acs;cJhygw,f?
1991 ZGef ? ? cdkat;&Sm;eJ@
qvkdAD;eD;,m;wkd@ vGwfvyfa&;
a=unm? qm;bfwkd@ ckdat;&Sm;&J
okH;ykHwykH odrf;ykduf?
1992 azazmf0g&D ? ?
abmhpeD;,m;u abmhpeD;,m;eJ@
[mZD*kdAD;em;tjzpf vGwfvyfa&;
a=unm?
1992 azazmf0g&D 1994 rwfv ?
? abmhpeD;tuf/ cdk;tufeJ@
qm;bfwkd@t=um; vufeufukdif
wkdufyJGjzpf?
1994 rwfv ? ? abmhpeD;tufeJ@
ckd;tufwkd@t=um; typftcwf
&yfpJ? qm;bffeJ@ abmhpeD;tufwkd@
qufvuf wkdufyGJjzpf?

1994 aESmif;ykdif; ? ? urBmhb%frSm abmhpeD;,m;

aqmif&Gufr_tzGJ@ wnfaxmifcJhygw,f?

1995 Zefe0g&D ? ? urBmhb%fu jyefvnf

wnfaqmufa&; vkdtyfcsufawG ppfaq;wmeJ@
1995 Ekd0ifbm ? ? a'wif
tvSL&SifawGukd !dE_dif;wm pcJh+yD? 0gaqm+rdK@ rSm
oabmwlnDcsuft& ydyuQ
abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;u t&m&SdawGeJ@
tqkH;owf+yD; abmhpeD;,m;eJ@
[mZD*kdAD;em;wdkif;jynfwnfaxmif? yxrpDrHudef;a&;qGJr_tzGJ@u awG@cJhygw,f? pDrHudef;
jyifqifr_eJ@ tprf;pDrHudef;awGtwGuf a':vm 10
oef;wef 'wfcsftyfESH &efykHaiG pwifcJhygw,f?
40

atmufwkdbm ? ? urBm@b%f ESSpfywfvnf

tpnf;ta0;awGu kd;kd;awG@qkHyGJu jyefvnf
wnfaqmufa&; tpDtpOf jyifqif&mrSm urBmh
b%f&J tcef;uukd twnfjyK ay;vkduf
ygw,f?103
Ekd0ifbm ? ? a'wif!dE_dif;yGJawGukd urBmhb%fukd
zdwfvkdufygw,f? urBmhb%fu IFI awG&J
yl;wGJaqmif&Gufcsufukd OD;aqmif+yD; vkdtyfcsuf
awG ppfaq;r_eJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
r[mAsL[mwkd@ukd twnfjyK vkdufygw,f?
'DZifbm ? ? b&yfqJvfpf+rdK@rSm yxrqkH;
tvSL&SifawG tpnf;ta0; urBmhb%fu pDpOfyg
w,f?
1996 azazmf0g&D ? ? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@
[mZD*kdAD;em;twGuf b%ftyfESH&efykHaiGukd
urBmhb%ftzGJ@u cGifhjyKvkduf+yD; 'D&efykHaiGukd
wjcm; tvSL&SifawGqDu yg0ifaiGawGukd vufcH
EkdifwJh MDTF jzpfzkd@ tvm;tvmeJ@ t}uHjyK
vkdufygw,f? MDTF wckukdrS rzGJ@pnf;ygbl;?
rwfv ? ? tauG;awG&Sif;vkdufzkd@ tpDtpOfukd
cGifhjyKvkdufw,f?
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ckESpf azazmf0g&D uwnf;u tusKH;0ifcJhwJh
urBmhb%ftzGJ@ jzpfvmygw,f?

41

a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@ urBmhb%f. tcef;u

1995 rSm a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfxkd;+yD; ydyuQ csKyf+idrf;cJh
ygw,f? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@twGuf a'wifoabmwlnDcsufyg104
zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccH Oya'topft& wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawGukd tajccHwJh jynfwGif;
tzGJ@tpnf; ESpf&yfukd zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? q&ypumjynfaxmifpk (qm;bf)eJ@
abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; zuf'a&;&Sif; (abmhpeD;tuf-ckdtuf) wkd@ jzpfyg
w,f? 1992-1995 ckESpf ppfyGJrwkdifcifu xufpm&if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawG
odyfonf;r_ykdrsm;vmvkd@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk tajccHwJh tzJG@tpnf;awG zJG@&yg
w,f?105
'ghtjyif a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@ t&rf;tm;enf;wJh A[kdtpkd;& zGJ@pnf;
vkdufygw,f? 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGukd umuG,fa&;wyfeJ@ &Jwkd@u wm0ef,l&+yD;/
A[kdtpkd;&&J pD;yGm;a&;tm%mukd o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;eJ@ qufoG,fa&;/ jynfy
tauG;/ EkdifiHjcm; ukefoG,fr_eJ@ (tcGefeJ@ taumufcGef tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd tzGJ@tpnf;
ESpf&yfuyJ ukdifxm;ayrJh EkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_ rl0g'qkdif&m A[kdtm%mu rajymy
avmufygbl;) taumufcGefwkd@&J tzJG@tpnf;tcsif;csif;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;csrSwfr_
avmuftwGufyJ owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? 'Dvkd xl;jcm;wJh EkdifiHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;
tpdwfpdwf tr$mr$mjzpfr_u ppf+yD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufr_eJ@ ukefusp&dwf
taxmuftul&J tpdwftykdif; tm;vkH;eD;yg;ukd uef@owfxm;ygw,f vkd@ a0zef
olwOD;u ajymygw,f?106
urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm ta&;ygwJhtcef;u yg0if
Ekdifjcif; ta=umif;&if; wpdwfwa'ou a'wifoabmwlnDcsufrSm A[kdtpkd;&ukd
EkdifiHawmf&J us,fjyef@wJh pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef;awG csrSwf taumiftxnfazmfzkd@
tm%menf;enf;yJ ay;xm;wma=umifh jzpfygw,f? EkdifiH&JpD;yGm;a&; wnf+idrfzkd@/
us,fjyef@wJhpD;yGm;a&;rl0g' csrSwfzkd@eJ@ yk*~vdupepfvkyfzkd@ jyifqifzkd@twGuf urBmh
b%fu csrSwftaumiftxnf azmfwJh taxmuftulawGukd abmhpeD;,m;eJ@
[mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@u tm;rukd;vkd@ r&awmh ygbl;?107 urBmhb%f&J ol@tcef;uu
a'wifoabmwlnDcsufukd tm;ay;+yD; yHhykd;wJh uvkd@ qkdygw,f? urBmhb%f
tpD&ifcHpmwckrSm [abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;u] urBmhb%f&J rl0g'eJ@ tzJG@
tpnf;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m a'wifoabmwlnDcsufu jyXmef;csufawGudk
taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ }udK;yrf;csufawGyJjzpfw,f vkd@ qkdygw,f?108
42

apmapmu ajymcJhovkd urBmhb%fu 1994 uwnf;up+yD; abmhpeD;

,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfzkd@ pDpOfcJh+yD;/ 1995 ckESpfrqkH;
rDrSm jyefvnf wnfaqmufzkd@ vkdtyfcsufawG pdppfcsufukd twnfjyK cJhygw,f?
tprSm urBmhb%fu ta&;ay: pDrHudef;awGtwGuf axmufyHhcJh+yD;/ aemufrSm
urBmhb%fukd ay;&efusefaewJh tauG;awG&Sif;vkdufzkd@ taxmuftyHhawG109eJ@
(1996-1999) tvSL&SifawG OD;aqmifwJh OD;pm;ay; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@
jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef; pwJh abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm pepfwus
ajymif;vJzkd@ a&wkdrus a&&Snfrus axmufyHha&; r[mAsL[mw&yf taumif
txnfazmfzkd@ t}uD;tus,f vkyfygw,f?110 1998-1999 rSm urBmhb%fu
abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@twGuf yxrqkH;t}udrf jynfhpkHwJh EkdifiH
axmufyHha&; r[mAsL[mw&yf csrSwfvkduf+yD;/ 2001 ckESpf 'DZifbmvrSm ,m,D
111
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abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rS jy\emrsm;
urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;ukd ppf+yD;jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
a&;u atmifjrifr_w&yfvkd@ ,lqayrJh112 &v'fawGtm;vkH;u aumif;wm r[kwf
ygbl;? EkdifiH twGif;rSm pD;yGm;a&; rnDrr#jzpf+yD; (2003 ckESpfrSm p&ypum;&Dygh
bvpfu wkd;wufr_[m abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;jynfaxmifpk&J w0uf
atmufyJ &Sdygw,f113)/ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm tvkyfvufrJhE_ef; }uD;rm;
+yD; (2005 ckESpfrSm 44 &mckdifE_ef;) EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk;pm&if; uGm[csufeJ@ EkdifiHjcm;
ukd wifaewJhtauG;awG&Sd+yD;/ 1992-1995 ckESpf rwkdifrDuxuf trsm;}uD;edrfhwJh
twkdif;twmeJ@ pufr_vkyfief;awG vnfywfygw,f?114 abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;
em;[m ta&SawmifOa&myrSm tqif;&JqkH;vnf; jzpfyg w,f?115
'ghtjyif abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;u pD;yGm;a&;u t"dutm;jzifh
axmufyHha=u;eJ@ vnfywfae&ygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;axmufyhHr_/ EkdifiHjcm;u v$JaiGawGeJ@
abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm EkdifiHjcm;om;awG okH;wJhaiGwkd@u 'DEkdifiHawG&J
pkpkaygif; jynfwGif; xkwfvkyfr_ (GDP) &J 30 &mckdifE_ef;avmuf &Sdygw,f?116
abmhpeD;,m;vlrsKd; pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sifwa,mufu 'Dtajctaeukd z&efuif
pwkdif; pD;yGm;a&; vk@d ac:ygw,f?117 'D pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifu atmufyg z&efuif
pwkdif; pD;yGm;a&; vuQ%mwcsKd@ukd rD;armif; xkd;jyxm;ygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;awG
uae taumufcGefaumufzkd@ A[kdtpkd;&rSm&SdaewJh }uD;rm;wJh tcuftcJawG/118
43

tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGu oGif;ukefawGukd tm;xm;vGef;&vkd@ ay:aygufvmwJh

ukefoG,fr_ vkdaiGawGeJ@119 pD;yGm;a&;b%fawGukd aiGracs;EkdifwJh tm;enf; vGef;wJh
A[kb
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pDrHcef@cGJ Ekdifjcif;r&Sdwmwkd@) jzpfygw,f?
'ghtjyif urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; (eJ@ wjcm;ae&mawG)
rSm pD;yGm;a&;ajymif;vJr_eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_twGuf yk*~vduydkifvkyfjcif;ukd tav;t
eufxm;wmu wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk uGJjym;r_ukd ckdif+rJapykH&ygw,f? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@
[mZD*kdAD;em;rSm urBmhb%fuvkyfwJh yk*~vdu tpDtpOfu121/ yk*~vduvkyfwJh tzGJ@
tpnf; 12 zGJ@yg tzGJ@tpnf;ukd tajccHwJhpepf zefwD;vkdufygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;
ESpfckpDtwGuf tzGJ@wckpD yg+yD;/ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; zuf'a&;&Sif;
twGif;u tzJG@cGJ 10 ckpDtwGufvnf; wckpDygygw,f?122 ,cifu ,l*kdqvm;
AD;,m; EkdifiHawmfykdif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGukd &DyghbvDum;p&ypum;eJ@ abmhpeD;
,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; jynfaxmifpkwkd@ukd cGJa0ay;vkdufygw,f? 'Dpepft& abmhpeD;
tufawG&SdwJh a'ou ukr`%DawGukd abmhpeD;tuf =oZm oufa&muf+yD;/ ckd
tufawG tkyfcsKyfwJhae&mrSmvnf; cdktufawG =oZmoufa&muf ygw,f?
'ga=umifh Oyrm - ,cif ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m; wcGifrSm vkyfukdifcJhwJh ukr`%Dwckukd
wkdif;&if;om;tvkduf (qm;Af/ cdktufeJ@ abmhpeD;tuf) okH;ykdif; cGJvkdufygw,f?
+yD;awmh tvkyform;awGukd olwkd@ vlrsdK;pktay: tajccH+yD; tvkyfcef@ygw,f? 'Dvkd
vlrsdK;pktvdkuf yk*~vduvkyfr_ u e*kduuGJaewJh abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;&J
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EkdifiHwEkdifiHtwGif;rSm wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk toD;oD;&JtusKd; jyefvnfoifh
jrwfzkd@ vkyf&mrSm }uHK&wJh _yfaxG;wJh tcuftcJ trsKd;rsKd;&Sd&mrSm jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@
abmhpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;u tawG@t}uKHt& a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@ urBmh
b%fwkd@&J yg0ifr_u wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkjy\emawGeJ@ wif;rmr_awGtm;vkH;ukd
ajz&Sif;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdwm awG@&ygw,f? a'wifoabmwlnDcsufu wkdufyGJawGtqkH;
owfr_&J rSwfwrf;jzpfayrJh abmhpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;rSm jyefvnfoifhjrwfjcif;eJ@
ppfrSefwJh yl;wGJaexkdifjcif;wkd@ rawG@&ao;bJ tzGJ@tpnf;topfawG wnfaqmuf
xm;ykH/ A[kdtpkd;&tm;enf;ykHeJ@ urBmhb%f&J uef@owfcsufawGeJ@ rl0g'awGa=umifh
44

wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkawGt=um; qufvuf+yD; uGJjym;r_awG &SdaeEkdifw,fvkd@

wcsKd@u owday;ygw,f?
aps;uGufukdv$rf;rkd;wJh vlenf;pk (market-dominant minority) &Sd&mrSm
vnf; jrefrmEkdifiHu ,cifu ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;eJ@ wlygw,f?124 ,cif ,l*kdqvm;
AD;,m;rSm qm;bfawGu vlOD;a& trsm;qkH;jzpf+yD;/ cdktufawGeJ@ qvkdAD;efawGu
vlenf;pk jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh cdktufawGeJ@ qvkdAD;efawGu pD;yGm;a&;tay:
v$rf;rkd;xm;+yD;/ qm;bfawGxufpm&if a,bk,stm;jzifh ykduG,f0ygw,f? 'gu
1992 ckESpfrSm ppftoGif ay:aygufcJhwJh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkawG rauseyfr_
ta=umif;&if;awGxJu w&yfjzpfygw,f?125
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wkwfawGu aps;uGufukd v$rf;rkd;aewJh vlenf;pkjzpfygw,f? tif'kdeD;&Sm;rSm tvm;
wl tajctaea=umifh 1998 ckESpf arvrSm wkdif;&if;om; wkwfvlrsKd;awGukd
qef@usifwJh t"duk%f;awG jzpf+yD;/ vl 2 axmifausmf aoqkH;+yD; wkwfvlrsKd;ykdif
tdrfawGeJ@qkdifawG aygif; 5 axmif eD;yg; rD;&_d@cJh=uygw,f?126 jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'Dae@
jzpfaewJh tajctae[m tqkH;rSm *sumwm&J ae&mtrsm;pkukd rD;awmufawG
jzpfoGm;apwJh tajctaeeJ@ tEW&m,f}uD;pGm wlaeygw,f? e0wykHpH urBmhaps;
uGufawGu jrefrmEkdifiHukd ,rf;awGjynfhaewJh pnfykdif;tjzpf ajymif;vJvkdufyg+yD
vkd@ ynm&Sifwa,mufu ajymygw,f?127 jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'Dvkd t"duk%f; jzpfcJh+yD;
yg+yD? 1960 ckESpfawGwkef;u vufvDukefoG,fr_rSm wkwfawG&J v$rf;rkd;r_a=umifh
1967 ckESpfrSm wkwfqef@usifa&; t"duk%f;awG jzpfcJhygw,f? 'gxuf apmapm
ykdif;u jrefrmEkdifiH +Adwdo#vufatmufrSm&SdpOf tJ'Dtcsdefu aps;uGufukdv$rf;rkd;wJh
vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh tdENd,vlrsKd;awGukd qef@usifwJh t=urf;zuf t"duk%f;awG
+rdK@}uD; awGrSm jzpfcJhygw,f?128

45

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tif'dkeD;&Sm;u 25 ESpf=um odrf;ykduf+yD;aemuf/ 1999 ckESpf qENcH,lyGJrSm ta&S
wDarmu vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t}uD;tus,f rJay;=uygw,f? tJ'Daemuf
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xm;ay;vkdufygw,f? ta&SwDarmu 2002 ckESpf arvrSm vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;
&oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DvrSmyJ tpkd;&opfu EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOf
wifjycJhygw,f?
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UNTAET a&mufvm+yD;aemuf ta&SwDarmom;awG EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;
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t0kdif;u 0ifvm+yD;wmeJ@ ta&SwDarmom;awG&J ckdifrmwJh vrf;!$efr_rygbJ
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;pOf pcJh=uw,f? urBmhb%fu taxmuftyHhawG
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om;awG yg0ifzkd@ }udK;yrf;=uayrJh/ ta&SwDarmom;awGbufu pDrHcef@cGJr_eJ@
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wkd;wufa&; pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mrSmyg0ifwJh Emilia Pires u ajymygw,f?129
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46

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49

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50

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51

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52

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aqmif&Gufwm enf;+yD;/ 'Daqmif&GufcsufawGu a&eHu&wJh 0ifaiGudk pDrHcef@cGJzkd@
'grSr[kwf ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&; tEW&m,fuif;zkd@ aqmif&Guf&mwkd@rSm t}uD;
tus,f xda&mufr_ r&Sdygbl;? 'Dvkd,EW&m;awGu 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;&/ aumif;rGefwJh
tkyfcsKyfr_/ Oya'pkd;rkd;r_/ Oya' vkdufemwJh tpkd;&wkd@&SdrS xda&mufEkdifygr,f?
54

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r&ygbl;? vkH;0rjzpfEkdifygbl;154 vkd@ cs'fvlrsKd; v_yf&Sm;olwa,mufu axmufjyyg
w,f?
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pkpkaygif; a':vm oef; 4 axmifwef cs'f-uifr&Gef; pDrHudef;u qm[m&
atmufykdif; tmz&durSm t}uD;rm;qkH; yk*~vdu&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ jzpfygw,f? cs'fEkdifiH
awmifykdif;u EkdifiH&J tpdrf;vef;qkH; a'ojzpf+yD;/ wEkdifiHvkH;twGuf pm;eyf&duQm
&Sd&mjzpfwJh 'kdbmcsKdifh0Srf;a'orSm a&eHwGif;aygif; &maygif;rsm;pGm wl;azmfcJhyg
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urf;vGef a&eHwGif;ae&m awGukd uDvkdrDwm 1 axmif&SnfwJh ykdufvkdif; azmufcJhyg
w,f? 'Dykdufvkdif;u cs'fEkdifiHu aumufESHuGif;awGeJ@ &GmawGukd jzwfoGm;+yD;
uifr&Gef;rSm jrpfawGeJ@ opfawmawGukd jzwfoGm;ygw,f? Exxon Mobil
(tar&duefEkdifiH)/ Petronas (rav;&Sm;)eJ@ Chevron Texaco (tar&duef) wkd@
'DpDrHudef;rSm ygygw,f? EkdifiHa&;tEW&m,fawGtwGuf urBmhb%fu =um;cHtjzpf
yg0ifrS qufvkyfr,fvkd@ ukr`%DawGu ajymygw,f?156
xkwfvkyfr_umv 25 ESpfrSm cs'fEkdifiHtwGuf ysrf;r#0ifaiG a':vm
oef;ESpfaxmif eD;yg; (wESpfukd ysrf;r# a':vm oef; 80) eJ@ uifr&Gef;twGuf
a':vm oef; 500 (wESpfukd ysrf;r# a':vm oef; 20) 'DpDrHudef;u &Ekdifw,fvkd@
urBmhb%fu cef@rSef;ygw,f?157 'DpDrHudef;u cs'fEkdifiHtwGuf ykdxGef;ywJh tem
*wfzefwD;zkd@ olrwlwJh tcGifhta&;w&yf jzpfygw,f? vuf&SdtcsdefrSm EkdifiHu
jynfolawG aumif;rGefwJhb0&zkd@vkdwJh tenf;qkH; jynfol@0efaqmifr_awGay;zkd@
rwwfEkdifygbl; ['gayrJh] 2004 ckESpf ta&mufrSm 'Dykdufvkdif;u tpkd;&0ifaiGukd
wESpfrSm 40 u 50 &mckdifE_ef; wkd;jrifhvkduf+yD;/ 'Dt&if;tjrpfawGukd qif;&Jr_
avsmhenf;atmifvkyf&mrSmvkdwJh usef;rma&;/ ynma&;/ ywf0ef;usif/ tajccH
taqmuftODeJ@ aus;vufzGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf okH;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f158 vkd@ urBmh
b%fu ajymygw,f?

