CONTENTS

Introduction Principle Construction Power Factor Capability curve Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
 Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators.  It is called as Alternator.  They supply the electric power used by all sectors  industrial  commercial  agricultural  domestic.  The synchronous machine is an important electromechanical energy converter

High-speed machines, the prime movers are steam turbines employing fossil energy nuclear energy resources.

Low-speed machines are often driven by hydro-turbines that employ water for generation.

Principle
Faraday electromagnetic principal

Construction Stator Rotor

Stator

Rotor

Power Factor
 The ratio of Useful Power K.W. and Apparent Power K.V.A is known as the power factor of the load.

Different Types of Power

Active power Reactive power Apparent power

Disadvantages of low power factor

 Because of low power factor, losses proportional to I2 R

      

in generator and transmission line increases, causing over heating of system components. Low power factor overload source generator and reduce capacity for additional load growth or demand . It produce poor voltage regulation . Investment per KW of load increases with decrease in supply power factor. Reduce equipment life. Increase repair and maintenance . Interface with control. Unbalance loading resulting in negative sequence component in voltage.

Benefits of an Improved Power Factor

    Reduced KVA demand results in lower tariff. Get incentives to consumer to maintain unity power factor Reduced load current due to low KVA demand Less voltage drop in line and cables

Averagepower avg[v(t ).i(t )] PF ! ! Apparent power Vrms .I rms

PF ! Vrms I rms (1) cos U Vrms I rms ! I rms (1) cos U I rms ! kd .kU

PF=Distortion Factor*Displacement Factor

(a) kU 1, k d 1, (b) kU ! 1, k d 1, (c) kU 1, k d !1, (d )kU ! 1, k d !1

Capability curve

Conclusion:
Should maintain Power Factor unity to reduce losses and increase efficiency

Thanks