Networking Basics

By M.Srinivasarao,SDE

Network :
Network cosists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share the resources such as database servers,web Servers, exchange of files and printers or allow electronic communications.

The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

The three basic types of networks include:

1. Local Area Network (LAN) 2. Metro Area Network (MAN) 3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network

A local area network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small geographic area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a campus, building, or a school. In a typical LAN configuration one computer is designated as a file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached to the network.

Metro Area Network (MAN)

A metro area network covers larger geographic areas, such as cities or districts. By interconnecting smaller networks (can be LANs) with in a large geographic area. Local Libraries and government organizations, private industries often implement a MAN for interconnection.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Networking of LAN may be termed, as WAN. WAN is a network of geographically located LANs. There is no geographical limit, and can grow upto international. Typically, a WAN consists of two or more local-area networks (LANs). WAN can be connected by LEASED LINES. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.

Network topologies
1.Linear Bus:

Drop line Cable End Tap Tap

Drop line

Drop line

Drop line Cable End

Tap

Tap

Network topologies
2. Star

HUB

Network topologies
3. Tree:

HUB

HUB

HUB

Transmission Media for LAN

1.Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable:

Category -5 (CAT-5) up to 100Mbps (Fast ethernet)

Crimping of Twisted pair Cable

Straight cable It is used between unlike device (dissimilar devices) e.g. Hub to PC, Switch to PC, Hub to Router

87654321

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

12345678

Crimping of Twisted pair Cable

Cross cable It is used between like device (Similar devices) e.g. Hub to HUB, PC to PC, Switch to Switch, HUB to Switch, exception is PC to Router

87654321

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

12345678

Crimping of Twisted pair Cable

Rollover Cable It is used for connecting Router Console Port to PC Com Ports or Serial ports.

87654321

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

12345678

Networking Components

1.Network Interface Card 2.HUB 3.Switches 4.Bridges 5.Routers

Networking Components
1.Network interface cards :

Networking Components
2.Hubs:
It is a Physical layer device (Layer 1) It works with 0s and 1s (Bits) It works with shared bandwidth It is has 1 Broadcast Domain and 1 Collision Domain Collisions are identified using Access Methods called CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA

Networking Components
Types of Hubs:
Active Hubs uses power supply and regenerates the data (i.e.) strengthens the

signals in case of disturbances. Passive Hubs doesnt use power supply and it will not not regenerates the data (i.e.) strengthens the signals in case of disturbances. It is used only to share the physical media Intelligent Hubs are sometimes called as smart hubs. These devices basically function as active hubs, but also include a microprocessor chip and diagnostic capabilities and are useful in troubleshooting situations.

Networking Components
3.Switch: It is Datalink layer device (Layer 2) Its is An Intelligent device It works with Physical addresses (i.e. MAC addresses) It works with fixed bandwidth It maintains a MAC address table

Networking Components
Types of Switches: Manageable switches On a Manageable switch an IP address can be assigned and configurations can be made. It has a console port .

Unmanageable switches On an Unmanageable switch configurations cannot be made, an IP address cannot be assigned as there is no console port.

Networking Components
Switch :

10 mbps Ports

Fast Ethernet 100 mbps Ports

Networking Components
4.Bridges:

Bridges can connect two network segments . The bridge operates at the data link( layer2 ) of OSI model. The bridge can inspect each message that comes from one side and broadcast it to the other side of the bridge, if the message is intended for a computer that is on the other side. If the packets destination is on the same side of the bridge, it is discarded. This creates a more efficient scheme for data transport.

Networking Components
5.Router:
Router is a device used to make communication between two of more different networks which are geographically apart. It is a Network layer device (Layer 3) Its is an Intelligent device It works with Logical Addressing (i.e. IP,IPX,AppleTalk) It works with Fixed bandwidth

Which Routers to buy ?

