vf Gii thiu chung

Nn

kinh t nc ta k t khi hi nhp ang trn tng trng mnh m, song song vi n l s pht trin vt bc ca giao thng. Lng phng tin giao thng gia tng vi tc cc nhanh gy ra p lc giao thng nng n ln cc tuyn ng. Bi nhu cu giao thng khng l , nhiu cng trnh giao thng hin i c u t xy mi, nhiu tuyn ng c ci to m bo vic lu thng khng nh hng ti s pht trin kinh t, x hi. Tuy nhin chng l cha vic lu thng din ra c quy c v an ton, nht l ti nhng ng t, ng 5, ng 6, ni rt d xy ra va chm nu ngi tham gia giao thng khng c thc cao. V bin php khc phc thng thy l s dng cc ct n tn hiu nhm phn lung giao thng. y l cch n gin, r tin nhng em li nhiu hiu qu.

Nhiu

nm trc y trn cc tuyn ph ca H Ni, cc ct n tn hiu giao thng s dng 3 bng n n xanh, , vng v khng c ng h hin th thi gian. Cc ct n nh vy c nhiu nhc im:
Ngi tham gia giao thng khng bit thi gian n tn hiu

sng cn bao lu nn kh b ng.

Trng hp c mt n b chy th coi nh c ct n mt tc

dng v yu cu phi c thay th ngay.

Tn hiu n vo ban ngy kh m do sng ca n km.

Ngy

nay, cc ct n giao thng tr nn hin i hn khi s dng nhiu cm n led mu vi sng cao ghp song song lm n tn hiu. Trong trng hp c mt vi led b chy th xc sut ct n mt tc dng l rt nh, tn hiu vn c m bo. Ngoi ra chng cn c gn thm led 7 thanh m giy gip ngi tham gia giao thng bit r thi gian n tn hiu sng ch ng trong vic iu khin phng tin dng li hay i tip. V khng ch dng li vic phn 2 lung lu thng, cc ct n giao thng 3 pha, 4 pha c a vo s dng ti cc ng t khng c vng xuyn gip phn chia ti 4 lung lu thng cho cc phng tin.

Hot

ng ca cc ct n c iu khin bi mt khi x l trung tm, l cc vi x l hoc vi iu khin. Khi lu lng phng tin thay i (chng hn nh vo gi cao im) hoc lu lng giao thng gia cc lung lu thng c s chnh lch, ngi iu hnh giao thng c th thay i cc tham s v thi gian trong chng trnh np trong b nh ca khi x l thay i thi gian sng n tn hiu gip vic phn lung giao thng hiu qu hn m khng cn con ngi c mt trc tip phn lung.

Do

hiu bit v phn lung giao thng v kin thc v lp trnh cho vi x l cn hn hp nn trong bi tp ln ny, chng em ch thit k mt h thng n giao thng 2 lung cho mt ng t c vng xuyn.

 Phn tch bi ton thc t:

Mt s ng t ti thnh ph H Ni:

 M hnh chung ca mt ng t c vng xuyn:

Cc mi tn trng ch cc chiu lu thng phng tin, mi chiu phi tun theo tn hiu trn cc ct n tn hiu tng ng.

Mc d c 4 ct n tn hiu cho 4 chiu lu thng nhng v bn cht ch c 2 ct cho 2 lung lu thng dc v ngang (ta k hiu l lung 1 v lung 2). Bn ct n c nh s 1 v 2, hai ct c nh s ging nhau th tn hiu n trn 2 ct l nh nhau. V vy coi nh ch c 2 ct n: ct n 1 cho lung 1 v ct n 2 cho lung 2. By gi ta xt n hot ng ca cc ct n ny trong thc

t:

Gi s khi mi cp ngun cho cc ct n, ct n 1 sng n xanh, ct n 2 sng n . Nh vy, cc phng tin theo lung 1 s c quyn lu thng, cc phng tin theo lung 2 s phi dng.

Khi thi gian sng n xanh ct n 1 ht, n s chuyn sang sng n vng, bo cho cc phng tin ang i ti theo lung 1 bit l phi gim tc v n sp sng, cn phng tin i vo ng t th phi nhanh chng i qua dnh khng gian cho cc phng tin

 lung 2 lu thng. Trong khi ct n 2, n vn ang sng.

