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6134/01
Edexcel GCE
Biology (Salters-Nuffield)
Advanced
Unit Test 4
Question Leave
Number Blank
1
2
3
4
5
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Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper.
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Printers Log. No.
N36169A
W850/R6134/57570 6/5/6/
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Q1
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2.
Salt marshes develop in sheltered areas of coastline where deposits of mud build up. The
sea frequently floods these marshes with salt water and only plants with a tolerance to salt
can survive. The frequency of flooding becomes less as the height of the land above low
water increases due to the build up of organic matter and mud. The highest tides flood
some areas only a few times a year.
The distribution of plant species in a salt marsh was investigated. The presence of plant
species was recorded at ten sites along a transect. Site 1 was at the low water mark and
site 10 was on higher ground 50 m inland.
The diagram below shows a profile of this salt marsh and the table shows the plant species
recorded at each site.
Site
10
2.0
Height above
low water
mark / m
-.-.-.-.
Highest tide
- Mean high tide
Plant species
Aster sp.
Atriplex sp.
Festuca sp.
Puccinellia sp.
z
z
z
z
Salicornia sp.
Spartina sp.
Triglochin sp.
z
z
z
z
Species present
(a) Describe a suitable sampling method that could be used to obtain the plant species
data recorded in the table above.
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(d) Site 8 includes a hole which fills with seawater when the area floods. This makes
the soil waterlogged for longer periods than the surrounding area. As the water
evaporates it leaves very high concentrations of salt in the soil.
The photograph below shows Spartina sp. growing in the hole filled with sea water.
(i) Using all the information given, suggest why Spartina sp. is found at site 8.
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(ii) Suggest how the hole at site 8 may change over a long period of time.
Give explanations for your answer.
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Q2
(Total 12 marks)
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3.
Dog whelks are animals with shells that live on rocky seashores. It is possible that the
genetic diversity of dog whelk populations is affected by their life history.
During their lifetime dog whelks rarely move further than a few metres from where they
hatched.
They reproduce by laying fertilised eggs on rocks. The gametes involved in the fertilisation
are not dispersed by the sea.
Photograph A below shows a dog whelk and photograph B shows dog whelk egg cases on
a rock.
Photograph A
Magnification 1
Photograph B
Magnification 1
(a) Give two ways in which genetic diversity can be increased in a population.
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(2)
(b) (i) Using the information given above, suggest how the behaviour of the dog whelks
will affect the genetic diversity of a population of dog whelks.
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(ii) Dog whelk populations can be found on the rocks of exposed and sheltered
seashores. Exposed shores have much greater wave action and dog whelks are
occasionally dislodged from the rocks by waves and deposited some distance
away along the shore.
Suggest and explain how genetic diversity may differ between populations found
on sheltered and exposed shores.
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Q3
(Total 9 marks)
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4.
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
T helper
T killer
Macrophage
(i) Describe the effects of TNF on the numbers of these white blood cells in lungs.
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(ii) Describe the role of T killer cells in a normal immune response and suggest a
reason for the results for T killer cells in this investigation.
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(3)
(iii) Using the information in the graph, explain why TNF deficient mice are more
likely to die of tuberculosis.
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(c) Drugs that inhibit TNF production are commonly used to reduce inflammation in
people with rheumatoid arthritis.
Suggest possible consequences of using TNF inhibitors for people who are infected
with tuberculosis but have no symptoms.
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(2)
Q4
(Total 12 marks)
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5.
Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics such as penicillin. The number of cases
of bacterial infections resistant to penicillin, has been recorded for a number of years. The
data are shown in the graph below.
7
) ( nillicinep ot tnatsiser
snoitcefni fo egatnecreP
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Year
The number of antibiotic prescriptions was recorded for the same time period. The
percentage of these prescriptions that were for penicillin is shown in the graph below.
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
Year
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(a) It has been suggested that penicillin use has been responsible for causing the increase
in resistance.
Describe the changes in bacterial resistance and penicillin use, shown in the graphs,
that support this suggestion.
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(b) There are several theories for how evolution happens.
(i) Explain how the development of resistance to penicillin in bacteria supports the
theory proposed by Darwin.
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(ii) How would the theory proposed by Lamarck explain the development of
resistance to penicillin in bacteria?
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(c) Explain why the problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is becoming more
widespread.
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(d) Explain why bacteriostatic antibiotics may be less effective than bactericidal antibiotics
in preventing the spread of resistance.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
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Q5
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6.
Q6
(Total 6 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 60 MARKS
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