55

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pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufr_ pDrHudef;rsm;

t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J }uD;rm;wJh zdtm;ay;r_a=umifh urBmh

b%fu cs'ftpkd;&ukd a&eHxkwf,la&; pDrHudef;vkyfaewkef; pDrHcef@cJGzkd@ tultnD
taeeJ@ pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufr_ pDrHudef;ESpfck axmufyHhcJhygw,f? a&eHykdufvkdif;
a=umifh a'orSm jzpfyGm;r,fh xdckdufr_awG avsmhenf;atmif pDrHcef@cGJzkd@ tpkd;&&J
pGrf;&nfckdifrmapzkd@/ oufqkdif&m obm0ywf0ef;usifeJ@ vlr_a&;pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;
awG wkd;csJ@zkd@eJ@ a&eHu&wJh 0ifaiGawGukd xda&mufpGm cJGa0ae&mcsxm;+yD;/ a&eHxkwf
vkyfr_ pDrHudef;&J &nf&G,fcsufjzpfwJh qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsa&; aqmif&GufEkdifzkd@ pDrH
cef@cGJa&;pGrf;&nf wnfaqmufay;zkd@ 'DpDrHudef;awGu &nf&G,fygw,f?159
'gayrJh urBmhb%fu acs;aiGcGifhjyK+yD;wmeJ@ ykdufvkdif;ukd jrefjrefazmufvkduf
160
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xm;wJh tzGJ@awGxJuwckjzpfwJh EkdifiHwum t}uHay;tzGJ@ (IAG)161 u ykdufvkdif;
wnfaqmufr_ jznf;jznf;vkyfzkd@ xyfwvJvJ t}uHjyKygw,f?162 urBmhb%fu
'Dt}uHudk vufrcHygbl;? owfrSwfxm;wJhtcsdefxuf wESpfapm+yD; ykdufvkdif;azmuf
wma&m oufqkdifwmawG aqmufwmyg +yD;oGm;+yD;/ pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufr_
aqmif&GufcsufawGuawmh owfrSwfxm;wJh tcsdefxuf aemufuscJhygw,f?163
'ga=umifh cs'ftpkd;&u a&eHxkwfvkyfr_ pDrHudef; &J oufa&mufr_awGukd ukdifwG,fzkd@
pGrf;&nfuif;rJhaeygw,f?164
a&eH0ifaiG}uD;=uyfr_e@J xdef;odrf;r_aumfrwD165
a&eHxkwfzkd@ yxrqkH; aiGa=u;axmufyHhzkd@ cs'fEkdifiHrSm 0ifaiGpDrHcef@cJGr_
tpDtpOf csrSwf&r,fvkd@ urBmhb%fu uef@owfcJhygw,f? cs'ftpkd;&u 'DpDrHudef;
twGuf acs;aiGukd urBmhb%fqDu vkdcsifvGef;vkd@ 'DtpDtpOfcsrSwf+yD; 1999
ckESpfrSm Oya'rSm xnfhoGif;cJhygw,f? 2005 ckESpf 'DZifbmvtxd 'DOya't&
a&eHu0ifaiG&J wpdwfwa'oukd OD;pm;ay;uawG jzpfwJh usef;rma&;/
ynma&;/ tajccHtkwfjrpf wnfaqmufa&;/ ywf0ef;usifeJ@ a&t&if;tjrpf/ vlr_
0efaqmifr_eJ@ aus;&GmzGH@+zdK;a&;wkd@twGuf okH;cJh& ygw,f? 'DOya't& a&eH0ifaiG
}uD;=uyfa&;eJ@ xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDu Oya' taumiftxnfazmfr_eJ@ pDrHudef;u
0ifaiGwcsKd@ukd OD;pm;ay;uawGrSm okH;apzkd@ apmifh=uyf=unfh &_&ygw,f?166
}uD;=uyfa&;aumfrwDrSm tzGJ@0ifukd;OD;yg+yD;/ ig;OD;u tpkd;&ujzpf+yD;/ av;OD;
u t&yfbufqkdif&m vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;u jzpfygw,f? aumfrwDu pnf;urf;awGukd
56

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aumfrwDu axmufyHha=u;qkdif&m tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpkH r&Ekdifygbl;? oD;jcm;
axmufyHha=u; &EkdifwJhae&mvnf; r&Sdygbl;? 'kwd,taeeJ@ tpkd;&u EkdifiHa&;u
rdwfaqGawGukd aumfrwDrSm cef@xm;+yD;/ t&yfom;tzGJ@tpnf;u tzGJ@0ifawG
a&G;&mrSm 0ifa&mufaESmifh,Suf ygw,f? wwd,taeeJ@ aumfrwDrSm OD;pm;ay;
uu pDrHudef;awGukd cGifhjyKzkd@eJ@ pkHprf; ppfaq;zkd@ tm%m&SdayrJh aumfrwD&J
qkH;jzwfcsufawGudk }uD;=uyfzkd@eJ@ aumfrwDuawG@&SdwJh vdrfvnfr_awGukd ta&;,lzkd@
tpkd;&ukd tm;xm;&ygr,f?167
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taxmuftxm; enf;enf;yJ &Sdygw,f? 2004 ckESpf okH;vykdif;avmuftxd
}uD;=uyfa&; aumfrwD tzGJ@0ifawGu a&eH0ifaiGeJ@ axmufyHhxm;wJh OD;pm;ay;u
ae&m 30 ukd oGm;=unfhcJh ygw,f?168 r+yD;jywfwJh pDrHudef;awGeJ@ aumfrwDu
cGifhjyK+yD;rS pDrHudef; taumiftxnfazmfr_ukd ajymif;vJwmawG tygt0if rrSefuef
r_awG tawmfrsm;rsm; awG@ygw,f? txufwef;ausmif;aqmufzkd@ bmaiG
axmufyHha=u;&+yD;wJh ae&mwckrSm a'ocH tm%mykdifawGu 'Dta=umif; bmrS
rodwm awG@&ygw,f? aemufwae&mrSmawmh a&wGif; 12 wGif; oGm;=unfh&mrSm
2 wGif;yJ aumif;aewm awG@&ygw,f? }uD;=uyfa&; aumfrwDu tpkd;&ukd 'DawG@&dS
csufawG wifjycJhayrJh ta&;,l r,lawmh rodygbl;?169
cs'ft&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awGu qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa&;eJ@ vlr_tokdif;
t0kdif; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;wkd@twGuf a&eHu&wJh 0ifaiGawGokH;zkd@ vuf&Sdtpkd;&rSm
EkdifiHa&;qEN 'grSr[kwf pGrf;&nf &Sd/ r&Sd t+rJa0zefygw,f?170 cs'ftpkd;&u 2005
ckESpf 'DZifbmvrSm 0ifaiGpDrHcef@cGJr_Oya'ukd jyifqifzkd@ qkH;jzwfvkdufwJhtcg/ 'Dtajc
tae a&Swef;udk a&mufvmygw,f? 'Djyifqifcsufu }uD;=uyfa&;aumfrwDu
apmifh=unfhzkd@rvkdwJh a&eHu 0ifaiGyrm%ukd wkd;jrifhvkdufygw,f? vkH+cHKa&;twGuf
okH;aiGukd xnfhoGif;zkd@ OD;pm;ay; u ukd t"dy`g,f jyefvnfowfrSwf vkdufyg
w,f? 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&DrSm 'gukd wkH@jyefwJh taeeJ@ urBmhb%fu (a':vm 124
oef;avmuf&SdwJh) auG;qyfzkd@ &ufvGefaewJh tauG;awGukd ay;acszkd@ qkdif;xm;
vkduf+yD;/ cs'fEkdifiHtwGuf acs;aiGeJ@ axmufyhHa=u;topfawG qkdif;iHhxm;vkduf
ygw,f?171 'Dvkdqkdif;iHhr_a=umifh cs'fEkdifiH&J a&eH0ifaiG wpdwfwa'o tvkdvkd
&yfoGm;ygw,f?172 2006 ckESpf {+yDvrSm urBmhb%fu qkdif;xm;wJh 0ifaiGawGukd
xkwfray;&if ykdufvkdif;awGydwf+yD;/ a&eHxkwfvkyfr_ jzwfawmufvkdufr,fvkd@ cs'fu
+cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; wkH@jyefygw,f?
57

pHjy pDrHudef;vm;? owday;ykHjyifvm;?

cs'f-uifr&Gef; pDrHudef;rSm pDrHudef; taumiftxnfazmfr_ukd apmifh=uyf
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}uD;=uyfa&; aumfrwD&Sdvkd@ 'DpDrHudef;ukd urBmhb%fu pHjy pDrHudef; vkd@ azmfjy
ygw,f? 'gayrJh 'D,EW&m;awGu cs'fEkdifiHrSm xda&mufr_r&SdbJ a&eH0ifaiGuae
tajccH vlr_0efaqmifr_awG wkd;wufr_ 'grSr[kwf ykdrkdaumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfr_wkd@
jzpfrvmygbl;? cs'fEkdifiHrSm aiGacs;r_awG qkdif;iHhrxm;cifuwnf;u urBmhb%fu
twGif;pdppfr_w&yfrSm [a&eH0ifaiGawG ukdifwG,fr_eJ@ oufqkdifwJh] 'Djy\em
awGukd ajz&Sif;zkd@ vkyfukdifaeayrJh 'Da&&Snf aqmif&GufcsufawG&J oufa&mufr_
u aES;ygr,f vkd@ 0efcHxm;ygw,f?173 'DtawmtwGif; EdkifiHa&; wufuGv_yf&Sm;
olwOD;u tpkd;&u 'DpDrHudef;ukd&wmeJ@ tm%mykd&Sd vm+yD;/ ykdzdESdyfvm+yD;/ tck
'Drkdua&pDtwkdif; rvkyfvkdawmhygbl;? 'DpDrHudef;a=umifh tajctae ykdqkd;vmyg
w,f? 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; av;pm;r_ tenf;tusOf;r&SdbJ 'DpDrHudef;eJ@wlwJh
b,fpDrHudef;rqkd[m zGH+zdK;wkd;wufa&; pDrHudef;wck rjzpfEkdifygbl;? urBmhb%f
vkd EkdifiHwum bma&;tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHawGu 'Dtpkd;&ukd
axmufcHcJhwJhtwGuf }uH&mygawGjzpfw,f vkd@ qdkygw,f?174
jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfcsuf ?
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pwifaponfhtcsuf
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'Drkdua&pD tpdk;& r&Sdrcsif; aiGa=u;axmufyHhrSm r[kwfbl;vkd@ ,lqavh&Sdygw,f/
tapmykdif;u ajymcJhovkd jrefrmEkdifiH[m avmavmq,f urBmhb%frSm twkd;
r&wJh taetxm; rSm &Sdaeygw,f? qkdvkdwmu tuG;awG &Sif;r+yD;rcsif; urBmh
b%fu aiGjyef+yD; p racs;ygbl;? aemufwenf;ajym&&if jrefrmEkdifiHuqyfzkd@
usefaewJhtauG;awGu jrefrmEkdifiHrSm urBmhb%fu vkyfief;awG jyefpzkd@&mrSm
twm;tqD; jzpfaeygw,f? tmz*efepPwef avhvmcsufrSm ppfaq;xm;ovkd175
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tauG;awG&Sif;zkd@u odyfrcufygbl;? cs'fEkdifiHu jrefrmEkdifiHvkdyJ 'kuQrsm;ygw,f?
tm%modrf;,lr_ t}udrf}udrfjzpfygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;& r[kwfygbl;? +yD;awmh
vGefcJhwJh tESpf 40 twGif; trsm;pkumvrSm EkdifiHa'o trsm;tjym;rSm
58

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aiGaxmufyHh w,fqkdwmu EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm aumif;wJhtkyfcsKyfr_ &Sdwm/ Oya'
pkd;rkd;wm/ 'grSr[kwf 'Drkdua&pD usifhokH;wmwkd@eJ@ urBmhb%f&J tJ'DEkdifiHrSm
vkyfukdifzkd@ qkH;jzwfcsufeJ@ rqkdifbl;qkdwm jyygw,f?
cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;u jrefrmEkdifiHawmifykdif;u &wem
a&eHykdufvkdif; pDrHudef;eJ@ wlygw,f?176 cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;u qm[m&
atmufykdif; tmz&durSm t}uD;rm;qkH; yk*v
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tpkd;&u 0ifaiGoef;aygif; &maygif;rsm;pGm &cJhygw,f?177 cs'f-uifr&Gef; ydkufvkdif;
puwnf;u a'ocHeJ@ EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;awGu pDrHudef;a=umifh xdckdufr_
awGukd apmifh=unfhae+yD;/ wkdif;&if;om; tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_/ xdcdkufwJh vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf;awGudk avsmfa=u;tvkHtavmuf ray;r_/ jynfol@ usef;rma&; xdckdufapr_
pwJh jy\emawGukd rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygw,f?178 tvm;wlyJ &wemykdufvkdif;
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wJh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awGeJ@ ywf0ef;usifxdckdufr_awG jzpf&ygw,f? urBmh
b%fu pDrHudef;eJ@ a&eH0ifaiGawGukd pDrHcef@cGJzkd@ cs'fEkdifiHukd ulnDzkd@ }udK;yrf;cJhayrJh
tckxd 'Daqmif&GufcsufawGu xda&muf&Jvm;qkdwm ar;p&m&Sdygw,f? &wem
ykdufvkdif; wnfaqmufpOfu 'Dvkdaqmif&GufcsufawG rvkyfcJhygbl;?

59

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? tjzpftysuforkdif;

EkdifiHa&;
1960 ? ? cs'fEkdifiH jyifopfEkdifiHu
vGwfvyf a&; &ygw,f?

cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;
1963 ? ? cs'fEkdifiHu urBmhb%ftzGJ@0if
jzpfvmygw,f?

1965 ? ? jynfwGif;ppf pygw,f?

1990 'DZifbm ? ? AkdvfcsKyf'gbD
tm%m,l ygw,f? 1991 azazmf0g&DrSm
orRw jzpfyg w,f? qlylr_awG
qufjzpfygw,f?
1996 ZGefv ? ? 'gbD orRw
a&G;aumufyGJ Ekdif&ygw,f?
1997 ? ? 'gbD&JygwDu Oya'jyK a&G;
aumufyJG tEkdif&ygw,f?
1999 Zefe0g&Dv ? ? a&eH0ifaiG
pDrHcef@cGJr_ Oya' jyXmef;?

ouU&mZf 2000? ? urBmhb%fu cs'fuifr&Gef; a&eHxkwfvkyfa&; pDrHudef;udk

cGifhjyKvkdufygw,f?
2001 rwfv ? ? cs'f&Gmom;awGu
cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;ukd
pkHprf;ppfaq; zkd@ urBmhb%f&J pkHprf;
ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ukd awmif;qkdygw,f?

2001 ckESpf arv ? ? 'gbD orRw

a&G;aumufyGJ tEkdif&ygw,f?
twkduftcH acgif;aqmifawG
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a=unmt+yD; twkduftcH v_yf&Sm;ol
wOD; towfcH&ygw,f? jynfol@

2001 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv ? ?

pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzJG@ pkHprf;ppfaq;zkd@
urBmhb%fu cGihfjyKvkdufygw,f?
60

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2002 ckESpf pufwifbmv ? ?

pkHprf;ppfaq; a&;tzGJ@u
awG@&SdcsufawGukd xkwfa0yg w,f?
2003 ckESpf ZGefv ? ? a&eHxkwfvkyfr_
pwif/ ZlvkdifvrSm ykdufvkdif;awGrSm a&eH
pwifpD;qif;?

2003 ckESpf ? ? olykef&maygif;rsm;pGm

tpkd;&eJ@ oabmwlnDcsuf&+yD;aemuf
cs'f wyfrawmf 0if=uygw,f?
2004 ckESpf arv ? ? trsKd;om;
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a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcGifhjyKzkd@ zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'ukd jyKjyifzkd@ cGifhjyKzkd@ &uftenf;i,f
tvkdrSm tm%m odrf;zkd@}udK;pm;ygw,f?

2005 ckESpf 'DZifbmv ? ? cs'fEkdifiHu

2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv ? ? cs'fEkdifiH
a&eH0ifaiG pDrHcef@cGJa&; Oya'ukd jyKjyif+yD; ay;zkd@&uf vGefaewJhtauG;awGukd
Oya' t&rf; tm;enf;oGm;ygw,f?
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61

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62

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67

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&mZ0ift&Snf}uD; &Sdygw,f?208 +yD;awmh olwkd@&J pDrHcef@cGJa&; tpDtpOfawGrSm
&Gmom;awG&J opfap;yifawG ukd ckwfzkd@eJ@ &Gmom;awGukd oabmwlcGifhjyKxm;wJh
ae&mawGukd ay;r0ifbkd@ ukr`%DawG&J &nf&G,fcsufawGudkvnf; azmfjyxm;yg
w,f?209
'ga=umifh 2005 ckESpfrSm 'Dukr`%DawG&J opfckwfwJh tavhtusifhawG
a=umifh 'kuQa&mufcJh&wJh uarBm'D;,m;&Gmom;wpku urBmhb%f&J ppfaq;a&;
tzGJ@rSm FCMCPP ukd wkdifcsufzGifh vkdufygw,f?210 pDrHudef;ykHpH&J tjypftem
tqmawG/ nHhzsif;wJh taumiftxnfazmfr_awGeJ@ urBmhb%fu opfckwfzkd@
oabmwlcGifhjyKcsuf ay;wJhpepfeJ@ 'Dukr`%DawG&JtusKd;ukd jrifhwifaeygw,fvkd@
&Gmom;awGu qkdygw,f? ukr`%DawGu opfawmukd tm;xm;ae&wJh
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awGukd tEW&m,fjyK+yD;a=umif; taxmuftxm;awG trsm;}uD;&Sd
w,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? 'DpDrHcef@cGJa&; tpDtpOfawGeJ@ ukr`%Dajcmufck&J ESIA awGukd
cGifhjyKjcif;tm;jzifh ukr`%DawGu olwkd@&J opfckwfr_ tavhtusifhawGukd ykdaumif;
atmifrvkyfbJ oabmwlcGifhjyKcsuf pmcsKyfawGukd csKyfukdifxm;zkd@ tvm;tvmukd
urBmh b%fu wkd;jrifhay;vkdufw,fvkd@vnf; &Gmom;awGu qkdygw,f?
uarBm'D;,m;rSm opfawmpDrHcef@cGJr_ ykdrkdaumif;rGefvmatmif urBmhb%f
u }udK;yrf;cJhayrJh 'D}udK;yrf;csufawGtm;vkH;[m aumif;wJh}udK;yrf;csufawG r[kwf
bl;qkdwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? uarBm'D;,m;rSm avmavmq,f Oya'pkd;rkd;r_u
ay:aygufvmcgpjzpf+yD; t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;u tm;enf;aewJhtcgrSm urBmh
b%fu opfckwfzkd@ oabmwl cGifhjyKcsufpmcsKyf ay;wJhpepfukd axmufcHtm;ay;
vkdufwmu tusifhysufr_awG avsmhenf;zkd@ 'grSr[kwf wm&SnfrcHwJh opfawmjyKef;
wD;r_awGukd &yfwef@oGm;apzkd@ tvm;tvm r&Sdygbl;? 'gayrJh uarBm'D;,m; jynfol
awGrSmawmh FCMCPP twGuf&,f vmr,fh q,fpk ESpfawGrSm urBmhb%fukd
acs;aiGawG ay;qyfzkd@ 0efxkyf0efykd;&,f &Sdaeygw,f?
jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ qufpyfr_ ? ? w&m;r0ifopfckwfr_ jy\em211
uarBm'D;,m;vdkyJ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm opfawmzkH;v$rf;wJhae&m trsm;tjym;
&Sd+yD; twm;qD;rJh w&m;r0if opfckwfr_awGvnf; &Sdaeygw,f? opfawmqkwf,kwf
r_a=umifh ajrqDv$m wdkufpm;jcif;/ tenfusjcif;/ a&a0a'oysufpD;jcif;eJ@ pdkufysKd;
xkwfvkyfr_ usqif;jcif; pwJh obm0ouf&SdawGtay: a&&nfxdcdkufr_awG jzpfyg
w,f? ESpfEkdifiHvkH;rSm w&m;r0if rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,fr_/ vdifvkyfief;eJ@ opfwifydk@
68

wJh ukefwifum; uGef,ufawGuae HIV/AIDS jyef@yGm;r_eJ@ opfckwfwmwdk@

t=um; wdkufkdufqufpyfr_ r&Sd&ifawmif enf;enf; qufpyfygw,f? tpdk;&eJ@
t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSmvnf; opfckwfr_a=umifh tusifhysufr_awG ydkrdk
rsm;jym;vmygw,f? opfukefoG,fr_u tjrwftpGef;awG }uD;rm;vdk@vnf; ESpfEdkifiH
vkH;rSm wpkeJ@wpk wdkufyGJ0ifaewJh tzGJ@0ifawGuawmif opfcdk;ckwf&mrSm yl;aygif;
vkyfudkifae=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f?212
wjcm;wbufu =unfh&ifawmh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm uarBm'D;,m;xufpm&if
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; ydkrsm;+yD;/ opfckwfr_jy\emu ppfwyfeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;pkawG&J vufeufudkifwyfawGt=um; tajctaeeJ@ qufpyfaeygw,f?
'Dtaetxm;u uarBm 'D,m;eJ@ trsm;}uD;uGmygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppfwyfeJ@
ppfwyfudkqef@usifwJh wdkif;&if;om; tkyfpkawG[m pkpkaygif; okn (wa,muf
Ekdif&if wa,muf_H;) qdkwJh upm;yGJ upm;ae =uygw,f? wzufu rxkwf,lwJh
opfeJ@ obm0t&if;tjrpfawGudk wjcm;wbufu odrf;,ltjrwfxkwfygw,f?
+yD;awmh NGO awGeJ@ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awG wdk;yGm;wJh uarBm 'D;,m;xufpm&if
jrefrmjynfrSm ekdifiHa&;twGuf ae&meJ@ t&yfbufqdkif&m vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;twGuf
tcGifhta&;awG t&rf;ydkenf;ygw,f?
EdkifiHa&; tajctaeom ajymif;vJ uGJjym;r,fqdk&if EdkifiHwum todkif;
t0dkif;u jrefrmtpdk;&udk ajr,mpDrHudef; oabmwlcGifhjyKcsuf pDrHcef@cGJr_eJ@ vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf; tajccH t&if;tjrpf pDrHcef@cGJr_ ydkrdkaumif;rGefa&; (Z,m;rSm=unfh) wdk@
tygt0if opfawmrl0g' csrSwf taumiftxnfazmfa&;wdk@rSm axmufyHhEdkifyg
w,f? EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;u ZD0uGJjym;r_ oabmwlnDcsuf213/ EdkifiHwum
tylydkif; opfvkyfief;tzGJ@ (ITTO)214 eJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH&J opfawmpDrHr_udk wdk;wufap
zdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ yl;wGJaqmif&GufaewJh wjcm;tpdk;& tzGJ@tpnf;awGudkvnf;
tokH;jyKygw,f?