Many companies are manufacturing Routers : Cisco Nortel Multicom Cyclades Juniper Dax Dlink

Ciscos Hierarchical Design

Cisco divided the Router into 3 Layers Access Layer Router Distribution Layer Router Core Layer Router

Access Layer Router

Routers which are used by the Small Organizations Router Series : 800, 1000, 1600, 1700, 2500

Cisco 800

Cisco 1700

Cisco 1760

Distribution Layer Router

Routers which are used by the ISPs Router Series : 2600, 3200, 3600, 3700

Cisco 3600

Cisco 3700

Cisco 2600XM/2691

Core Layer Router

Routers which are used by the Global ISPs(back bone) Router Series : 6400, 7200, 7300, 7400, 7500, 7600, 10000, 12000

Cisco 7000

Modular & fixed routers

Fixed routers fixed chassis eg:800,1000,2500 Modular routers upgradable eg:1600,1700,2600 onwards

Example Modular Router

Model 2501
AUI Attachment Unit Interface E0

Serial Ports S0 and S1

Power Switch

Console Con 0

Auxiliary Aux 0

Power Supply

Attachment Unit Interface

AUI pin configuration is 15 pin female. It is known as Ethernet Port or LAN port or Default Gateway. It is used for connecting LAN to the Router. Transceiver is used for connection which converts 8 wires to 15 wires. i.e. RJ45 to 15 pin converter.

Transceiver

Attachment Unit Interface

An IP address needs to be assigned to this interface and it should be in the same network as of the LAN.

Straight Cable

E0 192.168.1.150/24

Straight Cable

1.1

1.2

1.3

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

Attachment Unit Interface

Cross Cable

E0 192.168.1.150/24 If you connect Router AUI to directly to PC NIC Card then You have to use Cross Cable

1.1 LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

Serial Port

Serial pin configuration is 60 pin configuration female (i.e. 15 pins and 4 rows) and Smart Serial pin configuration is 26 pin configuration female. It is known as WAN Port It is used for connecting to Remote Location to the Router. V.35 cable is having 60 pin configuration male at one end and on the other end 18 pin configuration male.

V.35 Cable

V.35 Modem

E0 V.35 192.168.1.150 Cable

V.35 Cable

E0 192.168.2.150

2 pair of Copper Wire

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN - 192.168.2.0/24

HYDERABAD OFFICE

CHENNAI OFFICE

G.703 Modem HYDERABAD MUX

EXCHANGE

G.703 Modem CHENNAI MUX

Fiber Optic Cable

CURRENT DOTSOFT NETWORK OF VIJAYANAGARAM SSA

TO HYD RTR 7206

4WL TEL.EXGE BHOGAPURAM FCD2L 2mbps 5 2610 GARIVIDI TEL EXGE 2mbps 2

Central Router 2610 Series

2mbps 2610 S.KOTA TEL EXGE

TEL EXGE BOBBILI

2610

2mbps 6

SDOT Off BOBBILI FCDE1 1601 2 2610 TEL.EXGE GAJAPATHINAGARAM KOTHAVALASA TEL EXGE 2 1601 ASM31 2 2mbps 1601 CHIPURUPALLI SPD703 RLU CANTT 2 2mbps BRIDGE 1 MLLN 3 2mbps 1601 77 ML 570 SERVER 2610 RLU IV BABAMETTA 2mbps TEL EXGE PARVATHIPURAM 6 SWITCH TEL EXGE SALUR 2610 6 6*16 port Hub FCDE1 2

FCDE1

1601

Total No. Of Terminals - 124

Console Port

It is known as Local Administrative Port It is generally used for Initial Configuration, Password Recovery and Local Administration of the Router. It is RJ45 Port IMP : It is the most delicate port on the Router because of it make less use of Console Port.

Console Connectivity

Console Connectivity

Connect a rollover cable to the router console port (RJ-45 connector). Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter Attach the female DB-9 adapter to a PC Serial Port. Open Emulation Software

DB9 Converter

Auxiliary Connectivity

2601 Model Router

Brief Overview

WAN interfaces
Serial interface (S0, S1 etc) 60 pin/26 pin(smart serial) ISDN interface(BRI0 etc) RJ45

LAN interfaces - Ethernet

AUI (Attachment Unit Interface) (E0) 15 pin 10bT RJ45

Administration interfaces
Console RJ45 - Local Auxiliary RJ45 - Remote

Internal Components

ROM A bootstrap program is located here. It contains POST(power on self test) routines. It also contains miniIOS(stripped down version of main IOS used for IOS recovery,RXbootmode) Rommonitor mode(used for password recovery) Flash(EEPROM) Internetwork Operating System (IOS) developed by Cisco is stored here. IOS is Command line interface and current version is 13.0