Khi thi gian sng n vng ct n 1 ht, n s chuyn sang sng n , ng thi n ct n 2 cng tt, thay vo l n xanh sng. By gi n lt cc phng tin lung 1 phi dng nhng ng cho cc phng tin lung 2 lu thng.

Sau s thay i tn hiu n trn ct n 2 s ging nh s thay i tn hiu n ct n 1 ni trn. C lun phin nh vy 2 ct n s gip kim sot vic lu thng qua ng t nhp nhng, khng xy ra va chm (theo l thuyt l nh vy). Ta c th nhn thy rng: thi gian sng n ca ct n ny bng tng thi gian sng n xanh v n vng ct n kia. Trong thc t, ty thuc lu lng phng tin giao thng i qua ng t m ngi ta thit lp thi gian sng n trn mi ct n di ngn khc nhau nhng thng thng l bng nhau v bng 60 giy. Thi gian sng n vng ch t 5 10 giy. n gin, trong bi tp ny, hot ng ca 2 ct n s ging nhau vi thi gian sng n l 60s, xanh l 50s, vng l 10s. ( Trng hp lu lng giao thng thay i hoc c chnh lch gia 2 phng di chuyn th ch cn iu chnh li cc tham s v thi gian trong chng trnh cho ph hp).

Qua

phn tch trn, ta v c gin thi gian v trng thi ca 2 ct n trong mt chu k sng nh sau:

st1, st2 l cc bin ghi trng thi ca 2 ct n chuki l bin nh du na chu k chn (0) hoc l (1)

Tng hp li, ta cn thit k 2 ct n c cu to ging nhau v phi

lp trnh cho 2 ct n hot ng nh sau:

1 - Sng n xanh 50 giy, led 7 thanh m ngc t 50 v 0 2 - Sng n vng, led 7 thanh tt 3 - Sng n , led 7 thanh m ngc t 60 v 0 4 - Lp li cc bc trn V hot ng ca ct n 2 ngc pha so vi ct n 1

Thit k mch:
Linh kin:

4 led 7 thanh i 4 b n tn hiu giao thng 1 chip vi iu khin AT89C52 1 thch anh 11.059Mhz 10 transistor NPN 4 in tr 330 1 in tr 4k7

S mch nguyn l:

S mch nguyn l v cch b tr cc ct n trn ng t

 Tm tt l thuyt: Mt
Vi iu khin AT89C52 s c s dng iu khin ton b hot ng ca h thng n tn hiu. V l thuyt lp trnh, c 2 im ng lu :

Mt l phng php hin th trn led 7 thanh:

Mi

led 7 thanh n cn 7 chn cho vic nhn d liu v 1 chn bt/tt led. Ta c 2 ct n, mi ct n cn 2 led 7 thanh n hin th thi gian, v vy cn ti 2*2*(7+1) = 32 chn vi x l iu khin ton b s led 7 thanh. Nh vy s khng cn chn cho vic bt tt cc n tn hiu.

Tt

nhin ta c th s dng cc IC ghp ni ngoi vi nh 8255 tng s lng chn ca h vi x l nhng iu s lm tng gi thnh ca h thng cng nh phc tp ha cng on lp trnh. Ngoi ra vic ghp mi led 7 thanh n vo 1 cng vi x l v cho sng lin tc c mt nhc im l vi nhng s cn hin th bi nhiu nt nh s 8, 9, 6 th led 7 thanh s sng m hn nhng s cn t nt nh s 1, 7 dn ti thiu tnh thm m.

Ta

s khc phc iu ny bng mt phng php kh n gin l qut led. Cc chn nhn d liu ca cc led 7 thanh s c ghp chung vo 1 cng vi x l, cc chn cn li iu khin vic cp ngun cho tng led s c ni ring r. Nguyn tc ca phng php ny gi d liu ra v cp ngun cho led cn hin th d liu trong thi gian ngn. Ti mi thi im ch c duy nht 1 led 7 thanh c cp ngun. Ni cch khc l cc led nhy sng lin tc nhng do mt ngi c tnh lu nh nn nhn vo ta khng nhn thy s nhy sng . Nh vy ta va tit kim c chn cng vi x l, va tit kim nng lng li va khin led 7 thanh sng u v p m vn m bo tui th ca chng.