69

ta&Sawmiftm&Sw0Srf; ay:xGufvmaeonfh xda&mufonhf pepftjzpf

vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; tajccHt&if;tjrpf pDrHcef@cJGr_215
a'ocHvlr_tzGJ@tpnf; tajccHt&if;tjrpf (CBRM) qdkwmu a'ocH
vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J yg0ifr_eJ@ a'o&Sd t&if;tjrpfawGudk dk;&menf;pHepfawG/
acwfrD enf;pepfawGeJ@ pDrHcef@cGJr_ jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHu xdef;csKyfxm;wJh pepfawGeJ@
uGJjym;wJh (CBRM) pepfu tavhtxwckwnf;udk okH;rJhtpm; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;&J
tusKd;twGuf kd;&mpdkufysKd;a&;pepfeJ@ vlr_"avhawGudk acwfrDenf;vrf;awGeJ@
aygif;pyfxm;ygw,f? (CBRM) uwqifh pDrHcef@cGJxm;wJh t&if;tjrpfawGxJrSm
a'owGif; opfawmawG/ pdkufysKd;aumufESHawGeJ@ pdkufysKd;cif;awG/ owWKawG/ ajrqDeJ@
a&t&if;tjrpfawG/ arG;jrLa&;/ wd&p>mefawGeJ@ om;dkif;awG ygygw,f?
tm&SeJ@ tmz&duu taxmuftxm;awGt& opfawmeJ@ wjcm;
obm0 t&if;tjrpfawGudk rsKd;qufaygif;rsm;pGm tm;xm;&olawG[m a'ocH
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udk tajccHwJh vlr_a&;pepfawGeJ@ a'ocHt&if;tjrpfawGudk
wm&SnfcHatmif pDrHcef@cGJw,f qdkwm awG@&ygw,f? tck awmifeJ@ ta&Sawmif
tm&SrSm 'DpepfawG jyefvnfxGef; um;vm+yD; txl;ojzifh 0efaqmifr_enf;+yD;/
tvG,fwul tEW&m,fusa&mufEdkifwJh a'oawGrSm obm0t&if;tjrpfawGudk
tm;xm;ae&olawG&J tajccHvkdtyfcsufawG jznfhqnf;ay;zdk@ EdkifiHawmfu pDrH
cef@cGJwJh pepfawG[m rvkHavmufbl;/ 'grSr[kwf ratmifjrifbl;qdkwm jyygw,f?
'Dae@ zdvpfydkif/ xdkif;/ tdENd,eJ@ eDaygvdk EdkifiHawGrS CBRM u atmifjrifaeygw,f?
CBRM pepfawGuae jrefrmjynfom;awG tusKd;cHpm;&zdk@ tvm;tvm&Sd
ygw,f? t=urf;zufr_awGeJ@ EdkifiHudkA[dky+yD; csKyfudkifxm;wJh ppftpdk;&a=umifh
tEW&m,f usa&mufaewJh CBRM eJ@ ywfouf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHu wdkif;&if;om;
trsm;tjym;rSm uG,f0wJhordkif; &Sd+yD;om;yg?

70

uarBm'D;,m; ? ? tjzpftysufordkif;
EdkifiHa&;
1953 ? ? uarBm'D;,m;
jyifopfEdkifiHu vGwfvyfa&;
ay;&ygw,f?

opfckwfr_ jy\emrsm;

1969 ? ? uarBm'D;,m;udk
(1973 txd) tar&duef
pwifAkH;}uJygw,f?

1969 ckESpfrSm uarBm'D;,m;[m IMF tzGJ@0if

jzpfvm+yD; 1970 rSm urBmhb%f tzGJ@0if jzpfvmyg
w,f? EdkifiHa&; _yfaxG;a=umifh uarBm'D;,m;[m
1992 rwdkifcifu urBmb%fu aiGracs;ygbl;?
IMF u 1971-72 rSm acs;ygw,f?

1970 ? ? tar&duef
vkdvm;ol vGefEdk;u
oD[mEkudk awmfvSef+yD;
tm%modrf; vdkufygw,f?

1970-1980 ? ? opfawmawG trsm;tjym;

ckwf,ljcif; r&Sdygbl;?

1975 ? ? vGefEdk; xGufajy;?

uGefjrLepfcrmeDawG tm%m
odrf;?
1978 ? ? uarBm'D;,m;udk
AD,uferf 0ifa&muf
odrf;ydkuf?

1980 ckESpfawG aESmif;ydkif; ? ? [Gefqef&J

uGefjrLepftpdk;&/ crmeD/ xdkif;ppfwyfeJ@ yk*~vdu
vkyfief;&SifawG opfckwfzdk@ oabmwlnDcsufawG
1989 ? ? AD,uferfqkwfcGm &+yD; opfawmyef;wD;r_E_ef; jrifhrm;apcJhygw,f?
1991 ? ? +idrf;csrf;a&;
oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;/
ukvor*~u ,m,Dtpdk;&
zGJ@&mrSmulnD?

EdkifiHa&; oabmwlnDcsufawG &+yD;aemuf

tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH awGu uarBm'D;,m;&J obm0
t&if;tjrpfawGudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf w&m;0if
xkwf,l=uygw,f?
71

1992 pufwifvm? ? urBmhb%f v_yf&Sm;

vmygw,f? (jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;udk yxrqkH;
tav;xm;ygw,f?)
1992 ? ? ,m,Dtpdk;&u (1993/ Zefe0g&Dv
1993 ? ? aG;aumufyGJawG/ up+yD;) opfckwfwifydk@r_ &yfwef@zdk@ a=unmyg
crmeDawG vufeufudkif
w,f? 'Da=unmcsufa=umifh opfawG trsm;
awmfvSef qef@usifqENjy/
tjym; ckwf=uygw,f?
rif;om;&mem&deJ@ [Gefqef
wGJbuf0ef}uD;csKyfawGjzpf?
1993 rSm crmeDawG opfckwf&mu 0ifaiG a':vm
10 oef; uae oef; 20 &w,fvdk@ cef@rSef;&+yD;/
1996 ckESpftxd opfckwf&mu&wJh tusKd;tjrwf
trsm;pkudk quf+yD; &cJholawG jzpfygw,f?
1995? ? urBmhb%fu yxrt}udrf EdkifiH
axmufyHha&; r[mAsL[m xkwfjyefygw,f?
1996 Zefe0g&D-{+yD ? ? w&m;0if opfvkyfief;u
0ifaiGpkpkaygif; a':vm 14 oef;? a':vmoef;
100 ausmfwef opfvkH;awGeJ@ opfom;awGudk
w&m;r0if a&mif;0,fcJhw,fvkd@ ukvor*~u
cef@rSef;?

1997 Zlvdkifv ? ? [Gefqef

tm%modrf;+yD;/ rif;om;
&em&dudkz,f&Sm;?
1998 ? ? trsKd;om;
nDvmcH
aG;aumufyGJrsm;?

1996 Zlvdkif ? ? wdkifyif aqG;aEG;a&;tkyfpk (CG)

tpnf;ta0;u opfawmujyKjyifa&;
awmif;qdk?
1997 pufwifbm ? ? ESpfEdkifiH tvSL&SifwcsKd@eJ@
IMF wdk@u axmufyHha&;tpDtpOf &yfqdkif;?

72

1999 ? ? CG tpnf;ta0;rSm Global Witness

udk opfawmqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_ apmifh=unhfa&;eJ@
tpD&ifcHa&;twGuf tpdk;&&J
oD;jcm;apmifh=uyfa&;tzGJ@ tjzpf cef@tyf?
2000 ? ? uarBm'D;,m;rSm (FCMCPP) udk
urBmhb%fu yxrqkH; twnfy?
2003 ? ? trsKd;om;nDvmcH/
2003 {+yD ? ? tpdk;&u Global Witness udk
aG;aumufyGJrsm;
oD;jcm; apmifh=uyfa&;tzGJ@tjzpf cef@tyfwm
&yfpJ?
2005 {+yD ? ? FCMCPP eJ@ywfouf+yD;
pkHprf;a&;tzGJ@&J pkHprf;ppfaq;r_udk urBmhb%fu
cGifhy?

73

6? ed*kH;
txufyg tpD&ifcHpmrSm wifjyxm;wJhtwkdif; urBmhb%feJ@ ADB vdk EkdifiH
wum tzGJ@tpnf;awGu jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jyefvnfvkyfukdifzkd@ jyifqifae=uyg+yD?
'gayrJh wu,fqkd&if 'DtzJG@tpnf;awGu jrefrmEkdifiHrSm vkH;0vkyfudkifaejcif; r&Sd
wm r[kwfygbl;? wdwdusus ajym&&ifawmh t"du yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcsufjzpfwJh
acs;iSm;wmudkawmh &yfwef@cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvkd&yf&wmu 'Drkdua&pDenf;vrf;
t& a&G;aumufxm;wJh tpkd;& uif;rJhaevkd@ r[kwfygbl;? qyfzkd@usefaewJh tauG;
awG &Sdwm&,f/ EkdifiHrSm tjynhft0 vkyfukdifzkd@ tcGihf&,l&mrSm }uKH&wJh tcuftcJ
awG pwJh vufawG@ ta=umif;tcsufawGa=umihf jzpfygw,f? 'DtpD&ifcHpmrSm
jyxm;ovkd EkdifiHwum bma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGu tkyfcsKyfr_pnf;rsOf; nhHzsif;+yD;/
Oya'pkd;rkd;r_ r&SdwJh EkdifiHawGudk acs;aiGtrsm;}uD; ay;cJhwmawG &Sdygw,f?
acs;aiG&yfwef@xm;wJh=um;u urBmhb%fu jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@
ar#mfrSef; csufeJ@ r[mAsL[menf;awG pwifa&;qGJzkd@ jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD;
tcsuftvuf &SmazGwJh }udK;yrf;csufawG/ okH;oyfcsufawG tygt0if jrefrmEkdifiHudk
apmihf=unhfaewmawG vkyfaeygw,f? IMF u yk'fr 4 qkdif&m wkdifyifaqG;aEG;
r_awG qufvkyfaeygw,f? +yD;awmh ADB u jrefrmEkdifiHu pDrHudef;awGtwGuf
enf;ynmqkdif&m taxmuftulawGay;zkd@ (yrm%rrsm;ayrJh) axmufyhHa=u;awG
ay;aeygw,f? 'ga=umihf jrefrmjynfolawG[m EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ta=umif;
pOf;pm;zkd@ vkdtyfwmudk vspfvsLr_oihfygbl;? tem*wfu aocsmwJhumv
a&mufrS 'DvkdpOf;pm;zkd@ tuef@towfr&Sd &ufa&$@wmvnf; rvkyfoihfygbl;?
EkdifiHwumbma&; tzJG@tpnf;awGrSm EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;a&;eJ@ qif;&Jr_avsmhcs
apwJh r[mAsL[mawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; olwkd@&J ukd,fykdiftpDtpOfawG/ rl0g'awGeJ@
vkdvm;wmawG &Sdygw,f? zGH@+zdK;r_eJ@ qif;&Jr_avsmhusa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;r_
[m ta&;}uD;qkH;vkd@ ,lq+yD; 'D&nfrSef;csufawG&zkd@ usOf;ajrmif;+yD; tm;vkH;udk
+cKHikHxm;wJh tajymif;tvJawG vkyfygw,f? 'gayrJh EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;rSm 'Dvkd
pDyGm;a&;wkd;wufr_udkyJ tav;xm;+yD; tm;vkH;udk +cKHikHxm;wJh usOf;ajrmif;wJh
tajymif;tvJawGvkyfwm[m ratmifjrifygbl;?
wu,fqkd&if 2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdwmvu tvkyfcGifoifwef;rSm
ajymqkdcJhol wcsKd@u zGH@+zdK;r_ rl0g'awG trsKd;rsKd;&Sdjcif;&J ta&;ygykHudk tav;eufxm;
ajymygw,f? 'gu ukefoG,fa&;/ aiGvJvS,fE_ef;/ EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ pwJh
pD;yGm;a&; jy\emawGtwGuf omr[kwfbJ ynma&;/ vltiftm;eJ@ pufr_
74

xGef;um;apa&;wkd@ twGufvnf; jzpfygw,f? 2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv

tvkyfcGifoifwef;rSm Joseph Stiglitz u usaemfu GDP wkd;jrihfa&;twGufom
r[kwfbJ wm&SnfcHum r#w+yD; 'Drkdua&pDuswJh zGH@+zdK;r_ta=umif; udk ajymwmyg?
vlOD;a&trsm;pktwGuf tcsdef=um wm&SnfcHr,hf vlaer_tqihftwef; jrifhrm;r_
ta=umif; ajymwmyg vkd@ ajymygw,f?
EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm wm&SnfcH+yD; r#wwJh zGH@+zdK;r_&zkd@ rl0g'awGtrsKd;rsKd; vkdw,fvkd@
Stiglitz eJ@wjcm;ajymqkdolawGu jrifygw,f? 'ga=umihf EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;r_qkdif&m
ta=umif;t&mawGeJ@ qkH;jzwfcsufawGudk pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifawGeJ@ bma&;
u|rf;usifolawG&J wkdif;jynfwkd;wufr_twGuf ajymykdifcGihf &Sdoihfygw,f? Stiglitz
uquf+yD; atmufygtwdkif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?
aumif;rGefwJh rl0g'awGu bmawGvJqkdwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; oabmxm;
yGihfvif;zkd@ vkdygw,f? _@axmihftrsKd;rsKd;ukd em;axmif&ygr,f? 'gayrJh
raocsmr_&J ta&;ygykHukd t&if todtrSwfjyK&ygr,f? ausmufwkH;awGudk
prf;+yD; jrpfudkul;yg qkdwJh wkwfpum;ykHwck &Sdygw,f? ESdrhfcsr_eJ@vkyf+yD;
wcsdefwnf;rSm rdrdukd,fudk ,kH=unf pdwfvnf;&Sd&ygr,f vkd@ qkdvkdwm
jzpfw,f? 'DtajccHu ta&;ygw,fvkd@ usaemf xifygw,f? &nfrSef;csuf
awGudk rsufacsrjywfapbJ/ EkdifiHtrsdK;rsKd;u tawG@t}uHK awGudk=unfh+yD;
b,fvdk tusdK;oufa&mufr_awG &SdovJqdkwmawGudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
aqG;aEG;zdk@ }udK;pm;+yD;oumv/ ra&&mr_awGvnf; &Sdw,fqdkwm tod
trSwf jyK+yD;wmeJ@wqufxJ/ ausmufwHk;awGudkprf;+yD; jrpfudk ul;&r,fqdk
wmod&if/ 'gawG bmrSrvkyfwmeJ@pm&if atmifjrifr_ tvm;tvmawG
ydkrdk&&Sdr,fvdk@ ,lqygw,f?
tqkH;rSmawmh EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;a&; r[mAsL[mw&yfukd usihfokH;wJhtcg
bma&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ tvSL&SifEkdifiHawG&J tusKd;aus;Zl;eJ@ OD;pm;ay;vkdwJh
t&mawGr[kwfbJ jynfolawG&J wu,hfvkdtyfcsufawGeJ@ OD;pm;ay;&r,hft&m
awGudk xif[yfatmif jrefrm jynfolawG[m EkdifiHwum bma&; tzGJ@tpnf;
awGeJ@ twlvkyfudkif+yD; olwkd@udk vrf;!$efcsuf ay;&rSm jzpfygw,f?

75

aemufqufwGJ (u)
aqG;aEG;&efeJ@ a&SqufokawoejyK&ef ta=umif;t&mrsm;
tcGihftvrf;rsm;eJ@ ar#mfvifhrxm;aom tEW&m,frsm; ? ? jrefrmEkdifiH
pD;yGm;a&; toGiful;ajymif;r_twGuf toihfjyifqifjcif;udk EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;r_ enf;pOf

ta=umif; rodolawG 'grSr[kwf 'Dvkdenf;pOfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH&J vkdtyfcsufawG/

tem*wf ar#mfrSef;csufawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; rdrdwkd&J xifjrif,lqcsufawGudk ajymqkd
zkd@ tcGihftvrf; r&ao;wJh jrefrmEkdifiHu pmzwfolawGtwGuf &nf&G,fxm;
ygw,f? atmufyg aqG;aEG;&efeJ@ a&Squf okawoejyK&ef ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
'DpmzwfolawG a&SqufpOf;pm;&mrSm taxmuftul jzpfapzkd@eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiH zGH@+zdK;
wkd;wufr_eJ@ EkdifiHwum bma&;tzJG@tpnf; (IFI) awG&J tcef;uudk pOf;pm;
&mrSm taxmuftuljzpfapzkd@ t"duxm;wm jzpfygw,f?
IFI awGu vkyfukdifaewJh vkyfief;pOfawGt& 'Dta=umif;t&mawGudk
t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh pDpOfxm;+yD;/ jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@ owfrSwfcsufawGeJ@
pxm;ygw,f? pwif&rnhfae&mrsm; qdkwJhtydkif;rSm/ tpD&ifcHpmeJ@ oufqkdifwJh
ae&mawGudk !$ef;xm;+yD; vdktyfwJhtcg jyifyt&if;tjrpfawGudkvnf; !$ef;xm;
ygw,f?
jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaponhf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
1? abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;rSm jyefvnfvkyfukdif aqmif&GufwmeJ@
ywfouf+yD; urBmhb%f tpD&ifcHpmwckrSm tckvdk ajymxm;ygw,f? tqifhjrihf
pDrHcef@cGJr_tydkif;u +idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf&r,fqkdwJh ar#mfvihfcsufu
}uD;rm;+yD; urBmhb%fu EkdifiH wum}udK;yrf;r_rSm t"dutpdwftykdif;u ygr,fvdk@
xifwmeJ@w+yKdifeuf urBmhb%fu jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tpDtpOf a&;qGJr_
pcJhygw,f? (Alcira Kreimer, et al., Bosnia and Herzegovina Post-Conflict
Reconstruction, Country Case Study Series, World Bank Operations
Evaluations Department, 2000 pmrsufESm 29) pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tydkif; 4/

avhvmcsuf? abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;/ a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@ z&efuif

pwkdif; pDyGm;a&;
76

(1) avhvmcsufwckpDtwGuf ay;xm;wJh jzpfpOfawGudkokH;+yD; urBmhb%fu

tmz*efepPwef/ abmpeD;,m;/ [mZD;*kdAD;em;eJ@ uarBm'D,m;wkd@rSm
jyefvnfvkyfukdifwJh tcsdefudk rSwfom;yg? EkdifiHwckpDrSm urBmhb%fu
b,ftcsdefup+yD; jyefvnf aqmif&Gufzkd@ pwifjyifqifovJ? wckpDrSm
(u) ydyuQ b,fwkef;u tqkH;owf ovJeJ@/ (c) a&G;aumufxm;wJh
tpkd;& b,fwkef;u &SdovJqkdwm rSwfyg?
(2) urBmhb%fu b,ftcsdefrSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHeJ@ jyefvnfyl;aygif; aqmif&Guf
ovJqkdwm pOf;pm;yg? EdkifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;& &SdwJhtcgvm;? aumif;
rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfr_ tavhtxawG &SdwJhtcgvm;? tpdk;&u jyefvnfyl;
aygif; aqmif&Gufzkd@ awmif;qkdwJh tcgvm;?
(3) urBmhb%fu b,ftajctaeawGrSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHeJ@ jyefvnfyl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufoihfw,f xifovJ?
2? cs'fEdkifiHu EkdifiHa&;'kuQ tajctaeudk=unhf+yD; urBmhb%fu cs'fudk acs;
aiGawG ay;+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiHudkawmh bmvkd@ ray;bl;vkd@ xifovJ?
pwif&rnhfae&m ?
? tydkif; 5? avhvmcsuf ? cs'f-uifr&Gef;
a&eHxkwfazmfr_eJ@ ykdkufvkdif;pDrHudef; (jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfr_ ? ? IFI awG
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ pwifap onhftcsuf)
qyf&efusefaeonhf auG;+rDrsm;&Sif;jcif;
'DtpD&ifcHpm a&;wJh tcsdefup+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH[m urBmhb%frSma&m
(a':vm 142 oef;)/ ADB rSmyg (a':vm 28 oef;) qyfzkd@ auG;+rDawG usefae
ygw,f?
pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tydkif; 2-c (EkdifiHwum bma&;tzGJ@rsm;eJ@ jrefrm
EkdifiH. qufqHa&;)
(1) jrefrmEkdifiHu qyfzkd@usefaewJh auG;+rDawGudk b,fvkd&Sif;EkdifrvJ?
pwif&rnfae&m ? ? tykdif; 3/ avhvmcsuf? tmz*efepPwef ? vSL'gef;ol
trsm;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGtzJG@u rnfr# (aumif;aumif;) vkyfaqmifoenf;/
(jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ qufpyfykH? MDTF eJ@ qyf&efusefaeonhf auG;+rDrsm;&Sif;jcif;)
(2) qyfzkd@usefaewJh auG;+rDawG&Sif;zkd@ bmvkd@ urBmhb%fu wufwufuGuG
ulnDaew,f xifovJ?
77

pwif&rnfhae&m ?