Internal Components

NVRAM Non volatile RAM It stores the startup-configuration file. Generally size of NVRAM is 32 KB. RAM It stores the running Configuration file. Minimum size of RAM is 2MB. in the Router. Processor Motorola Processor (680X0) 20 Mhz, RISC based processor RAM is greater than NVRAM

Internal Components

Boot sequence

POST ROM Power on Self Test (verifies) the hardware Contact the ROM FLASH Loads the Bootstrap Program & Search where IOS is located NVRAMIOS found in Flash Loading IOS RAM Flash contacts the NVRAM For Configuration File NVRAM configuration copied into RAM

Static Routing For Multiple Routers - Network Diagram

10.0.0.1/8 S0

11.0.0.1/8 S0

HYD

E0 192.168.1.150/24

S1 10.0.0.2/8

CHE

E0 192.168.2.150/24

S1 11.0.0.2/8

BAN
E0 192.168.3.150/2

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

LAN - 192.168.2.0/24

LAN - 192.168.3.0/24

OSI(Open System Interconnect) Model Layers

Layer - 7 Layer - 6 Layer - 5 Layer - 4 Layer - 3 Layer - 2 Layer - 1

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Lower Layer or Hardware Layer Upper Layer or Software Layer Heart of OSI

IP Addressing

IP Addressing is Logical Addressing It works on Network Layer (Layer 3) Two Version of Addressing Scheme IP version 4 32 bit addressing IP version 6 128 bit addressing

IP version 4

What is BIT ? Bit is a value that will represent 0s or 1s (i.e. Binary)

01010101000001011011111100000001
32 bits are divided into 4 Octets known as Dotted Decimal Notation First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Forth Octet

01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001

IP version 6

128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries, and each 16-bit block is converted to a 4-digit hexadecimal number and separated by colons (Colon-Hex Notation)

FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210

Binary to Decimal Conversion

Taking Example for First Octet : Total 8 bits, Value will be 0s and 1s i.e. 28 = 256 combination 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 Total IP Address Range 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 0.0.0.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 to

255.255.255.255
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

IP Address Classes

Total IP Addressing Scheme is divided into 5 Classes CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D CLASS E Multicasting & Newsgroups Research & Development LAN & WAN

Priority Bits Concept

To identify the range of each class we will be using Priority Bit Concept Priority Bit is the left most bits in the First Octet CLASS A priority bit is CLASS B priority bit is CLASS C priority bit is CLASS D priority bit is CLASS E priority bit is 0 10 110 1110 1111

CLASS A Range

For Class A range reserved first bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 0 1 2 3 4 Class A Range

0 . 0 . 0 . 0 to 127.255.255.255
Exception 0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X network are reserved

= 127

CLASS B Range

For Class B range reserved first two bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 1 1 1 1 1 26 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 128 129 130 131 132

Class B Range

128. 0 . 0 . 0 to 191.255.255.255

= 191

CLASS C Range

For Class C range reserved first three bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 1 1 1 1 1 26 1 1 1 1 1 25 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 192 193 194 195 196

Class C Range

192. 0 . 0 . 0 to 223.255.255.255

= 223

CLASS D Range

For Class D range reserved first four bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 1 1 1 1 1 26 1 1 1 1 1 25 1 1 1 1 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 224 225 226 227 228

Class D Range

224. 0 . 0 . 0 to 239.255.255.255

= 239

CLASS E Range

For Class E range reserved first four bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change.

1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 1 1 1 1 1 26 1 1 1 1 1 25 1 1 1 1 1 24 1 1 1 1 1 23 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 20 0 1 0 1 0 = = = = = 240 241 242 243 244

Class E Range

240. 0 . 0 . 0 to 255.255.255.255

1 1

= 255

Some Important Values

VALUES IN SUBNET MASK Bit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Value 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 Mask 10000000 11000000 11100000 11110000 11111000 11111100 11111110 11111111

Thank You