BODE PLOTS

By:
Er. Irfan Ahmad Khan
Introduction
In previous Lectures we examined the use of test
signals such as a step and a ramp signal. In this class
well consider the steady-state response of a system to
a sinusoidal input (test) signal.
Frequency Response Methods and Stability
The magnitude and phase of the output signal
differ from those of the input sinusoidal signal,
and the amount of difference is a function of the
input frequency.
Thus we will be investigating the steady-state
response of the system to a sinusoidal input as
the frequency varies.
Frequency Response Methods and Stability
The frequency response of a system is defined as the
steady-state response of the system to a sinusoidal
input signal.
The sinusoid is a unique input signal, and the resulting
output signal for a system, is sinusoidal in the steady-
state.
Bode plot
The Bode plot is one of the most powerful graphical
tools for analyzing and designing control systems.
We will examine the transfer function G(s) when
s = j and develop methods for graphically
displaying the complex number G( j ) as varies.
Frequency Response Plots
Bode Plots Real Poles
Frequency Response Plots
Considering the simple RC low pass filter as shown in
above figure,
The final transfer function is:
1
1
) (
) (
0
+
=
RCs s V
s V
i
First-order process
1 ) (
) (
+
=
s
K
s X
s Y
t
If the sine wave is continued for a long time, the
exponential term becomes negligible.
The output response to a general sinusoidal input, is
Long time response or Frequency response :
) sin(
1
) (
2 2
| e
t e
+
+
= t
KA
t y
l
where
) ( tan
1
et |

=
Frequency Response Plots
Bode Plots Real Poles
(break frequency or corner frequency)
(break frequency or corner frequency)
-3dB
Frequency Response Plots
Bode Plots Real Poles
Frequency Response Plots
Bode Plots Real Poles
| e ( ) atan e t ( ) :=
0.1 1 10 100 1
.
10
3
1.5
1
0.5
0
| e ( )
e
(break frequency or corner frequency)
Frequency Response Plots
Bode Plots Real Poles (Graphical Construction)
Frequency Response Plots
Bode Plots Real Poles