? tykdif; 4-c-2/

(jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@
vkyfudkifaejcif;? qyf&efusefaeonhf auG;+rDrsm;&Sif;jcif;)
(3) oifuEdkifiHjcm;tpkd;&jzpf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHu qyfzkd@usefaewJ@auG;+rDawGudk
ulnD&Sif; ay;cJh&if jrefrmEdkifiHu bmvdkcsifvJ?
tvSL&Siftrsm;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGrsm;
1? urBmhb%fu ta&SwDarmtwGuf tyfESH&ef
tvSL&Sifrsm;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGtzJG@ zGJ@vkdufygw,f?

pwif&rnhfae&m ?

(TFET)

www. worldbank.org/tl (TFET

vkd@ac:wJh
qkdif&m

urBmhb%f&J tifwmeuf pmrsufESm)

(1) b,fEkdifiHawGu TFET rSm yg0ifvSL'gef;=uovJ? tvSL&SifEkdifiHawG&J
xnhf0ifaiG awGu b,favmufvJ?
(2) TFET udkb,folpDrHcef@cGJovJ? +yD;awmh pDrHcef@cGJolu tca=u;aiG
b,favmuf ,lovJ?
(3) TFET u b,fvkdpDrHudef;awG tpDtpOfawG axmufyHhovJ?
(4) ta&SwDarmu TFET rSm b,fvkd=oZmtm%m&SdovJ?
MDB

qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;

1? urBmhb%feJ@ ADB rSm tzJG@0ifEkdifiHawG&J rJay;EkdifwJh =oZmtm%m[m

tJ'D EkdifiHu ukdifxm;wJh tpk&S,f,myrm%tay: rlwnfygw,f?
pwifrnhfae&m ? ? tykdif; 3-*-2 (urBmhb%fqkH;jzwfcsufcsykH)
(1) urBmhb%f&J (IBRD) rSm atmufygEkdifiHawG&J rJay; =oZmtm%mudk
&Smyg? ? tar&duef/ t*Fvef/ *syef/ jrefrm/ xkdif;/ uarBm'D,m;?
pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.worldbank.org/
(2) ADB rSm tJ'DEkdifiHawG&J rJay;=oZmtm%mudk&Smyg?
pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.adb.org/
(3) urBmhb%feJ@ ADB rSm (*syef/ jrefrm/ xkdif;/ uarBm'D,m; pwJh)
tm&SEkdifiHawG&J rJay; =oZmtm%mudk E_dif;,SOfyg? b,ftzGJ@tpnf;awG
rSm 'DEkdifiHawGu rJay; =oZmtm%m ykd&SdovJ?
78

2? urBmhb%f&J (IBRD) rSm tzJG@0ifEkdifiH 184 EkdifiH&Sdygw,f? urBmhb%frSm

ae@pOf qkH;jzwfcsufcswmudk !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@u vkyfygw,f?
pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tydkif; 3-*-2? (urBmhb%fqkH;jzwfykH)
(1) IBRD !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@u !$ef=um;a&;rSL; 184 a,muf
&Sdovm;? oihftajzudk &Sif;jyyg?

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ?

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/b-eds.pdf

(urBmhb%f

!$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@)
(2) ADB !$ef=um;a&;rSL; bkwftzJG@rSm !$ef=um;a&;rSL; b,fESpfa,muf
&SdovJ?
pwif&rnhfae&m ?
? www.adb.org/bod (ADB !$ef=um;a&;rSL; bkwf
tzJG@)
(3) urBmhb%f !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@rSm jrefrmEkdifiH&J ukd,fpm;vS,f
u b,folvJ?
ADB !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; bkwftzJG@rSm jrefrmEkdifiH&J udk,fpm;vS,fu
b,folvJ?
3? urBmhb%f OuUXu t+rJwrf; tar&duefEkdifiHu jzpfygw,f? ADB OuUXu
t+rJwrf; b,fEkdifiHuvJ?
urBmhb%f ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@
cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;eJ@ uarBm'D,m;rSm opfawmcGihfjyKcsuf
pDrHcef@cGJa&; eJ@ xdef;csKyfxm;wJh tprf;pDrHudef; (FCMCPP) wkd@a=umihf xdckdufcJh&wJh
a'ocHjynfol awGu urBmhb%f ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@udk pkHprf;ppfaq;zkd@ yef=um;cJh
ygw,f? 'Dyef=um;csuf b,fvkdvkyf&ovJ? yef=um;csufawGudk b,fvkd ukdifwG,f
ovJqkdwm okawoevkyfyg?
pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.worldbank.org/inspectionpanel (ppfaq;a&;
tzJG@eJ@ ywfoufwJh urBmhb%f&J tifwmeufpmrsufESm)
(1) b,folawGu yef=um;v$mwifEkdifovJ?
(2) yef=um;olawGu b,fvkdpm&Gufpmwrf;awG wifzkd@vkdovJ?
79

(3) yef=um;v$mwif+yD;aemuf bmjzpfvJ? pkHprf;ppfaq;zkd@ yef=um;v$mawG

wkdif;udk aqmif&Gufay;ovm;?
(4) pDrHudef;rpcif ppfaq;zkd@ yef=um;v$mwifEkdifovm;? acs;aiG twnf
rjyKay;cifa&m?
(5) pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzJG@u bmawG qkH;jzwfovJ?
(6) pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzJG@ t}uHjyKcsufawG bmawGjzpfoGm;ovJ?
EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;twGuf wkdifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;
1? abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;&J qif;&Jr_avsmhenf;apa&; r[mAsL[m
aemufqkH; pmwrf; (PRSP) rSm 'D (PRSP) twGuf tpkd;&u abmpeD;,m;[mZD*kdAD;em; t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ wkdifyifr_udk azmfjyxm;wJhtykdif;udk
&Smyg?

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ?

www.eppu.ba/englihs/strategija_engl.html
twGuf vuf&Sd PRSP)

(abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;
(1) aqG;aEG;wkdifyifyGJ b,fESpfckvkyfovJ?
(2) a0zef&ef tcsdefumvrsm; b,fESpfck&SdovJ?
2? ta&SwDarm EdkifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOfu Vision 2020
tykdif;udk zwfyg?
pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? www.pm.gov.tp/ndp.htm (ta&SwDarmEdkifiHawmf
zGH@+zdK; wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOf)
(1) EdkifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ tpDtpOfcsrSwf&mrSm trsKd;orD; trsm;
tjym;eJ@ wkdifyifcJhovm;? ausmif;om;awGu b,ffvkd yg0ifygwfouf
ovJ?
(2) b,fta=umif;t&mawGa=umifh ta&SwDarm tpkd;&u us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@ 'DvkdjynfoleJ@ wkdifyifaqG;aEG;r_awG vkyfEkdifwm xifovm;?
3? abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*dk;AD;em;&J aemufqkH; PRSP tydkif;wcsKd@udk zwfyg?

pwif&rnhfae&m ?

www.eppu.ba/englihs/strategija_engl.html
(abmpeD;,m;-[mZD*kdAD;em;twGuf vuf&Sd PRSP)
(1) PRSP aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm xdxda&mufa&mufyg0ifEdkifzdk@ (Oyrm -

pD;yGm;a&; ta=umif;) txl;odp&mawG vdkw,fvdk@xifovm;? 'Dvdkxif&if

80

aqG;aEG; wdkifyifyJGawGrSm jynfolawGyg0iffzdk@ txl;bmawGodxm;&if

taxmuftuljzpfr,f xifovJ?
(2) 'Dvdk txl;odxm;wmawGr&Sd&if jynfolawG wufwufuGuG yg0if
atmif bmawGvkyfzdk@ vdkw,fxifovJ? jynfolawGu aqG;aEG;wdkifyifr_
enf;pOfukd em;vnfatmifvkyfzdk@ tpdk;&eJ@ (urBmhb%fvdk) IFI awGt=um;
b,fol@rSm wm0ef ydk&Sdw,fxifovJ?
(3) oifu t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ PRSP aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_
awGvkyfzkd@ pDpOf&wJh jrefrmtpkd;&t&m&Sd wa,mufqkd&if jynfolawG
trsm;}uD;yg+yD; xda&mufwJh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_awG &Sdapzdk@ bmvkyfrvJ?
(Oyrm? aqG;aEG;wkdifyifyGJ b,fESpfyGJ vkyfrvJ? b,frSmvkyfrvJ/ b,fbm
ompum;awG okH;rvJ pwJh) vkyfief;pOfa&m ( Oyrm? wufa&mufolawG
udk b,fvkdar;cGef;awG ar;rvJqkdwJh) ta=umif;t&mudkyg pOf;pm;yg?
(4) jrefrmEkdifiH zGH@+zdK;a&;r[mAsL[mrSm wkdif;&if;om;awG&J tusKd;tjrwf
awGudk wef;wlnDr# udk,fpm;jyKxm;zkd@ bmvkyfzkd@ vkdr,fxifovJ?
PRSP

utvkdufacs;iSm;r_
1? utvkdufacs;iSm;r_qkdwm (Oyrm? opfawm/ pkdufysKd;a&;pwJh) u
w&yf&yf twGufay;wJh acs;aiGjzpfygw,f?
pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tykdif; 3-c-2 (wjcm;taxmuftyHhrsm;)
2? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uqkdif&macs;iSm;r_twGuf b,fuawGudk OD;pm;ay;
&r,f xifovJ? bmvkd@vJ? 'Dvkduqkdif&m axmufyHhr_twGuf b,fEkdifiHwum
tzGJ@tpnf; awGudk wkdifyifr,fxifovJ?
jrefrmEkdifiH. t&if;tjrpfusdefpmudk ajymif;vJjcif;
1? jrefrmEkdifiH[m t&if;tjrpfusdefpm oihfaeovm;? 'grSr[kwf usdefpm
oihfzkd@ tvm;tvm&Sdovm;? jrefrmEkdifiHu 'Dt&if;tjrpfusdefpmudk b,fvkd
ausmfv$m;Ekdifr,f xifovJ?

81

pwif&rnhfae&m ? ? tykdif; 4 ( obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; pDrHcef@cGJjcif;)

(1) oif[m jrefrmtpkd;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if t&if;tjrpfawG xkwf,l

vkd@&wJh 0ifaiGawGudk jynfolawG tusKd;&Sdatmif b,fvkdvlr_a&;
'grSr[kwf pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'awG jrihfwifrvJ/
(2) oif[m jrefrmtpkd;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if t&if;tjrpfawGudk
wm&Snf cHr,hfenf;eJ@ azmfxkwfapzkd@ b,ft&mawGudk owdeJ@vkyfr
vJ?
(3) 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiHu t&if;tjrpfusdefpmukd tvkdt
avsmuf aysmufoGm;aprSmvm;? bmvkd@jzpfaysmufrSmvJ? 'grSr[kwf
bmjzpfvkd@ raysmufapEkdifrSmvJ?

cs'f-uifr&Gef;ykdufvkdif;
1? oifu cs'ftpkd;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;
pDrHudef;u qif;&Jr_ aysmufqkH;a&;udk jrihfwifay;apzkd@ bmawGvkyfrvJ?
pwif&efae&m ?
? tykdif; 5- avhvmcsuf? cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eH
azmfxkwfa&;eJ@ ykdufvkdif; pDrHudef;?
2? oifu cs'ftpkdk;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if }uD;=uyfa&;aumfrwDudk yhHykd;zkd@
bmawG vkyfrvJ?
3? cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;eJ@ 'DpDrHudef;u&wJh 0ifaiGawGqkdif&m
jy\em trsKd;rsKd;udk okH;oyfyg? oifcs'ftpkd;&twGuf tvkyfvkyf&if 'DpDrHudef;udk
vkyfrSmvm;?
4? cs'feJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHwkd@u EkdifiHawmftzJG@tpnf;awGt=um; bmawGwl+yD;/
bmawG uGmjcm;ovJ? (Oyrm - Oya'awG/ apmihf=uyfa&;tzGJ@awG pwJh) cs'fEkdifiH
rSm zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ,EW&m;awGeJ@ wlwmawGu &wemeJ@ &JwHcGefykdufvkdif;rSmjzpfwJh
ysufpD;xdckdufr_awGudk umuG,fEkdifr,f/ 'grSr[kwf avsmhenf;apEkdifr,fvkd@ xifo
vm;? bmvkd@ 'DvkdxifovJ? 'grSr[kwf bmvkd@'Dvkd rxifbl;vJ?
pwif&efae&m ? ? tykdif; 5 ? avhvmcsuf? cs'fEkdifiH (jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@
qufpyfr_/ IFI awGyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ pwifaponhftcsuf)
5? rkwWryifv,fauG@u a&$"mwfaiG@wGif;u tdENd,udk "mwfaiG@ykdufvkdif;
azmufzkd@ tpDtpOfta=umif; okawoevkyfyg?
82

pwif&efae&m ? ? www.earthrights.org/burma/shwepipeline.shtml (a&$

obm0 ykdufvdkif;qkdif&m Earth Rights International &J tifwmeuf pmrsufESm?)

(1) b,fEkdifiHawG ygovJ?
(2) b,fEkdifiHawGu b,fukr`%DawGyg+yD; 'DpDrHudef;rSm olwkd@&J tpk&S,f
,m b,favmufrsm;ovJ?
(3) 'D"mwfaiG@wifykd@r_uae jrefrmEkdifiH b,favmuf&rvJqkdwm &SmEkdif
rvm;?
uarBm'D,m;
1? FCMCPP pDrHudef;ykdaumif;atmif aemufxyf bmuef@owfcsufawG
xnhfcJh &ifaumif;rvJ?
pwif&efae&m ? ? tykdif; 5? avhvmcsuf uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHwGif opfckwf
,lr_?
2? uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiH opfawmu ppfaq;csufudkzwfyg? Atmufazmf
jyyg jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zkd@ jrefrmEkdifiH&J opfawmu pDrHcef@cGJa&; rl0g'w&yf
a&;yg?

pwif&efae&m ? ? www.bigpond.com.kh/users/dfwjica/Forest-Sector-

Review.pdf (uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiH

opfawmu ppfaq;csuf?)
(1) rdrdwdk@ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf opfawmawGudk tm;xm;wJh a'ocH
jynfolawGudk opfawmawGxJ oGm;a&mufcGihf?
(2) wm&SnfcHwJh opfawm? (ckwf,lr_) tavhtusihfawG&Sdatmif b,fvkd
vkyfrvJ?
(3) opfckwf&muae &wJh0ifaiGawGudk pDrHcef@cGJr_?

83

aemufqufwGJ (c)
tokH;0ifonhf tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;eJ@ wjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;
atmufrSmazmfjyxm;wJh tifwmeufpmrsufESmawGeJ@ wjcm;t&if;tjrpf
awGudk tcGihftvrf;rsm;eJ@ ar#mfvihfrxm;aom tEW&m,frsm;&J pmom;twkdif;
pDpOfxm;ygw,f? wcsKd@tifwmeuf pmrsufESmawG&J vdyfpm (URL) awGu odyf
&Snfygw,f? 'D aemufqufwGJrSm tJ'DpmrsufESmawGudk tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J pmrsuf
ESmuae b,fvkdoGm;&r,fqkdwma&m/ tifwmeufvdyfpmawGyg ay;xm;ygw,f?
(I) jrefrmEkdifiH. pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ EkdifiHwum bma&;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ qufqHa&;
u? jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; ? um;armif;+yKdifyGJwGif jrefrmtoif;. wkd;wufr_
-

Economic Development of Burma: A Vision and Strategy

(2000)
www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Vision-strategy.ocr.pdf
Robert Rotberg, Ed., Burma: Prospects for a Democratic
Future (1998)
David I. Steinberg, Burma: The State of Myanmar (2001)

- zGH@+zdK;r_tenf;qkH; EkdifiHrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfonhf

tcsuftvufrsm;?
www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/ldc%20criteria.htm

c? EkdifiHwum bma&;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ jrefrmEkdifiH. qufqHa&;

- IFI - jrefrmEkdifiHv#yfppf pma0pepfeJ@ aemufqkH;owif;rsm; (IFI
awGeJ@ jrefrmEkdifiHta=umif; owif;awG ay;xm;ygw,f)
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IFI-Burma

- EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_b%frsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH.

taetxm; (b%fowif;tcsuftvufXme)
www.bicusa.org > Regions > Special Country Projects >
Burma > Status of Burma at the MDBs
www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/status_of_burma_at_the_mdbs

- jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm

www.worldbank.org/mm

84

- urBmhb%fu jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH&J tauG;awGudk twkd;r&

aewJh taetxm;rSm xm;ygw,f? (owif;xkwfjyefcsuf)

www.worldbank.org > News > PressReleases > By Region/

Country > World Bank Places Credits to Union of Myanmar
in Non-Accural Status
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,co
ntentMDK:20012096~menuPK:34466~pagePK:34370~piPK:
34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html
jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m IMF . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.imf.org/external/country/mmr
jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m ADB . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.adb.org/Myanmar
jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ oufqkdifonhf ADB . pmrsufESm pm&Gufpmwrf;

rsm;?

www.adb.org/Publications/country.asp?id=39

*? jreffrmEkdifiHeJ@ a'owGi;f pDyGm;a&;yl;aygif;yg0ifr_

- r[mrJacgifa'ocGJwGif; pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;r_
. tifwmeufpmrsufESm

(GMS)

qkdif&m

ADB

www.adb.org/GMS

- (armfv+rdKifeJ@ jr0wDtygt0if) ta&S-taemuf pD;yGm;a&;vrf;

a=umif; qkdif&m ADB . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.adb.org/GMS/Projects/flagshipB.asp

- (&Srf;jynfe,fu wmqeftygt0if) ta&S-taemuf pGrf;tifA[dk

uGef,ufqkdif&m ADB . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.adb.org/GMS/Porjects/flagshipE.asp
-

tem*wfudk a&mif;vkdufjcif; ? ? rJacgif pGrf;tifA[dkuGef,uf

(EkdifiHwum jrpfrsm; uGef,uf) (International Rivers Network)
www.irn.org/programs/mekong/030620.powergrid-bp.pdf

85

(II) taxmuftulvrf;a=umif;rsm;eJ@ EkdifiHwum bma&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

tay: taxGaxG okH;oyfcsuf
u? taxmuftul&onhf t&if;cHae&mrsm;? ? taxmuftyHhvmonhfae&m
1? ESpfEkdifiH,EW&m;rsm;
- EkdifiHwum zGH@+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tar&dueftzJG@tpnf;
www.usaid.gov