Hai l vic s dng ngt timer to tr 1 giy m thi gian:

2 phng php to tr l s dng vng lp v s dng ngt timer. Bi hin th thi gian bng phng php qut led nn khng th to tr 1 giy m thi gian bng vng lp m phi s dng ngt timer. AT89C52 c 3 ngt timer nhng trong bi tp ny ch cn s dng 1 ngt timer hot ng ch 1. Nguyn tc hot ng nh sau:

Khi

ngt timer c cho php, c mi chu k my timer s m tng 1 n v, khi m ti 65535 th trn timer gy ra ngt. S dng thch anh 12Mhz to xung cho vi iu khin th mi chu k my s tng ng vi 1s (micro giy ~ 10-6 giy. Nu ta cho timer m t 15535 th sau 50.000 chu k my tc l 50.000s timer s trn mt ln. Nh vy sau 20 ln trn timer (20*50.000s = 1.000.000s = 1 giy) ta s c khong tr 1 giy. Phng php ny c sai s do ly xp x tn s ca thch anh, khng th trnh khi, tuy nhin sai s ny rt nh.

Mi

khi ngt xy ra, mt chng trnh phc v ngt s c gi. Ta s ty bin trong chng trnh ny lm nhng vic cn thit. Khi chng trnh phc v ngt thc thi xong, vi iu khin li tip tc thc thi cc lnh ang lm d khi ngt c gi.

 S thut ton:


#include

Vit chng trnh trn Reads51

<sfr51.inc> time gtime st1 st2 chuki org 0h ljmp main org 0bh ljmp timer0isr org 40h equ 30h equ 31h equ 32h equ 33h equ 34h ;thi gian sng n ;thi gian sng n xanh ;st1, st2 ghi trng thi ca 2 ct n ;0 = xanh, 1 = vng, 2 = ;xc nh na chu k 0 hoc 1

main: mov sp,#5fh ;ghi gi tr 5fh vo thanh ghi sp mov tmod,#01h;ghi gia tri 01h vo thanh ghi tmod setb ET0;bt c nh b setb EA;bt c nh b mov th0,#high(15535);ghi gi tr high(15535) vo thanh ghi th0 mov tl0,#low(15535) setb tr0 bt c nh b mov r5,#0 mov time,#60 mov st1,#0 mov st2,#2 mov chuki,#0 ;bin m s ln trn timer ;thi gian n l 60 giy ;st1 = 0 n 1 xanh ;st2 = 2 n 2 ;na chu k u l 0

mov dptr,#table;ghi 1 hng vo thanh ghi dptr mov p1,#12h mov r1,#5 mov r3,#6 ;======================== sangled: ;qut led 7 thanh hin thi gian ;ct n 1 cjne r0,#-1,led1ondv sjmp led1offdv led1ondv: mov a,r0 ;nu r0-1 cho sng led n v n 1 ;nu r0=-1 tt led n v n 1 ;qut led 7 thanh n v n 1 ;bt n 1 xanh, n 2

movc a,@a+dptr;chp ni dung ca nh a+dprt vo thanh ghi a

mov p0,a setb p3.5 lcall delay;gi chng trnh con delay dung a ch di led1offdv: clr p3.5;xa thanh ghi p3.5 cjne r1,#0,led1onch sjmp led1offch led1onch: mov a,r1 movc a,@a+dptr mov p0,a setb p3.4 lcall delay led1offch: clr p3.4 ;nu r10 cho sng led chc n 1 ;nu r1=0 tt led chc n 1 ;qut led 7 thanh chc n 1

