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Biogas Purification Using Water Scrubbing Systems - DR VK Vijay, IIIT Delhi
Biogas Purification Using Water Scrubbing Systems - DR VK Vijay, IIIT Delhi
INTRODUCTION
Biogas is clean environment friendly fuel that can be obtained by anaerobic digestion of animal residues and domestic and farm wastes, abundantly available in the countryside. Biogas is an important renewable energy resource for rural areas in India Biogas generally comprise of 55-65 % methane, 35-45 % carbon dioxide, 0.5-1.0 % hydrogen sulfide and traces of water vapor. Average calorific value of biogas is 20 MJ/m3 (4713 kcal/m3).
INTRODUCTION
Biogas like Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cannot be liquefied under normal temperature and pressure. Critical temperature required for liquefaction of methane is -82.1oC at 4.71MPa pressure, therefore use of biogas is limited nearby the biogas plant. An estimate indicates that India has a potential of generating 6.38 X 1010 m3 of biogas from 980 million tones of cattle dung produced annually. The heat value of this gas amounts to 1.3 X 1012 MJ. In addition, 350 million tones of manure would also produce along with biogas.
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Source: MNES Report, Renewable Energy in India and business opportunities, MNES. Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2001
BIOGAS PROGRAMMES
On-going Programmes:
National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP). Biogas Based Distributed/ Grid Power Generation Programme.
Chemicalreactionsinvolvedinbiogasproduction:
C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH4 CO2 + 4H2 > CH4 + 2H2O CH3COOH > CH4 + CO2
The nature and concentration of the substrate, Feed rate, pH value, Bacterial population, Temperature, and Chemical inducers.
UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS
Cooking: Biogas can be used in a specially designed burner for cooking purpose. A biogas plant of 2 cubic metres capacity is sufficient for providing cooking fuel needs of a family of about five persons. Lighting: Biogas is used in silk mantle lamps for lighting purpose. The requirement of gas for powering a 100 candle lamp (60 W) is 0.13 cubic metre per hour. Power Generation: Biogas can be used to operate a dual fuel engine to replace up to 80 % of diesel-oil. Diesel engines have been modified to run 100 per cent on biogas. Petrol and CNG engines can also be modified easily to use biogas. Transport Fuel: After removal of CO2, H2S and water vapor, biogas can be converted to natural gas quality for use in vehicles.
For training and publicity purposes, Eleven Biogas Development and Training Centres (BDTCs) are functioning, one each in Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab; Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Uttarakhand. One BDTC has been started in IIT Delhi in 2008. Central financial assistance is provided to these Centres for staff and training courses. BDTCs focus on the training of masons and entrepreneurs to improve quality of construction of biogas plants and to follow standard specifications & approved construction techniques.
NEED FOR THE BIOGAS REFINING AND BOTTLING Potential of biogas is not fully utilized and commercialized so far. For commercialization, its area of application may widen; from cooking fuel to vehicle fuel. For use as a vehicle fuel, it should be bottled like CNG. Before bottling, it should enriched in methane content from 55 % to 95 %; similar to CNG.
Membrane
Fast installation and start up .Production of Economically not viable. Not suitable output is flexible .Purity and flow rate can for high purity needs. Consumes vary. relatively more electricity per unit of gas produced. The chemical absorbents are more efficient Regeneration of the solvent requires a in low pressure relatively high energy input. Disposal of by product formed due to chemical reaction is a problem
Chemical Absorption
THE DESIGNING OF THE PACKED BED SCRUBBER INVOLVED THE FOLLOWING STEPS:
Assumptions of basic data Solubility data generation Material balance and determination of water flow rate Selection of packing material Determination of column diameter Determination of the height of the packed bed column Selection of packing support and water distributor
Water scrubbing method is found most suitable for biogas enrichment in rural areas. Water is good solvent for CO2. The solubility of CO2 in water is governed by variation in pressures and temperatures.
SYSTEM OPERATION
Raw biogas is compressed up to 1.0 MPa pressure to enhance solubility of CO2 in water. Pressurized biogas is sent into bottom section of the scrubber. Packing material is used to enhance the contact time (interfacial area) between gas and water. Pressurized water is sprayed from top to absorb the CO2 from pressurized biogas.
COMPRESSION UNIT
Multi stage compressor : compression of methane enriched biogas at 20 MPa Pressure in cylinder. Filters : for moisture removal. Cylinders: High pressure, seamless, steel cylinders that are already in being use for CNG application. Pipe fittings and accessories : G.I.
Single Stage Compressor Water Tank Pump Flow Meter Gas Storage Pressure Vessel Water Biogas Scrubber Dissolved CO2 in Water Enriched Biogas
Gas Storage Pressure Vessel Moisture Filters Pressure Reducers Three Stage Gas Compressor High Pressure Cylinders for Storage of Enriched Gas
NOT TO SCALE
11
12
13 14
10
20 9 5 2 3 1 6 7 8 17
19 16 18 4 15
Enriched Biogas
Not to scale
Water In
Top Section 500 mm
150 mm
Middle Section
Raw Biogas
Bottom Section
Water Out
SUCCESS CASE STUDIES OF BIOGAS AS AUTOMOTIVE FUEL Rajasthan Go Sewa Sangh, Durgapura, Rajasthan: Plant started in 2007 and has been running successfully. A three wheeler runs on biogas daily about 100 km. and approximate 4 kg Bio-CNG is required. Shri Krishna Goshala, Ghaziabad: Plant started in 2009 and has been running successfully. Shri Madhav Go Vigyan Anusandhan Sansthan, Bhilwara, Rajasthan: Plant started in 2009 and has been running successfully.
POSSIBLE ENTREPRENEURIAL AVENUES Large Scale/ Community level Biogas Enterprises for 1. Cooking needs- Pipeline supply 2. Electricity Production and Supply 3. Rural sanitation & bio manure production 4. Cylindering of methane available from biogas plant for vehicles and production of bio manure
CONCLUSIONS India has second largest biogas programme in the world at rural and as well as urban levels. Many technologies/models have been successfully developed in India for biogas programme. There is need to develop a sustainable renewable energy programme on biogas for replacing petroleum products by utilization of biogas in the country. This will help in green energy technology and reducing green house gases emissions.
Biogas is a potential renewable energy source for rural India and other developing countries. Biogas generation and subsequent bottling will cater the energy needs of villages, supply enriched manure and maintain village sanitation. The bottling system will work as a decentralize source of power with uninterrupted supply using local resources, generate ample opportunities for employment and income of the rural people.
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