- EkdifiHwumu zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf +Adwdo#Xme

www.dfid.gov.uk

- *syefEkdifiH. w&m;0ifzGH@+zdK;a&;axmufyhHr_
pmrsufESm
-

(ODA)

tifwmeuf

www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda
ECA- apmihf=uyf=unhf_a&;

(ykd@ukeftauG;Xmersm;udk jyKjyif
ajymif;vJ&ef vkyfudkifaeonhf NGO rsm; !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@)
www.eca-watch.org

EkdifiHwum yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf *syefb%f (JBIC)

www.jbic.go.jp

2? a'ocHtzJG@tpnf;rsm;
- ASEAN yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;}udK;yrf;r_
tifwmeuf pmrsufrSm
-

(IAI)

qkdif&m

ASEAN

www.aseansec.org/14684
jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m UNDP tifwmeufpmrsufrSm
www.mm.undp.org

3? urBmhukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
- jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@. tifwmeufpmrsufESm
-

www.who.int/countries/mmr/en
axmifpkESpfzGH@+zdK;r_yef;wdkifrsm; (MDGs) qkdif&m UNDP

tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.undp.org/mdg

86

4? EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;yg zGH@+zdK;a&;b%frsm; (MDBs)

tykdif; 3-*? EkdifiHwum bma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: a,bk,s
okH;oyfcsufudk =unhfyg?
5? tvSL&Siftrsm;tjym;yg tyfESH&efykHaiGrsm; (MDTFs)
- tmz*efepPwef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tyfESH&efykHaiGqkdif&m
urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org > Countries > Afghanistan >
Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund
http://www.worldbank.org.af/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNT
RIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/AFGHANISTANEXTN/0,,contentM
DK:20152008~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:30
5985,00.html

- ta&SwDarmqkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm (ta&S

wDarmtwGuf tyfESH&ef &efykHaiGeJ@ qufpyfonf)
www.worldbank.org/tl

- ydyuQt+yD; tajctaersm;wGif aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_rsm;? (2003

ckESpf ZGefv) urBmhb%fydyuQ umuG,fa&;eJ@ jyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&; pmwrf;trSwf 6?
www.worldbank.org/conflict > Publications >Working Papers
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/67ByDocNam
e/FinancingandAidManagementArrangementsinPostConflictSituations/$FILE/WP6JuneI8.pdf

*? EkdifiHwum bma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: a,bk,sokH;oyfcsuf

1? urBmhb%f. aqmif&Gufcsuf
-

Bank Information Center, The Multilateral Bank and Burma:

A Resource Book (2004)
www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/misc_resources/1629.php
MDB . aemufcH (Bretton Woods) ya&m*suf
www.brettonwoodsproject.org/background

87

rsm;eJ@ ywfoufonfh a0g[m&t"dy`g,f (Bretton

ya&m*suf)
MDB

Woods

www.brettonwoodsproject.org/glossary

- urBmhb%fqkdwm bmvJ? (b%fqkdif&m tcsuftvufXme)

www.bicusa.org > banks > World Bank > What is the World
Bank?
www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/world_bank

- urBmhb%feJ@ ywfouf+yD; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf taxmuftul

rsm; (b%fqkdif&m tcsuftvufXme)
www.bicusa.org/toolkits

- urBmhb%ftifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org

- urBmhb%f tzGJ@0ifrsm;ta=umif; urBmhb%f. tifwmeuf

pmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org > About Us > Organization > Member
Countries
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOU
TUS/0,,contentMDK:50004946~menuPK:271153~pagePK:34
542~piPK:329829~theSitePK:29708,00.html
-

urBmhb%f. oabmwlnDcsufrsm;qkdif&m jymef;csufrsm;

(IBRD)
www.worldbank.org > About Us > Organization > Articles of
Agreement > IBRD Articles of Agreement
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOU
TUS/0,,contentMDK:20049557~menuPK:63000601~pagePK:
34542~piPK:36600~theSitePK:29708,00.html

- urBmhb%f.bma&; ud&d,mrsm;qdkif&m urBmhb%f.

tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org > Projects > Financing Instruments
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS
/0,,contentMDK:20120721~menuPK:232467~pagePK:41367
~piPK:51533~theSitePK:40941,00.html

- urBmhb%fudk umuG,fxm;onhf rl0g'qkdif&m urBmhb%f.

tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org/safeguards

- urBmhb%f. ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@
www.worldbank.org/inspectionpanel

88

EkdifiHom;rsm;twGuf urBmhb%f. ppfaq;a&;tzJG@ vrf;!$ef

(EkdifiHwum obm0ywf0ef;usif Oya'Xme - Center for

International Environmental Law)

www.ciel.org/Publications/citizensguide.pdf

urBmhb%f. ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@vrf;a=umif; r[mAsL[mvrf;!$ef

(EkdifiHwum urBmajr}uD;. rdwfaqGrsm; - Friends of the Earth

International)
www.foei.org/publications/pdfs/strategic_guide.pdf

tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%fqkdwm bmvJ? ( b%ftcsuftvufXme -

Bank Information Center)

www.bicusa.org>bank>World Bank>What is the Asian
Development Bank?
www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/asian_development_bank

- tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm
www.adb.org
ADB . pnf;urf;vkdufemr_ppfaq;a&;tzJG@
http://compliance.adb.org/
ADB . pnf;urf;vdkufemr_ ppfaq;a&;tzJG@xH

(b%ftcsuftvufXme)

wkdifcsufzGihfykH

www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/adb_accountability_mechanism
/index.php#crp

2? urBmhb%fqkH;jzwfcsufcsykH
- urBmhb%ftkyfcsKyfolrsm;bkwftzGJ@qkdif&murBmhb%ftifwmeuf
pmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org > About Us > Organization> Governors
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOU
TUS/0,,contentMDK:20040582~menuPK:63000026~pagePK:
34542~piPK:36600~theSitePK:29708,00.html

- urBmhb%ftkyfcsKyfolrsm; bkwftzJG@qkdif&m urBmhtifwmeuf

pmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org/boards

- vuf&SdurBmhb%f tvkyftr_aqmif!$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; pm&if;

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/beds.pdf

89

urBmhb%ftzJG@0ifrsm;. rJay;Ekdifr_tm%meJ@qdkif&m
urBmb%fpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org > About
Us > Organization > Boards of Directors > Voting Powers
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOU
TUS/ORGANIZATION/BODEXT/0,,contentMDK:50004947
~menuPK:64020035~pagePK:64020054~piPK:64020408~the
SitePK:278036,00.html
ADB .tkyfcsKyfolrsm;bkwftzGJ@qkdif&m ADB tifwmeuf

pmrsufESm (vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfolrsm; pm&if;ygygonf?)

www.abd.org/GOV
ADB tvkyftr_aqmifrsm;

bkwftzGJ@qkdif&m ADB tifwmeuf

pmrsufESm (vuf&Sd tvkyftr_aqmifrsm;pm&if; ygygonf?)
www.adb.org/BOD
ADB rJay;Ekdifonfhtm%meJ@

ywfoufonfh pm&if;r&Sdyg? EkdifiH

wEkdifiH&J rJay;tiftm;udk tJ'DEkdifiHtwGuf tifwmeuf pmrsuf
ESmrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f? ADB rSm jrefrmEkdifiH&J rJay;tiftm;udk
'DrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f?

www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/MYA.asp?p=ctrymya#
shareholding

tmz*efepPwefEkdifiHtay: avhvmcsuf ? ? vSL'gef;oltrsm;yg tyfESH &efykHaiG

tzJG@u rnfr# (aumif;aumif;) vkyfaqmifoenf;?
tmz*efepPwefqkdif&m urBmhb%f tifwmeufpmrsufESm (tmz*efepPwef
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; tyfESH&efykHaiGeJ@ qufay;xm;ygw,f?)
www.worldbank.org/af

tmz*efepPwefrSm jyefvnfyl;aygif; vkyfaqmif&ef tavmw}uD;aqmif

&Gufjcif;? ? IFI rsm;. ydyuQ aemufykdif; tpDtpOf (b%ftcsuftvuf
Xme)
www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/Afghanistan_Report_Trip1.pdf

ARTF qkdif&m b%ftcsuftvufXme. tifwmeufpmrsufESm

www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/afghanistan_reconstruction_trust_fund

90

(III) urBmhb%ft& EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;r_ r[mAsL[mrsm;

u? um;jyifenf; urBmhb%f. t}uHay;csuf
-

Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, 2002

World Bank, IMF: Helping peace or creating conditions for
war? (Bretton Woods Project)
www.brettonwoodsproject.org/article.shtml?cmd[126]=x-12643345
- Naomi Klein, The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, The Nation,
May 2005
www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050502&s=klein

c? urBmhb%fu b,fvkdjyefvnf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufovJ?

1? aqmif&Gufr_ w&m;0ifkyfodrf;onhfumv
- apmihf=unhfqJumvqkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm

www.worldbank.org/conflict > The World Bank in Conflict

and Development > Watching Briefs
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/67ByDocNa
me/TheWorldBankinConflictandDevelopmentWatchingBrief
s
LICUS qkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org/licus

2? jyefvnfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@twGuf vkyfudkifjcif;? ? auG;+rD&Sif;jcif;

- HIPC qkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org/hipc

3? ykHrSefqufqHa&; PRSP eJ@ CAS

-

(Bretton Woods Project)

www.brettonwoodsproject.org/article.shtml?cmd[126]=x126-51862
- (FOCUS on the Global South)
http://host84.ipowerweb.com/~focusweb/postnuke/html/pdf/P
RSP_2 003.pdf
- PRSP qkdif&m urBmhb%f. tifwmeufpmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org/prsp

91

- EkdifiHaxmufyHha&; r[mAsL[mrsm;qkdif&m urBmhb%f.

tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.wordbank.org/cas

- EkdifiHtqifh r[mAsL[m tpDtpOfrsm;qkdif&m ADB .

tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.wordbank.org/CSPs
-

jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf EkdifiHaxmufyHha&;qkdif&m ADB . pDrHcsuf

(2001/ 2003)
www.adb.org/Documents/CAPs/MYA/default.asp?p=ctrymya

avhvmcsuf ? ? abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD;*kdAD;em;/ a'wifoabmwlnDcsufeJ@

z&efuifpwkdif; pD;yGm;a&;
abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD;*kdAD;em; qkdif&m urBmhb%f.tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org/ba

a'wif oabmwlnDcsufpmom; (rifeDpDk;wm;wuUokdvf vl@tcGihftvrf;

pm=unhfwkduf)
www1.umn.edu/humanrts/icty/dayton/daytonaccord.html

yGifhvif;aomvl@abmif&efykHaiG - abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD;*kdAD;em; SEE

EkdifiHrsm; okd@ EkdifiHwum axmufyHha&;rl0g'rsm; - abmpeD;,m;eJ@
[mZD;*kdAD;em;wGif (r) oif,lvkduf &aom oifcef;pmrsm; (2001 ckESpf
=o*kwfv)
Michel Chossudovsky, Dismantling Yugoslavia, Colonizing Bosnia
(1996)
www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/62/022.html

abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; A[kdb%f

www.cbbh.gov.ba

abmpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;. PRSP ( 2004-2007)

www.eppu.ba/english/strategija_engl.html

Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy

Breeds
Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (2003)

92

Z,m;? ta&SwDarm EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;a&; pDrHudef;

(IV)

Emilia Pires, Strategies for Development: Experiences from East

Timor, in NDF, UNLD, et al., Another Development for Burma:
Priorities in Transition (2004)
ta&SwDarm EkdifiHawmfzGH@+zdK;a&;pDrHudef; www.pm.gov.tp/ndp.htm

obm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJjcif;

u? t&if;tjrpf usdefpm ed'gef;

-

Michael L. Ross, The Political Economy of the Resource

Curse, World Politics 51 (January 1999), 297-322.
www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/ross/paper.pdf
Jeffrey D. Sachs & Andrew M. Warner, Natural Resources
Abundance and Economic Growth, Development Discussion
Paper No. 517a, Harvard Institute for International
Development (1995).
Legal Remedies for the Resource Curse, Open Society Justice
Initiative (2005)
www.justiceinitiative.org/db/resource2/fs/?file_id=16376
Oil Funds: Answer to the Paradox of Plenty? (Friends of the
Earth)
www.foe.org/camps/intl/worldbank/oilrev.html
Charles Scheiner & La'o Hamutuk, Can East Timor Avoid the
Resource Curse? (March 2004)
www.etan.org/lh/misc/04curse.htm
Resource Curse or Cure? Reforming Liberias Government
and Logging Industry (Global Witness, 2005)
www.globalwitness.org/reports/show.php/en.00060.html

avhvmcsuf ? ? cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHxkwfazmfr_eJ@ ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;

Ian Gary, Catholic Relief Services & Nikki Reich, Bank Information
Center, Chads Oil: Miracle or Mirage? Following the Money in
Africas Newest Petro-State (2005)
www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/chad_oil_report.pdf

cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif; pDrHudef;qkdif&m urBmhb%f.

tifwmeufpmrsufESm
www.worldbank.org/afr/ccproj/

93

 cs'f-uifr&Gef; ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;qkdif&m b%ftcsuftvufXme.

tifwmeufpmrsufESm
www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/chadcameroon_oil_pipeline_project

cs'f-uifr&Gef; a&eHeJ@ ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef; ? ? wm0ef,l&ef awmif;qkdcsuf

(obm0 ywf0ef;usif umuG,fa&;)
www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/2134_ChadCameroon.pdf

wdkw,f qufvufjiif;qdk ? ? jrefrmEdkifiH &wemeJ@ &JwHcGef"mwfaiG@

ydkufvdkif;
wav#muf urBmajr tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;? 'kwd,t}udrf yHkESdyfjcif;
(EarthRights International, 2000)
www.earthrights.org/pubs/td2000.shtml

a&$"mwfaiG@ ykdufvdkif;qkdif&m EkdifiHwum urBmajr}uD;. tcGihftvrf;rsm;

(EarthRight International) . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
www.earthrights.org/burma/shwepipeline.shtml

a&$obm0 "mwfaiG@v_yf&Sm;r_
www.shwe.org

Z,m;uGuf ? ? urBmhb%f. wk@H jyefcsufrsm;eJ@ wm0ef,lcsufrsm;

o,HZmw xkwf,lon pufr_vkyfief;rsm; ppfaq;csuf
www.eireview.org

a&umwmrsm;qkdif&m urBmhaumfr&Sif
www.dams.org

EkdifiHom;rsm;twGuf a&umwmrsm;qkdif&m urBmhaumfr&Sifvrf;!$ef

(EkdifiHwum jrpfrsm; tquftoG,f uGef,uf)
www.irn.org/wcd/index.php?id=citizenguide.html

Yuki Akimoto, Hydropowering the Regime, Irrawaddy (April 2004)

www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.asp?a=3757&z=102

avhvmcsuf ? ? uarBm'D,m;EkdifiHwGif opfckwfr_

Kirk Talbott & Melissa Brown, Forest Plunder in Southeast Asia: An
Environmental Security Nexus in Burma and Cambodia, in
Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Issue 4 (Spring
1998), 53-60.

94

 Global Witness, et al., Broken Promises: How World Bank Group

policies
fail to protect forests and forest peoples rights (2005)
www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/PDFs/Broken%20Promises.pdf
uarBm'D,m;EkdifiH oD;jcm;opfawmu ppfaq;csuf
www.bigpond.com.kh/users/dfwjica/Forest-Sector-Review.pdf
Jake Brunner, Kirk Talbott, et al., Logging Burmas Frontier Forests:
Resources and the Regime (August 1998)
http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_description.cfm?PubID=2928
Global Witness, A Choice for China: Ending the Destruction of
Burmas
Frontier Forests (October 2005)
www.globalwitness.org/reports/show.php/en.00080.html
Global Witness, A Conflict of Interests: The Uncertain Future of
Burmas
Forests (September 2004), Burmese Version
www.globalwitness.org/reports/index.php?section=Burma
Global Witness, A Conflict of Interests: The Uncertain Future of
Burmas
Forests (October 2003)
www.globalwitness.org/reports/index.php?section=Burma

Z,m;uGuf ? ? ta&Sawmiftm&Sw0Srf; ay:xGufvmaeonhf

xda&mufonhfpepftjzpf vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;tajccH t&if;tjrpf pDrHcef@cGJr_

Owen J.Lynch & Kirk Talbott, Balancing Acts: Community based

Forest Management and National Law in Asia and Pacific (1995)

95

aemufqufwGJ (*)
a0g[m& t"dy`g,fziG fhqdkcsuf
tpD&ifcHpmrSm aqG;aEG;xm;wJh ta=umif;t&mawGeJ@ oufqdkifwJh
pum;vkH;/ yk'fawGeJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J emrnfawG a0g[m& t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm
ygygw,f? 'DtpD &ifcHpmrSmygwJh pum;vkH;/ yk'f wckpDwdkif;twGuf tpD&ifcHpmu
oufqdkif&mtydkif;&J pmrsufESmt!$ef;udk t"dy`g,f owfrSwfcsuf aumfvH
atmufrSm ay;xm;ygw,f? wcsKd@ pum;vkH;awG 'DtpD&ifcHpmrSm rygayrJh
pmzwfolawGtwGuf tqifajyzdk@ xnfhxm; ygw,f?
pum;vkH;

t"dy`g,fowfrSwfcsuf

tvSnfhus
!$ef=um;a&;rSL;
qyf&efusefonfh
auG;+rD

ay;qyf&rnfh &ufvGefae+yD; ray;qyf&

ao;onfh tauG;

yk'fr (4)
wdkifyifjcif;

EkdifiHwum aiGa=u; &HykHaiGtzGJ@ (IMF)

u tzGJ@0if EkdifiHwEkdifiHpD&J pD;yGm;a&;
tajctae udk ppfaq;r_rsm;/
a,bk,stm;jzifh ESpfpOf vkyfygw,f

qufpyfonfh
a0g[m&rsm;
!$ef=um;a&;rSL;
rsm; bkwftzGJ@
udk=unfhyg

tydkif; 3-C-3/4-c-

EkdifiHwum
aiGa=u;
&HykHaiGtzGJ@

tydkif; 2-c
tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;
b%f (ADB)

urBmhb%f
1966 ckESpfrSm zJG@pnf;cJh+yD; tm&SeJ@
ypdzdwfrSm vkyfudkifvnfywfaewJh a'ocH
jynfoltrsm;yg zGH@+zdK;a&;b%f/ ADB rSm
tzGJ@0if 63 EkdifiH &Sdygw,f?

tydkif; 2-c

EkdifiHjcm;aiG &-oHk; umvw&yftwGif;

&Sif;wrf;
wjcm;urBmhEkdifiHrsm;udk ay;&jcif;/
odk@r[kwf if;wdk@u &&Sdonfh
96

a&mif;0,faiGrsm; tm;vkH;rSwfwrf;/ EkdifiH

wEdkifiH&J ydk@ukef oGif;ukefawG/ 0efaqmif
r_awG/ t&if;tESD; bmaiGawGeJ@
aiGa=u; vJajymif;r_awGeJ@ owfrSwfyg
w,f? txGufu t0ifxufrsm;ae&if
EdkifiHwEdkifiHrSm vufusefaiG pm&if;&Sif;
wrf; tE_wfvuQ%m jyaeygw,f?

tykdif; 3-c-2
ESpfEdkifiH
taxmuftyHh

(Oyrm - jrefrmEkdifiHudk *syefEkdifiHuay;wJh EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;

taxmuftyHhvdk) wEdkifiHu
rS taxmuftyHh
aemufwEdkifiHudkay;wJh taxmuftyHh

tydkif; 3-u-1
!$ef=um;a&;rSL;
rsm; bkwftzGJ@

tvkyftr_aqmif !$ef=um;a&;rSLrsm;
bkwftzGJ@rSm urBmhb%f&J ae@pOf
vkyfief;awG vkyfaqmifzkd@ wm0ef&Sd
ygw,f? 'DbkwftzGJ@rSm tvkyftr_aqmif
!$ef=um;a&;rSL; 24 a,muf&Sd+yD;/
wa,mufpDu EkdifiHwEkdifiH odk@r[kwf
wEkdifiHtxufudk udk,fpm; yygw,f?
urBmh b%fOuUXu 'Dbkwf tzGJ@&JOuUX
jzpfygw,f?
!$ef=um;a&;rSL;bkwftzGJ@rSm
tzGJ@0if 12 a,muf&Sdygw,f? 'DxJu 8
a,muf udk tm&S-ypdzdwf a'otwGif;
u tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH awGu aG;cs,fcJh+yD; 4
a,mufudk a'ojyify tzGJ@0if EdkifiHawGu
aG;cs,fygw,f? !$ef=um;a&;rSL;
wa,mufpDu tvSnfhus !$ef=um;a&;
rSL;udk aG;ygw,f? ADB OuUXu
!$ef=um;a&;rSL; bkwftzGJ@rSm OuUX
jzpfygw,f?
ADB