;ct n 2 (tng t nh cch qut led ct n 1) cjne r2,#-1,led2ondv sjmp led2offdv led2ondv: mov a,r2 movc a,@a+dptr mov p0,a setb p3.7 lcall delay led2offdv: clr p3.7

cjne r3,#0,led2onch sjmp led2offch led2onch: mov a,r3 movc a,@a+dptr mov p0,a iosetb p3.6 lcall delay led2offch: clr p3.6 sjmp sangled ;============================ dectime: ;thc hin cc cng vic khi 1 giy tip theo tri qua dec time ;gim gi tr bin time i 1 n v ;lp li qu trnh qut led 7 thanh

clr c mov a,time subb a,#10 giy

;thi gian sng n bng tng thi ;gian sng n xanh v n vng ;t thi gian sng n vng l 10

mov gtime,a

;=> time 10 = gtime

mov r7,time cjne r7,#9,cmp0 mov r6,chuki cjne r6,#1,time90 sjmp time91 ;nu time=9,chuki=0: nhy ti time90 ;nu time=9,chuki=1: nhy ti time91 ;nu time9: nhy ti nhn cmp0

cmp0:

cjne r7,#-1,tieptuc lcall chgst1 lcall chgst2 lcall doichuki

;nu time-1: nhy ti nhn tieptuc ;nu time=-1: gi 2 CTC chgst1 v ;chgst2 thay i gi tr st1, st2 ;gi CTC doichuki thay i na chu k

tieptuc:

mov r6,st1 mov r7,st2 cjne r6,#1,nhan1 lcall tatled1

;kim tra s thay i gi tr ca cc ;bin trng thi st1, st2 kim sot ;vic hin th trn cc led 7 thanh ;Ct n no sng n xanh th led 7 ;thanh hin gtr bin time, sng n ;th led 7 thanh hin gtr bin gtime, ;sng n vng th tt led 7 thanh ;ct n .

cmpst2:

cjne r7,#1,nhan2 lcall tatled2

retdectime:ret ;============================== nhan1: cjne r6,#2,do2xanh1 sjmp cmpst2 ;============================= nhan2: cjne r7,#2,do1xanh2 sjmp retdectime ;============================= tatled1:

;CTC tt led 7 thanh ca ct n 1 mov r1,#0 mov r0,#-1 lcall tdo mov r2,b tc mov r3,a ret ;cho led 7 thanh ca ct n 2 tip ;m giy ;cho r1=0, r0=-1 khi qut led th ;led 7 thanh ca ct n 1 khng sng

;============================= tatled2: ;CTC tt led 7 thanh ca ct n 2 mov r3,#0 ;cho r3=0, r2=-1 khi qut led th

mov r2,#-1 lcall td mov r0,b tc mov r1,a ret ;============================= do2xanh1: lcall tdo mov r2,b mov r3,a lcall txanh mov r0,b mov r1,a sjmp retdectime ;============================= do1xanh2: lcall tdo mov r0,b mov r1,a lcall txanh mov r0,b mov r1,a sjmp retdectime ;============================= tdo: mov b,#10 mov a,time div ab ret ;============================= txanh: mov b,#10 mov a,gtime div ab ret ;============================== time90:

;led 7 thanh ca ct n 2 khng sng

;cho led 7 thanh ca ct n 1 tip ;m giy

;cho led 7 thanh ca ct n 2 hin ;gtr ca bin time tc l thi gian ;sng n ;cho led 7 thanh ca ct n 1 hin ;gtr ca bin gtime tc l thi gian ;sng n xanh

;cho led 7 thanh ca ct n 1 hin ;gtr ca bin time tc l thi gian ;sng n ;cho led 7 thanh ca ct n 2 hin ;gtr ca bin gtime tc l thi gian ;sng n xanh

;time/10 thng cho vo a, ;d cho vo b => a l s chc, b l s ;n v ca time

;gtime/10 thng cho vo a, ;d cho vo b => a l s chc, b l s ;n v ca gtime

;ti thi im time=9 ca na chu k nh s 0 th lcall chgst1 sjmp cmp0 ;gi CTC i trng thi ct n 1 ;ri nhy v nhn cmp0