97

urBmhb%frSma&m ADB rSmyg tvSnfhus

!$ef=um;a&;rSL;awGu tvkyftr_aqmif
!$ef=um;a&;rSL;awG&J vufaxmuf
vkyf&+yD; olwdk@&J aqmifGufcsufawGudk
vkyfaqmifEkdif ygw,f?

tykdif; 3-*-2

1944 ckESpfrSm tar&duefEdkifiH Bretton

Woods rSmzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh urBmhb%ftkyfpkeJ@
EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&efykHaiG (IMF) wd@k ukd
pkaygif;+yD; ac:wJhemrnfjzpfygw,f?
pGrf;&nf
tem*wfrSm jyifytultnD tenf;qkH;eJ@
wnfaqmufr_
qufvuf+yD; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufEkdifatmif
zGH@+zdK; wdk;wufr_twGuf a'ocHpGrf;&nfeJ@
wwfpGrf;r_udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif
vkyfwm jzpfygw,f? pGrf;&nfqdkwmu
(Oyrm - vrf;awG/ "mwftm;pGrf;tif
wdk@vdk) kyf0wWKawG 'grSr[kwf (ynma&;/
usef;rma&;wdk@vdk) vlr_a&;qdkif&m
pGrf;&nfawG jzpfEkdifygw,f?
pGrf;&nf ,dkpD;r_
axmufyHhr_tvSL&SifawG/ NGO awG/
'grSr[kwf ukr`%DawGu tu|rf;usifqkH;
vlawGudk olwdk@twGuf tvkyfvkyfapwJh
tcg tpdk;&0ef}uD;XmeawGeJ@ OD;pD;Xme
awGrSm u|rf;usifolawG jywfawmufae
wJh }uD;rm;wJh jy\emudk ac:ygw,f?
vlr_todkif;t0dkif; jynfwGif;ppfyGJawGrSm 'grSr[kwf wdkif;&if;
jyefvnfyl;aygif; om;/ bmoma&;/ EkdifiHa&; 'grSr[kwf
wjcm;uGJjym;r_awGeJ@ uGJjym;cJh&wJh vlr_
jcif;
todkif;t0dkif;awGudk pnf;vkH;+yD; wlnDwJh
ar#mfrSef;csuf/ &nfG,fcsufawG/ OD;pm;ay;
aqmifGuf&rnfh tcsufawGeJ@ oabmwl
xm;wJh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awGt&
Bretton Woods

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

98

urBmhb%f/
EkdifiHwum
aiGa=u;&efykHaiG
pGrf;&nf ,dkpD;r_

pGrf;&nf
wnfaqmufr_

uGJjym;r_awGudk +idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;zdk@

cH,lcsufeJ@ jyefvnfwnfaqmufwm
jzpfw,f?
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; ADB axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;awGa=umifh
oD;oef@ppfaq;a
vdkufemr_ pdppfa&; 'kuQ a&mufcJh&olawGu ADB zdk&rfrSm
&; tzGJ@
tzGJ@(CRP)
ADB [m vkyfief; aqmifGufcsufawGrSm
rdrd&Jrl0g' awGudk vdkufem&Jvm;qdkwm
pdppfzdk@ awmif;qdk Ekdifygw,f?

tydkif; 3-*-2

jynfhpkHwJh zGH@+zdK;a&; EkdifiHwEkdifiHtwGuf ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;u

tpDtpOf
taxmuftyHhawGudk !dE_dif;zdk@eJ@ 'DEkdifiH&J
zGH@+zdK;a&; r[mAsL[mudk 'DEkdifiHu
ydkifqdkifr_ &Sdzdk@ urBmhb%f&J ud;yrf;csuf/
qif;&Jr_ avsmhcsa&; r[mAsL[m pmwrf;/
(PRSP) u jynfhpkHwJh zGH@+zdK;a&; tpDtpOf
twGuf t"du tpdyftydkif;w&yf
jzpfygw,f?

tydkif; 4-c-3

oabmwl
ay;qyfzdk@ tcsdef=um=um ay;xm;+yD;/
cGifhycsufeJ@ acs;aiG twdk;rwufbJ jyefqyfzdk@ tcsdef
t=um}uD; ay;xm;+yD; twdk;aiGenf;wJh
acs;aiGawG/ urBmhb%fu EkdifiHwum
zGH@+zdK;r_toif; IDA eJ@ ADB u tm&S
zGH@+zdK;r_ &efyHkaiGwdk@u EkdifiHwum aps;uGuf
rSm aiGracs;EkdifwJh 0ifaiGenf; EdkifiHawGudk
'Dvdk oabmwl cGifhycsufeJ@ acs;aiGawG
ay;ygw,f?
owfrSwfcsuf
taxmuftyHhawG 'grSr[kwf acs;aiGawG
ay;wJhtcg ygvmwJh owfrSwfcsufawG
jzpfygw,f? owfrSwfcsufawGygwJh
taxmuf tyHhawGudk aESmifud;yg
taxmuftyHHh tied aid ac:yg w,f?
99

qif;&Jr_avsmhcsa
&;r[mAsL[m
pmwrf;/
EkdifiHydkifqdkifr_

CAP u t&ifwkef;u zGH@+zdK;qJ tzGJ@0if

EdkifiHtaxmuf
tultpDtpOfrsm EkdifiH wckpDrSm vkyfudkifaqmifGufzdk@
ADB &J tcsKyftjcmuswJh tpDtpOf
; (CAP)
a&;qGJwJhpmwrf; jzpfygw,f? 2001 ckESpf/
=o*kwfvup+yD; ADB u CAP awG
tpm; EkdifiHr[mAsL[meJ@ pDrHudef;rsm;
CSP awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f?

r[mAsL[meJ@
pDrHudef; EkdifiH
taxmuftul
tpDtpOf

EkdifiHtaxmuft urBmhb%f&J taxmuftulr[mAsL[m

ul r[mAsL[m pmwrf;jzpf+yD;/ ADB u EkdifiHr[mAsL[m
(CAS)
eJ@ pDrHudef; CSP eJ@ wlygw,f? OD;pm;ay;&
rnfh t&mawGudk pdppfr_tay:tajccH+yD;/
EkdifiH wEkdifiHrSm urBmhb%fuvkyfwJh
r[mAsL[m udk CAS u rSwfwrf;wif+yD;
'Dr[mAsL[meJ@ EkdifiH&J aqmifGufcsuf
tay: rlwnf+yD;ay; &r,fh taxmuf
tultqifheJ@ trsKd;tpm;udk azmfjyyg
w,f?

EkdifiH taxmuf
tul tpDtpOf/
r[mAsL[meJ@
pDrHudef;

tydkif; 4-c-3

tydkif; 4-c-3

EkdifiHvkyfudkif
aqmifGufa&;
r[mAsL[m
avhvmcsuf
(COSS)

&J zGH@+zdK;qJ tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHawGrSm

EkdifiHr[mAsL[m
u ta=umif;t&meJ@ uydkif;
eJ@ pDrHudef;
qdkif&m OD;pm;ay;&rJh t&mawGudk
qkH;jzwf&mrSm tajccH tcsuftvufawG
azmfjyxm;wJh pmwrf;jzpfygw,f?
2001ckESpf =o*kwfv uwnf;u ADB
u COSS udk EkdifiH r[mAsL[meJ@
pDrHudef;/ (CSP) eJ@ tpm;xdk; cJhygw,f?

ADB
ADB

tydkif; 4-c-3
EkdifiH jyefvnf
yl;aygif;
aqmifGufa&;
rSwfcsuf (CRN)

t}uD;pm;taxmuftyHh r[mAsL[m r&Sd qyf&efusefae

ao;wJh EkdifiHrSmokH;zdk@ urBmhb%f&J a&wdk onfh auG;+rDrsm;/
r[mAsL[m/ CRN udk (ay;zdk@ &ufvGef
aewJh) qyfzdk@usefaewJh auG;+rDawG&Sif;
100

&mrSm taxmuftuljzpfzdk@ okH;Ekdifyg

w,f?

tydkif; 4-c-2
EkdifiH
r[mAsL[meJ@
pDrHudef; (CSP)

zGH@+zdK;qJ tzGJ@0if EkdifiHwckpDtwGuf

taumiftxnfazmfr,fh tpDtpOfawGeJ@
pDrHudef;awGudk a,bk,sazmfjyzdk@ ADB
u jyifqifxm;wJh axmufyHha&; r[m
AsL[m pmwrf;? omref tm;jzifh ig;ESpf
wcg jyifqif+yD; ESpfpOf topf vkyfyg
w,f? urBmhb%fu EkdifiH taxmuf
tul r[mAsL[m (CAS) eJ@wlygw,f?

EkdifiHtaxmuf
tul tpDtpOf/
EkdifiH
taxmuftul
r[mAsL[m

pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlr_a&; wdk;wufr_rsm;

twGuf acs;aiGeJ@ ydkifqdkifr_ &if;ESD;ryfESHr_
awG&wJh ADB tzGJ@0ifrsm;?
obm0t&if;tjrpfawG wifydk@r_a=umifh
pufr_vufr_uvdk EdkifiH&J pufr_vkyfief;
awGtay: xdcdkufygw,f? (Oyrm usyfaiG) EkdifiHwEkdifiH&J aiGwefzdk;u
obm0 t&if;jrpfawG wifydk@r_a=umifh
wufoGm;wJhtcg (Oyrm -pufr_vufr_
xkwfukefawG 'grSr[kwf pdkufysdK; ukefawG
vdk) EkdifiHjcm;udk tjcm;ukef ypPnf;awG
wifydk@a&mif;cszdk@ ydkcufoGm; ygw,f?
+yD;awmh ukefypPnf;udk wifoGif;&wm
aps;ydkoufom+yD; 'Dvdka=umifh a'ocH
pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;awGrSm ,SOf+ydKifr_awG
wdk;yGm;ap ygw,f? tcsdef=umvmwmeJ@
tr# EkdifiH&J pufr_vkyfief;awG tm;enf;
vm+yD;/ aysmufuG,fukefawmh/ EkdifiH[m
obm0 t&if;tjrpf wifydk@a&mif;csr_
awGudkyJ tm;xm;vm&ygr,f?

tm&S zGH@+zdK;a&;
b%f

tydkif; 4-c-3

zGH@+zdK;qJ
tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH
(DMC)

'wfcsf a&m*g

101

t&if;tjrpf
usdefpm

tydkif; 5-u-2
r[mrJacgifa'ocGJ (GMS) pD;yGm;a&;
yl;aygif; aqmifGufr_ tpDtpOf&J
OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOf (taumif;qHk;
vkyfaqmifr_ }udK;yrf;csuf) wck/
rkwWryifv,feJ@ awmifydkif; wkwf
yifv,fwdk@=um; c&D;oGm;zdk@ =umcsdefeJ@
ukefoG,fp&dwf t}uD;tus,f avsmhcszdk@
&nfrSef;csufeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH (armfv+rdKifu
jr0wD)/ xdkif;/ vmtdkeJ@ AD,uferfwdk@u
wqifh ukef;vrf;a=umif; azmufzdk@ jzpfyg
w,f?

r[mrJacgifa'o
cGJ

pD;yGm;a&;
urBmhtqifh (pD;yGm;a&;urBmjyKr_)
yl;aygif;aqmifGuf 'grSr[kwf a'owGif; tqifh (Oyrm ASEAN, GMS) eJ@ EkdifiHawGt=um;
r_
eD;uyfwJh pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_
azmfxkwfjcif;? pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;
aqmifGufr_u ta&;ygwJh vlr_a&;/
EkdifiHa&;/ vkH+cHKa&;qdkif&m oufa&mufr_
awG &Sdapygw,f?

vGwfvyfpGm
ukefoG,fr_
oabmwlnDcs
uf/
r[mrJacgifa'o
cGJ

ta&S-taemuf
pD;yGm;a&;
vrf;r (EWEC)

tydkif; 2-*-1

tydkif; 2-*

tm;ay;ulnDo
nfh
ywf0ef;usif

axmufyHhr_eJ@ zHG@+zdK;wdk;wufr_tpDtpOfawG
atmifjrifzdk@ a,bk,stajctae/ (Oyrm
- vrf;awG/ v#yfppf pwJh) kyf0wWKtajccH
tkwfjrpfawG/ (Oyrm - usef;rm+yD;
ynmwwf wJh tvkyform;tiftm;pk
pwJh) vlr_a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfawG (Oyrm
- Oya'eJ@ +idrf0yf ydjym;r_pwJh) vkH+cKHa&;eJ@
(Oyrm - Oya'pdk;rdk;r_eJ@ wdk;v#dKayguf
jrifEkdifr_/ wm0ef,l r_pwJh) xda&mufwJh
tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfr_wdk@ jzpfEkdifygw,f?
102

'Dt&mawG trsm;tjym; uif;rJhae&if

axmufyHhr_eJ@ zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf tm;ay;
ulnDwJh ywf0ef;usif nHhzsif;w,fvdk@
qdkygw,f?
tvkyftr_aqmif
!$ef=um;a&;rSL;rs
m;
wifykd@ukef
zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufqJEkdifiHawGeJ@ ay:xGufvm
tauG;tzJG@
aewJh aps;uGufawG&Sd&m yifv,f&yfjcm;
(ECA)
a'oawG rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvkdwJh ukr`%D
awGudk tpkd;& aemufcHacs;aiGawG/ tmrcH
ypPnf;awGeJ@ tmrcHawGay;wJh jynfol@
tzJG@tpnf;/ pufr_ xGef;um;wJhEkdifiH
trsm;pkrSm tenf;qkH; ECA wck &Sdyg
w,f? xkwfukef-oGif;ukef b%fawGu
ECA awGyg?

!$ef=um;a&;rSL;
rsm; bkwftzGJ@rSm
=unfhyg?
EkdifiHwum
b%fma&;
tzJG@tpnf;rsm;

tykdif; 3-u-1

pm;eyf&duQmeJ@
pkdufysKd;a&;tzJG@
(FAO)

u qmavmifr_ wkdufzsufa&;
twGuf EkdifiHwum}udK;yrf;csufrSm
OD;aqmifygw,f? wkd;wufqJEkdifiHawGeJ@
toGiful;ajymif;aewJh EkdifiHawGrSm
pkdufysKd;a&;/ opfawmeJ@ ig;zrf; vkyfief;wkd@
u usihfpOfawGudk acwfrDwdk;wuf
aumif;rGefvmatmifeJ@ tm[m&
aumif;aumif; &apzkd@vnf; ulnDygw,f?
FAO

a&S@ajy;}udK;yrf;cs
uf

vGwfvyfpGm
ukefoG,fr_

pD;yGm;a&; aqmif&Gufr_ ykHpHwrsKd;

jzpfygw,f? oabmwlwJh EkdifiHawGrSm
103

r[mrJacgif
atmufa'o/
ta&S@-taemuf
pD;yGm;a&;vrf;r
wkd@udk =unhfyg?
pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufr_

oabmwlnDcsuf ukefoG,fa&; twm;tqD;awG

avsmhenf;apzkd@eJ@ ukefoG,fr_eJ@ t&if;
(FTA)
tESD; v_H@aqmfay;zdk@ EkdifiHawGt=um;
w&m;0if oabmwlnDcsuf jzpfygw,f?
tcsdef=umvmwJhtcg oabmwlxm;wJh
tzJG@0ifawGt=um; ukefoG,fa&; twm;
tqD;awGu okntxd avsmhusoGm;+yD;/
tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHawGt=um; vGwfvyfpGm
ukefoG,fr_eJ@ &if;ESD;jrKyfESH@r_udk taxmuf
tul jzpfapygw,f?
r[mrJacgif
ADB u jrihfwifvkdufwJh a'oqkdif&m
pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ tpDtpOf?
atmufa'o
(GMS)/ pD;yGm;a&; jrefrm/ xkdif;/ AD,uferf/ vmtkd/ uarBm
yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf 'D,m;eJ@ wkwf pwJh ajcmufEkdifiH ygyg
w,f? r[mrJacgifatmuf a'ow0Srf;
r_ tpDtpOf
twGuf ADB u enf;ynm taxmuf
tyHh ay;&mrSm jrefrmEkdifiHvnf; &aeyg
w,f? r[mrJacgifatmuf a'ow0Srf;rSm
a&S@ajy; }udK;yrf;csufrsm; vkd@ac:wJh
OD;pm;ay; tpDtpOfq,fwpfck &Sd+yD;/
wcku ta&S@-taemuf pD;yGm;a&;
vrf;rjzpfygw,f?

tm&S
zGH@+zdK;a&;b%f/
ta&S@-taemuf
pD;yGm;a&;vrf;r/
pD;yGm;a&;
yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufr_

tydkif; 2-*-1

jynfwGif;pkpkaygif; umvw&yftwGif; EkdifiHwEkdifiHu

xkwfukef (ADB) xkwfvkyfvkdufwJh ukefypPnf;awGeJ@
0efaqmifr_ pkpkaygif; wefzkd;? trsm;
okH;avh&SdwJh pD;yGm;a&; w&yf&J@ pkpkaygif;
xGufukef ('grSr[kwf 0ifaiG)
wkdif;wmcsuf?
tauG;xlonhf
urBmhb%fESihf IMFwkd@. yl;wGJ}udK;yrf;
qif;&Jonhf EkdifiH csuf tauG;txlqkH; EkdifiHawGrSm
(HIPC)
pD;yGm;a&; ajymif;vJr_wcsKd@eJ@ qif;&Jr_
104

qif;&Jr_
avsmhenf;apa&;
r[mAsL[m

}udK;yrf;csuf

avsmhenf;a&; rl0g'awG taumiftxnf pmwrf;

azmf&if tauG;avsmhcs ay;r,fqkdwJh
tpDtpOf

tydkif; 4-c-2

vlom;zGH@+zdK;r_
!$efudef; (HDI)

vl@oufwrf;/ todOm%fA[kokw
(ouf}uD; pmwwfajrmufr_eJ@ ausmif;ae
r_ESKef;) eJ@ vlaer_ tqifhtwef;
(vlwOD;pD&J GDP) pwJh EkdifiHwEkdifiH&J
vlom;zGH@+zdK;r_ tajccH okH;csufudk
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tydkif; 5-u-1/ 5 u-c

ppfaq;r_tzGJ@

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u axmufyHhwJh pDrHudef;wcka=umifh
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u ppfaq;zdk@ yef=um;Ekdifygw,f?

tydkif; 3-*-2

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(IBRD)

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toif; (IDA)

IBRD

BrettonWoods

u0ifaiGtv,ftvwf&SdwJhEkdifiHawG eJ@
aiGacs;xdkufwJh ydkqif;&JwJh EkdifiHawGudk
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if;udk EkdifiHwumzGH@+zdK;r_toif; (IDA)
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ac:avh&Sdw,f?
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wnfaqmufa&;eJ@

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
EdkifiHwum
zGH@+zdK;r_ toif;

105

BrettonWoods

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
jyefvnfwnf
aqmufa&;eJ@
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aiGa=u;
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(IMF)

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urBmhb%ftzGJ@&J wpdwfwa'o
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axmufyHha=u; ay;ygw,f?
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EkdifiHwumukefoG,fa&;/ taxmuftul/
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tykdif; 2-c

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(LICUS)

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Oyrm - ausmufrsuf&wemawGvdk
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u (Oyrm - a&eHeJ@ "mwfaiG@ wdk@vdk)
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awG &Sdae+yD/ urBmh b%fuae aiGa=u;
axmufyHhr_ r&EkdifwJh EdkifiHyifjzpfyg ap
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tydkif; 4-c-1

106

wGuf
tjynfjynf
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urBmhb%ftzGJ@

BrettonWoods

tzGJ@tpnfrsm;/
yk'fr 4 aqG;aEG;
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abm*aA'

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=unfhygw,f?
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ay;wJh tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifawGygwJh EdkifiHwum
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tydkif; 3-u/ 3-*

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=unfhyg?

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tydkif; 2-c

107

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rl0g'

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=unfhyg?
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qdkifygw,f? 'Drl0g'awGudk tEW&m,f
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;
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108

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vnf; rus/ wm0efvnf; r,lawmhygbl;?
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109

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tydkif; 5

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110

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tykdif; 3-u-5

111

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tykdif; 3-8/ 4

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a&;&Sif; (IFC)/ EkdifiHwum &if;ESD;r_
tmrcHtzGJ@ (IMGA) eJ@ EkdifiHwum&if;ESD;
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tzGJ@ (WHO)
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a&mif;0,fa&;tzGJ pnf;rsOf;awGukd ukdifwG,fwJh EkdifiHwum
tzGJ@tpnf;wck?
@ (WTO)
112

aemufqufwGJ (C)
EdkifiHwum ba&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk apmifh=uyf=unfh_onfh
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
Focus on the Global South
c/o CUSRI, Chulalongkorn University
Wisit Prachuabmoh Building
Bangkok 10330
Thailand

Aid/Watch
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Australia
Website: www.aidwatch.org.au
Phone: +61 02-9557-8944
Email: aidwatch@aidwatch.org.au

Website: www.focusweb.org
Phone: +66 2-2187363-65
Email: admin@focusweb.org

Bank Information Center

1100 H Street NW Suite 650
Washington, DC 20005
U.S.A.

Friends of the Earth International

P.O. Box 19199, 1000 GD
Amsterdam
The Netherlands

Website: www.bicusa.org
Phone: +1 202-737-7752
Email: info@bicusa.org

Website: www.foei.org
Phone: +31 20 622 1369
E-mail: foei@foei.org

Bretton Woods Project

c/o Action Aid
Hamlyn House
Macdonald Road London
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United Kingdom

Friends of the Earth: Groups by

country
www.foei.org/groups/members
Mekong Watch
2F Maruko Bldg. 1-20-6 Higashi Ueno,
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Website: www.brettonwoodsproject.org
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eca-watch.org/about/activengos.html
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NGO forum on the ADB

85-A, Masikap Ext., Central District
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113

7? rSwfpkrsm;
1

Oyrm OD;cifarmif=unf/ Ronald Findlay polwkd@ a&;xm;wJh Economic Development

of Burma: A Vision and a Strategy (2000) udk
www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Vision-stategy.ocr.pdf rSm&,f? David I. Steinberg
&J Burma: The State of Myanmar (2001) (tckup+yD; Steinberg vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f?)
Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future (Robert Rotberg., Ed, 1998)
(tckup+yD; Rotberg vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f?) wkd@rSm =unhfyg? 2006 ckrwfv ta&S@tm&SeJ@

tpdzdwfa&;&mta=umif; txufv$wfawmf EkdifiHjcm;qyfaumfrwDa&S@ wifjycsufjzpfwJh

Sean Turnell &J Burma's Economic Prospects udkvnf;=unfhyg?
2
2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv vkyfief;cGifoifwef;u trnfrazmfvkdolwOD;&J wifjycsuf
(pma&;ol&JtoHzrf;xm;csuf) (tckup+yD; trnfrazmfvkdol eHygwf 1 vdk@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f)
3
(1886-1948) udkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfa&;umvrSm tdENd,trsKd;om;awGudk jrefrmEkdifiHoGm;+yD;
tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;rSm vkyfzkd@ +Adwdo#awGu tm;ay;cJhygw,f? tqkH;rSm
tdENd,awGu pD;yGm;a&;trsm;pkudk csKyfudkifcJh+yD;/ 1930 ckESpfawGrSm tdENd,qef@usifa&;
qlylr_awG t"du+rdK@}uD;awGrSm jzpfcJhygw,f? Steinberg pmcsufESm 126/ 230-231? Rotberg
pmrsufESm 209-229 u pmrsufESm 210rSm Mark Mason &J Foreign Direct
Investment in Burma: Trends, Determinants and Prospects (tckup+yD; Mason
vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f?) udkvnf;=unfhyg?
4
Rotberg pmrsufESmf 153-164u pmrsufESm 1553 rSm David Dapice &J
Development Prospect for Burma: Cycles and Trends
5
Steinberg pmrsufESm 33?
6

trnfrazmfol eHygwf 1
Mason pmrsufESm 210
8
Steinberg pmrsufESm 128
9
wkd;wufr_tenf;qkH; EkdifiHtjzpf owfrSwfcsufeJ@ ywfouf+yD;
7

http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/ldc%20criteria.htm rSm=unhfyg?
10

trnfrazmfvkdol eHygwf 1
Steinberg pmrsufESm 134-135
12
trnfrazmfol eHygwf 1? Steinberg pmrsufESm 138-139 udkvnf;=unhfyg?
13
trnfrazmfol eHygwf 2 ? 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbm vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rSm a0zefcsuf
(pma&;ol toHzrf;xm;csuf)
14
acs;aiG&yfqkdif;xm;wmu bma&;tcsufawGa=umihf jzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;tjctaeeJ@
vkH;0rqkdifyg? urBmhb%f 0efxrf;awGudk rnfonhftzJG@0if&J EkdifiHa&;&mrSm pGufzufr_
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11

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4 tydkif; 10
15
2004 ckESpf urBmhb%f ESpfpOfwifjycsuf? ? wu,fqkd&if jrefrmEkdifiH&J
twkd;r&wJhtaetxm; a=umihfyJ urBmhb%f[m jrefrmEkdifiHrSm rv_yf&Sm;wm jzpfygw,f?
auG;+rD&Sif;wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; qufaqG;aEG;vkd&if tykdif; 3-C-3 udk=unfhyg? jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@
urBmb%fwdk@&J r=umao;cifu qufqHa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yd; 2005 ckESpf 'DZifbm? urBmhb%f
Low-Income Countries Under Stress (LICUS) Implementation Trust Fund:
Request for Replenishment and Special Support for Sudanu aemufqufwGJ

prSm=unhfyg?
16
IMF u yk'fr 4 t}uHay;aqG;aEG;yGJawGudk wkdif;jynfawGu cGihfray;&if rxkwfjyefygbl;?
17
tar&duef txufv$wfawmfwifjycsuf pmrsufESm 108-346/ EkdifiHjcm; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
jyifywifykd@r_ aiGa=u;ESihfoufqkdif&m pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwfr_ Oya'rl=urf;/ 2005?
18
GMS pDrHudef;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH&J yg0ifr_eJ@ ywfouf+yD; the Bank Information Center,
The Multilateral Banks and Burma: A Resource Book (2004) ukd =unfhyg?
(tckup+yD; Resource Book vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f)
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IFI-Burma rSm &EkdifwJh IFI-Burma Updates
udkvnf; =unhfyg?
19
enf;ynm axmufyhHa=u;awGu rrsm;ygbl;? Oyrm 2004 ckESpf Zlvkdifvu 2005ckESpf
{+yDvtwGif; cGihfjyKcsuf&wJh (jrefrmEkdifiHtygt0if) a'owGif; enf;ynmaxmufyHha&;
pDrHudef;u a':vm 5 oef; jzpfygw,f? 2005 ckESpf {+yDv IFI-Burma News Alert,
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IFI-Burma rSm zwfEkdifygw,f?
20

He Shengda, Sino-Myanmar Economic Cooperation Since 1988: Progress,

Problems and Prospects 2004 ck/ atmufwkdbm vkyfief;cGifoifwef;rSm wifjycsuf
(pma&;ol toHzrf;xm;csuf) ( 'Dup+yD; He Shengda wifjycsufvkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f)
21

jrefrmEkdifiHu 'Daqmufvkyfa&;pDrHudef;awGeJ@ wjcm;acs;aiGawG wkwfjynfudk tenf;qkH;

a':vmoef; 100 qyfp&m&Sdygw,f? He Shengda wifjycsuf?
22
a'owGif; aqmif&GufcsufawGu qufpyfae=uygw,f? {&m0wD-ausmufz&m;-rJacgif
pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r[mAsL[m (ACMECS) &J wpdwfwa'otjzpf xkdif;EkdifiH&J
tultnDeJ@ 18 uDvdkrDwm&Sd ta&S@taemuf pD;yGm;a&;vrf;r}uD;udk jrefrmEkdifiHrSm
azmufaeygw,f?
23
a'owGif;aqmif&GufcsufawGu qufpyfae=uygw,f? {&m0wD-ausmufz&m;-rJacgif
pD;yGma&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ r[mAsL[m (ACMECS) &J wpdwfwa'otjzpf
xkdif;EkdifiH&J tultnDeJ@ 18 uDvdkrDwm&Sd ta&S@taemuf pD;yGm;a&;vrf;r}uD;&Jtpdwftydkif;udk
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm azmufaeygw,f?

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Asian Development Bank, Connecting Nationals Linking People: The

Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Economic Cooperation Program (2002)
25
Alfred Oehlers, Regional Economic Integration 2004 atmufwkdbm tvkyfcGif

oifwef;wifjycsuf (pma&;ol toHzrfcsuf) {tckup+yD; Oehlers wifjycsufvkd@

&nf!$ef;ygr,f?}
26
'Dtykdif;;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh Oehlers wifjycsufudk rlwnfa&;om;xm;ygw,f?
27
EkdifiHwEkdfifiH&J pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_tay: rwnf+idrfwJh ukefypPnf;aps;uGufawG&J
oufa&mufr_ta=umif; tykdif;5-u-2 rSm=unhfyg?
28
xkwf,lwJh pDrHudef;awGrSm ECA awG pkpak ygif;u urBmhb%f tzGJ@xufpm&if ESpfqausmf
axmufyHhxm;w,fvkd@ cef@rSef;&ygw,f? aemufxyf tcsuftvufawGtwGuf www.ecawatch.org rSm ECA-Watch website rSm =unhfyg?
29
www.aseansec.org/14684 rSm IAI eJ@ ywfoufwJh tmqD,H&J tifwmeuf
pmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg?
30
jrefrmEkdifiHu UNDP tpDtpOfu omref UNDP tpDtpOfeJ@ rwlygbl;? omref
UNDP u tpkd;&awGeJ@ vkyfukdifavh&SdayrJh olwkd@uawmh a'ocHvlr_ tzJG@tpnf;
todkif;t0dkif;awGeJ@ wkdufkdufvkyfukdifygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHu vlom;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_
aqmif&GufcsufeJ@ ywfoufwJh aemufxyftcsuftvufawGudk www.mm.undp.org u
tifwmeuf UNDP pmrsufESmrSmzwfyg?
31
MDG eJ ywfouf+yD; www.undp.org/mdg u UNDP tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm
=unfhyg?
32
www.un-ngls.org/MDG/Q&A.htm u UN Non Governmental Liaison
Service &J tifwmeuf pmrsufESmudk =unhfyg?
33
MDB awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tao;pdwf tcsuftvufawG ykdrkdodvkdygu tydkif; 3-* 4-ueJ@
4-c wkd@udk =unhfyg?
34
'gudk tEW&m,fuif;wJh a0g[m&eJ@ opfawmpDrHudef; vkd@ac:cJhygw,f? urBmhb%f&J
tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/mm rSm jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD;
+yD;qkH;oGm;wJh pDrHudef;awGudk =unhfyg?
35
urBmhb%ftpkd;& yduQt+yD;EkdifiHawGrSm tzJG@tpnf;awG&@J vkyfukdifEkdifpGrf; trsm;}uD;
avsmhenf;oGm;wma=umihf &efykHaiGaxmufyHha=u; awGudk omrefvkyfkd;vkyfpOftwkdif; EkdifiHuyJ
vkH;0taumiftxnfazmfr,hftpm; b%fuae vkyfzkd@vkdygw,f? Alcira Kreimer, et al;
Bosnia and Herzegovina Post-conflict Reconstruction, Country Case Study
Series, World Bank Operations Evaluations Department (2000) pmrsufESm 68
[tckup+yD; OED 2000 vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygw,f]

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'Dtykdif;u zGJ@pnf;xm;ykHudk 2004 ckESpfatmufwkdbmu vkyfief;cGif oifwef;u Peter

Riggs &J Sectoral Lending (utvkduf acs;aiG) wifjyr_tay: rlwnfxm;ygw,f?
(pma&;ol&J toHzrf;csuf) [tckup+yD; Riggs Presentation vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygw,f]
37
Riggs wifjycsuf
38
urBmhb%f&J pkpkaygif;acs;aiG 20 u 25 &mckdif;E_ef;avmufu yduQvGefEkdifiHawGqD
a&mufavh&Sdygw,f? Naomi Klein, The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, the
Nation, May 2005 [tckup+yD; Klein vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] urBmhb%fu oltauG;
trsm;pkukd aumuf,lavh&Sdvdk@vuf&Sdacs;aiG[m ol@twGuf tem*wf tjrwftpGef;
jzpfygw,f?
39
Oyrm - urBmhb%fu (MDTF) awG&@J pDrHtkyfcsKyfol tcef;u aqmif&Gufavh&Sdygw,f?
MDTF eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tykdif; 3-u udk=unhfyg?
40
Resource Book, Supra rSwfcsuf 18 udkvJ =unhfyg?
41
1947 ckESpfrSm jyifopfEkdifiHukd yxrqkH; aiGacs;cJhygw,f?
www.worldbank.org/archives rSm urBmhb%f&J orkdif;udk =unhfyg?
42
IDA ukd ay;wJhaiGawGudk jyefvnfjznhaf y;jcif;vkd@ ac:avh&Sdygw,f?
43
ykdrkdod&ef tykdif; 4-c udk=unhfyg?
44
ADB rSm vkdufemr_ ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@ (Compliance Review Panel) vkd@ac:wJh
tvm;wl ,EW&m;&Sdygonf?
45
'Dvkdapmihf=unhfwmudk watching brief qkdwJh pDrHudef;t& vkyfwmjzpfygw,f?
'DtpDtpOfta=umif; ykdodvkdygu tykdif; 4-c-1 udk=unhfyg?
46
tmz*efepPwefrSm a&G;aumufxm;wJh tpkd;&r&Sdcif 'D vkdtyfcsuf awGudk ppfaq;+yD; 'D
vkdtyfcsufawG jznhfqnf;zkd@ tulnDay;zkd@ oabmwlcJhygw,f
47

The World Bank, Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund: Report to

Donors (2004 ckESpf 'DZifbm) [tckup+yD; ARTF wifjycsuf 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbm vkd@

&nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 1?
urBmhb%fu MDTF awG&J tkyfcsKyfoltjzpf vkyfwmu vkyfkd;vkkyfpOf jzpfygw,f?

48

Salvatore Schiavo-Campo, The World Bank Financing and Aid Management

Arrangements in Post-Conflict Situations,Conflict Prevention &
Reconstruction Working Paper No. 6 (June 2003) [ tckup+yD; SchiavoCampo vdk@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 28? OED 2000, supra notes 35 udkvJ =unhfyg
49
ARTF &efykHaiGawG[m ydyuQt+yD; tajctaeawGrSm tckcsdefxd tjynhfpkHqkH;jzpf+yD;/
t"duukefusp&dwfawG tmvkH;vkdvkdtwGuf ay;xm; ygw,f Schiavo-Campo pmrsufESm

30?

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2004ckESpf'DZifbm ARTF rSwfwrf;? Anne Carlin, Afghanistan Trust Fund Case

Study, 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv vkyfief;cGif oifwef;rSm wifjycsuf? ( pma&ol&J
toHzrf;xm;csuf) [tckup+yD; Carlin presentation vdk@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f]
51
omreftm;jzihf urBmhb%fu pDrHcef@cGJjcif; 2 &mckdifE_ef;,lygw,f? Schiavo-Campo
pmrsufESm 28 ARTF eJ@ ywfouf+yD; 2003 ckESpf pufwifbm 1 &ufup+yD; a':vm 212
oef; ay;a0wJhtay: rlwnf+yD;/ urBmhb%f&J pkpkaygif; tca=u;aiGawGu a':vm 3.18 oef;
&Sdr,f vkd@ cef@rSef;Ekdifygw,f? ARTF eJ@ ywfouf+yD; Bank Information Center &J
tifwmeuf pmrsufESm www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/afghanistan_reconstruction
_trust_ fund rS [tckup+yD; BIC webpage on ARTF vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygw,f]?
52
ARTF qkdif&m urBmb%f&J tifwmeufpmrsufESmu tmz*efepPwef&J
tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.worldbank.org/af eJ@ csdwfqufxm;ygw,f?
53
ARTF qkdif&m BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm/ Annex 2A, The World Bank,
Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund: Report to Donors (June 20, 2003) udk
udk;um;xm;ygw,f? 'DykHpHawGeJ@ vrf;!$efawGudk urBmhb%f acs;aiGawGtwGuf a&S;kd;pDrHudef;
vkyfief;pOfudk tajccHxm;w,fvkd@ tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm axmufjyxm;ygw,f?
54
2004 ckESpf'DZifbm ARTF wifjycsufeJ@ ARTF qkdif&m urBmhb%f&J
tifwmeufpmrsufESm?
55
Carlin wifjycsuf? ARTF u a&S@OD;owfrSwfxm;wJh a':vm 5 oef;u 10 &mckdifE_ef;udk
IOM u &ygw,f? The World Bank, Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund:
Report to Donors (March 2005) pmrsufESm 39?
56
2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmu ARTF wifjycsuf?
57
ARTF eJ@ ywfoufwJh BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm?
58
Carlin wifjycsuf?
59
ARTF eJ@ ywfoufwJh BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm?
60
ARTF eJ@ ywfoufwJh BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm?
61
ARTF eJ@ ywfoufwJh BIC tifwmeufpmrsufESm?
62
qyfzkd@usefaewJh tauG;awG u qyfzkd@ &ufvGefaewJh acs;aiGawG jzpfw,f? 'ga=umihf
EkdifiHwEkdifiH tauG;awGtm;vkH; &Sif;&ifawmif tmz*efepPwefvkd tauG;awG trsm;}uD;
&SdaeEkdifygw,f?
63
2002 ckESpf urBmhb%f. tmz*efepPwefEkdifiH tpD&ifcHpm
64
2002 ckESpf urBmhb%f. tmz*efepPwefEkdifiH tpD&ifcHpm? 2003 ckESpf azazmf0g&DrSm
EkdifiHwum aiGa=u; &efykHaiGtzJG@ (IMF) udk ay;p&m (a':vm 11 oef;) vnf;
&Sif;oGm;ygw,f? 2003 ckESpfazazmf0g&Dv 27 &ufae? owif;pmxkwfjyefcsuf/ IMF, The
Arrears Clearance by the Islamic State of Afghanistan

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2002 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 3 &uf? owif;eJ@ pme,fZif; xkwfjyefcsuf/ The ADB, UK

Government Clears Afghanistan's Arrears to ADB of US$ 18 Million

66

2002 ckESpf 'DZifbmvrSm cGihfjyKvkdufwJh ydyuQaemufykdif;? utrsKd;rsKd;pDrHudef;

Carlin/ BCI wifjycsuf tpD&ifcHpm/

67

www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/Afghanistan_Report_Trip1.pdf
68

rSwfcsuf 15? tykdif;2-c eJ@ aemufqufwGJ * (a0g[m&rsm;) rSm

wkd;yGm;jcif;r&Sdonhftqihfudk =unhfyg?
69
rSwfcsuf 17?
70
Manish Bapna, World Bank Approaches/ 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv
tvkyfcGifoifwef;rSm wifjycsuf/ pma&;ol&J toHzrf;xm;csuf [tckup+yD; Bapna
presentation vkd@&nf!$ef;ygr,f]
71
Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (2002) pmrsufESm 16?
[tckup+yD;? Stiglitzvkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f]
72

John Williamson, What Should the World Bank Think about the
Washington Consensus?, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 15, No.
2 (August 2000), 251-64 at 251?
73
Stiglitz pmrsufESm 16?
74
Stiglitz pmrsufESm 16 u 17?
75
Stiglitz pmrsufESm 20?
76
Stiglitz pmrsufESm 241 u 242?
77
Stiglitz pmrsufESm 84/ 183 u 184?
78
www.un-ngls.org/MDG/Q&A.htm u UN Non-Governmental Liaison
Service &J tifwmeufpmrsufESm?
79
0ED 2000, supra note 35, at 3, footnote 5.
80
Carlin/BIC tpD&ifcHpm/ rSwfcsuf 67?
81
ydkrkdodvkdygu www.worldbank.org/licus rSm LICUS eJ@ ywfoufwJh urBmhb%f&J@
tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg? urBmhb%fu jrefrmEdkifiHudk LICUS vdk@ ,lqygw,f?
82
www.worldbank.org/licus ukd =unfhyg? urBmhb%fu [LICUS t&] tapmykdif;

jyefvnfaqmif&GufwJh vkyfief;awGt& ajymif;vJzkd@ tcGifhta&; ay:vmwJhtcg urBmhb%fu

ae&m,lxm;zkd@ ta&;}uD;w,fqkdwm awG@&w,f vkd@vnf; qufajymxm;ygw,f?
tJ'DtifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm ygygw,f?
83

The World Bank, Afghanistan Transitional Support Strategy (March 2003)

[tckup+yD;? Afghanistan TSS vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 4?

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Fareed M.A.Hassan, Operations Evaluation Department, the World Bnak,

Lessons Learned from World Bank Experiences in Post-Conflict
Reconstruction, OED Conference Note (2004) [tckup+yD; Lessons Learned

vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 4?