;============================== time91: ;ti thi im time=9 ca na chu k nh s 1 th lcall chgst2 sjmp cmp0 ;============================== doichuki: inc chuki mov a,chuki ly mov b,#2 div ab i mov chuki,b mov time,#60 60s ;tng chuki ln 1 n v ;sau thc hin chia chuki cho 2, ;phn d gn tr li cho bin chuki ;nh vy gi tr bin chuki s thay ;qua li gia 0 v 1 ;khi to li gtr cho bin time v ;gi CTC i trng thi ct n 2 ;ri nhy v nhn cmp0

clr c mov a,time subb a,#10 mov gtime,a

; gtime = time - 10 ; ; ;

ret ;============================== chgst1: ;CTC thay i gtr bin trng thi st1 ca ct n 1 inc st1 mov a,st1 mov b,#3 div ab mov st1,b mov r7,st1 cjne r7,#0,sosanh1 lcall xanh1 retst1: sosanh1: cjne r7,#1,do1 sjmp vang1 ;============================== chgst2: ;CTC thay i gtr bin trng thi st2 ca ct n 2 inc st2 mov a,st2 mov b,#3 div ab ;CTC ny hot ng tng t CTC chgst1 ;nu st11=> st1=2 => gi CTC do1 ;tr.hp cn li => gi CTC vang1 ret ;tng st1 ln 1v, st1/3 ly phn d ;gn tr li cho st1 (chia 3 v st1 ;nhn 1 trong 3 gtr 0,1,2) ;Sau khi thay i gtr bin st1 th ;kim tra ngay gi tr bt tt ;n tn hiu trn ct n 1: ;st10 => nhy n nhn sosanh1 ;nu st1=0 => gi CTC xanh1

mov st2,b mov r7,st2 cjne r7,#0,sosanh2 lcall xanh2 retst2: sosanh2: cjne r7,#1,do2 sjmp vang2 ;============================== xanh1: ;bt n xanh ct n 1 setb p1.1 clr p1.3 clr p1.5 ret vang1: ;bt n vng ct n 1 setb p1.3 clr p1.1 clr p1.5 ret do1: ;bt n ct n 1 setb p1.5 clr p1.3 clr p1.1 ret ;============================= xanh2: ;bt n xanh ct n 2 setb p1.0 clr p1.2 clr p1.4 ret vang2: ;bt n vng ct n 2 setb p1.2 clr p1.0 clr p1.4 ret do2: ;bt n ct n 1 setb p1.4 clr p1.0 clr p1.2 ret

ret ;============================== timer0isr: ;CTC phc v ngt, c gi mi khi timer0 trn mov th0,#high(15535) mov tl0,#low(15535) inc r5 cjne r5,#20,thoat mov r5,#0 lcall dectime thoat: reti ;tng r5 ln 1v ;nu s ln trn timer < 20 th thot ;nu s ln trn timer = 20 th reset ;gtr thanh ghi r5 v 0 m li t ;u, sau gi CTC dectime

;============================== delay: dl: mov r4,#100 nop nop nop nop nop nop nop nop djnz r4,dl ret ;============================== table: db ; end ;Bng m qut led 7 thanh Anode chung, a l LSB ;CTC to khong tr 1ms

0c0h,0f9h,0a4h,0b0h, 99h, 92h, 82h,0f8h, 80h, 90h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Kt lun

Trn y l bi tp ln Thit k ct n giao thng cho ng t. D ch l thit k h thng n giao thng 2 lung v cha c ty bin cho cc tnh hung lu lng giao thng thay i nhng chng em cng bit cch phn tch v gii quyt mt bi ton thc t ng dng Vi x l, ngoi ra chng em cng nm c mt s kin thc ngoi l v phn lung giao thng. Vi nhng g nm bt c, trong tng lai, chc chn chng em c th thit k mt h thng n giao thng phc tp hn vi nhiu lung giao thng hn v c ty bin cho gi cao im. Cui cng, chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Ng Thanh Bnh hng dn chng em hon thnh bi tp ln ny! Nhm sinh vin thc hin: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. V Xun Chin Phm Quc t Nguyn Trng Giang (nhm trng) T Thanh Lm Trn nh Lanh Bo Sn Nguyn Vn S Phm Minh Tin

Lp K thut vin thng A K49