85
a,bk,stm;jzifh ajym&&if HIPC rSm tusKH;0ifzkd@ EkdifiHwEkdifiHu (1) quf+yD;
yhHykd;rxm;EkdifwJh auG;+rDtajctaeeJ@ &ifqkdifae&r,f (rsm;aomtm;jzifh tauG;eJ@ jynfhyykd@ukef
tcsKd;tpm;u 150 &mckdifE_ef;ausmf&if 'DtauG;ukd quf+yD; yHhykd;rxm;Ekdifbl;vkd@ ,lqygw,f?)/
(2) urBmhb%feJ@ IMF wkd@u oabmwlxm;wJhtcsufawG trsm;}uD;ygwJh
axmufyhHa=u;awGyJ &Ekdifygw,f? +yD;awmh (3) ajymif;vJr_vkyf+yD; t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;
yg0ifr_eJ@ PRSP wck vkyf&ygr,f? HIPC eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ykdrkdodvkdygu
www.worldbank.org/debt u urBmhb%f&J tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg?
86
'DZ,m;u a,bk,soabmyJjzpf+yD; wEkdifiHeJ@wEkdifiH wu,fhjyefvnfaqmif&Gufa&;enf;pOf
uGmygw,f? Oyrm/ EkdifiHwkdif;u urBmhb%frSm auG;+rDqyfzkd@ aemufusaewm r[kwfygbl;?
87
www.worldbank.org/prsp u urBmhb%f tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm PRSP qkdif&m
aemufxyf tcsuftvufawG &Sdygw,f?
88
a,bk,stm;jzifh The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent
Evaluation of the World Bank's Support Through 2003, World Bank
Operations Evaluations Department (July 2004) [tckup+yD; World Bank
Evaluation vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] eJ@ Report on the Evaluation of Poverty
Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and The Poverty Reduction and Growth
Facility (PRGF), Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF (July 2004)
[tckup+yD; IMF Evaluation vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] ukd =unfhyg?
89
'Dvkd [aqG;aEG;yGJawGuwqifh&wJh] yGifhvif;r_[m PRSP ykHpHawGtay:eJ@
jynfwGif;rl0g'awGtay: oufa&mufr_enf;+yD;/ PRSP csrSwf+yD;wmeJ@ yg0ifaqmuf&Gufr_awGu
t&yfbuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; awGu ,lqygw,f? World Bank Evaluation pmrsufESm 6?
90
PRSP ukd urBmhb%fbkwftzGJ@eJ@ IMF qDukd wifjywJhenf;AsL[m/ EkdifiH&J

ykdifqkdifr_oabmxm;ukd rav;pm;bl;/ EkdifiHykdifjzpf&r,fh r[mAsL[mukd 0g&Sifwefu

twnfjyKay;vkdufw,fvkd@ jrif=uygw,f qkdwmavmufukdawmh urBmhb%fu 0efcHygw,f?
World Bank Evaluation pmrsufESm 5?
91
IMF Evaluation pmrsufESm 24?
92
ykdrkdodvkdygu www.worldbank.org/cas u CAS qkdif&m urBmhb%f&J pmrsufESmrSm
=unfhyg?
93
ADB uvnf; aiGacs;wJh EkdifiHwkdif;twGuf EkdifiHr[mAsL[m tpDtpOf (CSP)
vkd@ac:wJh tvm;wlp m&Gufpmwrf; okH;ygw,f?

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Afghanistan TSS u pmrsufESm ii/ 2005 ckESpf pufwifbmrSm

EkdifiHawmfa&G;aumufyGJawG +yD;wJhtcg 'DZifbmrSm ygvDref zGJ@pnf;ygw,f/ 2006 ckESpf

Zefe0g&DvrSm EkdifiHwum tvSL&SifawGukd tmz*efepPwefu (,m,D PRSP eJ@wlnDwJh)
,m,D EkdifiHzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOf wifqufcJhygw,f?
95
The World Bank Annual Report 2005 pmrsufESm 58?
96
z&efuifpwkdif; pD;yGm;a&; qkdwJh tac:ta0:ukd Dragoljub Stojanov, BosniaHerzegovina Case Study, 2004 atmufwkdbm tvkyfcGifoifwef; wifjycsuf
(pma&;oltoHzrf;xm;csuf) [tckup+yD; Stojanov presentation vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f]
rSm abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; pD;yGm;a&;ukd azmfjyzkd@ okH;xm;ygw,f? z&efuifpwkdif;
qkdwmu 1818 ckESpf Mary Shelley a&;wJh 0wKxJu vlaoaumifawGuae vlykHpH
a=umufp&maumif;wJh owW0g}uD;waumif zefqif;vkdufwJh ody`Hynm&Sifwa,muf
jzpfygw,f? 'DowW0g}uD;ukd ody`Hynm&Sif&Jemrnf ay;xm;ygw,f? zefwD;ol&Jvufatmufu
vGwf+yD; zefwD;olukdtqkH;rSm zsufqD;wJht&mwckckukdvnf; z&efuifpwkdif; vkd@ac:ygw,f?
97
'DoabmwlnDcsufukd tar&duefEkdifiH tkd[kdif;tkd;jynfe,f a'wif+rdK@rSm vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhvkd@
a'wifoabmwlnDcsufvkd@ ac:ygw,f?
98
'gu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ cdkat;&Sm; typftcwf&yfpJ+yD;aemufykdif; jzpfayrJh abmhpeD;,m;eJ@
qm;AD;,m; ydyuQ qufvufjzpfyGm;aeygw,f? Schiavo-Campo, supra note 48,
pmrsufESm 14
99
Lessons Learned, supra note 84 pmrsufESm 8
100
Schiavo-Campo pmrsufESm 14
101
txufygpmtkyfu pmrsufESm 12
102
OED 2000, supra note 35, pmrsufESm 20-21
103
Schiavo-Campo pmrsufESm 18
104
a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf aemufqufwGJ 4 ukd =unfhyg?
105
OED 2000 pmrsufESm 23
106
Schiavo-Campo pmrsufESm 13
107
Stojanov wifjycsuf
108
OED 2000 pmrsufESm 56
109
tykdif; 4-u-2 rSm ajymovkd urBmhb%fu abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;wkd@u
vuf&SdtauG; (a':vm 621 oef; ay;zkd@usefwmu 80 &mE_ef;) ukd tauG;topf
okH;rsKd;tjzpf ajymif;vkdufygw,f?
110

Bosnia and Herzegovina The Priority Reconstruction and Recovery

Program: The Challenges Ahead, Discussion Paper No. 2, Vol. 1 (1996),

121

urBmhb%f/ Oa&myaumfr&SifeJ@ jyefvnfwnfawmufa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; twGuf

Oa&myb%fwkd@u 'kwd,t}udrf tvSL&Sifrsm; nDvmcHtwGuf a&;om;csuf?
111
1999 ckESpf pufwifbmvrS PRSP awG ay:vmygw,f? 'ghtjyif
a'wifoabmwlnDcsufukdu IFI tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J =oZmv$rf;rkd;r_ukd cGifhjyKxm;ygw,f?
Oyrm - 'DoabmwlnDcsuf[m abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em; A[kdb%f&J OuUXu IMF u
cef@xm;wJh 'DEkdifiHawG&J EkdifiHom; r[kwfoljzpfzkd@ owfrSwfxm;ygw,f?
a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf&J aemufqufwGJ tykdif; 4 yg abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;&J
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 7 (2) ukd=unf@yg? yxr 6 ESpf t+yD;rSm aemufxyf 18 v OuUX
qufvkyfzkd@ OuUXu EkdifiHom;cH,l&ygr,f?
www.centralbanking.co.uk/newsmakers/archive/2003/may26.htm u Nicholl
Extends His Stay, Central Banking Publications, May 26, 200 ukd =unfhyg?
112

tqifhjrifhwJh EkdifiHwum taxmuftulawGeJ@ }uD;rm;wJh pD;yGm;a&; xlaxmifr_eJ@

wm&SnfcHwJh vlr_a&;wnf+rJr_ukd tajccH+yD; EkdifiHukd ppf+yD; atmifjrifr_w&yfvkd@
,lqEkdifygw,f? www.worldbank.org/ba u abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;qkdif&m
urBmhb%f&J tifwmeuf pmrsufESm?
113
Stojanov wifjycsuf
114
Stojanov wifjycsufeJ@ Dragoljub Stojanov eJ@ ukd,fwkdifqufoG,f
ar;jref;ajymqkdcsuf (2005 ckESpf/ Zlvkdi)f
115
Stojanov wifjycsuf
116
urBmhb%fuawmif 'Dvkd0efcHygw,f? ? EkdifiHwkd;wufr_u EkdifiHjcm;taxmuftyHhukd
t&rf;rSDckdae&qJ jzpfygw,f? GDP wkd;wufru
_ tck wjznf;jznf;csif; kyfodrf;aewJh
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; taxmuftyHhawG ) 0ifvmr_eJ@ wkdufdkufqufpyfaeygw,f
abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;qkdif&m urBmhb%f&J tifwmeufpmrsufESm? GDP qkdwmu
umvwcktwGif; (omreftm;jzifh EkdifiHwEkdifiHjzpfwJh) e,fajrwcktwGif;rSm xkwfvkyfwJh
ukefypPnf;awGeJ@ 0efaqmifr_ pkpkaygif;&J wefzkd;jzpfygw,f?
117
Stojanov wifjycsuf? ,l*kdqvm;Ad;,m;EkdifiHukd IFI awG&J pD;yGm;a&;zsufqD;r_ u
'gxuftrsm;}uD;apmw,fvkd@ wcsKd@u ajymygw,f? 1980 ckESpfawG wav#mufvkH;
,l*kdqvm;AD;,m; pD;yGm;a&; wjznf;jznf; owdvpfvmwmeJ@ IMF eJ@ urBmhb%fwkd@u
&Hzef&Hcg aq;0g;awG wkdufygw,f? Oyrm - Convert Action, No. 56 (Spring 1996) u
Michel Chossudovsky &J Dismantling Yugoslavia, Colonizing Bosnia ukd
=unfhyg?
118
a'wifoabmwlnDcsuf&J aemufqufwGJ 4 u abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ [mZD*kdAD;em;&J zGJ@pnf;ykH
tajccHOya'yg yk'fr 8? Open Society Fund Bosnia- Herzegovina, International
Support Policies to SEE Countries Lessons (not) Learned in Bosnia-

122

Herzegovina, Summary Report, August 2001 [tckup+yD; OSI report]

pmrsufESm 12? OED 2000 ukdvnf; =unfhyg?
119
OSI report pmrsufESm 12

120 txufygae&mu pmrsufESm 13

USAID a&;wJh yk*~vduOya'? OSI report pmrsufESm 13, 15

121

122

Dragoljub Stojanov, Bosnia-Herzegovina Since 1995: Transition and

Reconstruction of the Economy,
www.esiweb.org/pdf/bridges/bosnia/Stojanov_ChIV.pdf rSm zwfEkdifygw,f?

pmrsufESm 55
123
124

Stojanov wifjycsuf

Amy Chua okH;wJh a0g[m& jzpfygw,f? Amy Chua, World on Fire: How
Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global
Instability (2003) [tckup+yD; Chua vkd@ &nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 6?
125
Chua pmrsufESm 171
126

txufyg ae&mrSmyJ pmrsufESm 45

txufygae&mrSmyJ pmrsufESm 47 - 48/ qif;&Jr_eJ@ aps;uGufukdv$rf;rkd;wJvlenf;pkawG
rsm;jym;wJhEkdifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufawGeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDajymif;vJr_awGa=umifh
wkdif;&if;om; ydyuQawG jzpf+yD; vlrsKd;pkvkduf owfjzwfwJht=urf;zufr_eJ@ aps;uGufawGeJ@
'Drkdua&pDawGukd qef@usifr_wkd@ tygt0if &v'fqkd;awG ay:aygufapygw,fvkd@ Chua
pmrsufESm 16
128
Chua pmrsufESm 23/ Steinberg, supra note 1, pmrsufESm 228-31
127

129

Emilia Pires, Strategies for Development: Experiences from East Timor,

in NDF, UNLD, et al., Another Development for Burma: Priorities in
Transition (2004), 141-149 [tckup+yD; Piresvkd@&nf!$ef;ygr,f], pmrsufESm 142
130
EkdifiHawmf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOfcsrSwfykHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ykdrkdodvkdygu The National
Vision rSmygwJh The Path We Took tykdif; pmrsufESm 4-5 ukd=unfhyg? EkdifiHawmf

zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; tpDtpOfukd qufpyfxm;wJh tifwmeufpmrsufESmu

www.pm.gov.tp/ndp/htm
131
The Path We Took
132
Pires, supra note 129, pmrsufESm 145
133
134

txufygae&mrSm zwfEkdifygw,f/
2005 ckESpfrSm Emilia Pires eJ@ ukd,fwkdif qufoG,far;jref;csuf

123

135

Zaw 0o, Natural Resource Management in Burma: From Resource Curse

to Sustainable Development?, 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv tvkyfcGifoifwef;

wifjycsuf (pma&;ol&J toHzrf;csuf) ukd =unfhyg?

136

Emeka Duruigbo, The World Bank, Multinational Oil Corporations, and

the Resource Curse in Africa, University of Pennsylvania Journal of
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&nf!$ef;ygr,f] pmrsufESm 27
wjcm;bmrSrajym&if 'Dtykdif;u a,bk,stm;jzifh 2005 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv
tvkyfcGifoifwef;rS wifjycJhwJh Svetlana Tsalik &J Resource Curse qkdwmu &ygw,f?
(pma&;ol&J toHzrf;csu)f
138
t&if;jrpfusdefpmeJ@ywfouf+yD; taxGaxGodvkdygu Jeffrey D. Sachs & Andrew M.
137

Warner, Natural Resources Abundance and Economic Growth, Development

Discussion Paper No. 517a, Harvard Institute for International Development
(October 1995) ukd =unfhyg? Michael L. Ross, The Political Economy of the
Resource Curse, World Politics 51 (January 1999), 297-322 [tckup+yD;
Ross] eJ@ Terry Lynn Karl, The Oil Trap, Transparency International
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139

vlom;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_Z,m;u EkdifiHrSm touf&Snfr_/ A[kokw (ouf}uD;pm

wwfajrmufr_eJ@ ausmif;aer_E_ef;) eJ@ vlaer_tqifhtwef; (wOD;pD&J GDP) wkd@jzpfwJh
vlom;awG&J tajccHzGH+zdK;wkd;wufr_ okH;&yf&J &&Sdr_ysrf;r#ukd wkdif;wmygw,f?
140
t&if;jrpfusdefpmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;&Sif;jycsufawG trsKd;rsKd;ukd
ppfaq;xm;wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; Ross, supra note 138 ukd =unfhyg?
141
'Da0g[m&u 1960 ckESpfawGrSm 'wfcsfpD;yGm;a&;tay: ajrmufyifv,f zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_&J
oufa&mufr_u ay:aygufvmygw,f?
142
Ross pmrsufESm 306 eJ@ Duruigbo pmrsufESm 14-15 ukd =unfhyg?
143
Ross pmrsufESm 301
144
Ross pmrsufESm 304
145
'Drl0g' ud&d,mawG&J OyrmawGukd Oyrm - Ross pmrsufESm 304 rSm awG@Ekdifygw,f?
146
Ross pmrsufESm 307
147
Ross pmrsufESm 312, Duruigbo pmrsufESm 15-17
148

Ian Gary, Catholic Relief Services & Nikki Reich, Bank Information
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18

124

149
150
151

Supra note 139 rSm=unfhyg?

CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 15

EkdifiHwum wkd;v#dKaygufjrifEkdifr_ tzGJ@tpnf;? tusifhysufr_ ,lqcsufZm,m; 2005

www.worldbank.org/afr/ccproj rSm urBmhb%f&J cs'f-uifr&Gef; pDrHudef;qkdif&m
tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm 'DpDrHudef;qkdi&f m tawG;tac:pmwrf; awG@Ekdifygw,f?
153
CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 8/ 51
152

154

Delphine Djiraibe, Chad-Cameroon Oil Development and Pipeline

Project 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv tvkyfcGifoifwef; wifjycsuf/ pma&;ol
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155
Djiraibe wifjycsuf
156
CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 8
157

urBmhb%f&J cs'f-uifr&Gef; pDrHudef;qkdi&f m tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSm 'DpDrHudef;qkdif&m

tawG;tac: pmwrf; supra note 152

158

World Bank Group Approves Support for Chad-Cameroon Petrotlum

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ZGefv 6 &ufeJ@ Chad Announces Start of Oil Production urBmhb%f&J

xkwfjyefcsuf/ 2003 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 15 &uf?

159
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160
CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 81
161
IAG u 2001 ckESpfrSm 'DpDrHudef; taumifxnfazmfr_ukd apmifh=unfhzkd@ t&yfbuf
vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;awG&J wkdufwGef;r_t& urBmhb%fu zefwD;vkdufwJh tzGJ@0ifig;OD;yg
u|rf;usifolawGtzGJ@ jzpfygw,f? IAG u urBmhb%f&J OuUXukd wkdufdkuftpD&ifcH&ygw,f?
cs'feJ@ uifr&Gef;ukd 8 acguf oGm;cJh+yD;/ tacgufwkdif;t+yD;rSm tpD&ifcHpmtusOf;csKyf
xkwfa0ygw,f? www.gic-iag.org u IAG tifwmeuf pmrsufESmrSm =unfhyg?
162
Djiraibe wifjycsuf/ CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 81
163
CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 81
164
txufygae&mrSm =unfyg
165
if;aumfrwDeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ykdrkdodvkdygu CSR/BIC pmrsuESm 51-67 rSm=unfhyg?
CSR/BIC aemufqufwGJrSm 0ifaiG pDrHcef@cGJr_ Oya'ukd t*Fvdyfvkd bmomjyefxm;wmvnf;
&Sdygw,f?
166
}uD;=uyfa&;aumfrwDu 'kdbmcsKdifh0Srf;rSm a&eHxkwfvkd@&wJh wkdufdkuf0ifaiGawG (&&SdwJh
tca=u;aiGeJ@ tjrwfa0pk) trsm;pktay:yJ wm0ef&Sdygw,f? oG,f0kduf0ifaiGawG (Oyrm ukr`%DawGtay:aumufwJhtjrwfpGef;0ifaiG) 'grSr[kwf cs'fEkdifiH&J wjcm;a'oawGrSm

125

a&eHxkwfvkd@&wJh 0ifaiGawGukd csKyfukdifvkd@ r&ygbl;? CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 42-43,

Duruigbo pmrsufESm 41-43
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CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 58-67 rSm }uD;=uyfa&;aumfrwD&J pGrf;&nfqkdif&mjy\emawG
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CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 58
169
170

txufygae&mrSm =unfhyg

www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/chadcameroon_oil_pipeline_project u cs'fuifr&Gef; a&eHykdufvkdif;qkdif&m Bank Information Center &J tifwmeufpmrsufeSm

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urBmhb%f tifwmeuf pmrsufESm&J tar;-tajz tykdif;u cs'f-uifr&Gef;
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CSR/BIC pmrsufESm 22
174
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Total (jyifopf), Unocal (tar&du) eJ@ ppftpkd;&wkd@ pkaygif;+yD;
jrefrmEkdifiHawmifykdif;wav#muf &wemykdufvkdif; azmufcJhygw,f? 'DpDru
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twif;t=uyf ajymif;a&G@ckdif;wm/ owfwm pwJh }uD;av;wJh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awGeJ@
ywf0ef;usifukd zsufqD;wmawG usL;vGefcJhygw,f? Earth Rights International, Total
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EkdbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&SifawGu urBmhb%fukd EIR &J t}uHjyKcsufawG vufcHzkd@
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wjcm;xdckdufr_awGa=umifh aemufxyf vlaygif; wodef;ESpfaomif;u wodef;ig;aomif;txd
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1993 ckESpfrSm crmeDwzGJ@wnf;u opfckwf&mu wvukd a':vm 10 oef; u oef; 20

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202
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205

GW 02.

206

World Bank Update.

www.bigpond.com.kh/users/dfwjica/Forest-Sector-Review.pdf pmrsufESm
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Global Witness, World Bank Desperate to Justify Industrial Logging in

Cambodia, press release (July 2004). www.worldbank.org/inspection
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Shenanigans, supra note 197, pmrsufESm 23?
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The request can be read at www.worldbank.org/inspection, See Section
III-C-2 on the Inspection Panel.
211
'Dtydkif;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh Talbott wifjycsufudk rSDxm;ygw,f? Kirk Talbott &
Melissa Brown, Forest Plunder in Southeast Asia: An Environmental
Security Nexus in Burma and Cambodia, in Environmental Change and
Security Project Report, Issue 4 (Spring 1998), pmrsufESm 53-60 udkvnf;=unfhyg?
212

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Uncertain Future of Burmas Forests, A Briefing Document by Global
Witness (October 2003) wkwfjynfu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm opfckwf&jcif; ta=umif;&if;

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Witness, A Choice for China: Ending the Destruction of Burmas Frontier
Forests (October 2005) udkvnf;=unfhyg?

213

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Kirk Talbott (August 2005) eJ@ udk,fwdkifqufoG,fr_/ Owen J. Lynch & Kirk
Talbott, Balancing Acts: Community-Based Forest Management and
National Law in Asia and the Pacific (1995) udkvnf; =unfhyg?

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